INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 11092

Second edition
2014-09-01

Textiles — Physiological effects —

Measurement of thermal and water-
vapour resistance under steady-state
conditions (sweating guarded-
hotplate test)
Textiles — Effets physiologiques — Mesurage de la résistance
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thermique et de la résistance à la vapeur d’eau en régime stationnaire
(essai de la plaque chaude gardée transpirante)
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Reference number
ISO 11092:2014(E)

© ISO 2014
ISO 11092:2014(E)


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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Symbols and units................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5 Apparatus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6 Test specimens........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.1 Materials ≤ 5 mm thick..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2 Materials > 5 mm thick..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
7 Test procedure......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1 Determination of apparatus constants............................................................................................................................... 7
7.2 Assembly of test specimens on the measuring unit................................................................................................. 9
7.3 Measurement of thermal resistance Rct.............................................................................................................................. 9
7.4 Measurement of water-vapour resistance Ret............................................................................................................ 10
8 Precision of results..........................................................................................................................................................................................10
8.1 Repeatability........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
8.2 Reproducibility..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
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9 Test report................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
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Annex A (normative) Mounting procedure for specimens containing loose filling materials or
having uneven thickness............................................................................................................................................................................
ISO 11092:2014 12
Annex B (normative) Determination of correction terms for heating power.........................................................13
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Annex C (informative) Guidance on test specimen assembly for materials prone to swelling..............14

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ISO 11092:2014(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
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to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 38, Textiles.
This second edition cancels and replaces the firstISO edition (ISO 11092:1993), which has been technically
11092:2014
revised. It also incorporates Amendment 1 to ISO 11092:1993 (ISO 11092:1993/Amd.1:2012).
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Introduction
This International Standard is the first of a number of standard test methods in the field of clothing
comfort.
The physical properties of textile materials which contribute to physiological comfort involve a complex
combination of heat and mass transfer. Each may occur separately or simultaneously. They are time-
dependent, and may be considered in steady-state or transient conditions.
Thermal resistance is the net result of the combination of radiant, conductive and convective heat
transfer, and its value depends on the contribution of each to the total heat transfer. Although it is an
intrinsic property of the textile material, its measured value may change through the conditions of test
due to the interaction of parameters such as radiant heat transfer with the surroundings.
Several methods exist which may be used to measure heat and moisture properties of textiles, each of
which is specific to one or the other and relies on certain assumptions for its interpretation.
The sweating guarded-hotplate (often referred to as the “skin model”) described in this International
Standard is intended to simulate the heat and mass transfer processes which occur next to human skin.
Measurements involving one or both processes may be carried out either separately or simultaneously
using a variety of environmental conditions, involving combinations of temperature, relative humidity,
air speed, and in the liquid or gaseous phase. Hence transport properties measured with this apparatus
can be made to simulate different wear and environmental situations in both transient and steady-
states. In this International Standard only steady-state conditions are selected.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11092:2014(E)

Textiles — Physiological effects — Measurement of thermal

and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions
(sweating guarded-hotplate test)

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods for the measurement of the thermal resistance and
water-vapour resistance, under steady-state conditions, of e.g. fabrics, films, coatings, foams and leather,
including multilayer assemblies, for use in clothing, quilts, sleeping bags, upholstery and similar textile
or textile-like products.
The application of this measurement technique is restricted to a maximum thermal resistance and
water-vapour resistance which depend on the dimensions and construction of the apparatus used (e.g.
2 m2·K/W and 700 m2·Pa/W respectively, for the minimum specifications of the equipment referred to
in this International Standard).
The test conditions used in this International Standard are not intended to represent specific comfort
situations, and performance specifications in relation to physiological comfort are not stated.

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2 Terms and definitions
(standards.iteh.ai)
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 ISO 11092:2014
thermal resistancehttps://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/e3fa8f72-ddce-4d6e-b589-
Rct 00240af191a4/iso-11092-2014
temperature difference between the two faces of a material divided by the resultant heat flux per unit
area in the direction of the gradient
Note 1 to entry: It is a quantity specific to textile materials or composites which determines the dry heat flux
across a given area in response to a steady applied temperature gradient. The dry heat flux may consist of one or
more conductive, convective and radiant components.

Note 2 to entry: Thermal resistance is expressed in square metres kelvin per watt.

2.2
water-vapour resistance
Ret
water-vapour pressure difference between the two faces of a material divided by the resultant
evaporative heat flux per unit area in the direction of the gradient
Note 1 to entry: It is a quantity specific to textile materials or composites which determines the “latent” evaporative
heat flux across a given area in response to a steady applied water-vapour pressure gradient. The evaporative
heat flux may consist of both diffusive and convective components.

Note 2 to entry: Water-vapour resistance is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.

2.3
water-vapour permeability index
imt
ratio of thermal and water-vapour resistances in accordance with Formula (1):
R ct
i mt = S ⋅ (1)
R et

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where S equals 60 Pa/K

Note 1 to entry: The water-vapour permeability index is dimensionless, and has values between 0 and 1. A value
of 0 implies that the material is water-vapour impermeable, that is, it has infinite water-vapour resistance, and a
material with a value of 1 has both the thermal resistance and water-vapour resistance of an air layer of the same
thickness.

2.4
water-vapour permeability
Wd
characteristic of a textile material or composite depending on water-vapour resistance and temperature
in accordance with Formula (2):
1
Wd = (2)
R et ⋅ φTm
where ϕTm is the latent heat of vaporization of water at the temperature Tm of the measuring unit,
equals, for example, 0,672 W·h/g at Tm = 35 °C
Note 1 to entry: Water-vapour permeability is expressed in grams per square metre hour pascal.

3 Symbols and units

Rct is the thermal resistance, in square metres kelvin per watt

Ret iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

is the water-vapour resistance, in square metres pascal per watt

imt (standards.iteh.ai)
is the water-vapour permeability index, dimensionless

Rct0 is the apparatus constant, in square ISOmetres kelvin per watt, for the measurement of
11092:2014
thermal resistance Rct
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Ret0 is the apparatus constant, in square metres pascal per watt, for the measurement of
water vapour resistance Ret

Wd is the water-vapour permeability, in grams per square meter hour pascal

ϕTm is the latent heat of vaporization of water at the temperature Tm, in watt hours per gram

A is the area of the measuring unit, in square metres

Ta is the air temperature in the test enclosure, in degrees Celsius

Tm is the temperature of the measuring unit, in degrees Celsius

Ts is the temperature of the thermal guard, in degrees Celsius

pa is the water-vapour partial pressure, in pascals, of the air in the test enclosure at tem-
perature Ta

pm is the saturation water-vapour partial pressure, in pascals, at the surface of the measur-
ing unit at temperature Tm

va is the speed of air above the surface of the test specimen, in metres per second

Sv is the standard deviation of air speed v, in metres per second

R.H. is the relative humidity, in percent

H is the heating power supplied to the measuring unit, in watts

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ΔHc is the correction term for heating power for the measurement of thermal resistance Rct

ΔHe is the correction term for heating power for the measurement of water-vapour resist-
ance Ret

α is the slope of the correction line for the calculation of ΔHc

β is the slope of the correction line for the calculation of ΔHe

4 Principle
The specimen to be tested is placed on an electrically heated plate with conditioned air ducted to flow
across and parallel to its upper surface as specified in this International Standard.
For the determination of thermal resistance, the heat flux through the test specimen is measured after
steady-state conditions have been reached.
The technique described in this International Standard enables the thermal resistance Rct of a material
to be determined by subtracting the thermal resistance of the boundary air layer above the surface of
the test apparatus from that of a test specimen plus boundary air layer, both measured under the same
conditions.
For the determination of water-vapour resistance, an electrically heated porous plate is covered by
a water-vapour permeable but liquid-water impermeable membrane. Water fed to the heated plate
evaporates and passes through the membrane as vapour, so that no liquid water contacts the test
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specimen. With the test specimen placed on the membrane, the heat flux required to maintain a constant
temperature at the plate is a measure of the rate of water evaporation, and from this the water-vapour
(standards.iteh.ai)
resistance of the test specimen is determined.
The technique described in this International Standard enables the water-vapour resistance Ret of a
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material to be determined by subtracting the water-vapour resistance of the boundary air layer above
the surface of the test apparatus from 00240af191a4/iso-11092-2014
that of a test specimen plus boundary air layer, both measured
under the same conditions.

5 Apparatus

5.1 Measuring unit, with temperature and water supply control, consisting of a metal plate
approximately 3 mm thick with a minimum area of 0,04 m2 (e.g. a square with each side 200 mm in
length, l) fixed to a conductive metal block containing an electrical heating element [see Figure 1,
items (1) and (6)]. For the measurement of water-vapour resistance, the metal plate (1) must be porous.
It is surrounded by a thermal guard [item (8) of Figure 2] which is in turn located within an opening in a
measuring table (11).

The coefficient of radiant emissivity of the plate surface (1) shall be greater than 0,35, measured at 20 °C
between the wavelengths 8 µm to 14 µm, with the primary beam perpendicular to the plate surface and
the reflection hemispherical.
Channels are machined into the face of the heating element block (6) where it contacts the porous plate
to enable water to be fed from a dosing device (5).
The position of the measuring unit with respect to the measuring table shall be adjustable, so that the
upper surface of test specimens placed on it can be made coplanar with the measuring table.
Heat losses from the wiring to the measuring unit or to its temperature measuring device should be
minimized, e.g. by leading as much wiring as possible along the inner face of the thermal guard (8).
The temperature controller (3), including the temperature sensor of the measuring unit (2), shall
maintain the temperature Tm of the measuring unit (7) constant to within ± 0,1 K. The heating power H
shall be measurable by means of a suitable device (4) to within ± 2 % over the whole of its usable range.

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ISO 11092:2014(E)


Water is supplied to the surface of the porous metal plate (1) by a dosing device (5) such as a motor-
driven burette. The dosing device is activated by a switch which senses when the level of water in the
plate falls more than approximately 1,0 mm below the plate surface, in order to maintain a constant rate
of evaporation. The level switch is mechanically connected to the measuring unit.
Before entering the measuring unit, the water shall be preheated to the temperature of the measuring
unit. This can be achieved by passing it through tubes in the thermal guard before it enters the measuring
unit.

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Key
1 metal plate
2 temperature sensor
3 temperature controller
4 heating-power measuring device
5 water-dosing device
6 metal block with heating element
a Set value of Tm.

Figure 1 — Measuring unit with temperature and water supply control

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a
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Key
7 measuring unit according to 5.1
8 thermal guard
9 temperature controller
10 temperature sensor
11 measuring table
a Set value of Ts.

Figure 2 — Thermal guard with temperature control

5.2 Thermal guard with temperature control [item (8) of Figure 2], consisting of a material with
high thermal conductivity, typically metal, and containing electrical heating elements.

Its purpose is to prevent heat leakage from the sides and bottom of the measuring unit (7).
The width b of the thermal guard (see Figure 2) should be a minimum of 15 mm. The gap between the
upper surface of the thermal guard and the metal plate of the measuring unit shall not exceed 1,5 mm.
The thermal guard may be fitted with a porous plate and water-dosing system similar to that of the
measuring unit to form a moisture guard.
The thermal guard temperature Ts measured by the temperature sensor (10) shall by means of the
controller (9), be maintained at the same temperature as the measuring unit Tm to within ± 0,1 K.

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