Business Mathematics Homework #7 Due: ID: Name:

A. Integration by Parts

(Solution)

(Detailed Solution a.) 1

 ∫
−1
x ln( x + 2)dx
 ∫ f ( x=
) g ′( x)dx f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ f ′( x) g ( x)dx
=  12 x 2 ln( x + 2) − 12 ( 12 x 2 − 2 x + 4ln x + 2 ) 
1

 ∫ x ln( x + 2)dx −1

 x 2 ln( x + 2) − ( 12 x 2 − 2 x + 4ln x + 2 ) 
1
= 1
  −1
= ∫ ln( x + 2) ⋅ ( 1
2
x )′ dx
2 2

1 1
1 = 12  x 2 ln( x + 2)  − 12  12 x 2 − 2 x + 4ln x + 2 
= ln( x + 2) ⋅ ( 2 x ) − ∫
1 2
⋅ ( x )dx
1 2 −1 −1
x+2 2 = 2 (1 ⋅ ln 3 − 1 ⋅ 0 )  − 2 [ 2 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 4ln 3 − ( 2 ⋅ 1 + −2 ⋅ −1 + 4 ⋅ 0]
1 1 1 1

x2
= x ln( x + 2) − 2 ∫
1 2 1
dx = 1
ln 3 − 12 [ 4ln 3 − 4]
2
x+2 2

= 2 − 32 ln 3
1 ( x + 2) − 4(2 + x ) + 4
2
= x ln( x + 2) − 2 ∫
1 2
dx
2
x+2
 4 
= x ln( x + 2) − 12 ∫ ( x + 2) − 4 +
1 2
dx
2
 x + 2 
 4 
= x ln( x + 2) − 12 ∫  x − 2 +
1 2
dx
2
 x + 2 
= x ln( x + 2) − 12  12 x 2 − 2 x + 4ln x + 2  + C
1 2
2
 (Detailed Solution b.) (Detailed Solution d.)
 ∫ f ( x=
) g ′( x)dx f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ f ′( x) g ( x)dx  ∫ f ( x=
) g ′( x)dx f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ f ′( x) g ( x)dx
 ∫ x2 dx = ∫ x( 2 x )′dx  ∫ x 1 + x dx
x 1
ln 2

= x( ln12 2 x ) − ∫ ln12 2 x dx (1 + x)3 2 )′ dx

= ∫ x( 2
3

− ( ln12 ) 2 x
2
= x2x 1
ln 2 =x ⋅ 23 (1 + x)3 2 − ∫ 23 (1 + x)3 2 dx
= 1
2 ( x − ln12 )
x
ln 2 =x ⋅ 23 (1 + x)3 2 − 23 ⋅ 52 (1 + x)5 2 + C
2 x ( x − ln12 )
2
∫ x2 dx
 = x 2 1
0 0 ln 2

= 1
ln 2
22 ( 2 − ln12 ) − ln12 20 ( 0 − ln12 )
= 1
ln 2 (8 − ln42 + ln12 )
ln 2 (
= 1
8 − ln32 )

(Alternative Solution b.) (Alternative Solution d.)

 ∫ udv
= uv − ∫ vdu  ∫ udv
= uv − ∫ vdu

 ∫ x2 dx = ∫ xd ( ln12 2 x )  ∫x 1 + x dx
x

= 1
ln 2
x 2 x − ∫ ln12 2 x dx = ∫ xd ( 2
3
(1 + x)3 2 )
= 1
ln 2
x 2 x − ln12 ( ln12 2 x ) =x ⋅ 32 (1 + x)3 2 − ∫ 32 (1 + x)3 2 dx
= 1
ln 2
2 x ( x − ln12 ) =x ⋅ 32 (1 + x)3 2 − 32 ⋅ 52 (1 + x)5 2 + C
2 x ( x − ln12 )
2
∫ x2 dx
 = x 2 1
0 0 ln 2

= 1
ln 2
22 ( 2 − ln12 ) − ln12 20 ( 0 − ln12 )
= 1
(8 − ln42 + ln12 )
ln 2

= ln12 ( 8 − ln32 )
(Detailed Solution c.)
 ∫ f ( x=
) g ′( x)dx f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ f ′( x) g ( x)dx
=
 Let f x=
2
and g ′ e x
 f=′ 2 x and g= e x + C
 ∫ x e dx = x ⋅ e x − ∫ 2 x ⋅ e x dx
2 x 2

= x 2 e x − 2 ∫ xe x dx
 We now need to find ∫ xe x dx.

 We use the same formula, ∫ u ( x)=

v′( x)dx u ( x)v( x) − ∫ u ′( x)v( x)dx
= and v′ e x
Let u x=
 u=′ 1 and =
v ex + C

∫ xe dx =x ⋅ e − ∫1 ⋅ e dx =xe − ex + C
x x x x

 Hence we have

∫ x e dx = x 2 e x − 2 ∫ xe x dx = x 2 e x − 2( xe x − e x ) + C
2 x

 The definit integral is given by

1
∫
1
x 2 e x dx =  x 2 e x − 2( xe x − e x ) 
0 0

= 1 e − 2(1e − e )  − 02 e0 − 2(0e0 − e0 ) 

2 1 1 1

= e−2
 B. Integration by Substitution

(Solution)

(Detailed Solution b.)

= +2
 u e x= ′dx, du (e x
, du u= +2
)′dx
3 3

d x3 + 2 d (e x + 2 ) d ( x3 + 2)
3

=3 ⋅ e x + 2 ⋅ (3 x 2 )
=
3
 e
dx d ( x + 2) dx
+2
 du = 3 x 2 e x
3
dx
+2 1
dx = du
3
 x2e x
3
1 1 1 3
 ∫ x 2 e x + 2 dx = ∫ du = u + C = e x + 2 + C
3

3 3 3

(Solution)

(Solution)
 (Detailed Solution a.) (Detailed Solution b.) (Detailed Solution c.)
 u= 1+ e x =t e= −x 1  z=
4
2x −1
ex  4 z 3 dz = 2dx
 du = 2 1 x e x
1
 ex =  dx = 2 z 3 dz
e x t
 ∫ dx z2 ( z − 1) 2 + 2 z − 1
x (1 + e )x
1 t +1  =
 ex + 1 = + 1 = z −1 z −1
e x t t
= 2∫ dx 2z −1 1
2 x (1 + e x )  dt = −e − x dx =
1
− x dx, dx =
1
− dt = z −1+ = z −1+ 2 +
e t z −1 z −1
1 1
= 2 ∫ du  ∫ x
1
dx = z +1+
u e +1 z −1
= 2ln u 1
=∫
t 1
⋅ − dt = − ∫
1
dt  ∫ dx
= 2ln(1 + e ) + C
x
t +1 t t +1 2x −1 − 4 2x −1
= − ln | t + 1| 1 z2  1 
= ∫ 2 dz 2 ∫
2 z 3= dz 2 ∫  z + 1 +
=  dz
= − ln | e − x + 1| z −z z −1  z −1
13 1 = 2 ( 12 z 2 + z + ln z − 1 ) + C
 ∫ x dx
( )
0 e +1
= 2 1
2 x − 1 + 4 2 x − 1 + ln 4 2 x − 1 − 1 + C
=− ln(e − x + 1)
13 2

 x = 41
0

=− ln(e −1 3 + 1) + ln(e −0 + 1)
⋅ 2 x − 1= 82 − 1= 9
ln 2 − ln(e −1 3 + 1)
=
⋅ 4
2x −1 =3
 x = 8.5
⋅ 2 x − 1= 17 − 1= 4
⋅ 4
2x −1 =2
41 1
 ∫
8.5
2x −1 − 4 2x −1
dx

= 41
8.5 2 ( 1
2
2 x − 1 + 4 2 x − 1 + ln 4
2x −1 −1 )
= 2 ( 12 ⋅ 9 + 3 + ln 3 − 1 ) − 2 ( 12 ⋅ 4 + 2 + ln 2 − 1 )
= 9 + 6 + 2ln 2 − (4 + 4)
= 7 + 2ln 2

(Solution)
C. Differential Equations
1.

(Solution)

2.

(Solution)
3. Solve the differential equation:
x (t ) =k (a − x)(b + x), x(0) =0
where k > 0, a > 0, b > 0, a + b ≠ 0, and 0 ≤ x < a.

Solution.
dx
 x (t ) =k ( a − x)(b + x),=k (a − x)(b + x)
dt  Thus we have
1 dx dx a (b + x)
 = k= , dt 1
ln = kt
(a − x)(b + x) dt (a − x)(b + x) a + b b( a − x )
dx  If we solve these relations for x,
 ∫
(a − x)(b + x) ∫
= k dt
we obtain the solutions
 Method of partial fraction 1 a (b + x)
 ln = kt
1 1 1 1 a + b b( a − x )
=
  − 
AB B − A  A B  a (b + x)
 ln = kt (a + b)
1 1 1 1 b( a − x )
=  + 
AB A + B  A B  a (b + x)
 = e kt ( a + b )
 Using the method of partial fraction  b( a − x )
dx  ab + ax= Q(ab − bx) where Q= e kt ( a + b )
∫ (a − x)(b + x)
 (Qb + a ) x = ab(Q − 1)
1  1 1  Q −1
= ∫ 
a+b  a− x b+ x
+  dx  x = ab
Qb + a
1
= [ − ln(a − x) + ln(b + x)] = ab
e kt ( a + b ) − 1
a+b be kt ( a + b ) + a
 a > 0, b > 0, a ≠ b, and 0 ≤ x < a 1 − e − kt ( a + b )
1 b+ x = ab
= ln +C b + ae − kt ( a + b )
a+b a− x 1 − e− k ( a +b )t
whenever a + b ≠ 0 = ab
b + ae − k ( a + b ) t
 Hence
1 b+ x
ln = kt + C
a+b a− x
 Since x(0) = 0,
1 b
ln = C.
a+b a
 Thus we have
1 a (b + x)
ln = kt
a + b b( a − x )
D. New Product Growth Model
1 − e − ( p + q )T
1. Differentiate F (T ) = where p and q are constants.
1 + qp e − ( p + q )T
(Solution)
1 − e − ( p + q )T
 F (T ) = .
1 + qp e − ( p + q )T

(1 − e − ( p + q )T
)′ (1 + q
e − ( p + q )T − (1 − e − ( p + q )T ) 1 + qp e − ( p + q )T ′
) ( )
 F ′(T ) =
p

(1 + )
2
q − ( p + q )T
p e

=
( )
( p + q )e − ( p + q )T 1 + qp e − ( p + q )T − (1 − e − ( p + q )T ) ⋅ − qp ( p + q )e − ( p + q )T

(1 + )
2
q
p e − ( p + q )T

=
( p + q )e − ( p + q )T
⋅
(1 + q
p e − ( p + q )T + ) q
p (1 − e − ( p + q )T
)
(1 + )
2
q − ( p + q )T
p e
1+ q

( p + q )e − ( p + q ) T ⋅
=
p

(1 + )
2
q
p e − ( p + q )T
( p + q)2 e − ( p + q )T
= ⋅
( )
2
p 1 + qp e − ( p + q )T

2. Suppose that the fraction of adopters at time t is given by f (t ) = 0.1e −0.1t . What is the likelihood at time 10 given
that no purchase has yet been made?
(Solution)
 f (t ) = 0.1e −0.1t
t
∫ 0.1e
−0.1ξ t
 F (t ) = d ξ =  −e −0.1ξ  = 1 − e −0.1t
0 0

 Likelihood at time 10 given that no purchase has yet been made

f (10) 0.1e −1
= = = 0.1
1 − F (10) e −1

3. It is known that the coefficient of imitation is 0.05. If the likelihood at time t given that no purchase has yet been
made is 0.1 and the cumulative fraction of adopters by time t is 0.8. What is the coefficient of innovation?
(Solution)
f (T )
 = p + qF (T )
1 − F (T )
 0.1 =+ p 0.05 ⋅ 0.8
 So the coefficient of innovation, p = 0.06

4. It is known that the cumulative fraction of adopters at time 10 is 0.8. If the population is 10 million. What is the
cumulative number of units sold by time 10?
(Solution)
 Y (T ) = mF (T )
 Y (10) =10 × 0.8 =8 (million)
 5. A new product of TV is going to be launched by UHK company. The target market is Northern Europe, a population
of about 37.4 million. The coefficient of innovation (or the fraction of innovators) to TV is 0.018 and the coefficient of
imitation is 0.67.
(1) Find the cumulative fraction of adopters (purchasers) from time 0 to t.
(2) Find the fraction of adopters at time t.
(3) Find the number of units sold at time t.
(4) Fill in the following table to compute the sales by time and graph the sales function.

(Solution 1-3)
 Take a look at the Excel spreadsheet
"newproductgrowthmodel.xls",
which contains all calculations.
= =
 m 37.4, =
p 0.018, q 0.67
( p+q) 2
=
 p + q 0.688
= q
p
37.2,= p
26.3
1 − e − ( p + q )T 1 − e −0.688T
 F (T ) = =
1 + qp e − ( p + q )T 1 + 37.2e −0.688T
( p + q)2 e − ( p + q )T e −0.688T
 f (T ) = ⋅ =
26.3
( ) (1 + 37.2e−0.688T )
2 2
p 1 + qp e − ( p + q )T
e −0.688T
= =
S (T ) mf (T ) 983.5
(1 + 37.2e )
−0.688T 2