Micro Syllabus

Subject: Fluid Mechanics II/I (4-2-2)

Marks Allotment Theory Practical Total

Sessional 40 40
Final 60 60
Total 100 25 125

Time Allotment Lecture Tutorial Practical

Weekly Hours
Depth Codes C – Circuit D – Definition Dm – Demonstration
Dr – Derivation Dw – Drawing E – Explanation I – Illustration
N – Numerical P – Proof Pr – Programming S – State

Unit Topic/ Sub topic Depth Code Description of Depth Actual Plan for Week
Plan this
semester
L T L T
1 1. Fundamental Concepts of Fluid 8 6 1,2,3
1.1. Definition and characteristics of D, E  Define fluid and explain deformation 0.25
fluid, Distinction between liquid caused by shearing forces in relation to
and gases fluid.
1.2. Thermodynamic system, Control D, E  Explain shear stress in moving fluid and 0.25
volume and continuum concept differentiate between solid and fluid,
liquid and gases
1.3. Basic Fluid Properties: mass D, E, Dw, Dr,  Define system, control volume and 1.25 2
density, specific weight, specific N continuum concept with neat sketches.
gravity, cavitation, vapor pressure, Explain also their application.
surface tension, capillarity and  Define various properties of fluid with
viscosity system of units and typical values.
(simple to medium complex numerical on
1.4. Isothermal and Adiabatic D, E, Dw, Dr, density, surface tension, capillarity and 0.25
compressibility compressibility)
 Explain Newton law of viscosity with
1.5. Liquid-vapour phase transition, D, E, Dw definition sketch and differentiate 1
Isobaric evaporation during Newtonian and Non-newtonian fluids.
heating, isothermal condensation (medium to complex numerical on
during cooling, vapour pressure vs determination of viscosity by various
temperature. viscometer like concentric cylinder,
coaxial discs and conical bearings etc.
1.6. Fluid pressure and types, pressure D,E,Dw, Dr, P, and numerical on parallel plate with 2 2
head and Basic pressure N liquid case for force calculations)
laws(Pascal law, hydrostatic law)  Explain liquid-vapour phase transition,
Isobaric evaporation during heating,
1.7. Pressure measurement: manometers D,E,Dw, isothermal condensation during cooling 2 2
(piezometer, U-tube manometer Dr, N with sketches and relate vapour pressure
and micro manometers) with temperature (introduction only)
 Define pressure/intensity of pressure and
explain its unit and representative values
 Derive Pascal’s law for pressure at a point
and explain the result (simple to medium
numerical problems on this principle for
understanding )
 Derive general equation of Hydrostatic
law of pressure distribution (pressure-
depth relation) and explain hydrostatic
paradox. (Medium to hard numerical
problems like hydraulic jack ,pistons,,
compartments of tank with various liquid
etc)
 Define Absolute, gauge and atmospheric
pressure and derive their relationship
with equations (simple numerical
 problems to calculate or interchange
above types of pressures)
 Define pressure head and its relation with
intensity of pressure (simple numerical to
explain changing intensity of pressure to
head)
 Define manometers and its types with
drawing of each type and derive for each
type pressure calculating equations
(simple to medium hard numerical with
U-tube manometer with sketch with
various liquids)
 Explain Micromanometer with sketch
and derive its equations for calculating
pressure difference. (medium to hard
numerical by giving sketch of
micromanometers for differential
pressure measurement with upto two
gauge liquids)

2 Fluid Statics 10 6/8 3,4,5
D, E  Define Hydrostatic principle and statics 0.25
2.1 hydrostatics forces on plane and
of fluid system (shear stress and static
curved surfaces; concepts
fluid)
D, E, Dw, N  Explain the action of fluid pressure on 2 1
2.2 Hydrostatic thrusts on submerged surface
surfaces; Total pressure and centre  Explain concept of resultant pressure and
of pressure (plane and curve centre of pressure (background of applied
surfaces) mechanics)
 Derive the equation of Total pressure and
D, E, Dw, N centre of pressure for horizontal, vertical 0.25 1
2.3 Pressure diagram ( plane and curve and inclined surface and explain the
surfaces) relation between total pressure and COP
relation(simple to medium hard
D, E, Dw, N numerical to explain the concept for 0.5 2
2.4 Computation of pressure forces on submerged surfaces)
gates, dams and Civil hydraulic  Draw pressure diagram for vertical and
structures (plane and curve cases) inclined surface (medium hard numerical
problems to explain pressure diagram
concept on water/fluid etc. filled tanks
D,E,Dr 1
2.5 Buoyancy and Archimedes and dams)
principle, floatation concept  Explain methods to analyze Forces on
curved surface due to hydrostatic
E,Dr,Dw pressure(concept of vertical component 1
2.6 Condition of equilibrium: stability
of submerged and floating bodies and horizontal components and
resultants), Draw pressure diagram for
curved surface-(medium to hard
E,Dr, Dw, N numerical problems on curve and plane 2 1
2.7 Metacenter and determination of
gates, dams, hydraulic structures based
metacentric height (analytical and
on forces and moment principle)
experimental method)
 Define Buoyancy and Derive
Archimedes and floatation principles
D, Dr, Dw, N  Explain condition of equilibrium for 3 1
2.8 Liquid in relative equilibrium:
submerged and floating bodies with
liquid in a container subjected to
sketches
uniform acceleration in horizontal,
 Define Meta-centre and derive the
vertical and inclined directions;
metacentric height. (medium to complex
uniform radial acceleration about
problem related to stability of floating
vertical axis
body for ship, cylinder, wooden logs etc
or complex shapes)
 Derive equations of free surface profile
for liquid in relative equilibrium for
horizontal, vertical, inclined and radial
flow case. (medium to complex
numerical on calculations involving free
surface equation and pressure
calculations at various points for tank
filled with one-liquid only)
3 Fluid Flow Kinematics 8 3 6,7
D, E  Define and explain Lagrangian and 0.5
3.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian concept in
Eulerian concept with examples.
fluid flow, classification of flow
 Explain the Types of fluid flow
 Define streamlines, streaklines and
D, E, Dw, N pathlines with representative equations to 3 1.5
3.2 Description of flow patterns: draw those lines. Illustrate practical
streamlines, streak lines, path lines examples related to civil engineering
(equations and practical examples) (simple to medium complex problem
involving calculating equations for
D, E, Dw, N streamlines, pathlines and streaklines and 2 1
3.3 Stream tube, stream functions and their simple sketches)
velocity potentials functions, Total  Define Stream tube, stream functions and
acceleration Velocity potential functions. Introduce
D, E, Dw, N flownet in embankment dam (Simple 2 0.5
3.4 Conservation principle of mass, numericals on calculating stream and
continuity equation of cartesian velocity potential functions and
and polar co- ordinates converting stream function to velocity
potential function and vice versa)
 Define Total acceleration with equations,
D,E, Dr 0.5
3.5 Discharges and mean velocity of explain temporal and convective
flow accelerations
 Derive continuity equation in terms of
cartesian coordinate system and
cylindrical-polar coordinate system
(simple numericals involving validity of
continuity equation in cartesian and polar
systems)
 Define Discharge and mean velocity.
 Derive mean velocity calculation from
velocity distribution curve in circular
pipes

4 Fluid Dynamics 6 2 7,8,9

D, E  Explain forces acting on a fluid with 0.5
4.1 Various forces acting on a fluid in
examples
motion (gravitational, pressure,
 Introduce the Reynold and Navier Stokes
viscous, turbulent, surface tension
equation with explanation of each terms
and compression etc.)
constituting equations
 Derive Euler equation of Motion and
D, E explain its applications 1
4.2 Introduction to Reynold and
 Derive Bernoulli equation with
Navier-Stokes' equation of motion
explaining each terms of equations.
(concept only)
 Application of Bernoullis equation for
ideal and real fluids
D, E, Dw,Dr (simple to complex numerical involving 1
4.3 Euler's equation of motion and its application of Bernoilli’s equation
application including pump, turbine etc in pipe
D, Dr, E, Dw, system to calculate elevation ,discharge 2.5 2
4.4 Bernoulli's equation: concept, N etc. with given head losses, if any)
assumptions, application examples  Derive momentum equation both linear
and angular momentum in one, two and
three dimensions.
D,E, Dr 1
4.5 Momentum and fluid flow, linear  Explain application of linear and angular
momentum equations for two- momentum in Civil Engineering
dimensional flow and moment of problems.
momentum equation
5 Application of Energy and 12 7 9,10,11
Momentum Equation
D, E, Dr,  Introduce flow measurement devices 4 2
5.1 Flow measurement devices: Dw, N like venturimeter, orifice meter, nozzle
Venturi-meter (horizontal, inclined
meter and pitot tube.
& vertical), Orifice meter, Nozzle
 Derive equations for discharge for each
meter and Pitot tube (working
devices.
principal, governing equations and
application examples)  Introduce practical examples in real case
(medium to complex numericals on
horizontal, vertical and inclined
venturimeter with U-tube manometers
D, E, Dr, and pitot tubes, numericals on Pitot tube 1.5 1
5.2 Flow through orifices: small Dw, N
orifice, large orifice, partially and involving velocity calculations)
totally submersed orifices
(equations and examples)  Derive discharge through small and
large orifice (rectangular and triangular)
 Derive discharge equation for partially
D, E, Dw, Dr,N and totally submerged orifices. 1 1
5.3 Hydraulic coefficients (Cv, Cc and
Cd) and their determinations (simple discharge calculations for all
types of orifices)
 Define Hydraulic coefficients and derive
D, E, Dr, their determination procedures and 2 1
5.4 Flow over notches and weirs, Dw, N
Discharge equations, concept of equations. (simple numericals using
end contraction and approach hydraulic coefficients for one or two
velocity orifices in the tank)
 Define notches and weirs and their types
(rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal )
D, E, Dr, Dw,  Derive an equation for discharges for 2 1
5.5 Force exerted by jets striking a flat N
notches and weirs with or without end
plate and moving (plane and
contraction and approach velocity.
curve) vanes
(simple to medium complex numericals
on discharge calculations on notches and
D, E, Dr, Dw, weirs) 1.5 1
5.6 Force exerted on pipe bends and N  Derive an expression for force exerted
closed conduits by jets striking plane flat plate
(stationary and moving) and curved vane
(stationary)
(simple to medium complex numericals
on jet striking flat plates with force and
moment application, forces on stationary
vanes of different deviation angles)
 Derive an expression for force exerted
on pipe bends and closed conduits with
considering pressure force, body force
etc (medium to complex numerical on
resultant force acting on bends with
closed conduit with bend on horizontal
and vertical planes)
6 Dimensional Analysis and 8 3 12,13
Physical Modelling
D, S  Introduce dimensions of important 0.5
6.1 Introduction to dimensional
properties of fluids explained in chap 1
analysis (physical quantity and
 Explain the principle behind dimensional
their dimensions)
analysis .
 Define Reyleigh and Buckingham
method, explain the methods in details,
D, E, Dr, N (numericals on both methods for various 2 1.5
6.2 Methods of dimensional analysis:
Rayleigh’s method and scenarios of variables involved i.e. all
Buckingham’s π-theorem MLT or LT or ML or MT)
 Relate the dimensional analysis results
with civil engineering applications,
E, Dm derivation of many empirical formulas 0.5
6.3 Applications of dimensional
analysis in fluid flow problems eg: head loss in pipe flow, drag and lift
etc.
 Explain and demonstrate physical
E, Dm, Dw, modelling principles and show the 1 0
6.4 Concept of physical modelling and
dimensional analysis is actually a
its relation to dimensional analysis
backbone of modelling.
D, E, Dr  Explain types of similarities, geometric, 2
6.5 Types of similarities kinematic and dynamic with derivation of
many non-dimensional numbers like
D, E, Dr, N Reynold, Froude, Mach, Euler, Weber 2 1.5
6.6 General Model laws, Application etc.
of Reynold’ and Froude Model law  Derive Reynold and Froude law
in civil engineering only(numericals on those laws, complex
problems involving combining
dimensional analysis with model laws)

7 Flow Through Submerged Body 8 3 14,15

and Boundary Layer Theory
D, Dr, Dw,  Define boundary layer with neat sketch 2 1
7.1 Description of boundary layer and N showing laminar, transition and turbulent
its thickness (Flat plate only)
boundary layer with zero pressure
gradient and derive displacement and
momentum thickness formula.
D, E (simple numerical on boundary layer 0.5
7.2 Laminar and turbulent boundary
layer on a flat plate with zero thickness calculation with various
pressure gradient velocity distribution equations)
 Elaborate what is laminar and turbulent
boundary layer, how it can be used for
E, Dr, N practical application. 2 2
7.3 Friction drags for laminar and
turbulent boundary layer,  Show how friction drag in plate for full
Engineering examples laminar , full turbulent and mixed case is
calculated. (simple numericals to
calculate friction drags for full laminar,
D, E, Dw, full turbulent and mixed case with 1
7.4 Effect of pressure gradient and various velocity distribution importantly
flow separation concept Blasius exact equation )
 What happens when pressure gradient is
not zero and elaborate the concept of flow
D, E, Dr separation with neat sketch (introduction 1.5
7.5 Concept of drag and lift ( types and
formulas) only)
 Define Drag and lift with their integral
equation and empirical one. Explain their
types.:Friction drag, Pressure drag
D, E, Dw 1
7.6 Drag on cylinder and flat plate,  Show with neat sketch the drag on
application in Engineering cylinders and flat plates (explain only)
 Show examples of drag and lift in the
case of aeroplane, cricket, building,
sediment etc.
SAMPLE QUESTION
 SAMPLE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS

 Attempt All questions

1. a) Define Streamline, Path line and streak line with governing equations. Derive an expression
for continuity equation in cartesian coordinate system. (3+3)

b) In the tank as shown in figure below, the air pressure is -0.23 m of mercury. Determine the
elevation of the gage liquid in the right-hand column at A, if the liquid in the right-hand tank is
water. (6)

2. a) Derive Euler’s equation of motion in a fluid flow. Explain the concept of stability of
submerged body in the fluid. (3+3)

b) An open cylindrical tank 1.2 m high and 0.6 m in diameter is filled 2/3rd with water when at
rest. It is spun about its vertical axis with angular velocity ω radians per second, and the free
liquid surface in the tank assumes the shape of paraboloid of revolution. Determine the speed
of rotation when:
i) The water just starts spilling over the sides of the tank.
ii) The point at the centre of the base is just exposed. What would then be the percentage of water
left in the tank? (3+3)
3. a) A venturi meter having the throat diameter 6 cm is used to determine the water discharge
flowing through an inclined pipe of diameter 10 cm. If the manometer composed of mercury,
glycerin and air in between them shows the reading as shown in figure below, determine the
discharge in the pipe. [All given dimensions are in cm.] (6)

b) A flat plate 2m x 2m moves at 60 km per hour in stationary air of density 1.15 kg/m3. If
the coefficient of drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively. Determine Lift force, drag
force, resultant force and power required to keep plate in motion. [6]

4. a) A solid cone of radius 𝑟 and vertex angle 2𝜃 is to rotate at an angular velocity 𝜔. An oil of
viscosity 𝜇 and thickness ℎ fills the gap between the cone and the housing. Determine torque T
required to rotate the cone. (6)
 b) Using Buckingham’s π-method, show that the resistance ‘F’ to the motion of sphere of
diameter ‘D’ moving with a uniform velocity ‘V’ through a real fluid of density ‘ρ’ and
viscosity ‘µ’ is given by: [6]
µ
F=ρ𝐷 𝑉 f

5. a) A pump is used to elevate water from a tank composed of a semi circular S shaped gate (OA)
having unit width perpendicular to the section given. The gate is free to rotate about a hinge at
point O. The pressure gauge connected at the base of the tank shows the reading equal to 78.48
kPa. Neglecting the weight of the gate, determine the minimum force F to be applied at point A
to prevent the gate from opening.(6)

OR,

For a tank with one side closed with two liquids as shown in figure, calculate horizontal
and vertical component of pressure force on curve surface ABCDE. (6)
b) Water is flowing into and discharging from a pipe U-section as shown in figure below.
At flange (1), the total absolute pressure is 200 kPa, and 55 kg/s flows into the pipe. At
flange (2), the total pressure is 150 kPa. At location (3), 15 kg/s of water discharges to
the atmosphere, which is at 100 kPa. Determine the total x- and z-forces at the two
flanges connecting the pipe. (6)