About あれ びょういん

あれ, just like これ and それ, is one of several  あれは、 病院 です。

'pronoun-like' words in Japanese (substitute That is a hospital. (Away from the speaker and
nouns). あれ translates roughly to 'that' in English. listener)
However, unlike それ, あれ is used to highlight Caution
things that are away from both the speaker and Be careful not to mix up あれ with the common
the listener. Due to this, it is also often translated spoken expression あれ, which means 'huh?', or
as 'that over there'. 'oh?'. These are not the same words. The
difference will usually be clear from context
within a sentence, and the way the word is said.
あれ as 'huh?' has a rising tone, and sounds like a
question.
Structure  In addition to questions, か can also
Phrase + か express uncertainty about something,
without strictly being a question.
 これはコップですか。
Is this a cup? (Plain question)

おい わ
 美味しいか分からない。
I don't know if this is good or bad. (Expressing
uncertainty, but not a question)

なに わ
 これは 何 か分からない。
I don't know what this is. (Expressing uncertainty,
but not a question)

だいじょうぶ
 大丈夫 ですか？
Are you okay? (Standard pattern)

だいじょうぶ
 大丈夫 か？
Are you okay? (Very casual pattern)

Structure  が is considered to be the subject marker

Subject + が in Japanese. This means that it marks
someone or something that is performing
an action, or it identifies someone or
something as having a specific feature
(this is usually a feature that the listener
is not aware of).

 父(ちち)が働(はたら)く。
My father works.
 In both of these sentences, が puts focus
on the person as being 'the one' who is
performing an action/existing in some
way (as opposed to any other person).
Because of this, が is usually said to
highlight what comes before it,
while は highlights what comes after it.

す
 コーヒーが好きです。
I like coffee. (I specifically like coffee)
きら
 テストは 嫌 いです。
I dislike tests. (In general, I don't like
tests)
きんじょ こども はし
 近所 の 子供 たちが 走 る。
The kids in the neighborhood run. (Not all
the time, but sometimes)
 Caution
が is not usually used to describe
something about yourself, unless you are
intentionally describing yourself
compared to other people. If you want
to talk about yourself 'in general
terms', は will sound more natural (there
are exceptions).

About よ あつ
よ is classified as a sentence ending particle in  それは 熱 いよ。
Japanese. In most cases, it is used to convey new That is hot!
information to the listener, or just to add a bit of
emphasis. Like most sentence ending particles, it あした あめ
is simply added to the end of almost any  明日 は 雨 だよ。
sentence. It's going to rain tomorrow!

 Despite the regular use of よ being to

convey new information, it is very
regularly paired with ね, to convey the
meaning of 'right?!'. Literally it means
something closer to 'I think (A), and I bet
you think (A) too!'.

せんせい
 あれは 先生 だよね。
That over there is a teacher, right?
 くるま たか
 車 は 高 いよね。
Don't you think cars are expensive?

Structure  ね is classified as a sentence ending

Sentence + ね particle in Japanese. It may also be
pronounced as ねえ. ね is used when the
speaker is looking for agreement from
someone, or wants confirmation about
something. Due to this, it is often
translated as 'right?', or 'isn't it?'. To
use ね, simply add it to the end of almost
any sentence.
 仕事(しごと)は疲(つか)れるね。
Work is tiring, isn't it?

Structure はん た
Noun (A) + は + Noun (B) + と + Verb  カレーはご 飯 と食べるよ。
In this lesson about と, we will look at the I eat curry with rice. (I eat rice 'and' curry)
common translation of 'with' that is associated つま の
with this particle. と shows that there is a  コーヒーを 妻 と飲む。
relationship between (A) and (B), regardless of if I drink coffee with my wife. (I 'and' my wife drink
that relationship is translated as 'and', or 'with'. coffee)
In each case, the things that are marked  When と is used as 'with', it means that
with と are usually all performing some mutual both/all people or objects are equally
action (that mutual action may simply be involved in the action.
existing). However, に highlights that one person is
the target (destination) of an action, so
will result in something sounding a lot
more one sided.

せんせい はな
 先生 と 話 す。
I will talk with my teacher. (Focus on both people
talking)
せんせい はな
 先生 に 話 す。
I will talk to my teacher. (Focus on only one
person talking)

 Here we can see that both people are

talking when と is used. It is a mutual
conversation. When に is used, however,
the person marked by に is being talked
'to', and is usually not actively
participating in the conversation.
Structure よ
Tentative  イタリアは良かったでしょう。
Noun + でしょう Italy was nice, right? (Has the nuance of 'I bet!)
Verb + でしょう きょう ひる
Adjective + でしょう  今日 の 昼 ごはんはハンバーガーでしょう。
Today's lunch is probably hamburgers, right?
About でしょう  Despite sounding relatively low
でしょう is a conjugated form of です, and can also confidence, using でしょう implies that the
be seen in the contracted form でしょ (more speaker has some form of information
casual). でしょう is regularly translated to 'right?', or that makes them believe that the (A)
'probably' in English. In a broader sense it just statement is true.
expresses an assertion about something (like です),
that the speaker assumes the listener would
probably agree with.

Structure まえ あした い
Verb + だろう, Adjective + だろう, Noun + だろう  お 前 、 明日 パーティーに行くだろ？
You are going to the party tomorrow, right?
About だろう あした は
だろう is a conjugated form of だ, and can also be  明日 は晴れるだろう。
seen in the contracted form だろ (more casual). だろ It will probably be clear tomorrow.
う expresses that the speaker thinks that
something is true (assertion/expectation), and  だろう carries exactly the same meaning
also that the listener would probably agree with as でしょう (the polite equivalent).
them. This comes across like 'right?', or However, due to だ being more casual
'probably' in English. than です, だろう is also considered to be
more casual/masculine than でしょう

 While だろう is usually used when the

speaker has some sort of information
that would support their assertion, it can
also be used simply when the speaker
'feels' that something is true.

かし
 これは、お菓子だろう？
This is candy, isn't it?

Structure あした
Noun + が + ある  明日 、テストがある。
がある is a common construction that is simply a There is a test tomorrow.
combination of the が particle, and the う-Verb, あ へや いす
る. This expression means 'to exist', or 'there is',  部屋に椅子がある。
and is used in relation to non-living/inanimate I have a chair in my room.
things.  Because the things being described in
these examples are not considered to be
'alive', ある is the verb that will be used. い
る is used for living things.
The polite form of ある conjugates as ありま
 す. Due to the る changing to り, we can
determine that ある is a う-Verb (Godan
verb). However, ある is irregular in that the
plain negative form is ない, not あらない.

 キッチンにケーキがある。
There is a cake in the kitchen. (Correct example)
 キッチンにケーキがあります。
There is a cake in the kitchen. (Correct example)
かね
 お 金 がない。
I have no money. (Correct example)

Structure けいさつ
Noun + が + いる  警察 がいる。
がいる is a common construction that is simply a There is a police officer.
combination of the が particle, and the verb いる. ねこ
This expression means 'to exist', or 'there is', and  猫 がいる。
is used in relation to living/animate things. There is a cat.
 パトカーがいる。
There is a police car. (Operated by police)

Because the things being described in these

examples are considered to be alive (or operated
by something that is alive), いる is the verb that
will be used. ある is used for non-living things.
The polite form of いる conjugates as います. Due to
the る being removed, we can determine that い
る is a る-Verb (Ichidan verb).
い
The kanji form of 居る is quite common, and
should be learned as early as possible to save any
confusion while reading. There is no nuance
difference between this expression being used
with or without kanji, and is up to the preference
of the writer.

Caution
The が in がいる is often omitted in casual speech, or
writing that behaves like casual speech (manga,
instant messaging, etc).

けいさつい
 そこに 警察 居るよ。
There is a cop over there.

Structure About この
この + (Near The Speaker) Noun
この is classified as a 'pre-noun adjectival' in  このスーツはあなたのですか？
Japanese. These are a special type of word that Is this suit yours?
do not conjugate. This means that they will しごと たいへん
always appear in the same form. この comes from  この 仕事 は 大変 だ。
the same family of words as これ and ここ, and is This work is difficult.
used to identify a 'thing' that is near the speaker.

Structure むずか
Demonstrative, その + Noun  そのパズルは 難 しい？
その is classified as a 'pre-noun adjectival' in Is that puzzle hard? (If a sentence finishes in a
Japanese. These are a special type of word that rising tone, questions markers like ですか may be
do not conjugate. This means that they will dropped in casual speech)
always appear in the same form. その comes from はなし ぜったいうそ
the same family of words as それ and そこ, and is  その 話 は 絶対 嘘 でしょう。
used to identify a 'thing' that is near the listener. That story is definitely a lie.

Structure はなし
Demonstrative, あの + Noun  あの 話 はウソ？
あの is classified as a 'pre-noun adjectival' in Is that thing you said a lie? (That story that we
Japanese. These are a special type of word that both know about)
do not conjugate. This means that they will
always appear in the same form. あの comes from
the same family of words as あれ and あそこ, and is
used to identify a 'thing' that is away from both
the listener, and the speaker. It is usually
translated as 'that' (thing over there).
Structure おい
Verb + ん(1) + だ  ここのコーヒーが美味しいんです。
［い］Adjective + ん(1) + だ The coffee here is really good. (Strong assertion)
［な］Adjective + な + ん(1) + だ わたし わる
Noun + な + ん(1) + だ  私 が 悪 いのです。
I am the one to blame. (Strong assertion)
Verb + の(1) + です
［い］Adjective + の(1) + です Caution
［な］Adjective + な + の(1) + です There is no real difference between ん and の.
Noun + な + の(1) + です Only の is considered 'correct Japanese',
but ん evolved to make things easier to say. ん is
About ～んです・のです the most common form in spoken Japanese, and
のです is a construction with several different the use of の could be considered a bit formal, or
forms, each meaning roughly the same thing. This 'stiff'.
expression behaves similarly to だ and です by
themselves (asserting that something is true). While both the だ and です forms are equally as
However, the addition of の strengthens the natural, only the です form will be used if
relationship being highlighted. Due to this, it will adding か to the end ～んですか. This construction
come across a bit like 'it is a fact that (A)' in shows that the speaker is looking for an
English. explanation about something.
 ほ
 あなたはこれが欲しいんですか？
Is this what you want?
なか す
 お 腹 が空いたのですか？
Have you become hungry? (Are you hungry?)

About くる まえ く
く  お 前 もパーティーに来る？
来る is one of only two verbs in Japanese that do Will you come to the party too?
not follow the standard rules of conjugation いえ き
for Godan and Ichidan verbs. The other primary  サヤの 家 に来ている。
く I have come to Saya's house. (I'm at Saya's house
verb being する. 来る means 'to come', or 'to be now)
coming'. いま えき き
 今 、 駅 に来ている。
I have come to the station. (I am at the station
now)
えき き
 カナは 駅 に来ている？
Is Kana coming to the station? (Is Kana on her
way to the station now?)

Structure あ
Examples:  ドアを開ける。
食べる + た I open the door
見る + た あ
寝る + た  ドアを開けた。
I opened the door.
Examples: あ
食べる + ました  ドアを開けました。
見る + ました I opened the door.
寝る + ました ねん う
 たかしは 1994 年 に生まれた。
Takashi was born in 1994. (An example of past)
けさ う
 今朝、テストを受けた。
I took the test this morning. (An example
of completion)
かれ なまえ わす
 彼 の 名前 を 忘 れた。
I forgot his name, and still can't remember. (An
example of continuation)

Structure
 Casual
 Polite
Examples:
座る + った
歌う + った
打つ + った

歩く + いた
泳ぐ + いだ

死ぬ + んだ
飛ぶ + んだ
休む + んだ

話す + した

Exceptions:
行く ￫ 行った
する ￫ した
くる ￫ きた
問う ￫ 問うた
請う ￫ 請うた

Structure
 Casual
 Polite
Examples:
座る + りました
歌う + いました
打つ + ちました

歩く + きました
泳ぐ + ぎました

死ぬ + にました
飛ぶ + びました
休む + みました

話す + しました

Exceptions:
行く ￫ 行きました
する ￫ しました
くる ￫ きました
問う ￫ 問いました
請う ￫ 請いました

Structure わたし す
Noun + が + 好き + だ  私 はコンビニが好きだ。
Noun + が + 好き + です I like convenience stores. (They are likable, to
me)
 かれ す
 彼 はサーフィンが好きです。
He likes surfing. (It has likability, to him)
わたし す た
 私 が好きなピザを食べる。
I eat the pizza that I like. (The pizza that is likable,
to me)

Caution
す
好き is considered quite a strong adjective in
Japanese when it is directed towards people, so it
だいす
may be interpreted as romantic interest. 大 好き is
often translated as 'love'.
だいす
 大 好きだよ！
I love you!

Structure きら
Noun + が + 嫌い  それは 嫌 いだ。
嫌い + な + Noun I don't like that. (That is dislikable)
わたし きら
About きらい  私 はスポーツが 嫌 いです。
きら I don't like sports. (They are dislikable, to me)
嫌 い, meaning 'to dislike', is one of the very かれ きら た もの
common な-Adjectives in Japanese that is used in  彼 の 嫌 いな食べ 物 はピザです。
many different expressions. All な- The food he doesn't like is pizza. (The food that
Adjectives behave similarly to verbs, in that their is disliked, by him)
form changes depending on what comes after
them. だいきら せんぱい く
きら  大 嫌 いな 先輩 が来る。
For 嫌 い, it will be followed by either な, when The senpai I hate is coming.
acting as an adjective, だ, or the more polite です,
when acting as a noun. This distinction is made
depending on whether it is linked to another
noun, or is independent.

Structure わたし えいが み す

Verb［る］+ の + が + 好き + だ  私 は 映画 を見るのが好き。
I like watching movies.
About のがすき わたし もら す
す  私 はプレゼントを 貰 うのが好きです。
～のが好き is a common construction that is used in I like to receive gifts.
Japanese to express that you like/love doing
something. This particular expression is used with かれ やきゅう す
the plain (dictionary) form of verbs only.  彼 は 野球 をするのが好きだった。
He liked to play baseball.
 むすこ かんじ か す
 息子 は 漢字 を書くのが好きでした。
My son used to like to write kanji.

なに す
 何 をするのが好きですか。
What do you like to do?
えいが み す
 映画 を見るのが好きですか？
Do you like watching movies?

About がある + Noun  ピアノがあるレストラン。

In this expression, がある has the role of describing A restaurant with a piano.
the noun that follows it. The description that it is  コンビニがあるビル。
giving is '(A) がある (B)' = '(B) has/with (A)'. This A building that has a convenience store.
type of phrase is called a relative clause
(something that describes a noun), and behaves きれい かわ やま
similarly to an adjective.  綺麗 な 川 のある 山 。
A mountain with a beautiful river. (Natural in
Japanese, but less common than が)