29

Phonetic Characters in Tamil

P.Chellappan
Palaniappan Bros., 14, Peters Road, Chennai - 600014
<Email: [email protected]>
___________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Tamil is a very ancient language with a rich heritage and literature. Over the centuries some
changes have been made to the script. These changes consist of not only modification of
existing glyphs of the Tamil characters but also introduction of new characters like the Grantha
characters. The introduction of Grantha characters was done so that many of the Sanskrit words
adopted and used in Tamil could be written in the Tamil script. For any language to survive it
should be flexible and willing to adopt words from other languages as and when necessary. A
primary example of such a language is the English language which has adopted words from
many languages. By doing this the English language has only enriched itself. It has not lost its
identity as some may fear. The Tamil script is essentially phonetic / syllable based and unlike the
English language it has structured pronunciation rules. When we adopt words from other
languages we should be in a position to pronounce them correctly. It is with this perspective in
mind , this paper presents the concept of Phonetic characters in Tamil. This paper also deals
with the problem of Spoken Tamil versus Written Tamil.

NEED

We are at a point of time in history when technology has reduced the once 'Huge World' to 'A
Global Village'. Communication and Computer technology has made instant communication
between peoples of the world possible. International Commerce and travel is the order of the
day. Because of this there is a need for people to communicate with people speaking different
languages. Even though English can be considered to be a common language, there is a great
advantage to be derived by speaking to a person in his native language. One can learn to speak
many languages, but learning the scripts of those languages is a little more difficult. Hence if it
is possible to write the words of that language by using our own script, it will greatly help us.
For example there are several singers who sing in Tamil and still don't know the Tamil script.
They simply write down the words in their language and read it out. This sometimes creates
difficulty in correct pronunciation of the words. This is due to the fact that the script system for
a language is usually developed keeping the needs of that language alone in mind.

When we mispronounce a word it is possible that the other person does not understand us and
sometimes they may also misunderstand what we are trying to convey. This problem is
magnified when we travel abroad. Many international travelers have a habit of carrying a
translation book along with them. These books usually have the translated words printed using
the native script. Hence it is likely that one mispronounces these words if they cannot be written
properly in the native script. For example the English words 'bat' and 'pat' are written exactly the
same way in Tamil. Just imagine the plight of a Tamilian who is using a translation book !
 30

Today technological advances are taking place all over the World and new words are being
coined in different languages. If we have to quickly learn and benefit from these advances we
will necessarily have to adopt these words and write them correctly in our own language.

It would be a very big advantage if we adopt suitable changes to our script system to enable
phonetically correct writing of foreign words. One example of a language that has adopted such
a system is the Japanese Language. In fact the Japanese have evolved a totally different script
called the 'Katakana' for writing foreign words. This is because the basic 'Kanji' script used by
the Japanese is not phonetic based. But Tamil is already phonetic based. Hence it is easy to
change the Tamil script to accommodate different basic sounds.

Another aspect which needs to be looked into is the big difference between Written Tamil and
Spoken Tamil. There are a number of words that are not pronounced the way they are meant to
be during the course of normal day to day conversation. Typical examples are Üõù¢, Üõ÷¢,
ñ¤÷è£ò¢, ñ¤÷° etc. There are many more words that can be added to this list. At present there
is a growing tendency among people to write words as they are pronounced. While doing so
they conveniently ignore long standing conventions. A typical example of this would be the
word è¤÷𢹠which is normally pronounced as ªè÷𢹠This can create a confusion about
pronunciation while reading because it will normally be read as 'kouppu'. Hence it would be
helpful if we can make suitable changes to our script to enable this flexibility without causing
any confusion.

PHONETIC SCHEME

All tamil characters have their origin in the Uyir and / or Mei characters. Hence in order to
introduce a basic sound 'ga' in Tamil, the easiest way would be to introduce a different Mei
character for this sound along with the 13 Uyirmey characters that are associated with this Mei
character. This means an addition of 13 more characters to the Tamil Script, which already has
313 charcters. This way every addition of a basic sound increases the number of characters by
13. This would be a huge burden on the Tamil Script. Hence the concept of 'Sound Modifier'
can be used. In this scheme three different Modifier Characters can be introduced. One will be a
Mei Modifier, the second will be an Uyir Modifier and the third will be an Uyir-Mei Modifier.
By adding these three basic modifier characters to the script system many different sounds can
be introduced into Tamil.

MEI MODIFIER

This modifier character changes or modifies only the mei component of the character preceding
it.
 31

Shape of the Mei modifier :

è = ka è = ga è£ = gaa
ê = sa ê = cha ê£ = chaa

ì = da ì = ta ì£ = ti
ì¢ = it ì¢ = id

î = tha î = dha î¦ = dhii

ð = pa ð = ba ¹ = bu

ü = ja ü = za ü¨ = zuu

URIR MODIFIER

This modifier character changes or modifies only the uyir component of the character preceding
it.
Shape of the Mei modifier :
è£ = ka è£ = ka as in cat
«è£ = koo «è£ = ko as in cot
ð£ = paa ð£ = pa as in pat
«ð£ = poo «ð£ = po as in pot

This modifier is also used for another purpose. It merges or concatinates the sound of the
Akaram Eeria Mei letter preceding it with the Uyir-Mei letter succeeding it.

Uyir Modifier as a Concatinating Symbol

è ý£ = khaa as in Khan
è û¤ = kshi as in Meenakshi
úÃ = shuu as in School

This feature will provide conjunct consonants capability to the Tamil script without the need for
separate glyphs. This ofcourse gives the Tamil script the capability to represent many new
sounds in the Tamil language. Generally words in Tamil do not begin with a Mei character. This
feature helps us to follow that rule and we can avoid using a Mei character as a first character of
 32

a word. e.g. We can avoid writing the English word 'school' as 'ú¢Ãô¢'. If we desire we can
also avoid the entire þ series.

UYIR-MEI MODIFIER:

This modifier character changes or modifies both the mei and Uyir components of the character
preceding it.

Shape of the Uyir-Mei modifier:

«è£ = khaa «è£ = go as in got
ð£ = kshi ð£ = ba as in bat
as can be seen in the examples above the Uyir-Mei modifier not only changes the Mei
component of the character preceeding it, but also its Uyir component.

EXAMPLES

Here are some samples of how these modifiers can be used for writing some foreign words and
names :
pat = ð£ ì¢
pad = ð£ ì¢
bat = ð£ ì¢
bad = ð£ ì¢
got = «è£ ì¢
cot = «è£ ì¢
chord = «è£ ó¢ì¢ or «è£ ó¢ ì¢
Khan = è ý£ù¢
Ghana = è ý£ù£
Zeebra = ü¦ ð ó£
consortium = èù¢«ê£ ó¢ì¢®òñ¢ or èù¢«ê£ ó 좮òñ¢

Modifiers in Tamil words : In the case of Tamil words that are pronounced differently in
Spoken Tamil, we could use the uyir modifier to denote this. For example :
 33

Üõù¢ pronounced as ܪõù¢

Üõ÷¢ pronounced as Üõ÷¢
è¤÷𢹠pronounced as ªè ÷ð¢¹
In the first two cases the Uyir Modifier makes the ù¢ and ÷¢ semi silent. In the last example the
uyir modifier differentiates between ªè÷ (kou) and ªè ÷ (keLa).

SORTING ORDER

Having introduced the above characters into the script, the next issue would be the sorting
order. The positioning of the modifier character is after the parent Tamil character. This helps to
group these modified characters along with the parent or base character. The three modifiers
should be given a weight soon after the Uyir letters. If this system is followed then the
following sorting sequene will be obtained

è è£ «è£ ªè÷ è£ «è£ è£ «è£

ê ê£ «ê£ ªê÷ ê£ «ê£ ê£ «ê£

CONCLUSION

By introducing just three modifier characters and without any change to the existing glyphs we
will be able to get rid of the confusion that may arise in pronunciation of not only foreign words
but also in Tamil words. It will go a long way in making Tamil a truly 'International Language'.

Author : The author is a partner of M/s Palaniappa Bros., which is one of the leading Tamil
book publishing houses in Tamil Nadu. He is a Production Engineer with a Masters degree in
Business Administration specialising in Finance and Information Systems. He has been
involved in the fields of Font and Software development and DTP for over 15 years.
 34

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 38

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â¿î¢¶¼è¢è¬÷»ñ¢ Üòô¢ªñ£ö¤ê¢ ªê£ø¢èÀ袪èù èìèù£ âÂñ¢ õ£¤õ®õî»ñ¢
ðòù¢ð´î¢¶è¤ù¢øùó¢. îñ¤ö£¤ù¢ ðí¢¬ì õóô£ø¢Á Ýõíé¢è÷¤½ñ¢ è¤óï¢î â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¢
õìªñ£ö¤ â¿î¢¶ð¢ªðòó¢ð¢¹è¢° ðòù¢ð좴 õ÷¢÷ù. Þù¢Á îñ¤ö¢ âí¢èÀ袰 ñ£ø¢ø£è
Þï¢î¤ò-Üó£ð¤ò âí¢èÀñ¢ õöè¢è¤ô¢ õõ¤ì¢ìù. Ü´î¢î 郎ôò¤ô¢ Üø¤õ¤òô¢
ªî£ö¤ô¢¸ì¢ðî¢î¤ø¢° ß´ªè£´è¢°ñ¢ õ¬èò¤ô¢ ¹î¤ò è¬ôꢪê£ø¢è¬÷ ñòè¢èî¢î¤ø¢°
Þìñ¤ù¢ø¤ â¿î¢¶ð¢ªðòó¢ð¢¹ ªêò¢õîø¢° Ýò¢îè¢ °ø¤ò¦´ñ¢ ºè¢è£ø¢¹÷¢÷¤»ñ¢ ¬èªè£´è¢°ñ¢
âù¢Á «î£ù¢Áè¤ø¶. è¬ôꢪê£ø¢è¬÷ê¢ ªêï¢îóð¢ð´î¢¶ñ¢õ¬ó ð¤¬øò¬ìð¢¹è÷¤ô¢
(parenthesis) Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ø¢è¬÷»ñ¢ îó«õí¢®ò Åö¢ï¤¬ô ãø¢ð좴÷¢÷¶. Þõ¢
ܬìð¢¹è÷¤ô¢ Þìñ¢ªðÁñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ø¢è¬÷î¢ ¶ô¢ô¤òñ£è îñ¤ö¤ô¢ â¿î¢¶ð¢ªðòó¢ð¢¹
ªêò¢ò «ñø¢Ãø¤ò àî¢î¤è÷¢ ðòù¢ð´ñ¢¢.
 39

39 Senthilnathan paper pages 39 - 44

 40

40 senthilnathan
 41

41 senthilnathan
 42

42 senthilnathan
 43

43 senthilnathan
 44

44 senthilnathan
 45

îñ¤ö¢ â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¤ô¢ Ýé¢è¤ô åô¤è¬÷𢠹°î¢¶îô¢

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Üø¤ï¢î«î. Þî¢î¬ù ªð¼¬ñ袰ñ¢ àó¤î¢î£ù îñ¤ö¢ ªñ£ö¤ò¤ù¢ªï´é¢èí袰
â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¤ô¢ ñ£ø¢øé¢è÷¢ ï¤èö¢õ¶ ܬùõ¼ñ¢ õ¤¼ñ¢¹ñ¢ õ¤ìòñô¢ô. îñ¤ö¢ ªñ£ö¤ò¤ù¢
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Þîø¢°è¢ è£óíñ£è Þ¼è¢èô£ñ¢. Þî¢î¬èò ñ«ù£ï¤¬ô Þù¢Á ñ£î¢î¤óñô¢ô Üù¢Áñ¢
Þ¼ï¢î¤¼è¢èè¢ Ã®ò¶î£ù¢âù¢ð¬î âñ¢ñ£ô¢ áè¤è¢è º®è¤ù¢ø¶. Ýò¤Âñ¢ è£ôî¢î¤ø¢°è¢
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ï¤èö¢ï¶
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¢ ¤ º®¾è÷¤ô¢ ޼ ªîó¤òõ¼è¤ù¢ø¶.

Ýó£ò¢¾èÀ袰 à÷¢÷£°ñ¢ îó¾è¬÷è¢ ªè£í¢ìî£è è¼îð¢ð´ñ¢. è¤.º. 3ñ¢ Ëø¢ø£í¢®ô¢

޼ è¤.ð¤. 19 ñ¢ Ëø¢ø£í¢´ õ¬ó îñ¤ö¢ â¿î¢¶ õ®õé¢è÷¤ô¢ ãø¢ðì¢ì ñ£Áîô¢¬è÷è¢
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ãø¢ð좴î¢î£ù¢ õï¢î¤¼è¢è¤ù¢øù âù¢ð¶ Üõî£ù¤è¢èè¢ Ã®òî£è à÷¢÷¶. 1968 ñ¢ Ýí¢´
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Üì¢ìõ¬í Þî¬ù ïù¢° àÁî¤ ªêò¢õ¶ìù¢¢ â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¤«ô ñ£ø¢øñ¢ ï¤èö¢õ¶
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àí¢¬ñò£è¤ù¢ø¶.

Þ«î «ð£ù¢Á â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¤ô¢ «êó¢è¢¬èè÷¢ ªêò¢òð¢ðì «õí¢®ò¶ñ¢ îõ¤ó¢è¢è

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âì¢ì£ñ¢ Ëø¢ø£í¢¢´õ¬ó îñ¤ö¤ù¢ àò¤ªó¿î¢¶è¢è÷¤ô¢ "ä" âù¢Âñ¢ â¿î¢¶ è¤.ð¤. 9ñ¢
Ëø¢ø£í¢®ô¢ î£ù¢ Ýóñ¢ð¤è¢èð¢ð좮¼è¢è¤ù¢ø¶. Þóí¢´ (2) âù¢Âñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ô Þôè¢èîè¢
°ø¤ð¢ð¤´ñ¢ ܬìò£÷ñ¢ ¢«ð£ù¢ø (2) å¼ â¿î¢î¬ñð¢ð¤¢«ô Ýóñ¢ð¤è¢èð¢ðì¢ì Þï¢î â¿î¢¶
Ëø¢ø£í¢´è÷¢ ðôñ¢ ðôõ¤îñ£è ñ£ø¢øñ¬ì õ è¤.ð¤. 15ñ¢ Ëø¢ø£í¢®ô¢ î£ù¢
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"ä" âù¢ø â¿î¢¶ î¤ì¢ìõì¢ìñ£è ܬñï¢î¤¼ð¢ð¬î ï£ñ¢ Üõî£ù¤è¢èô£ñ¢. «ñø¢Ãø¤ò
Üõî£ùè¢ °ø¤ð¢ð¤ô¤¼ï¢¶ ªñ£ö¤ò¤ù¢ â¿î¢î¤ô¢ è£ôî¢î¤ø¢° è£ôñ¢ ñ£ø¢øé¢è÷¢ ãø¢ð´õ¶ñ¢
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¹î¢î£ò¤óñ¢ Ýí¢¬ì âî¤ó¢ ªè£÷¢Àñ¢ è£ôèì¢ìî¢î¤«ô Þ¬íòñ¢ âù¢Âñ¢ áìèñ¢ Íôñ¢
Üè¤ô àôèî¢î¤ø¢°ñ¢ ªî£ìó¢ð¤¬ù ãø¢ð´î¢¶ñ¢ ¹î¤ò «èî¢î¤«ô ïñ¶ îñ¤ö¢ ªñ£ö¤ò¤ù¢
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«êó¢î¢¶è¢ ªè£÷¢õîø¢°ñ¢ ñù Þ¬ê¾ ªè£÷¢õ¶ Üõê¤òñ£è¤ù¢ø¶. Ü«î«õ¬÷
â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¤ù¢ ªî£¬è «ñ½ñ¢ Üî¤èó¤è¢è£ñ½ñ¢ «ñ½ñ¢ ê¤óñé¢è¬÷ ãø¢ð´î¢î£î
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ï£ñ¢ õ¤¼ñ¢ð¤ù£½ñ¢ õ¤¼ñ¢ð£õ¤ì¢ì£½ñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ô ªñ£ö¤ò£ù¶ êó¢õ«îê ªñ£ö¤ò£è

õ÷ó¢ï¢î¤¼è¢è¤ù¢ø¶ âù¢ð¶ àí¢¬ñò£°ñ¢. ܶ ñ£î¢î¤óñù¢ø¤ ïñ¢ñ¤ô¢ ðô¼è¢° ïñ¶ î£ò¢
ªñ£ö¤ò£è¤ò îñ¤¿è¢° Ü´î¢î ªñ£ö¤ò£è¾ñ¢ ܬñï¢î¤¼è¢è¤ù¢ø¶. Ýè«õ îñ¤ö¤ô¤¼ï¢¶
Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤ø¢°ñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤ô¢ ޼ îñ¤¿è¢°ñ¢ è¼î¢¶è¢è¬÷ð¢ ðè¤ó¢ï¢¶ ªè£÷¢õ¶ñ¢
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îñ¤ö¤ù¢ ªï´é¢èí袰 â¿î¢¶è¢è÷¢ îñ¤ö¤ù¢ ªê£ô¢ô£ìê¤è¢°ñ¢ îñ¤ö¢ ªê£ø¢è÷¤ù¢

ܬñð¢¹è¢°ñ¢ ªð£¼î¢îñ£è ܬñè¢èð¢ðì¢ìùõ£è Þ¼ð¢ðî£ô¢ Ýé¢è¤ô ªñ£ö¤ò¤½÷¢÷ ê¤ô
ªê£ø¢è¬÷ Üîù¢ àê¢êó¤ð¢¹è¢° Þ¬êï¢îî£è â¿î º®ò£î 郎ô ޼ õ¼è¤ù¢ø¶.
àî£óíñ£è Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤«ô à÷¢÷ C.A.T. ê¦.ã.ó¤ âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢¬ô ⿶õîù£ô¢ "èì¢"
âù¢Á î£ù¢ â¿î «õí¢® à÷¢÷¶. Þð¢ð® ⿶ñ¢ ªð£¿¶ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ ªð£¼÷¢
ñ£Áðì «õí¢® ãø¢ð´è¤ù¢ø¶. Üî£õ¶ ̬ù- ê£î£óíñ£è "èì¢" âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢¬ô
Ü«î àê¢êó¤ð¢¹è¢ ªè£´è¢°ñ¢ õ¬èò¤«ô ⿶õîø¢° õö¤ ªêò¢ò «õí¢´ñ¢. CAT âù¢ø
ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñܬê¾è¢° ïñ¶ Ýù£ â¿î¢î¤½÷¢÷ ªè£ñ¢¬ð ñ£î¢î¤óñ¢ â¿î¢¶ ðè¢è
ñ£ø¢øñ¢ ªêò¢¶ δ âù¢Á Þ¬íî¢î£ô¢ Þî¬õ Ìó¢î¢î¤ò£è¢èð¢ðìô£ñ¢ âù¢ð¶ âù¶
è¼î¢î£°ñ¢. Þ«î Ü®ð¢ð¬ìò¤ô¢ Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤½÷¢÷ "B" âù¢ø êî¢îîè¢ °ø¤è¢°ñ¢
êó¤ò£ù â¿î¢¶ îñ¤ö¤ô¢ ܬñòõ¤ô¢¬ô.

"B" âù¢ø â¿î¢î¤ø¢°ñ¢ "P" âù¢ø â¿î¢î¤ø¢°ñ¢ âñ¢ñ¤ìº÷¢÷ "ð" âù¢ø â¿î¢¬î«ò ð£õ¤è¢è
«õí¢®»÷¢÷¶. Üîù£ô¢ Ýé¢è¤ô ªñ£ö¤ò¤ù¢ êó¤ò£ù àê¢êó¤ð¢¹è¢° Þ¬êõ£è îñ¤ö¢
â¿î¢î£ô¢ Üꢪê£ô¢¬ô â¿î º®ò£¶÷¢÷¶. Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤½÷¢÷ BUD âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢¬ô
"ðì¢" âù¢Á ⿶«õ£ñ¢ Ü«î «õ¬÷ PAD âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢¬ô»ñ¢ "ðì¢" âù¢Áî£ù¢ ⿶ñ¢
«ð£¶ åù¢Á Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤ù¢ êó¤ò£ù àê¢êó¤ð¢¹ð¢ ð¤¬ö õ¤´è¤ù¢ø¶ ܴ Þóí¢´
ªê£ô¢½è¢°ñ¢ à÷¢÷ Üó¢î¢îñ¢ ð¤¬öõ¤ì Þìñ¢ ãø¢ð´è¤ù¢ø¶. Ýè«õ Þï¢î "B" âù¢Âñ¢
â¿î¢¶è¢°ñ¢ "P" âù¢Âñ¢ â¿î¢î¤ø¢°ñ¢ õ¤î¢î¤ò£êñ¢ õ¤÷é¢èè¢ Ã®òî£ù â¿î¢¶ îñ¤ö¤ô¢
ܬñè¢èð¢ðì «õí¢´ñ¢."BUD" âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ "ð" ¾è¢° "ð" â¿î¢î¤ù¢
Þóí¢ì£õ¶ ªê颰î¢î£ù «è£ì¢®ô¢ å¼ °Á袰 ªõì¢´è¢ «è£ì¢¬ì𢠫ð£ì¢´ " " âù¢Á
Ýè¢è¤õ¤ì¢ì£ô¢ "B" âù¢ø â¿î¢î¤ù¢ êð¢îñ¢ àí¢ì£è¢èð¢ð´õî£èè¢ ªè£÷¢÷ð¢ðì «õí¢´ñ¢.

Pedal âù¢ð¬î ª ìô¢ âù¢Áñ¢ Better âù¢ð¬î ª ø¢øó¢ âù¢Áñ¢ â¿îô£ñ¢. Üî£õ¶ ð
â¿î¢î¤ù¢ Þóí¢ì£õ¶ ªêé¢°î¢¶è¢ «è£ì¢®ô¢ å¼ °Á袰 «è£´ «ð£ì «õí¢´ñ¢.
ð âù¢Âñ¢ â¿î¢«î£´ êñ¢ðï¢îð¢ð좴 õ¼ñ¢ å¼ Ýé¢è¤ô â¿î¢¶ 'F" Ý°ñ¢. 'Five" âù¢Âñ¢
Ýé¢è¤ô â¿î¢¬îî¢ îñ¤ö¤«ô ²ñ¢ñ£ â¿î¤ù£ô¢ '¬ðõ¢' âù¢Á î£ù¢ ⿶«õ£ñ¢. Üð¢ð®
⿶õ¶ êó¤ò£ù àê¢êó¤ð¢¬ðî¢ îó£¶. Ýè«õ "ð" âù¢Âñ¢ îñ¤ö¢ â¿î¢î¤ô¢ ºù¢«ù à÷¢÷
ªê颰î¢î£ù «è£ì¢®ô¢ å¼ °Á袰 ªõ좴被裴 «ð£´õîù¢Íôñ¢ Þî¬ù "F" âù¢Á
àê¢êó¤è¢°ñ¢ ð® ñ£ø¢øñ¢ ªêò¢òô£ñ¢. Üî£õ¶, "Five" âù¢ð¬î "¬ õ¢" âù¢Á îñ¤ö¤ô¢
â¿îô£ñ¢.

Ü´î¢îî£è ï£ñ¢ èõù¤è¢è «õí¢®ò â¿î¢¶ îñ¤ö¤«ô GA, HA, Ýè¤ò åô¤¬ò ãø¢ð´î¢îè¢
îò â¿î¢¬î à¼õ£è¢°õñ¢. îñ¤ö¤«ô "è" âù¢Âñ¢ â¿î¢¶ ñ£î¢î¤ó«ñ à÷¢÷¶.
Þï¢îè¢ "è" â¿î¢¬î K âù¢ø Ýé¢è¤ô â¿î¢î¤ø¢è£èð¢ ð£õ¤è¢èô£ñ¢. ܴ õ¼ñ¢ "GA"
åô¤¬ò ãø¢ð´î¢¶õîø¢° "è" â¿î¢î¤ù¢ «ñ«ô å¼ êñ£ï¢îó被裴 Þ´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ Þ¬î
ªõ÷¤è¢è£ì¢´õî£è ãø¢Áè¢ ªè£÷¢÷ô£ñ¢. Üî£õ¶ "è-" âù¢Á «ñ«ô «è£´
«ð£ìð¢ð´õî£ô¢ "GA" âù¢ø êð¢îî𢠪ðÁõî£èè¢ ªè£÷¢÷ô£ñ¢. (à-ñ¢)
 47

GA - è GI - è¤ Goo - °
Þ¬î«ò Ü®ð¢ð¬ìò¤ô¢ ( è õ¤ù¢ 覫ö å¼ «è£´ Þ´õî£ô¢ H âù¢ø åô¤ ãø¢ð´õî£èè¢
ªè£÷¢÷ô£ñ¢. Üî£õ¶, "HA" âù¢ø Ýé¢è¤ô â¿î¢¶ "è" âù¢Á ܬñ»ñ¢ - "è" õó¤¬êò¤ô¢
à÷¢÷ êèô â¿î¢¶è¢èÀ袰ñ¢ Þï¢îè¢ «è£®ìô¢ º¬ø¬òð¢ ð¤ù¢ðø¢øô£ñ¢. (à-ñ¢)
HA - è HI - è¤ Hoo - °

Ýé¢è¤ôî¢î¤½÷¢÷ SUNNY, SHOUND, Chalk, Ýè¤ò ªê£ø¢èÀ袪èô¢ô£ñ¢ ºù¢Â袰 õ¼ñ¢

â¿î¢î¤ø¢° 'ê' '²' '«ê£' âù¢Á å«ó â¿î¢¬î«ò ð£õ¤è¢è¤«ø£ñ¢. Þð¢ð®ð¢ð£õ¤ð¢ð¶ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢
ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ êó¤ò£ù àê¢êó¤ð¢¬ðî¢ îó£¶ Ýè«õ, Þï¢î «õÁð£ì¢¬ì ªõ÷¤ð¢ð´î¢îè¢
îòî£è Þï¢îê¢ "ê" â¿î¢î¤«ô ãî£õ¶ ܬìò£÷îê¢ «êó¢î¢¶è¢ ªè£÷¢÷
«õí¢®»÷¢÷¶. êù¤ âù¢ø ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ "ê" ¾è¢° "ê" ¬õ»ñ¢ , ²ì¢ âù¢ø ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ "²" , ê

âù¢Áñ¢ , «ê£ âù¢ø ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ "«ê£" ¾è¢° «ê£ âù¢Áñ¢ °ø¤ò¦´ Þ좴 Þî¬ùè¢
è£ì¢ìô£ñ¢.

ï£ñ¢ Þ¶õ¬ó «ñø¢ªè£í¢ì åô¤ «õÁð£ì¢´è¢ °ø¤ò¦´è¬÷ ñ¦÷£ò¢¾ ªêò¢¶ ð£ó¢î¢î£ô¢

Þð¢ð® ܬñ»ñ¢.

Man âù¢Âñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ "ñ" âù¢Âñ¢¢ îñ¤ö¢ åô¤»ìù¢ «ê¼ñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ô
ªñ£ö¤ò¤ô£ù åô¤¬ò ãø¢ð´î¢¶õîø¢è£è âù¢Âñ¢ °ø¤ò¦ì¢¬ìð¢ ð£õ¤è¢èô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Man - ñù¢ Cat - èì¢ Dad - ìì¢

But âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ 'B" Þù¢ åô¤¬ò îñ¤ö¢ "ð" â¿î¢î¤ù¢ Þóí¢ì£õ¶
ªêé¢°î¢¶è¢ «è£ì¢®ô¢ å¼ °Á袰被裴 «ð£´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ ªõ÷¤è¢è£ì¢ìô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Bat - ðì¢ Bale - «ðô¢

Fun âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ù¢ åô¤¬ò "ð" âù¢Âñ¢ â¿î¢î¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ ºîô£õ¶

ªê颰被è£ì¢®ù¢ ï´õ¤ô¢ å¼ °Á袰被裴 «ð£´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ ªõ÷¤è¢è£ì¢ìô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Fun - ðù¢ File - ¬ðô¢ Full - ¹÷¢ Five - ¬ðõ¢

Hut âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ "H" Þù¢ åô¤¬ò àí¢ì£è¢è "è" âù¢ø â¿î¢î¤ù¢ «ñô¢ å¼
êñ£ï¢îóè¢ «è£´ «ð£ìô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Hut - èì¢ Hot - ªè£ì¢ Honey - èù¤

Gun âù¢Âñ¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ "G" Þù¢ åô¤¬ò "è" âù¢Âñ¢ â¿î¢î¤ù¢ è¦ö¢
êñ£ï¢îîó被裴 åù¢Á «ð£´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ ªõ÷¤ð¢ð´î¢îô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Gun - èù¢ Good - °ì¢ Gate - «èì¢
 48

Shut âù¢Âñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ "Sha" âù¢Âñ¢ åô¤¬ò "ê" âù¢Âñ¢ îñ¤ö¢ â¿î¢î¤ù¢
è¦ö¢ å¼ êñ£ï¢îó被裴 «ð£´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ ªõ÷¤ð¢ð´î¢îô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Shut - êì¢ Should - ²ì¢ Shot - ªê£ì¢

Shart âù¢Âñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ "Cha" âù¢Âñ¢ åô¤¬ò "ê£" âù¢Âñ¢ îñ¤ö¢
â¿î¢î¤ù¢ «ñô¢ å¼ êñ£ï¢îó被裴 «ð£´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ ªõ÷¤ð¢ð´î¢îô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
Chart - ê£ì¢ Chill - ê¤ô¢ Child - ¬êô¢ì¢ Chalk - «ê£è¢

That âù¢Âñ¢ Ýé¢è¤ôê¢ ªê£ô¢ô¤ô¢ õ¼ñ¢ "Tha" âù¢Âñ¢ åô¤¬ò "î" âù¢Âñ¢ îñ¤ö¢ â¿î¢î¤ù¢
è¦ö¢ êñ£ï¢îó被裴 «ð£´õîù¢ Íôñ¢ ªõ÷¤ð¢ð´î¢îô£ñ¢.
(à-ñ¢)
The - î¢ That - îø¢ These - î¦ú¢ Those - «î£ú¢

«ñø¢Ãø¤ò åô¤ ñ£ø¢øé¢èÀ袰 êñ£ï¢îó被裴è¬÷ ð£õ¤ð¢ðîù¢ «ï£è¢èñ¢ îñ¤ö¤ô¢ ¹î¤ò

â¿î¢¶ õ®õé¢è¬÷ê¢ «êó¢î¢¶è¢ °÷ð¢ðî àí¢´ ðí¢µõ¬î õ¤ì Þ¼ð¢ð¬îè¢
ªè£í¢«ì «î¬õ¬òð¢ Ìó¢î¢î¤ ªêò¢õ¶ ïô¢ô¶ âù¢ø «ï£è¢èè¢è£è«õ
âù¢ð¶àíóð¢ðì «õí¢®ò£°ñ¢.

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ãø¢ð죶 å«ó ð£ó¢¬õò¤ô¢ Þî¬ù Þð¢ð® õó¤¬êð¢ð´î¢îô£ñ¢.

â¿î¢¶ «êó¢è¢èð¢ð´ñ¢ °ø¤ò¦´ àí¢ì£°ñ¢ åô¤

è èδ Ca (Cat)
ð ð Ba (Bat)
ð ð Fa (Fun)
è è Ha (Hun)
è è Ga (Gun)
ê ê Sha (Shut)
î î Tha (That)
 49

Language, Speech or Writing: Which is Primary ?

Dr.V.Gnanasundaram,
Professor cum Deputy Director,
Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, Karnataka
And
Dr.K.Rangan,
Professor and Head, Department of Linguistics,
Tamil University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu
___________________________________________________________________________

Language for Communication

Language and society are so closely related that one has no existence without the other. That is
why Bloch and Trager (1942) define language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means
of which a society co-operates. It is clear from the above definition that language has both form
and function. It has been pointed out that the form of language is, its sounds. The sounds of a
language have symbolic functions. This is the reason for the linguists to consider language as a
system of vocal symbols. Language is used for the members of social group to co-operate i.e.,
it is language that is used by the members to exchange information to request, to order, to love,
to quarrel etc. We do not mean that the members of a social group do not employ other than
language for the purpose of communication. One can use signs, pictures, bodily gestures, etc.,
as modes of communications. However, language is a significant mode of communications that
a society possesses.

Language as a product of society

Similarly language is intimately related with the culture of a society. One can attempt to
understand the structure of a society through its language also. A change in the social structure
may be seen reflected in the language. Language may be looked at from different angles. The
one we are describing here is society based. From this angle, language is perceived as a
product of society. The structure of vocabulary reflects both the structure and change of a
soceity. It is more sensitive to the change of a society. This is the main reason for the
Anthropologists to show interest to understand the structure of language. Sensitivity of the
structure of vocabulary to the social change was witnessed during the period of industrial
revolution. Language is expected to fulfil the demands of new society. The new society
demands the language to perform certain new functions. In other words, the domains of
language use could be expanded to meet the new needs of the society.

Language and other communication systems

The Medium, each communication system takes is different in nature. Some system may be
visual as in the case of bees dance and olfactory as in the case of ants. There are systems of
animal communication that takes the form of audio. For example, the communication of
monkeys is audio i.e., they use certain number of calls for their communications. We do not
 50

mean here that the communication system of monkeys uses only one medium, of course the
positions of the body or the bodily movements also accompany with the calls of monkeys. The
message conveyed through facial expression is termed as non-verbal communications .But the
sound medium may be the primary means of communications in the case of monkeys. When
we talk of natural language, sound is its medium. Human language as a system of
communications has distinct qualities when it is compared with the systems of
Communications of animals.

The difference between human language and animal communication is of qualitative in nature.
Linguists like Hockett (1958:574) have identified seven traits that distinguish human language
from animal communication of which ` Duality ` is an important trait from the view point of
this paper.

The trait of duality is abstract in animal communication. By the term `duality we mean that
language has both phonological (sound) structure and grammatical structure. The term
`Phoneme is an important concept used in the description of phonological structure of a
language. On the basis of the principles of contrast and complementary distribution of sounds,
phonemes of a language are determined. A Phoneme may have one or more phones as its
members. It has two or more phones, their distributions may be predicted in a systematic way.
Phonemes have differential functions for example, il, il and iz in Tamil are treated as phonemes
because they differentiate meaning in the following words.

vaal tail kal Stone

vaal sword kal toddy
vaaz to live vali Pain
vazi Path

But a phoneme has no meaning in isolation. One or more phonemes as a sequence when it
refers to a meaning is called a morpheme, another significant unit at the grammatical level.
Morpheme is thus defined as a minimum meaningful unit. It is composed out of phonemes.

Speech is primary and writing Secondary

The fundamental substance out of which expression is built, is the sounds of language. It is
therefore, speech is primary and writing is secondary. Spoken language is given primary
importance because we do not know any society that does not have a language which is
spoken. Writing occupies a secondary position in the history of language. There are many
societies in the world with languages but without any writing system i.e., there are many
preliterate societies around the world not possessing any writing system. But on the contrary,
nobody has ever reported that there are societies having writing systems without a spoken
language. Historically speaking, spoken language is prior to written language. As Lyons
(1968:38) puts it, writing is essentially a means of representing speech in another medium. The
history of writing does not go beyond some six or seven thousand years. But speech goes back
even to the origins of human society. All systems of writing are based upon units of spoken
language i.e., the symbols in a writing system stand for the sound units of that language. In
other words, writing system reflects the sound systems of spoken language in the beginning.
 51

Language is often confused with the variety that is used in writing. Since literature has more
prestige among the members of a speech community, the variety used in literature also gains the
same prestige.

Grammars of both traditional and modern describe the nature of sounds and the patterns of
structure employed in the formation of words, phrases and sentences. In the Ezhuttiyal part of
both Tolkappiyam and Nannul one can witness the description of sounds i.e., each sound is
described as to how it is produced in terms of articulatory phonetics. Since one could easily
observe what parts of the vocal organs are involved in the production of sounds, the traditional
grammarians resorted to the use of articulatory phonetics. Much of the space of the traditional
grammars, in the description of Ezhuttiyal has been occupied by the study of speech sounds.
The grammars describe the constraints on the initial, medial and final occurrence of phonemes.
All the phonemes in a language do not occur in all positions. For example we say that the stop
phonemes in Tamil (phonemes of vallinam in traditional classification) do not occur in word
final positions in native words. That is why we do not have native words with ik, ich, it, ith, ip
etc. in the word final position. Similar is the case with the traditional grammars when they deal
with the combinations of phonemes in all three positions. Certain combinations of phonemes
are permitted whereas Certain other combinations of phonemes are not permitted. Even
permitted combinations do not occur in all positions. Restrictions are not only on possible
combinations but also of possible positions in a word.

Combinations of letters do not figure out in the description of ezhuttiyal. There is nothing
inherent in the letters such as ith and ich to prevent their combination in Tamil. The letters are
nothing but secondary symbols to represent speech sounds. Writing may be viewed as a
process of symbolisation of vocal symbols. So the primary symbols are speech sounds and the
alphabet is a secondary symbol. Language is primarily spoken and writing is to represent its
values. Speech is essentially linear in its nature i.e., distinct elements are arranged in linear
fashion. The values of elements are partly determined as to what elements follow what elements
and similarly what elements precede what elements. Value or relationship of an element is
decided not in isolation but taking into considerations the preceding and following elements in a
linear sequence.

Though alphabet of a language is a cultural identity marker of a speech community, it is not

inherent property of language. In the history of a language, it is not a surprising fact for one to
observe different scripts used at different times. For example in the South of Tamilnadu, from
8th century to 18th century AD Tamil was written in Inscriptions and copper plates in a
particular writing system called VATTEZHUTTHU with graphemic variation period after
period. Even synchronically one could see the use of two different writing systems for the
same language. For example a language called Santhali in India is written in Bengali Script by
people who speak the language in West Bengal, Oriya script by people who speak it in Orissa
and Devanagari Script by people who speak the same language in Bihar in addition to the
indigenous system of writing called Olchuki and Roman. In other words the same language is
written using 5 different kinds of writing systems. Therefore, writing is a visual representation
of spoken language.
 52

Inspite of the attempts made to keep an ideal one-to-one relationship between a letter and
phoneme, there are instances in which one-to-many or many-to-one correspondences between a
phoneme and a letter are found. In Tamil the alveolar nasal n is represented by both ind and in

ind
n
In

Similarly the alveolar stop ra and the flap trill ra are represented by the above letters with the
exception of Kanyakumari dialect, most of the dialects in Tamil dont distinguish these
phonemes in their pronunciation

ir
r
ir

on the contrary in many dialects, we have nasalised vowels in words like avan `he, paiyyan
`boy, tangam `gold, etc. In writing, there are no separate symbols to denote these sounds.
There is no way to distinguish the nasal vowels from the oral vowels. Similar is the case when
we consider the suprasegmental features found in spoken Tamil. The features such as stress,
tone, intonations, etc. are not marked by any devices in the writing system of Tamil. Of course,
one may come across with the punctuation marks such as .,!? in our writing system and this is
due to the impact of West.

Bloomfield (1933) states that writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language
by means of visible marks. Indian traditional grammarians had taken a good amount of pain in
describing the details of sounds of language. Both Sanskrit and Tamil traditional grammars
show remarkable stage of attainment in the description of the nature of sounds. Lyons (1968 :
20) is of the opinion that Indian linguistic work may be held superior to western traditional
grammars: first in phonetics and second in the study of the internal structure of words. As we
know well, phonetics deals mainly with the speech sounds of a language. Since the concept of
purity was attached with the proper and accurate pronunciation of Vedas, emphasis was laid on
the ways and proper training of learners in pronunciation. Faulty and incorrect pronunciation
might lead one to misunderstand the Vedas. Therefore one of the aims of grammar is to train
learners to have good and standard pronunciation of the words in a language.

The differences in the phonemic shapes of morphemes are described with the help of Sandhi
rules. The concern of Sandhi section is with the system of speech sounds and not with the
writing systems of language. The rules in Sandhi are in a way dealing with the phonotactics of
words and not with the letters of language. It is, therefore, claimed that the main concern of
traiditonal grammars is speech and not writing in Ezhuttiyal.

The languages of India have been grouped under four families of languages on the basis of
their phonological, morphological and syntactic structure of these languages. They are : ( i )
Indo Aryan ; ( ii ) Dravidian ; ( iii ) Tibato-Burman and (iv ) Austro-Asiatic language.
Languages of each family share certain common structural properties at all levels among
 53

themselves. Classification of language family is mainly based on the sounds and their
formation of words. Writing system is not based on the history of family of languages. History
of writing for a language may be different from the history and development of that language.
For example, Tamil belongs to the family of Dravidian languages. But its script is traced to the
version of Southern Brahmi. Scholars even go to the extent of tracing all the scripts of Indian
languages >from Brahmi. A similar attempt to trace all the Indian languages from a common
source failed to meet the methodological requirements of the historical and comparative
linguistics. In terms of structure they belong to different families of languages, though the
history of scripts is different. Therefore, language is different from the systems of writing.
Writing is a secondary visual representation of language and therefore speech (representation of
sounds ) is the primary form of language. That is why language is characterised as the means
to relate sound and meaning.

REFERENCES

Bloch, B. and Trager, G.L. (1942) Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Linguistic
Society of America.

Bloom field, L.(1933) Language. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winstons.

Hockett, C.F (1958) A course in modern Linguistics. New York : The Macmillan Company

Lyons, J.(1968) Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, Cambridge : Cambridge University

Press.
 54

Simplification of Tamil Grammar for Internet

N. Navin
C/o N.Nadaraja Pillai
Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore 570 006, India
___________________________________________________________________________

It needs no introduction to say that the world has become small due to the invention of the
computer and the Internet. Language teaching in this context is to be reviewed as for as
teaching Tamil is concerned. May attempts have been made to teach Tamil as second language
through print, audio and video media. However, the preparation of materials to teach Tamil as
second language through computer with multimedia features is yet to take momentum. There
are a very few materials prepared which have not taken into account the needs of the learners.
In this context, this paper has a major role to play as far as the teaching of Tamil grammar is
concerned. Tamil grammar needs a revision to be applied for preparation of materials. This
paper tries to bring out some of the features.

The allophonic distribution of the stops, namely, the vallinam is to be standardized. The rule is
as follows:

/K/ is pronounced as [k] word initially and when double in the middle
[g] after nasals
[h] between vowels

the final distribution is to be modified as either as [h] or as [g] mainly because in most of the
satellite TV channels one can observe this change. Further more, many of the Tamil dialects
also have this feature.

/ c / is pronounced as [ c ] or [s] word initially

[ c ] when double in the middle
[ j ] after nasals
[ s ] between vowels

Most of the southern dialects of Tamilnadu use [ c ] word initially and the northern dialects use
[ s ] in that place.

This is the case with the inter-vocal / D /, / d /, and / p /. These are to be modified.

The pronunciation variations of / -RR- / , as / -RR- / and /-TR-/ are to be reconsidered.

Such irregularities in Tamil in pronunciation are to be reviewed.

In morphology, there are a lot of features, which are to be simplified.

The present tense markers used are / -kir- / and / -kinru- / invariably, where the marker
 55

/ -kinr- / is the only marker which can come when the subject of the sentence is /avai/

'they [neuter]' as in

avai varukinRana. 'They come.'

The present tense marker should be only / -kir- / for subjects other than /avai/.

The past tense markers are the next area of confusion for a second language learner. There are
no fixed rules for the distribution of the markers, though there are a few available. For example,

The weak verbs take the following markers:

/-in-/ verbs ending in -PPu, -NPu, -(c) VVDu, -(c )VVRu, -(c )VVcu, -( c)VVru, etc.
/-t-/ verbs ending in -zu, -Du, --N, -n, and -y
/-nd-/ verbs ending in -Vvy, -r, -l,-L,-z,-I, -ai

The strong verbs take /-tt-/ and /-nd-/ for -a ending verbs.

The irregular verbs are to be listed and given in the programme. This kind of simplification of
the past tense markers is yet to take full shape.

The pronoun avai is used as avaikaL also, which is yet to be recognized by the Tamil teachers.
This simplifies the declension also.

Avai+ ai > avaRRai whereas avaikaL +ai > avaikaLai which follows normal sandhi rule.

The pronoun avar 'He' sould be taken into the pronouns. This should not be used to mean
'they'. Accordingly, the PNG marker /-aar/ would be used only with the subject avar 'He'. This
means that there will be the following pronouns in the third person : avan 'He', aval 'She', avar
'He singular honorific', avarkaL 'They', atu 'It', and avai 'They neuter'. This will be applicable in
all places where this pronoun is used.

Sentences like the following should be treated as archaic:

MaaNavar vantanar to mean maLavarkaL vantaarkaL 'The students came'

Vijayan vantanan to mean Vijayan vantaan 'Vijayan came"

The passive construction is yet to be recognized by the grammar. This construction though a
modern one has found a place in the language of administration and science.

Arasaal oor aNai kaTTappaDukiRatu ' A dam is being constructed by the Government.'

The verbal noun derivations are yet to be studied thoroughly, though there are a few sporadic
studies available. There are about forty markers in Tamil to derive verbal nouns, such as vaLar
 56

- vaLarcci 'growth', paDi - paDippu 'education', ezutu - ezuttu writing/letter vaa - varavu
'income', col - col 'word', vaRu - vaRumai 'poverty', vaazvu - vaazkkai 'life', etc. This area still
remains untouched.

In this age of fast communication the direct and indirect speech as in English are yet to be
formalized. The constructions such as

"naan naaLai un viiTTukku varuveen " enRu conneen.

I said, "I shall come to your house tomorrow".

This sentence may have the following counterpart as indirect sentence.

Naan naaLai un viiTTukku varuvataaka conneen.

In Tamil this is an adverbial construction whose exact structural equivalent may not be indirect
speech. This area of confusion should be decided now.

Another area for simplification is the use of saariyai 'link morphemes'. The sentences like the
following are very common,but to be simplified.

Naan viiTTukku pooneen

Naan viiTTiRku pooneen " I went home"
Naan marattai veTTineen
Naan marattinai veTTineen 'I cut the tree'

Some of the sandhi or puNarcci rules are to be simplified, since most of them are very archaic.
For example,

MuL = ceDi > muTcedi

Kal + cuvar > kaRcuvar
Pul + nuni > punnuni
Meel + nilai > meenilai

The following are some of the examples, which need a study to explain the process envolved.

CiRReRumpu when devided becomes ciRumai + eRumpu

Nannuul > nanmai + nuul

This kind of making the first part of the compound word as a noun is very difficult to
understand as well as to explain the sandhi involved.

The use of /alla, allan, allaL, etc./ are to be reviewed. It would be more appropriate to do away
with these forms.
 57

The doubling of / k,c,t,p / in certain contexts is now a days a myth in many places and in others
they are redundant. As every body knows they were used when it was a spoken language as
well as in poetry to keep the pronunciation in tact and to find out the word boundary.

Conclusion

In the context of internet and spreading of learning Tamil worldwide, it is necessary to simplify
the Tamil grammar and usages. This paper tried to point out a few features which are to be
simplified. However, a thorough study of the same will definitely lead to a fruitful exercise.