THERMOCHEMISTRY

Unit 4

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 1

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Unit 4

1 INTRODUCTION
TO ENERGY
Chapter 1

ENERGY IS VERY ESSENTIAL FOR OUR LIFE, WHERE :

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 2

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THERMOCHEMISTRY

Note :

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO THERMOCHEMISTRY

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 3

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1 - SYSTEM AND SURROUNDING

• chemical reaction can be expressed as a system as follows :

The relation between chemical reactions and energy

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 4

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TYPE OF SYSTEMS

1 – OPEN SYSTEM :

2 – CLOSED SYSTEM :

3 – ISOLATED SYSTEM :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 5

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Note :

2 – FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 6

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3 – HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 7

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MEASURING UNITS THE QUANTITY OF HEAT

It is the quantity of heat It is the quantity of heat

needed to raise the needed to raise the
temperature of 1g of pure temperature of 1g of pure
water by 1°C (15°C : 16°C) 𝟏
water by 𝟒.𝟏𝟖°C

𝟏
𝟒.𝟏𝟖

4 –SPECIFIC HEAT (C)

J/g.°C

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 8

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What is meant by ?
g.°C ?

Substance Copper Iron Carbon Aluminum Water Liquid

Vapour Water
Specific heat 0.385 0.448 0.711 0.9 2.01 4.18
(J/g. °C)

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 9

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Application

.°

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 10

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CALCULATION OF THE QUANTITY OF HEAT

1 – Endothermic process

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 11

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2 – Exothermic process

Quantity of heat released Mass Specific Change in

or gained (q) under heat temperature
constant pressure (P) T∆ = T2 – T1

° °

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 12

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𝐪𝐩
∆𝐓 =
𝐪𝐩 𝐦𝐜 𝐪𝐩
𝐂= 𝐦=
𝐦 ∆𝐓 𝐜 ∆𝐓

Worked Examples

Idea of answering :
° °

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 13

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Note :

Idea of answering :
° ° °

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 14

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TEST YOURSELF

° °

Idea of answering :

……………
𝟒.𝟏𝟖

° °

° °

° °

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 15

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Idea of answering :

𝐪𝐩 …………………
𝐂= = … … … ….
𝐦 ∆𝐓 … … … 𝒙 (… … . . − ⋯ … … . )

Worked Examples
°

Answer :
𝐽 4.18 𝐽
C = 4.18 =
𝑔. °C ( 10 ) 𝑘𝑔. °C
1000
° °

° °

° °

Idea of answering :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 16

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° °
𝒒𝒑 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
°
𝒎𝒄 𝟔 𝒙 𝟖𝟒𝟎

Answer :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 17

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THE CALORIMETER
Composition :

Usage :

Idea of working :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 18

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THE BOMB CALORIMETER

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 19

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Worked Example :
°

a) the quantity of heat lost by the hot water.

b) the quantity of heat gained by the cold water.
c) the sum of the energy lost by the hot water and the energy
gained by the cold water.
d) the difference between the energy lost by the hot water and
the energy gained by the cold water.
Idea of answering :
Quantity of heat lost by hot water = Quantity of heat absorbed by the
calorimeter + Quantity of heat gained by the cold water
Quantity of heat absorbed by the calorimeter = Quantity of heat
lost by the hot water - Quantity of heat gained by the cold water

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 20

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Choose the correct answer :

𝟏
°𝐂
𝟒.𝟏𝟖

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 21

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° °

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 22

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2 INTRODUCTION
TO HEAT CONTENT
Chapter 1

1 - The stored energy in the atom

2 - The stored energy in the molecule

3 - The stored energy between molecules

Van der Waals forces :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 23

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Hydrogen bonds :

What is meant by ?

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 24

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Sum of heat contents of products - Sum of heat contents of reactants

The change in standard The quantity of heat

heat content of the (absorbed or liberated)
system

− 𝒒𝒑 (𝑲𝑱)
°
𝒏(𝒎𝒐𝒍)

The number of moles of

the substance

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WORKED EXAMPLES

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 26

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Idea of answering :

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

−𝒒𝒑
ΔH° =
𝒏
°

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 27

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°c

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 28

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EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

1 - Exothermic Reactions

The path of the thermal energy

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 29

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DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 30

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2 - Endothermic reactions

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 31

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Notes

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WORKED EXAMPLES

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Thermochemical equation

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 35

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The conditions of Application

thermochemical equation
1 - It must be balanced. If H2(g) + ½ O(g) H2O(l)
necessary, we can write the ΔHo =-285.8kJ/mol
coefficients as fractions. H2(g) + ½ O(g) H2O(v)
ΔHo =-242kJ/mol
2 - The physical state of the
reactants and the products “The value of ΔHo of water changes by
must be written. changing its physical state”
3 - Putting a positive or a
negative sign beside ΔΗ : N2(g) + 2H2(g) N2H4(l) ΔHo = +91kJ/mol
+ve ⇒ In case of absorbing
heat. (endothermic) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(v)
-ve ⇒ In case of liberating ΔHo = - 890 kJ/mol
heat. (exothermic)
4 - When multiplying or H2O(s) H2O(l) ΔHo = + 6KJ/mol
dividing the coefficients of
the two sides of the Multiply the equation x2 :
equation with a certain 2H2O(s) 2H2O(l)
numerical coefficient. ΔH = 2 x (+6) = + 12 KJ/mol
The same operation must
be carried out on ΔH
5 When the process (the H2O(s) H2O(l) ΔHo = + 6KJ/mol
direction of the reaction) is
inversed, the sign of the H2O(l) H2O(s) ΔHo = - 6KJ/mol
heat content ΔH is inversed.

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 36

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DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 37

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Idea of answering :

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟖𝟒

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 38

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BOND ENERGY

Formation of bonds is accounained

by releasing energy

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 39

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° °

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 40

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Note :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 41

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WHAT IS MEANT BY ?

WORKED EXAMPLES

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 42

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DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 43

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Idea of answering :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 44

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TEST IN LECTURE
Choose the correct answer :

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 45

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DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 46

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1
HEAT CHANGES
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL
Chapter 2

Heat changes accompanying physical and chemical changes

HEAT CHANGES ACCOMPANYING PHYSICAL CHANGES

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 47

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1 - STANDARD HEAT OF SOLUTION ∆°HSOL

By dissolving

The solution is called

∆ ∆
Equation

∆ ∆
Diagram

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 48

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• Heat of solution ∆H°SOL

• Standard heat of solution ∆H°SOL

Quantity of heat released Mass Specific Change in

or gained (q) under heat temperature
constant pressure (P) T∆ = T2 – T1

° °

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The quantity of heat

absorbed or released
Molar heat of solution
during dissolving

−𝒒𝒑
∆H°SOL
𝒏

Number of moles of solute

What is meant by ?

That means

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 50

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WORKED EXAMPLE

° °

° ° °

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟖𝟎

= = 𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟒𝟎
−𝒒𝒑 −𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟗𝟗𝟐
∆H°SOL =
𝒏 𝟐

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 51

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EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCE OF THE HEAT OF SOLUTION

Combination of solvent
Separating solvent Separating solute
particles with solute particles
particles particles (dissolving process)

Step (3)

∆H3

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 52

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The change in heat content of

this process is represented by
(∆H1 has positive sign) (∆H2 has positive sign) (∆H3 has negative sign)
∆

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

What is meant by ?

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 53

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2 - STANDARD HEAT OF DILUTION ∆H

∆

What is meant by ?

APPLICATION

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 54

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∆ ∆

1 - Separation energy 2 - Attaching energy

Note

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 55

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DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 56

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2 HEAT CHANGES
CHEMICAL CHANGES
Chapter 2

1 - STANDARD HEAT OF COMBUSTION ∆HC

Combustion

Note :
∆

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 57

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What is meant by ?

Examples for combustion reactions

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∆
∆

∆
WORKED EXAMPLE

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∆
∆

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 2.17 mol
𝑴𝒐𝒂𝒍𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟒𝟔

∆ ÷

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 60

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° °

∆
−𝒒𝒑
∆
𝒏
∆𝐇𝐜 −𝟐.𝟎𝟗

𝒏 −𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟖

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 61

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TEST YOURSELF

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 62

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APPLICATIONS

What is meant by ?

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𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

 { }−{ }
𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 64

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÷
− 𝟗𝟐.𝟒
𝟐

∆
∆

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 65

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𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

{ }−{ }
𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔

𝟏
𝟐

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 66

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Idea of answering :

𝟏𝟑
𝟐

𝟏𝟑
𝟐
𝟏𝟑
−
𝟐

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 67

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The thermally stable compounds The thermally unstable compounds

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 68

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What is meant by ?

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Idea of answering :-

Answer :

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-∆ ∆

HESS'S LAW

DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 71

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∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

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∆ ∆ ∆

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𝟏
𝟐

∆
𝟏
∆
𝟐

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Note

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TEST ON LECTURE

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DR. YEHIA IBRAHEM 77