Structure Analysis Determinacy and Indeterminacy

Statically Determinate Structures

Index
Conditions of equilibrium are sufficient to analyse the structure. Bending
Topics Page moment and shear force is independent of the cross-sectional area of the
1. Determinacy and Indeterminacy 2 components and flexural rigidity of the members. No stresses are caused due to
temperature change. No stresses are caused due to lack of fit or differential
settlement.
2. Analysis of Trusses 10
Statically Indeterminate Structures

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3. Moment Distribution Method 19
Additional compatibility conditions are required. Bending moment and shear
4. Arches and Cables 30 force depends upon the cross-sectional area and flexural rigidity of the
members. Stresses are caused due to temperature variation. Stresses are

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caused due to lack of fit or differential settlement.
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Important Terms
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1. Stable/Unstable: A stable structure is one that will not collapse when
disturbed. Stability may also be defined as "The power to recover
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equilibrium". In general, there are may ways that a structure may
become unstable, including the buckling of compression members,
yielding/rupture of members, however, for linear structural analysis, the
main concern is instability caused by insufficient reaction points or poor
layout of structural members.
2. Internally Stable: In internally stable structure is one that would maintain
its shape if all the reactions supports were removed. A structure that is
internally unstable may still be stable if it has sufficient external support
reactions. An example is shown below in Figure.

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It is related with the support system of the structure and it is equal to number of
external reaction components in addition to number of static equilibrium
equations.

(ii) DSe = re - 3 For 2D

3. External Determinacy: The ability to calculate all of the external reaction
component forces using only static equilibrium. A structure that satisfies this DSe = re – 6 For 3D
requirement is externally statically determinate. A structure for which the external
reactions component forces cannot be calculated using only equilibrium Where, re = total external reactions
is externally statically indeterminate.
Internal static indeterminacy:
4. Internal Determinacy: The ability to calculate all of the external reaction
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component forces and internal forces using only static equilibrium. A structure
that satisfies this requirement is internally statically determinate. A structure for
which the internal forces cannot be calculated using only equilibrium is internally e
It refers to the geometric stability of the structure. If after knowing the external
reactions it is not possible to determine all internal forces/internal reactions
using static equilibrium equations alone then the structure is said to be internally
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statically indeterminate. Typically if one talks about 'determinacy', it is an internal indeterminate.
determinacy that is meant.
For geometric stability sufficient number of members are required to preserve
5. Redundant: Indeterminate structures effectively have more unknowns than the shape of rigid body without excessive deformation.
can be solved using the three equilibrium equations (or six equilibrium equations
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in 3D). The extra unknowns are called redundant. (iii) DSi = 3C - rr …… For 2D

6. Degree of Indeterminacy: The degree of indeterminacy is equal to the number DSi = 6C - rr …… For 3D
of redundant. An indeterminate structure with 2 redundant may be said to be
statically indeterminate to the second degree or "2º S. I." where, C = number of closed loops.
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Static Indeterminacy and

If a structure cannot be analyzed for external and internal reactions using static rr = released reaction
equilibrium conditions alone then such a structure is called indeterminate
structure. (iv) rr = ∑(mj - 1) …… For 2D

rr = 3∑(mj - 1) ……. For 3D

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(i) DS = DSe + DSi

Where, where mj = number of member connecting with J number of joints.

DS = Degree of static-indeterminacy and J = number of hybrid joint.

DSe = External static-indeterminacy (v) Ds = m + re – 2j ….. For 2D truss

DSi = Internal static-indeterminacy DSe = re - 3 & DSi = m – (2j – 3)

External static indeterminacy: (vi) DS = m + re – 3j ….. For 3D truss

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 DSe = re – 6 & DSi = m – (3j - 6) Notations used in examples

(vii) DS = 3m + re – 3j - rr ….. 2D Rigid frame ie is degree of Indeterminacy

(viii) Ds = 6m + re – 6j - rr ….. 3D rigid frame ec is the number of equations of condition,

(ix) DS = (re – 6) + (6C – rr) ….. 3D rigid frame

Kinematic Indeterminacy

It the number of unknown displacement components are greater than the

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number of compatibility equations, for these structures additional equations
based on equilibrium must be written in order to obtain sufficient number of where n is the number of members connected to the hinge or roller.
equations for the determination of all the unknown displacement components.
The number of these additional equations necessary is known as degree of 1. Determination of the Number of Members and Joints

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kinematic indeterminacy or degree of freedom of the structure.

A fixed beam is kinematically determinate and a simply supported beam is

kinematically indeterminate.

(i) Each joint of plane pin jointed frame has 2 degree of freedom.

(ii) Each joint of space pin jointed frame has 3 degree of freedom.
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(iii) Each joint of plane rigid jointed frame has 3 degree of freedom.

(iv) Each joint of space rigid jointed frame has 6 degree of freedom. 2. Instability due to Parallel Reactions

Degree of kinematic indeterminacy is given by:

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1. Dk = 3j - re ………. For 2D Rigid frame when all members are axially
extensible.
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2. Dk = 3j - re - m ………. For 2D Rigid frame if 'm' members are axially rigid /
inextensible.
3. Dk = 3(j + j’) - re – m + rr …… For 2D Rigid frame when J' = Number of Hybrid 3. Instability due to Concurrent Reactions
joints is available.
4. Dk = 6(j + j’) - re – m + rr ….. For 3D Rigid frame
5. Dk = 2(j + j’) - re – m + rr ….. For 2D Pin jointed truss.
6. Dk = 3(j + j’) - re – m + rr …… For 3D Pin jointed truss.

Examples

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ie=(3m+r)−(3j+ec)
m=2,r=4,j=3,ec=1 (Again, the hinge on the left at the pin does not provide
any additional equations of condition).
Therefore,
3m+r=10, 3j+ec=10, and ie=0.
Then, is this structure statically determinate? No, it is unstable due to the
same reason above.

b) External Determinacy:
4. Instability due to an Internal Collapse Mechanism
r=3,ec=0.
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Therefore,
ie=0.

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Then is this structure statically determinate? No, because the reactions are
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concurrent through the pin on the right.

Internal Determinacy:
5. Mixed up m=2,r=3,j=3,ec=0.
Therefore,
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3m+r=9 and 3j+ec=9,
so the structure appears internally determinate, but it is still unstable due
to the concurrent reactions.

c) External Determinacy:
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r=3,ec=0.

Therefore,
a) External Determinacy:
ie=0.
ie=r−(3+ec) Since there are no sources of instability, this structure is externally
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r=4,ec=1 (The hinge on the left at the pin does not provide any additional statically determinate.
equations of condition). Internal Determinacy:
Therefore, m=6,r=3,j=6,ec=0.
ie=0. Therefore,
Then, is this structure statically determinate? No, it is unstable because if 3m+r=21 and 3j+ec=18,
we take a free-body diagram of the left side of the beam, and take a sum of so this structure is internally statically indeterminate to three degrees (or
moments about the center hinge, the sum of moments will be non-zero "3º S.I.").
due to the vertical reaction at the left pin (but we know that it has to be
zero due to the existence of the pin). d) External Determinacy:
Internal Determinacy:

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 r=5,ec=2. We can safely say that this structure is unstable, both by the equations of
determinacy and by understanding how the structure will bend under loading.
Therefore,
However, if the right-hand pin were fixed-end support this case would be
ie=0. considered a stable, statically determinate structure.
Since there are no sources of instability, this structure is externally statically
determinate. Analysis of Trusses
Internal Determinacy:
m=5,r=5,j=6,ec=2. Trusses are used commonly in Steel buildings and bridges.
Therefore,
3m+r=20 and 3j+ec=20,

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so this structure is internally statically determinate (or "S.D.").

e) External Determinacy:

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r=7,ec=2. (Due to the three members connected to the internal hinge)
Therefore,
ie=2.
This structure can be described as 2 degrees externally statically
indeterminate.
Internal Determinacy:
m=3,r=7,j=4,ec=2.
Solving,
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3m+r=16 and 3j+ec=14,

Again, this structure is found to be 2 degrees internally statically indeterminate.

f) External Determinacy:
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r=4,ec=2.
Therefore,
ie=−1.
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Definition: A truss is a structure that consists of
Due to the design of the structure, the internal roller cannot be supported and the
structure is classified as unstable. • All straight members
• Connected together with pin joints
Internal Determinacy: • Connected only at the ends of the members
m=2,r=4,j=3,ec=2. • All external forces (loads & reactions) must be applied only at the joints.
Solving, • Trusses are assumed to be of negligible weight (compared to the loads
3m+r=10 and 3j+ec=−11, they carry)

Types of Trusses

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Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss by Method of Joints
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Degree of Static Indeterminacy
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• DS = m+re – 2j where, DS = Degree of static indeterminacy m = Number
of members, re = Total external reactions, j = Total number of joints
• DS = 0 ⇒ Truss is determinate
If Dse = + 1 & Dsi = –1 then DS = 0 at specified point.
• DS > 0 ⇒ Truss is indeterminate or dedundant.
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Solution
Truss Analysis: Method of Joints

• Conditions of equilibrium are satisfied for the forces at each joint

• Equilibrium of concurrent forces at each joint
• Only two independent equilibrium equations are involved
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Steps of Analysis

1. Draw Free Body Diagram of Truss

2. Determine external reactions by applying equilibrium equations to the
whole truss
3. Perform the force analysis of the remainder of the truss by Method of
Joints

Example 1

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 (i) M1, M2, M3 meet at a joint M1 & M2 are collinear ⇒ M3 carries zero force
where M1, M2, M3 represents member.

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(ii) M1 & M2 are non collinear and Fext = 0 ⇒ M1 & M2 carries zero force.

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Truss Member Carrying Zero forces

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jk Page 14 of 39
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Principle:
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• If a body is in equilibrium, then any part of the body is also in
equilibrium.
• Forces in few particular member can be directly found out quickly
without solving each joint of the truss sequentially
• Method of Sections and Method of Joints can be conveniently
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• If only two non-collinear members form a truss joint and no external combined
load or support reaction is applied to the joint, the two members must • A section need not be straight.
be zero force members • More than one section can be used to solve a given problem
• If three members form a truss joint for which two of the members are
collinear, the third member is a zero-force member provided no external Example 2
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force or support reaction is applied to the joint.

The truss in Fig given below is pinned to the wall at point F, and supported by
Method of Section a roller at point C. Calculate the force (tension or compression) in members
BC, BE, and DE.
• It can be used to determine three unknown member forces per FBD
since all three equilibrium equations can be used
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• Equilibrium under non-concurrent force system

• Not more than 3 members whose forces are unknown should be cut in a
single section since we have only 3 independent equilibrium equations

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 Solution

sign convn → +ve for tension, –ve for compression

where,

S = Final force in the truss member

K = Force in the member when unit load is applied in the redundant member

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L = Length of the member

A = Area of the member

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E = Modulus of elasticity

P = Force in the member when truss become determinate after removing one
of the member.

P = Zero for redundant member.

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Lack of Fit in Truss

ΣME=0

5FBC=6(80)+2(60)
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Q = Force induce in the member due to that member which is 'Δ' too short or
'Δ' too long is pulled by force 'X'.
FBC=120 kN compression
ΣMB=0 Deflection of Truss
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5FDE=4(80)

FDE=64 kN Tension

Indeterminate Truss Where, yC = Deflection of truss due to effect of loading & temp. both.

(i) Final force in the truss member If effect of temperature is neglected then

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the fixed end is one half of the applied moment. The induced moment at
the fixed end is in the same direction as the applied moment.
2. If a moment is applied in a stiff joint of a structure, the moment is
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion resisted by various members in proportion to their respective
stiffnesses (i.e., moment of inertia divided by the length). If the stiffness
T = Change in temperature of the member is more; then it resists more bending moment and it
absorbs a greater proportion of the applied moment.
T = +ve it temperature is increased 3. While distributing the moments in a rigid joint, if one end of the member
is not restrained then its stiffness should be multiplied by (3/4).
T = -ve it temperature is decreased 4. In a fixed beam, if the support settles/subsides/sinks by an amount Δ,
the moment required to make the ends horizontal is 6EIΔ/l2
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P & K have same meaning as mentioned above.

Moment Distribution Method

Basic Definition
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1. Stiffness: Rotational stiffness can be defined as the moment required
Introduction
to rotate through a unit angle (radian) without the translation of either
end.
• The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method
for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy
Cross.
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• The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and
shear effects.
Where, K = Stiffness
• The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement
method of structural analysis. F = Force required to produce deflection Δ
• In the slope deflection method, the end moments are computed using
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the slopes and deflection at the ends. Contrarily in the moment M = Moment required to produce rotation θ.
distribution method, as a first step the slopes at the ends are made
zero. This is done by fixing the joints. 2. Stiffness Factor:

In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analysed (i) It is the moment that must be applied at one end of a constant
is fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is section member (which is unyielding supports at both ends) to produce
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sequentially released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of a unit rotation of that end when the other end is fixed
release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent members until
equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in mathematical
terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous
equations by means of iteration.
, i.e. k = 4EI/l.
Important Points
Where K = Stiffness of BA at joint B. When the farther end is fixed.
1. When the member is fixed at one end and a moment is applied at the
other end which is simply supported or hinged, the moment induced at El = Flexural rigidity

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 L = Length of the beam

M = Moment at B.

(ii) It is the moment required to rotate the near end of a prismatic member 2. Distribution Factors:
through a unit angle without translation, the far end being hinged is k = 3EI/l.

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Consider a frame with members OA, OB, OC and OD rigidly connected at O as
1. Carry Over Factor: shown below. Let M be the applied moment at joint O in the clockwise
It is the ratio of the induced moment to the applied moment. The carry- direction. Let the joint rotate through an angle θ. The members OA, OB, OC

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over factor is always (1/2) for members of the constant moment of and OD also rotate by the same angle θ
inertia (prismatic section). If the end is hinged/pin-connected, the carry-
over factor is zero. It should be mentioned here that carry over factors
values differ for non-prismatic members. For non-prismatic beams
(beams with variable moment of inertia); the carryover factor is not half
and is different for both ends.
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Carryover factor =

COF may greater than, equal to or less than 1.

Standard Cases:
Let kOA , kOB, kOC and kOD be the stiffness values of the members OA, OB, OC
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and OD respectively; then
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(ii) COF = 0

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Stiffness of OC

Stiffness of OD = 0

SIGN CONVENTION

Clockwise moments are considered positive and anticlockwise moments

5. Relative Stiffness negative
(i) When farther end is fixed +ve → Sagging
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Relative stiffness for member

–ve → Hogging
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and All clockwise moment → +ve
(ii) When the farther end is hinged
and All Anti clockwise moment → –ve

Span length is l
Relative stiffness for member
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jk

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Stiffness of OA

Stiffness of OB

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 e

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In the next step calculate stiffness and distribution factors

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Example

Draw the bending moment diagram for the continuous beam ABCD loaded as
shown below. The relative moment of inertia of each span of the beam is also
shown in the figure.
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Solution
Note that joint C is hinged and hence stiffness factor BC gets modified.
Assuming that the supports are locked, calculate fixed end moments. They
are Now all the calculations are shown below

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Computation
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Bending Moment Diagram

Note: This problem has also been solved by the slope-deflection method

Example 2
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Analyse the continuous beam by the moment distribution method. Draw the
shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.

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 e

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Arches and Cables

INTRODUCTION

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Beams generally transfer the applied load to end supports by bending and shear There are three types of arches depending upon the number of hinges
action but arches transfers load to abutments at spring points. The topmost provided.
point is called the crown which sometimes has a hinge. The height of the crown
above the support level is known as rise. An arch is generally economical for a (i) Three hinged arch (Determinate)
larger span compared to a simply supported beam.
(ii) Two hinged arch (Indeterminate to 1 degree)

(iii) Fixed arch (Indeterminate to 3 degree)

2.1. Three hinged Arch

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The three hinged arches are statically determinate structure as equations of
equilibrium alone are sufficient to find all the unknown quantities.
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Design Forces in Arches:
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An arch will be subjected to three forces.

(a) Bending Moment

(b) Normal Thrust Circular Arch:

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(c) Radial shear force From the properly of a circle the radius r of the circular arch of span
L and rise h may be found as
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jk

1. TYPES OF ARCHES

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 e

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jk

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jk Page 34 of 39
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Note: If a two hinged or three hinged arch is subjected to UDL throughout its
length, then BM and Rs are zero everywhere. The cross section is subjected to
NT (Normal thrust) only.
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(iv) Temperature effects in 3-hinged arches

Case 1: When the arch is subjected to temperature rise alone

Since, three hinged arch is a statically determinate structure due to

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temperature variation or due to settlement of support, no stress are developed

anywhere in the whole structure.
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Although, there is no stress developed in the structure, the crown will rise by
the value of Δh due to increase in temperature to accommodate the free
expansion of the arch.

Here,

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 of funicular polygon due to the loading.

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2.2. Two hinged arches

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A two hinged arch is an indeterminate arch. The horizontal thrust is
determined using Castigliano’s theorem of least energy.
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75 x 4 - 100 x 2 - H x 4 =0

H= 25 kN
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Eddy’s Theorem: This theorem states that,” The Bending moment at any
section of an arch is directly proportional to the vertical intercept between the
actual arch and linear arch (Theoretical arch)”. Where linear arch is the shape

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Where,

αtl = due to increase in temperature

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l/AE due to rib shortening

K = yielding of support/unit horizontal thrust.

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In a two-hinged parabolic arch as the temperature increase, horizontal thrust

increases. If the effect of rib shortening and yielding of support are considered
then horizontal thrust decreases.
jk

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