ISP CIT 2 15M

1. Classify and explain the Industrial Health Hazards in the Forms of Atmospheric
Contaminants
Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical, or biological change in the air. It is the contamination
of air by harmful gases, dust, and smoke which affects plants, animals, and humans drastically.
There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An increase or decrease in the
composition of these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the gaseous composition has
increased Earth’s temperature which is known as global warming.
Air pollution is defined as the introduction of pollutants, organic molecules, or other unsafe
materials into Earth’s atmosphere. This can be in the form of excessive gases like carbon dioxide
and other vapours that cannot be effectively removed through natural cycles, such as the carbon
cycle or the nitrogen cycle.
Pollutants are the substances which cause pollution; air pollution is caused by air pollutants.
Types of Air Pollutants

Classification of Pollutants

Particulate Pollutants
The particles that pollute the air by being suspended can be defined as particulate pollutants.
These particles are results of some anthropogenic processes like vehicles, industries, construction
sites/activities, etc. or natural sources like pollen, volcanic eruptions, natural gaseous precursors,
etc.
 Their size ranges from 0.001 to 500 micrometers (µm) in diameter.
  Particulate pollutants can do vast damage to the human respiratory system.
 PM 2.5 particles (2.5 µm or less) are declared as one of the most harmful particulate
pollutants by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). They are so tiny that they can be
detected only with the help of an electron microscope.
 These fine particulates can be inhaled deep into the lungs and can cause breathing and
respiratory problems, irritation, inflammations, and pneumoconiosis (a disease of the lungs
caused due to the inhalation of dust.
o It is characterized by inflammation, coughing, and fibrosis – excess deposition of
fibrous tissue).
Lead
 Lead is one of the most hazardous heavy metals.
 Lead can cause serious damage to the human body like:
o Nervous system damage
o Digestive issues
o Kidney damage
o Impacts on intelligence
 Hence, Lead was banned as an additive to fuels and other products.
 Lead mixed with water and food can create cumulative poisoning.
 It has long term effects on children as it lowers intelligence.
Fly Ash
 Fly Ash is particles of oxides and other heavy metals. The majority of them are aluminum
silicate (in large amounts), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and calcium oxide (CaO).
 Thermal power plants are a major source of Fly Ash pollutants.
 Its deposition in agricultural fields can cause heavy metal contamination of crops and
vegetables.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has made it mandatory to use Fly Ash-based products in
all construction projects, road embankment works, and low lying landfilling works that are within a
100 km radius of Thermal Power Stations and mine-filling activities within a 50 km radius of
Thermal Power Stations.
Nanoparticles (NP)
 Nanoparticles have diameters less than 100 Nanometers (10-9).
 NP is responsible for the formation of dust clouds, Ozone depletion, environmental
hydroxyl radical concentration, and stratospheric temperature changes.
2. Explain Machinery noise sources with suitable examples.
We know that a sound is a form of energy. Sometimes the sound can be soothing to listen to and,
at times, loud to hear. Sound can travel in the air and is produced by the vibration of objects.
Regular exposure to a higher sound level that impacts humans and other living organisms is known
as sound pollution. This article will help us understand what noise pollution is, the types of noise
and pollution, and its causes and examples.
The word noise is derived from the Latin word ‘Nausea’, which means sickness in which one feels
the need to vomit. Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads to discomfort in
human beings. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB). The faintest sound that the
human ear can hear is 1 Db. Due to increasing noise around the civilizations, noise pollution has
become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are vehicles, aircraft, industrial machines,
loudspeakers, crackers, etc. When used at high volume, some other appliances also contribute to
noise pollution, like television, transistor, radio, etc.
Types of Noise Pollution
Following are the three types of pollution:
 Transport Noise
 Neighbourhood Noise
 Industrial Noise
Transport Noise
It mainly consists of traffic noise which has increased in recent years with the increase in the
number of vehicles. The increase in noise pollution leads to deafening of older people, headache,
hypertension, etc.
Neighbourhood Noise
The noise from gadgets, household utensils etc. Some of the main sources are musical
instruments, transistors, loudspeakers, etc.
Industrial Noise
It is the high-intensity sound which is caused by heavy industrial machines. According to many
researches, industrial noise pollution damages the hearing ability to around 20%.
Causes and Sources of Noise Pollution
Following are the causes and sources of noise pollution:
  Industrialisation: Industrialisation has led to an increase in noise pollution as the use of
heavy machinery such as generators, mills, huge exhaust fans are used, resulting in the
production of unwanted noise.
 Vehicles: Increased number of vehicles on the roads are the second reason for noise
pollution.
 Events: Weddings, public gatherings involve loudspeakers to play music resulting in the
production of unwanted noise in the neighbourhood.
 Construction sites: Mining, construction of buildings, etc add to the noise pollution.
Noise Pollution Examples
Following are the examples of noise pollution:
 Unnecessary usage of horns
 Using loudspeakers either for religious functions or for political purposes
 Unnecessary usage of fireworks
 Industrial noise
 Construction noise
 Noise from transportation such as railway and aircraft
Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
Noise pollution can be hazardous to human health in the following ways:
 Hypertension: It is a direct result of noise pollution which is caused due to elevated blood
levels for a longer duration.
 Hearing loss: Constant exposure of human ears to loud noise that are beyond the range of
sound that human ears can withstand damages the eardrums, resulting in loss of hearing.
 Sleeping disorders: Lack of sleep might result in fatigue and low energy level throughout
the day affecting everyday activities. Noise pollution hampers the sleep cycles leading to
irritation and an uncomfortable state of mind.
 Cardiovascular issues: Heart-related problems such as blood pressure level, stress and
cardiovascular diseases might come up in a normal person and a person suffering from any
of these diseases might feel a sudden shoot up in the level.
Prevention of Noise Pollution
Some noise pollution preventive measures are provided in the points below.
 Honking in public places like teaching institutes, hospitals, etc. should be banned.
 In commercial, hospital, and industrial buildings, adequate soundproof systems should be
installed.
 Musical instruments’ sound should be controlled to desirable limits.
 Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevention.
  Explosives should not be used in forest, mountainous and mining areas.
3. Explain in detail about fault tree analysis with a suitable example.
Fault Tree Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a popular and productive hazard identification tool. It provides a
standardized discipline to evaluate and control hazards. The FTA process is used to solve a wide
variety of problems ranging from safety to management issues. This tool is used by the
professional safety and reliability community to both prevent and resolve hazards and failures.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to identify areas in a system that are most
critical to safe operation. Either approach is effective. The output is a graphical presentation
providing technical and administrative personnel with a map of "failure or hazard" paths. The
reviewer and the analyst must develop an insight into system behavior, particularly those aspects
that might lead to the hazard under investigation.
Qualitative FTAs are cost effective and invaluable safety engineering tools. The generation of a
qualitative fault tree is always the first step. Quantitative approaches multiply the usefulness of the
FTA but are more expensive and often very difficult to perform. An FTA (similar to a logic diagram)
is a "deductive" analytical tool used to study a specific undesired event such as "engine failure."
The "deductive" approach begins with a defined undesired event, usually a postulated accident
condition, and systematically considers all known events, faults, and occurrences that could cause
or contribute to the occurrence of the undesired event. Top level events may be identified through
any safety analysis approach, through operational experience, or through a "Could it happen?"
hypotheses.
The procedural steps of performing a FTA are:
1. Assume a system state and identify and clearly document state the top level undesired event(s).
This is often accomplished by using the PHL or PHA. Alternatively, design documentation such as
schematics, flow diagrams, level B & C documentation may reviewed.
2. Develop the upper levels of the trees via a top down process. That is determine the intermediate
failures and combinations of failures or events that are the minimum to cause the next higher
level event to occur. The logical relationships are graphically generated as described below using
standardized FTA logic symbols.
3. Continue the top down process until the root causes for each branch is identified and/or until
further decomposition is not considered necessary.
4. Assign probabilities of failure to the lowest level event in each branch of the tree. This may be
through predictions, allocations, or historical data.
5. Establish a Boolean equation for the tree using Boolean logic and evaluate the probability of the
undesired top level event.
6. Compare to the system level requirement. If it the requirement is not met, implement corrective
action. Corrective actions vary from redesign to analysis refinement.
The FTA is a graphical logic representation of fault events that may occur to a functional system.
This logical analysis must be a functional representation of the system and must include all
combinations of system fault events that can cause or contribute to the undesired event. Each
contributing fault event should be further analyzed to determine the logical relationships of
underlying fault events that may cause them. This tree of fault events is expanded until all "input"
fault events are defined in terms of basic, identifiable faults that may then be quantified for
computation of probabilities, if desired. When the tree has been completed, it becomes a logic
gate network of fault paths, both singular and multiple, containing combinations of events and
conditions that include primary, secondary, and upstream inputs that may influence or command
the hazardous mode.

(or)

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a widely used tool for identifying and controlling hazards in various industries,
from safety-critical sectors like aerospace to broader management issues. FTA provides a structured,
standardized approach to analyzing potential failures or hazards. The process involves creating a graphical
map of how different failure events can lead to a major undesired event (like system failure). By
examining the logical relationships between these events, safety and reliability professionals can prevent
or resolve problems, ensuring critical areas are addressed before they result in serious failures.

FTA can be performed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative FTA focuses on
visualizing and understanding the causes of failure through a systematic, cost-effective approach, making
it invaluable for initial safety analysis. Quantitative FTA goes a step further by assigning probabilities to
various failure events, allowing for a deeper understanding of the likelihood of hazards occurring. While
quantitative FTA is more precise, it requires more resources and can be complex, but it greatly enhances
the accuracy of risk assessments.

How FTA Works (Step-by-Step Breakdown):

1. Identify the Top-Level Event (The Problem)
The first step in FTA is to define the "undesired event"—this is the problem you want to
prevent or analyze. It could be something like "engine failure" in an airplane or "data
breach" in a computer system.
Example: Let’s say we're looking at a car engine failure. The failure of the engine is the top-level
event, which is what we want to investigate.
2. Break Down Causes (Top-Down Process)
Once the top-level event is identified, the next step is to figure out what could lead to that
problem. This is done in a top-down approach:
o You start by asking: "What are the possible reasons this could happen?"
o For an engine failure, possible causes could be fuel system failure, ignition failure,
or overheating.
Each of these causes is an intermediate event, contributing to the top-level event.
3. Use Logic Gates (AND/OR Relationships)
The FTA uses logic gates (like AND/OR) to model how different events combine to cause the
top event.
o OR Gate means that if any one of the causes happens, the top event will occur (e.g.,
engine fails if fuel system fails or ignition fails).
o AND Gate means that all causes must happen together for the top event to occur
(e.g., engine fails only if both fuel system fails and overheating happens together).
 4. Continue to the Root Causes (Basic Events)
For each intermediate cause (like fuel system failure), you break it down further into
smaller causes:
o Fuel system failure might be caused by fuel pump failure, blocked fuel filter, or
leak in the fuel line.
You keep going down, step by step, until you reach the basic events (the smallest faults that
directly cause problems, like a clogged filter).
5. Assign Probabilities (Quantitative FTA)
For each basic event (like clogged filter or fuel pump failure), you can assign a probability or
likelihood of it happening based on historical data or predictions. This helps in calculating
the overall risk of the top event (like engine failure).
6. Analyze the Results and Take Action
Once the tree is complete and the probabilities are assigned, you can calculate the overall
risk of the top-level event occurring. If the probability of failure is too high, you might
decide to:
o Redesign certain parts of the system.
o Introduce better monitoring to detect failures early.
o Add redundancies, like an extra fuel pump, to ensure the engine keeps working
even if one pump fails.
Example: Car Engine Failure
Let's say we want to analyze why a car engine might fail:
1. Top-Level Event: "Car engine fails."
2. First-Level Causes:
o Fuel system failure (OR Gate)
o Ignition failure (OR Gate)
o Overheating (OR Gate)
3. Fuel System Failure Causes:
o Fuel pump failure (OR Gate)
o Blocked fuel filter (OR Gate)
o Fuel line leak (OR Gate)
4. Ignition Failure Causes:
o Spark plug failure (AND Gate)
o Ignition coil failure (AND Gate)
5. Overheating Causes:
o Radiator malfunction (OR Gate)
 o Low coolant levels (OR Gate)
Each of these events can be broken down further until you reach basic, easily identifiable events.
Why Use FTA?
 Visual Tool: FTA provides a clear, visual map of all potential failure paths, making it easy to
see where problems might arise.
 Prevention: It helps identify critical areas of a system that need attention before they fail.
 Risk Management: By assigning probabilities to each basic event, you can estimate the
overall risk of failure and take action to reduce it.

EG FTA TREE:

4. Explain in detail about FMECA method with respect to the machine.

Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
FMECAs and FMEAs are important reliability programs tools that provide data usable by the SSP.
The performance of an FMEA is the first step in generating the FMECA. Both types of analyses can
serve as a final product depending on the situation. An FMECA is generated from an FMEA by
adding a criticality figure of merit. These analyses are performed for reliability, safety, and
supportability information. The FMECA version is more commonly used and is more suited for
hazard control. Hazard analyses typically use a top down analysis methodology (e.g., Fault Tree).
The approach first identifies specific hazards and isolates all possible (or probable) causes. The
FMEA/FMECA may be performed either top down or bottoms-up, usually the latter. Hazard
analyses consider failures, operating procedures, human factors, and transient conditions in the list
of hazard causes. The FMECA is more limited. It only considers failures (hardware and software). It
is generated from a different set of questions than the HA: “If this fails, what is the impact on the
system? Can I detect it? Will it cause anything else to fail?” If so, the induced failure is called a
secondary failure. FMEAs may be performed at the hardware or functional level and often are a
combination of both. For economic reasons, the FMEA often is performed at the functional level
below the printed circuit board or software module assembly level and at hardware or smaller
code groups at higher assembly levels. The approach is to characterize the results of all probable
component failure modes or every low level function. A frozen bearing (component) or a shaft
unable to turn (function) are valid failure modes. The procedural approach to generating an FMEA
is comparable to that of the Fault Hazard Analysis. The first step is to list all components or low
level functions. Then, by examining system block diagrams, schematics, etc., the function of each
component is identified. Next, all reasonably possible failure modes of the lowest “component”
being analyzed are identified. Using a coolant pump bearing as an example , they
might include frozen, high friction, or too much play. For each identified failure mode, the
effect at the local level, an intermediate level, and the top system level are recorded. A local
effect might be “the shaft won’t turn”, the intermediate “pump won’t circulate coolant”, and
the system level “engine overheat and fail”. At this point in the analysis, the FMEA might
identify a hazard. The analyst next documents the method of fault detection. This input is
valuable for designing self test features or the test interface of a system. More importantly, it
can alert an air crew to a failure in process prior to a catastrophic event. A frozen pump
bearing might be detected by monitoring power to the pump motor or coolant temperature.
Given adequate warning, the engine can be shut down before damage or the aircraft landed
prior to engine failure. Next, compensating provisions are identified as the first step in
determining the impact of the failure. If there are redundant pumps or combined cooling
techniques, the significance of the failure is less than if the engine depends on a single
pump. The severity categories used for the hazard analysis can be used as the severity class
in the FMEA. A comments column is usually added to the FMEA to provide additional
information that might assist the reviewer in understanding any FMEA column.
The FMECA and the hazard analyses provided some redundant information but more
importantly some complementary information. The HA considers human factors and systems
interface problems, the FMECA does not. The FMECA, however, is not more likely to identify
hazards caused by component or software module failure than the HA, which considers
compensating and fault detection features. These are all important safety data.