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Ijmet 09 06 054

This paper surveys Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) in real-time applications across various fields such as medical and aeronautical systems. It discusses the importance of maintaining EMI and EMC levels for proper device functionality and outlines methods to reduce EMI in specific applications. Additionally, it highlights the role of regulatory bodies in standardizing EMI and EMC practices.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views9 pages

Ijmet 09 06 054

This paper surveys Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) in real-time applications across various fields such as medical and aeronautical systems. It discusses the importance of maintaining EMI and EMC levels for proper device functionality and outlines methods to reduce EMI in specific applications. Additionally, it highlights the role of regulatory bodies in standardizing EMI and EMC practices.

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pskowsalya12
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© © All Rights Reserved
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp. 474–482, Article ID: IJMET_09_06_054


Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI)


AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
(EMC) IN REAL TIME APPLICATIONS -
SURVEY
A.M Aswin and S.Sundar
Dept of Embedded Technology, Sense,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
This paper provides a survey of Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in real time applications. Conducted and
radiated Electromagnetic interference have become more important in embedded
systems and VLSI systems in recent years [1]. This paper comprises of the effects of
EMI and EMC in various real time applications used in various field like medical,
home appliances, Aeronautical etc., in this paper we have also mentioned the
advantages of various applications.
Keyword: EMI, EMC, EM, RF,WPT,ESD,IOT, quadratic polynomial Approximation,
DMCE, PWM, GSM, MMCE, CISPR.
Cite this Article: A.M. Aswin and S. Sundar, Electromagnetic Interference (Emi) and
Electromagnetic Compatibility (Emc) in Real Time Applications – Survey,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(6), 2018,
pp. 474–482
http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=6

1. INTRODUCTION
Each device radiates some EM waves, which causes problem for another nearby RF/wireless
system. This is called EMI. This EMI level radiated by device should be within limit so that
nearby systems function properly. Each device generates electric noise which passes through
cables/wires and cause problem for another device connected with the same electric system.
This conducted emission (transients/ripples) should be within limit for proper functioning of
another device/system. This is called as EMC level. Any electronic device which uses
electricity will produce the electromagnetic interference (EMI). When interference enters in
places where it is not required it may affect the working of that device. EMC is the measure of
how good our device in normal functioning in the presence of EMI. Electronic products and
equipment’s developed by companies should meet EMI and EMC limits finalized by standard
bodies before the products are actually launched to the market for the user. If proper

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Electromagnetic Interference (Emi) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (Emc) in Real
Time Applications – Survey

guidelines are followed by manufacturers at design stage then the product will pass the
EMI/EMC tests at the initial trial itself. Some manufacturers use emi/emc compliant
components in the design that helps a lot. [16].

Figure 1 Basic Mechanism

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Our paper consists of different methods to reduce the EMI in different applications and
methods to increase the efficiency of the devices. All the methods we have mentioned in this
paper is unique for specific application. These methods cannot be compared one with another.
So these methods are unique and will be helpful in EMI in those specific applications.

3. METHODOLOGY
We can reduce EMI and increase efficiency by a number of ways.
• EMI-aware prioritized wireless access.
• EMI-aware handshaking protocol.
• Markov chain model is presented to study the queuing behavior.
• Ad hoc EMI test Protocols.
• Radio frequency exposure and electromagnetic interference.
• Conducted EMI reduction technique of space vector PWM in three-phase.
• Redundancy, diversity, watchdog-circuits, voter circuits, builtin self-tests, error
correction and detection.
• Selected Access points and Disassociation.
• Capacitive finger print sensor.
• GSM test protocol
• DM Conducted emission (DMCE) measurement using a PLC coupler
• Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
• Radiative and non-Radiative wireless power transfer
And there are even more ways to reduce EMI in the day to day applications.

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A.M. Aswin and S. Sundar

Figure 2 Methodology

4. EMITTER, RECPTOR AND COUPLING MECHANISM


4.1. EMITTER
It is a device creating disturbance. It is also called as Source, Sources of EMI and Culprit.

4.2. RECEPTOR
It is a device affected by the disturbance caused by the emitter. It is also called as Destination
and Victim. There is no hard rule to nullify EMI. There will be some EMI signal. We can only
reduce it.

Figure 3 Emitter Receptor Path model

Figure 4 Types of Coupling

4.3. Coupling
1. Wired: The emitter and receptor are connected through wire. For eg. When we switch
on the grinder immediately the bulb fluctuates.
2. Wireless: The emitter and receptor are not connected through a wire.
3. Far field: Distance between emitter and receptor will be large.
4. Near field: Distance between source and victim are less

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Electromagnetic Interference (Emi) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (Emc) in Real
Time Applications – Survey

5. REGULATORY AND STANDARD BODIES


Several organizations, both national and international, work to promote international co-
operation on standardization (harmonization), including publishing various EMC standards.
Where possible, a standard developed by one organization may be adopted with little or no
change by others. This helps for example to harmonize national standards across Europe.
International standards organizations include: International Electro technical Commission
(IEC), which has several committees working full-time on EMC issues. These are Technical
Committee 77 (TC77) working on electromagnetic compatibility between equipment
including networks. Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR),
or International Special Committee on Radio Interference. The Advisory Committee on
Electromagnetic Compatibility (ACEC) co-ordinates the IEC's work on EMC between these
committees. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which publishes standards
for the automotive industry. Among the main national organizations are: Europe: Comité
Européen de Normalization (CEN) or European Committee for Standardization), Comité
Européen de Normalization Electro techniques (CENELEC) or European Committee for
Electro technical Standardization, European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI).United States: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC),The Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE),The Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA); see
DO-160, Britain: The British Standards Institution (BSI),Germany: The Verband der
Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Information stechnik (VDE) or Association for Electrical,
Electronic and Information Technologies.[17]

Figure 5 Organizations in Europe

Figure 6 Organizations in United states

Figure 7 Organizations in Germany

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A.M. Aswin and S. Sundar

6. LITERATURE SURVEY
PROBLEM ALGORITHM
TITLE APPLICATION RESULT ADVANTAGE
STATEMENT USED
Using wireless
communications in a
healthcare
environment raises
two crucial issues.
First, the RF Results from the
a) EMI-aware
transmission can queuing model can be Active and passive
prioritized wireless
cause used to optimize the biomedical devices
access.
An EMI-Aware Prioritized electromagnetic blocking probabilities from the harmful
b) EMI-aware
Wireless Access Scheme for e- interference (EMI) to to maximize the interference and
handshaking protocol. Medical Field
Health Applications in biomedical devices, system throughput also achieve service
c) Markov chain
Hospital Environments[2] which could while satisfying the differentiation
model is presented to
critically QoS requirements of among different e-
study the queuing
malfunction. Second, the e-Health Health applications.
behaviour.
the different types of applications.
electronic health (e-
Health) applications
require different
quality of service
(QoS).
The ad hoc EMI test
protocol that
encompasses most The differences
factors is ANSI's among the
Electromagnetic protocol therefore,it procedures can
interference (EMI) was considered the increase or decrease
can cause most lingering.The the time spent in
Ad Hoc Test Protocols for malfunctions on protocol that presents EMD susceptibility
Determination of electro-medical more limitations is evaluation and
Ad hoc EMI test
Electromagnetic Interference devices, and it is a Bio-Medical Devices MDA's protocol. facilitate or harden
Protocols
Caused by Cell Phones on difficult task to JHH's protocol is the the documentation
Electro-Medical Devices [4]. determine it. EM1 most personal and process. The time
can be caused by RF simple. Mayo Clinic's that technicians
mobile transceivers protocol could be spent performing
like cell phones. considered complete the tests can he
if cables disposition reduced with
and placement of increasing practice.
simulators were
clearer.
At least for 2.45 GHz
ISM devices,
An increased
interference is
perception of risk by
unlikely except at Current evidence
end-users fueled by
distances of a few indicates that
concerns about
Radio frequency centimeters. This is wireless household
Electromagnetic Interference cancer and other
exposure and Household wireless also consistent with networks pose no or
and Exposure From Household health effects as well
electromagnetic networks. recommendation of very low risks to
Wireless Networks. [5] as concern about
interference pacemaker and ICD from RF exposure
potential interference
manufacturers that and EMI to medical
with life-saving
recommend a devices.
products such as
minimum distance of
medical devices.
only 15.24 cm from
mobile phones.
The switching Conducted EMI Pulse width An improved inverter
Electromagnetic Interference in frequency in PWM reduction technique modulation (PWM) output filter for PWM
EMI reduction and
PWM inverter: CLassification, converters is limited of space vector PWM techniques are drive system has been
EMI in adjustable
Analysis, Modelling and by: switching in three-phase effective means to proposed for both
speed drive.
Effects Reduction [6] stresses on the power induction motor control the magnitude differential and
devices during the inverter system. and frequency of common mode at the

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Electromagnetic Interference (Emi) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (Emc) in Real
Time Applications – Survey

turnon and turn-off output voltage of the motor terminals


trans ients, switching converters which is
losses and severe useful in motor
di/dt and dv/dt which drives.
produce EMI.
PROBLEM ALGORITHM
TITLE APPLICATION RESULT ADVANTAGE
STATEMENT USED
No practicable and
affordable EMI test
The applied T&Ms
plan could ever
Redundancy, should make the
duplicate all the
diversity, watchdog- system “real-time
EMI Risk Management: a Automotive, robotics possible
EMI Risk circuits, voter fault tolerant” for
Necessity for Safe and Reliable medical, railways, combinations of
Management. circuits, builtin self- EMI so that the
Electronic Systems. [7] avionics etc., frequencies,
tests, error correction system continues to
amplitudes,
and detection. work as intended in
modulation
a safe manner.
waveforms, spatial
distributions etc.,
Tuning an interfering
signal in a way it
Neither shielding nor cannot be
filtering effectively compensated by the
Measurements of EMI Signals
protects the receiver Selected Access receiver circuitry Prevents wireless
on Radio Links Based on
from being points and Wireless devices while occupying a communication
Commercial Off-the-Shelf
overdriven by front Disassociation. significant amount of efficiently.
Wireless Devices [8].
door coupling the bandwidth which
interfering signals. is used by the wanted
signal leads to
dramatic interference.
In response to the
future trends of
fingerprint sensors,
the authors have
Chips cannot fully
developed functional
Highly Functionalized EMC perform their roles Low energy
Capacitive finger epoxy molding
package Materials for Finger without the support Finger print sensor consumption and
print sensor. compounds with high
Print Sensors. [9] of functionalized size.
dielectric constant
packaging materials.
(>21, >28, and >38),
high flowability (>60
inch), and uniformity
of EMC appearance.
Five out of seventeen
pumps were affected
by the GSM phones,
Medical device
The number of either at 900 MHz or
Electromagnetic Interference malfunction is
hidden neurons that 1800 MHz. For three
To Infusion Pumps. extremely rare if the
are necessary for a GSM test protocol Medical devices of the pumps which
Update2008 From GSM distance from the
neural network to be showed EMI, when
Mobile Phones. [10] transmitting device
fault tolerant. the malfunction
is greater that 1 m.
occurred, the pumps
stopped and alarms
sounded.
The DMCE in power
Comparison of
lineis often higher
Differential-Mode
Comparison of Differential- than the conventional MMCE meets the
and Mixed-Mode
Mode and Mixed-Mode DM Conducted MMCE.To fully current CISPR14
Conducted Emission
Conducted Emission for emission (DMCE) House-hold optimize the use of limits, DMCE may
for Household
Household Appliances in measurement using a Appliances. broadband power-line still exceed these
Appliances in
Power-Line Communication PLC coupler communications, the limits in some
Power-Line
System [11] DM EMI has to meet certain frequency.
Communication
strict power
System.
requirements,In order

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A.M. Aswin and S. Sundar

to suppress EMI on
the PLC network.
PROBLEM ALGORITHM
TITLE APPLICATION RESULTS ADVANTAGES
STATEMENT USED
There is only less
than 1% output
voltage difference for
The sensor with NiFe an x-shift of 300μm
C-clamp stripes can from the central point
Effective calibration
effectively prevent of the power line.
scheme using two Easy-to-use current
electromagnetic From 0 to 1100μm,
Anti-electromagnetic sensor coils with a sensor tag with high
interference (EMI) the voltage ratio of
Interference and Calibration designated separation accuracy reading
effect and reduce the the sensors is varied
Schemes of Flexible Current experimentally can be realized for
measurement error House hold appliance from 1.280 to 1.226,
Sensor tag for reliable Current validated for accurate the application of
down to less than where the voltage
Detection in Household current detection electricity
2%, while the ratio is defined as the
Appliance. [3] based on a quadratic monitoring system
external current output voltage of the
polynomial in residential areas.
source is placed 1cm sensor attached on the
approximation.
away from the power power cord with a
cord to be detected. larger z-height
divided by the one
from the sensor with
a smaller z-height.
Wireless devices are
the largest part of the IoT devices are
Internet of things classified into three
(IoT) units. Radiated, types of devices of
The high speed data
such as specific transmit/receive only,
processing
absorption rate, and SISO and MIMO.
Radio receiver operations including
spurious related The performance
Review of the EMC Aspects of desensitization and Internet of Things cryptographic
issues are regulated measurement
Internet of Things [12] coexistence aspects of [IOT] computations add
by the standards methods for these
IoT devices another dimension
bodies. The three classes of
of interference in
functionality devices are provided
IoT systems.
performance will from the EMC
greatly influence IoT diagnostic point of
system stability, user view.
experience and cost.
EMC Test
Failures in
Specification should
compatibility
include a
between systems can
comprehensive
introduce costly
Railway Electrical systems specification of the
unreliability in Immunity to
integration and EMC testing Reduction in the
services as well as Electrostatic Railways
Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for the level of EMI.
leading to incidents Discharge (ESD)
(EMC) [13] project. Tests should
that may
include EMC testing
compromise the
of individual
safety of passengers
apparatus and at
and staff alike.
system level.
The need for the
accurate estimation of
Electromagnetic
the wireless link Accurate estimation
compatibility and
performancefor data of the energy
interference aspects
EMC and EMI Issues of WPT Radiative and non- and energy transfer is involved is crucial
related to wireless Wearable and
Systems for Wearable and Radiative wireless mandatory for for the effective
power transfer implantable devices.
Implantable Devices [14] power transfer. estimating the related exploitation of the
(WPT) systems for
EMC issues, both in whole system
wearable and
the near-field and in technology
implantable devices
the far-field power
transfer cases.

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Electromagnetic Interference (Emi) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (Emc) in Real
Time Applications – Survey

7. CONCLUSION
The Electromagnetic Interference occurring in different applications are studied and the ways
by which they can be reduced and ways to improve the efficiency of the system is also
studied.

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