Scribd
Upload
6 views42 pages

2nd Exam Disccusion 1

The document provides an overview of probability concepts, including random experiments, sample spaces, and events, along with examples of calculating probabilities and arrangements. It explains set operations related to events and introduces tree diagrams and the multiplication rule for counting outcomes. Additionally, it covers permutations and combinations, highlighting their applications in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

Lucius Go Tirol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views42 pages

2nd Exam Disccusion 1

The document provides an overview of probability concepts, including random experiments, sample spaces, and events, along with examples of calculating probabilities and arrangements. It explains set operations related to events and introduces tree diagrams and the multiplication rule for counting outcomes. Additionally, it covers permutations and combinations, highlighting their applications in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

Lucius Go Tirol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
the chance that a given event will occur.

The meaning of this term is to check the extent to


which any event is likely to happen. For example,
when we flip a coin in the air, what is the possibility
of getting a head? The answer to this question is
based on the number of possible outcomes.
RANDOM EXPERIMENTS
A random experiment is an experiment of a process for
which the outcome cannot be predicted with certainty.
SAMPLE SPACES
The sample space of an experiment or random trial is the
set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment. A
sample space is usually denoted using set notation, and the
possible outcomes are listed as elements in the set.
EVENTS
An event is a set (a subset of the sample space) to
which a probability is assigned. A single outcome
may be an element of many different events in an
experiment are usually not equally likely, since they
may include very different groups of outcomes.
By using set operations on events in S, we can obtain other events in S. For example,
if A and B are events, then;

a. A ∪ B is the event “either A or B or both. It is called the union of A and B


b. A ∩ B is the event “both A and B”. It is called the intersection of A and B
c. A’ is the event “not A” . It is called the complement of A
d. A-B = A ∩ B ‘ is the event “A but not B” . In particular A’=S-A
A1 .How many four letter words beginning and ending with a vowel without any letter
repeated can be formed from the word personnel?
A2 .If repeating is allowed
B1. How many ways can 3 nurses and 4 engineers be seated on a bench?
B2. How many ways can 3 nurses and 4 engineers be seated on a bench with the nurses
seated together
C1. How many ways can 7 boys be seated in a
a. Row
b. Row if two boys insist on sitting next to each other?
c. Row if two boys insist on not sitting next to each other?
D1. Diane packed 2 skirts, 4 blouses and a sweater for her business trip. She will
need to choose a skirt and a blouse for each outfit and decide whether to wear the
sweater or not. Find the total number of possible outfits.

E1. Calvin wants to go to Milwaukee. He can choose from 3 bus services or 2 train
services to head from home to downtown Chicago. From there, he can choose from 2
bus services or 3 train services to head to Milwaukee. How many ways are there for
Calvin to get to Milwaukee?
F1. On a number cube there are 3 even numbers and 1 multiple of five. How many ways can you get
an even number or a multiple of 5?

G1. From a deck of cards, in how many ways can you pick a heart or a queen?
H1. If you roll a die, how many ways can you get an even number or a prime number?

I1. From a deck of cards, in how many ways can you pick a diamond or a face card?
TREE DIAGRAM
▪ Probability tree diagrams are a way of
organizing the information of two or more
probability events. Probability tree diagrams
show all the possible outcomes of the events
and can be used to solve probability questions.
▪A boy has 2 T-shirts, 2 pants and 2
pairs of shoes. Find the total number
of possible outfits the boy has.
EXAMPLE
1. A luncheon tray is to contain a sandwich and a
beverage. There are 4 different kinds of sandwich
and 3 different kinds of beverages. How many
different lunches can be formed?
MULTIPLICATION RULE
▪ The fundamental principle of counting provides a
rule in determining the number of chance
occurrence of events. This is known as the
multiplication rule.
1. Supposed for example, that you’re taking orders at a pizza restaurant. The
process of taking an order goes as follows:
A. The customer can order one of three sizes: small (S), medium (M), or large
(L)
B.The customer can order either thin crust (Tn) or thick crust (Tk)
C. The customer can order up to two toppings on the pizza : pepperoni (R)
and/ or mushrooms (MS)
2. From the word “certain” how many 4-letter words can be formed if this word will
begin and end with a vowel?If no repetitions are not allowed
3. How many 3-digit whole number can be formed if zero is
not an acceptable digit in the hundreds place and
repetitions are not allowed?

4. Frisbees comes in 5 models, 8 colors and 3 sizes. How


many frisbees must the local dealer have on hand in order to
have one of each kind available?
PERMUTATION
In mathematics, permutation relates to the act of arranging
all the members of a set into some sequence or order. In
other words, if the set is already ordered, then the rearranging
of its elements is called the process of permuting.
Permutations occur, in more or less prominent ways, in almost
every area of mathematics. They often arise when different
orderings on certain finite sets are considered.
1. In how many ways can a painter arrange 3 of 10 paintings
in 3 places in a row in a wall?
2. How many licensed plates can be made if each plate has
3 different digits followed by 2 different letters?
3. In how many ways can four girls and four boys be
assigned in seats in a row at a theater if the boys and girls
are to alternate?
4. In how many ways can 7 people sit in a row of 7 seats if a
certain 4 people must sit side by side?
5. If 15 people won prizes in the state lottery (assuming that
there are no ties), how many ways can these 15 people
win first,second,third,fourth and fifth prizes?
PERMUTATION OF N THINGS WITH Q R S..
ARE ALIKE
𝑛!
N=
𝑞!𝑟!𝑠!……
1. Find the number of distinguishable permutations
using all of the letters in the word BEGINNING.
2. How many distinct permutations can be made
from the letters of the word INFINITY?
3. How many different signals, each consisting of 8
flags hung in a vertical line can be formed from 4
red flags, 2 blue flags, and 2 green flags?
COMBINATION
▪ The combination is a way of selecting items from a
collection, such that (unlike permutations) the order of
selection does not matter.
1. How many ways are there to choose five
basketball players from the 9 people on a
team?
2. In how many groups of 3 red dresses and 2
black ones can be choses from 12 red and 8
black dresses?
3. How many poker hands of 5 cards are there
from a standard deck of cards?
4. A semiconductor company will hire 7 men and
4 women. In how many ways can the company
can choose from 9 men and 6 women who
qualified for the position?
L. In how many ways can you invite one or more of your five friends in a party?

You might also like