MEEN 30305

Power Plant Design with Renewable

Energy

Submitted by:
BANGAYAN, JAYSON D.
DELOS SANTOS, ARNOLD JR. B.
LAPADA, MON CHRISTIAN Q.
MACTAL, JHEREON
MIALDA, JOHNYL P.
MONCADA, DON WESLEY M.

Course Year & Section: BSME 4-4

Submitted to

ENGR. GANOTISI, JOHN DENNICE

 Acknowledgement

The proponents humbly dedicate this work to the Almighty God, whose guidance, wisdom,

strength, and provision of good health have been instrumental in completing this power plant design.

Deep gratitude is extended to Engr. John Dennice Ganotisi for his invaluable support, patience,

and expertise in supervising this project, as well as to Engr. Ronnie Sargento for imparting essential

knowledge on Renewable Energy, which greatly contributed to the success of this endeavor.

The proponents also acknowledge the collective efforts of all individuals who actively

participated in the research and design process, ensuring the timely and thorough completion of each

task.

Special thanks are given to their parents, whose unwavering encouragement and support have

been a constant source of motivation.

Finally, the proponents express their sincere appreciation to the Polytechnic University of the

Philippines Manila for its commitment to providing high-quality, outcomes-based education and

access to state-of-the-art facilities, which were integral to this project’s completion.

 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement I
Table of Contents II
List of Figures IV
List of Tables VII
CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Background of the Study 3
1.3 Statement of the Problem 4
1.4 Topography 5
1.5 Client 8
1.6 The Project 9
1.7 Design Capacity of the Project 9
1.8 Site Location 15

1.9 Project Objective 19

1.10 Project Scope and Delimitations 20
1.11 Project Development 21

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Hydro Power Plant 23

2.2 Types of Hydro-Powered System 30

2.3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydro Power Plant 35
2.4 Manufacturers Data 37

CHAPTER 3

3.1 The Project Design 43

 CHAPTER 1 – PROJECT AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter contains the information about, introduction, background of the study,

topography, the client, the design capacity of power plant, site location, project scope and

delimitations, and lastly project development

1.1 INTRODUCTION

With an ever-growing demand for energy throughout the world, it is also the time when the

world is in a more urgent need of sustainable and renewable sources of energy. Traditional fossil fuels

are efficient but emit huge amounts of greenhouse gases that are bad for the environment, hence the

reason why countries worldwide are now seeking hydropower as a reliable source of energy but at no

cost to the environment. Hydropower is still one of the dependable types of renewable energy,

generation electricity based on the natural flow of water without creating polluting residues.

Hydropower holds great promise for areas with ample water resources because it can provide a steady

supply of power 24/7/365.

The Chico River hydropower project has been projected in the Philippines as one strategic

effort toward energy sustainability. Situated along the Chico River, the project will harness the natural

flow of the river as source of clean electricity for nearby towns, supporting regional economic growth

through sustainable means without relying on nonrenewable energy sources. As part of efforts made

by the Philippines to reduce its carbon footprint and respond to increasing energy needs, this project

falls right in line with that. Apart from power generation, the project will present some complementary

advantages, such as better water management and flood control, while integrating the philosophy of

development with the environmental protection of the region.

This research examines the objectives, scope, and expected outcomes of the Chico River

hydropower project and finds a very important place for hydropower in supporting sustainable energy

transitions and regional resilience. This project illustrates how renewable energy infrastructure will

2
have lasting effects in changing energy landscape of the Philippines, addressing community needs, and

supporting global sustainability goals at once.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the potential of hydropower as a reliable and sustainable energy

source for the Philippines, specifically through the development of a hydropower project along the

Chico River. Hydropower is known to provide reliable, low emission power, so it’s essential in the

effort of the country to reduce fossil fuel use and enhance energy security. The Chico River is an

appropriate area for a project that can tap the power that will flow efficiently, steadfastly,

and abundantly. If well utilized, this harvest of clean electricity would power up various communities

nearby while pushing economics developments within the region

Figure 1: Energy storage capacity variations from 2013 to 2023

Asia has focused more on renewable energy as rising energy demands and environmental

concerns. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Myanmar have expanded their hydropower

infrastructure to support sustainable energy production (Tang et al., 2019) Such favorable policies are

already in effect in the Philippines, such as the 2008 Renewable Energy Act, which has opened

up local and foreign investments in renewable projects. At present, hydropower

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already constitutes 4.1% of the renewable energy capacity in the country, while government

policies accelerate growth in this sector (International Trade Administration, 2023)

Renewable energy storage capacity worldwide has also increased in recent years. This

requires sustainable storage solutions that go hand-in-hand with renewable energy sources, including

hydropower, solar, and wind. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, energy

storage capacity additions and costs of storage projects have witnessed huge variations from 2013 to

2023 as shown in Figure 1 above. Rising storage capacity and volatile costs reflect more technological

progress and growing investments in the renewable sector (IRENA, 2024). Such innovations in energy

storage are significant in ensuring that renewable energy sources adequately provide power even when

generation is at its lowest

As the Philippines continues to tap its renewable energy, developing hydropower projects on

the Chico River presents one sustainable pathway. Hydropower, which integrates environmental

conservation and energy production, meets current energy needs, and reconciles with the Philippines’

commitment to action on climate and energy resilience, outlines the possibilities behind the Chico

River hydropower project as a model for sustainable energy generation to both local and national

energy security concerns.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The proposed 1 MW Chico Hydroelectric Power Plant aims to address the current electricity demand

in the area surrounding the proposed site. The following problems will be analyzed and addressed by

the project proposal:

1.3.1 Household Coverage of Power Generated

- The proposed power plant will be evaluated to determine its ability to meet the

electricity needs of households within the projected time frame and its

effectiveness in alleviating the current grid shortage.

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 1.3.2 Efficiency and Economic Feasibility

- The overall efficiency of the proposed power plant will be analyzed, focusing

on both its technical performance and its economic viability to ensure

sustainable operation and future utility.

1.3.3 Environmental Impact

- The project will assess the environmental effects of the construction and

operation of the power plant, including changes to the area's topography and

ecosystem.

1.3.4 Cultural and Heritage Considerations

- The proposal will respect the cultural and historical context of the area,

addressing the community's concerns and acknowledging past controversies

surrounding previous proposals with the same name.

1.4 TOPOGRAPHY

The Chico River in the Cordillera Administrative Region of northern Luzon, Philippines, offers

a suitable location for a hydroelectric power plant due to its mountainous terrain, consistent water flow,

and notable elevation changes. The river flows through steep valleys with elevations ranging from 200

to 1,000 meters, creating significant potential energy as the water descends.

The rugged, sloping terrain enhances water acceleration but also presents challenges in terms

of accessibility and erosion control. However, infrastructure such as Tomangan Bridge and nearby

roads will help facilitate equipment transportation and maintenance. Seasonal rainfall impacts the

river’s flow, so storage facilities or dams may be necessary to ensure continuous power generation

during drier periods.

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 Careful environmental and social considerations are crucial, as the project site is home to

diverse ecosystems and indigenous communities reliant on the river for their livelihoods.

Environmental assessments and community engagement will be essential to address potential impacts

on local biodiversity and traditional practices. Overall, the Chico River’s topography and water flow

make it ideal for hydroelectric power, offering a renewable energy source that could benefit

surrounding areas while supporting sustainable development.

Figure 2: Satellite Top View

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Figure 3: Topographic View

Figure 4: Satellite 3D View

7
1.5 CLIENT

(KAELCO) – KALINGA-APAYAO ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC

Kalinga-Apayao Electric Cooperative, Inc. (KAELCO) is a non-stock, non-profit electric

cooperative serving the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region.

Located along Paracelis Road, Callagdao, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, Philippines, KAELCO is a

significant player in the Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Industry. It

operates as part of a corporate family comprising four companies, enhancing its capacity to deliver

reliable energy services to its coverage areas.

Established under Presidential Decree No. 269, KAELCO has played a vital role in electrifying

both rural and urban communities within its jurisdiction. By expanding its services to underserved

areas, the cooperative has achieved substantial milestones in ensuring affordable and accessible

electricity for its consumers. Its efforts have significantly contributed to the economic and social

development of the region.

In line with its sustainability goals, KAELCO has undertaken renewable energy initiatives,

including internal power generation projects that reduce dependency on external suppliers. This

approach not only ensures cost-effective and stable electricity but also aligns with its commitment to

environmental sustainability and energy independence. With its headquarters in Tabuk City, KAELCO

continues to provide efficient services, technical support, and community-centered programs,

solidifying its role as a key driver of regional progress and energy security.
8
1.6 THE PROJECT

A proposed 16 MW facility in Dupag, Tabuk City, Kalinga (CAR). In addition to addressing

the region's rising energy demand, this project aims to promote sustainability and lessen reliance on

fossil fuels. Dupag and the nearby settlements will have a dependable and sustainable energy supply

thanks to the plant's anticipated 16 MW capacity.

The projected hydropower facility will be able to produce up to 250 MWh of energy. Theoretically,

this production could power 10,000–12,000 households, much surpassing Dupag's present and

anticipated energy requirements. In order to provide energy security and support residential and

small-scale business activity, the project is intended to supply all houses in Dupag and the

surrounding regions with dependable electricity.

1.7 THE DESIGN CAPACITY OF POWERPLANT

The hydropower plant is designed to produce an estimated capacity of 16 MW. The system will

utilize an 8.6 km headrace that runs from near Tanglag Elementary School to the vicinity of

Tomiangan Bridge. After the headrace, the water will fill a forebay, which will be connected to a

500-meter penstock located near Tomiangan Bridge, channeling water to the turbines.

The water supply for the headrace will be sourced from a 300-meter weir constructed near Tanglag

Elementary School, ensuring a steady flow to sustain power generation. The head difference from the

weir to the end of the headrace is 63 meters.

This design ensures a reliable and efficient energy conversion process, providing a sustainable

solution to meet the electricity demands of the surrounding area while optimizing the natural

resources of the site.

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SUMMARY OF THE IMPORTANT DATA TO SOLVE POWER OUTPUT OF POTENTIAL

HYDRO POWERPLANT IN CHICO RIVER

𝐿𝑖 𝐺𝑎𝑙
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 27500 = 442430.07
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 363𝑚 − 302𝑚 = 63𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 206.693 = 207𝑓𝑡

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 8.6𝑘𝑚 = 8600𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 8.2𝑘𝑚 = 8200𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 91.6% = 0.916 (𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝑼𝑵𝑬𝑪𝑶)

DETERMINE THE RECOMMENDED PIPE MATERIAL FOR THE PENSTOCK BASED

TO THE GIVEN FLOWRATE

𝐺𝑎𝑙
Based on Microhydropower Handbook, Volume 1, Part 2 since the annual flowrate is 442430.07 𝑚𝑖𝑛

and the length needed for the penstock is 0.5 km, the recommended pipe material is steel with a pipe

roughness coefficient of 145.

DETERMINE THE RECOMMENDED PIPE DIAMETER OF THE PENSTOCK

𝑮𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝟑
𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 (𝑸) = 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔

Set Maximum allowable velocity (V)

Based on Microhydropower Handbook, Volume 1, Part 2 penstock water velocity is kept between 2-

4 m/s to avoid excessive frictional losses and pipe wear. Higher velocities may reduce pipe diameter,

but they increase friction losses, which can lead to energy losses and wear over time. We assume a

target velocity of 3 m/s.

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Calculate Diameter using flow continuity equation

𝑄 =𝐴 ×𝑉

𝑄 𝜋𝐷2
𝐴 = ,𝐴 =
𝑉 4

4𝑄 4 × 27.5
𝐷=√ =√
𝜋𝑉 𝜋×3

𝐷 = 3.44𝑚 = 3.5𝑚

3.5m is the recommended Diameter for the Penstock

SOLVE FOR THE PIPE FRICTION LOSSES

Given:

Since the material will used for the pipe is steel, the pipe roughness coefficient based on Rahul Dhari

and Hanna Pamula PhD will be 𝐶 = 145 . The given our follows:

𝑚3
𝐷 = 3.5𝑚 𝐿 = 500𝑚 𝑄 = 27.5 𝐶 = 145
𝑠

Formula:

Hazen-William Equation

10.67 × 𝐿 × 𝑄1.852
𝐻𝐿 =
𝐶 1.852 × 𝐷4.87

10.67 × 500 × 27.51.852

𝐻𝐿 =
1451.852 × 3.54.87

10.67 × 500𝑚 × 27.51.852

𝐻𝐿 =
1451.852 × 3.54.87

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𝑯𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟑𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒕

SOLVE FOR THE NET HEAD

𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐝 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐟𝐭 − 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝐟𝐭 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝐟𝐭 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝐦

SOLVE FOR THE GROSS POWER ESTIMATE

Formula:

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 (𝒇𝒕) × 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆(𝑮𝑷𝑴)

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔) = × 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝟏𝟎

Solution:

𝐺𝑎𝑙
205 𝑓𝑡 × 442430.07 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = × 0.916
10

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔) = 𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝑴𝑾

SOLVE FOR THE ESTIMATED PLANT CAPACITY BY USING POWER FORMULA

𝑷 =𝝆×𝒈×𝑸×𝑯×𝜼

Where:

𝑷 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔) 𝑯 = 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 (𝒎)

𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑
𝝆 = 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ) 𝑸 = 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 ( )
𝒎𝟑 𝒔

𝒎 𝜼 = 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (%)

𝒈 = 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 )
𝒔𝟐

(Turbine and Generator)

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Solution:

𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝒎𝟑
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏. 𝟔 ×= 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟑𝑲𝑾
𝒎𝟑 𝒔𝟐 𝒔

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟑 𝑶𝑹 𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝑾

Proposed 16 MW Chico River Hudroelectric Powerplant

Electricity Demand Estimation

❖ Proposed Generated Output: 16MW

❖ Proposed Location: Dupag, Tabuk City, Kalinga (CAR).

❖ Proposed Electricity Allocation Location: Dupag, Tabuk City.

Population No. of Household Average

Household

size

2015 PSA Statistics 997 184 5.42

2020 PSA Statistics 1083 190 5.7

∴ Tabuk City Population growth Rate: 1.76% →No of Household: ± 6.25

Estimation of (1.76%): Estimation of (No. of Household)

2021: 1,102 2021: 5.756

2022: 1,121 2022: 5.812

2023: 1,140 2023: 5.868

2024: 1,160 2024: 5.924 → 6

No of. Household: 1,160/5.924 = 195.81 →196

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Peak Demand (As of 2019 KAELCO Documentation): 9.44 MW

Peak Demand (As of 2024 KAELCO Documentation): 18.79 MW

Total Household Energization (2024): 43,205/52,200 = 82.8%

Residential Consumers: 34,834 (Sales MWh: 19310)

∴ Assumption (All of Dupag, Tabuk City are Residential Consumer)

Peak Demand 2024 KAELCO: 19,310 MWh/34,334 HH = 0.55915909 MWh

= 559.15909 kWh

Estimated Peak Demand (2024) for Dupag, Tabuk City : 0.55915909 MWh x 196 HH

= 109 MWh

Department of Energy (DOE) Data (Philippine Average Power Consumption = 200 kWh)

Peak Demand (Nat’l Average): 200 kwh x 190 HH = 39.2 MWh

(HH) Average Demand: (Nat’l Average+ KAELCO 2024 Average)/2

= (200kWh + 509.15909kWh)/2

= 379.579 kWh = 0.379579 MWh

Peak Deman: 379.579kWh x 196 HH = 74.397 MWh

∴ Peak Demand (MWh)

Nat’l Average= 39.2

KAELCO Average= 109

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Both Average = 74.397

The 16 MW Proposed Hydroelectric Plant Can power the whole Dupag, Tabuk City and Area

around it. Theoretically if all condition are met. 16 MW Turbiner can supply up to 250 MWh of

Electricity that can power up to 10,000 to 12,000 homes Theoretically.

1.8 SITE LOCATION

The power house is supposed to be sited on the Chico River for harnessing energy through natural

river flow with a head of 62.5 m in height. Electricity production can also be possible in a

hydroelectric plant using this approach as 8.6 km long head race with 500 m penstock enables

harnessing a river flow of 27,5 liters-per-second for electrical power. The turbines will ensure that

the kinetic energy of the water is converted into mechanical energy and then electricity through

generators to make the energy safe, efficient, and clean for the region.

Figure 1.8.1: Specific Site Location

The best site on the Chico River, 0.5 kilometers long in the penstock, has an available head of 7

meters, from elevation 363 to 302 meters. The Chico River contributes an extraordinary annual water

flow amounting to about 27,5 liters per second, or 442,430.07 gallons per minute. This site is

selected for its flow rate and existing elevation drop so that an approximate gross power output may

be generated here about 16 MW. And also, this location further benefits from being accessible to

already established infrastructures, so it's feasible for developing hydroelectric power.

1.8.2 Factors Considered in Site Location

Water Flow and Availability

The proximity of a plant to a river is very crucial for a hydroelectric power plant. Good water flow

and sufficient water levels at any given time ensure it can effectively produce power. Seasonal water

15
flows that may be impacted by the natural cycles of a river are also essential knowledge in operating

a plant and controlling its output during a year.

TOPOGRAPHIC VIEW OF THE RIVER

https://en-nz.topographic-map.com/map-

l5jz4/Philippines/?center=17.39872%2C121.23816&zoom=15&lock=13%2C229%2C1616&popup=

17.39586%2C121.23222

River elevation - refers to the height of a specific point along a river's course in relation to sea level.

Understanding river elevation is crucial in assessing the topography and landscape of a site,

especially when planning infrastructure like hydroelectric power plants. By analyzing river elevation,

engineers can determine if modifications, such as adjusting the riverbed or constructing dams, are

needed to optimize water flow and energy production. This assessment helps ensure that the design

aligns with the natural landscape, potentially reducing construction costs and environmental impact.

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 ELEVATION OF THE RIVER

https://earth.google.com/web/search/Chico+River/@17.40221163,121.24032126,359.35238013a,322

9.23627493d,35y,353.74050835h,0t,0r/data=CiwiJgokCXQsa4ImtSpAEUrcL2zEsypAGT5eUh3x51

5AIRZm8XaV515AQgIIATIpCicKJQohMVRISWVtaVhnLW9OTzIwblFvU1pxQmJHZ2JTNk5Hd

XE4IAE6AwoBMEICCABKCAiR76f2BBAB

17
Figure 1.8.4: Length of Headrace and Penstock

The data above means that the length of the penstock for the hydroelectric power plant would be

approximately 0.5 KM in distance. This length would allow for an adequate distance to move the

water from the intake point into the turbines for the system to harness the energy available from the

head difference. Because the country is rather flat, it seems that there is no extensive requirement for

excavation or land clearing, which will actually be helpful in reducing the construction cost of the

project. Besides, the route selected is efficient. It would save the minimum destruction of

surrounding infrastructure, not to say the environmental damage caused.

1.9 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

A. Main Objective

The Chico River Hydro Powerplant serves two-fold of local people in Gaogao, Brgy, Dupag, Tabuk

City, Kalinga area through a clean power source electricity supply and contributes to the sustainable

development of the region. Moreover, plans exist to lessen dependency on hydrocarbons and

establish a renewable energy source that will meet the necessary growing demand.

B. Specific Objective

• It is to take penstock infrastructure and do better management of weir water resources

and improve it for agricultural needs.

• To create a dependable energy supply that can drive the economy, local enterprises,

and enhance the lifestyle of everyone living in that area.

• Make use of the natural flow of the Chico River to create eco-friendly power for the

local population.

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1.10 PROJECT SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

A. Project Scope

• Perform in-depth studies to measure the impact of the project on ecosystems and

communities and take steps to offset negative impacts.

• Conduct stakeholder and community engagement, allowing control over the project

by key local representatives while addressing land use, cultural heritage, and socio-

economic issues.

B. Project Delimitations

• This will cover only part of the Chico River basin earmarked for hydropower

development under the project, and not in Chico Karayan Bridge/ Samoki Bridge,

Mountain Province 2616 Bontoc to be declared protected or ecologically sensitive.

• Changes to the river's natural flow would only be allowed to the extent necessary for

energy generation and keeping downstream water supplies connected with aquatic

ecosystems.

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1.11 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

A design of Hydropower Plant

in Chico River

Identify the
problem Planning of the
design

Develop of Location site

Project selection

Scope and
Project
delimitations of
Management
project

Compare the
data gathered

Project
handover &
closure

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21
 CHAPTER 2 – DESIGN INPUTS

2.1 Hydro Power Plant

A hydro power plant is an establishment that transforms the energy of running or falling water

into electricity to be used by homes and industries. Such plants use the kinetic and potential energies

of water, which are renewable and plentiful, to produce electricity. Hydro power plants tap the natural

flow of rivers or the water stored in reservoirs to generate clean and sustainable power. Typically, the

process takes water through turbines, which have a tendency to spin and make generators produce

electricity. This way of generating energy is reliable, efficient, and quite effective in curtailing carbon

emission.

2.1.1 Hydro Components

Turbines are said to be the heart of a hydro power plant since they transform kinetic

energy into flowing or falling water into mechanical energy. Generators convert the mechanical

energy into electricity. Penstocks, which are big pipes or channels, ensure efficient transfer of

energy from the reservoir or river to the turbines. Dams are often an integral part of hydro

power plants and store water in reservoirs. The flow of water is controlled, ensuring a constant

generation of power. The control systems monitor and manage the operation of the turbines

and generators to ensure that they operate optimally and safely. The voltage of the electricity

generated is increased by the transformers so that it becomes feasible to transmit them over

long distances. The switchyards aid in electricity distribution towards the power grid. Together,

all these functions perfectly for making the potential energy of water serve to generate

environmental-friendly energy.

2.1.2 Formula for Hydro Energy

The proponents will refer to the data provided by the manufacturer for the hydro

turbine and generator in relation to the design calculations.

22
 For design calculations, details such as the data provided by the manufacturer of the

hydro turbine and generator will be referred to by the designers.

2.1.2.1 For the recommended diameter of the penstock

𝑄 =𝐴 ×𝑉

𝑄 𝜋𝐷2
𝐴= ,𝐴 =
𝑉 4

2.1.2.2 For the Pipe Friction Losses:

• Hazen William Equation:

10.67 × 𝐿 × 𝑄1.852
𝐻𝐿 =
𝐶 1.852 × 𝐷4.87

• For the Gross Power Estimate:

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑓𝑡)×𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒(𝐺𝑃𝑀)

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔) = × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
10

• For the Estimated Plant Capacity:

𝑷 =𝜌×𝑔×𝑄×𝐻×𝜂

23
Where:

𝑷 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) 𝑯 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑚)

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝝆 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (1000 ) 𝑸 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ( )
𝑚3 𝑠

𝑚 𝜼 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (%)

𝒈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (9.81 )
𝑠2

(Turbine and Generator)

• For the minimum required land area:

𝑽
𝑨=
𝑫

Where:

A = Land area required (𝑚2 )

V = Volume of water to be stored (𝑚3 )

D = Average depth of the reservoir (𝑚)

The location of a hydro power plant determines the ability to harness, in

total, water energy. The specific nature of the placement is essential because it

must ascertain an adequate quantity of consistent running water. Meanwhile, it

goes without saying that the design of the turbines can be a relevant factor

because that is where conversion of flowing and falling water energies into

mechanical for power generation can be considered at its most elementary level.

The performance of the turbines and the effective head of water are the major

factors that determine the overall performance of the plant.

24
 • For the Hydro Energy Effective Area:

𝑸
𝑨=
𝒗

Where:

A = Effective area (𝑚2 )

Q = Flow rate of water (𝑚3 /𝑠)

v = Velocity of water (𝑚/𝑠)

2.1.3 Hydropower Project Specifications

2.1.3.1 Type: Run of river

2.1.3.2 Headrace Length: 8.6km

2.1.3.3 Penstock Length: 0.5km, steel pipe

2.1.3.4 Pipe Diameter: 3.5m, roughness C=145

2.1.3.5 Flow Rate: 𝑄 = 27.5𝑚3 /𝑠.

2.1.3.6 Target Velocity: 𝑣 = 3𝑚/𝑠

2.1.3.7 Net Head: H=65m

2.1.3.8 Location: Province of Kalinga, Philippines.

25
2.1.4 Turbine and Generator Cost

Turbine: SUNECO Francis Turbine (16 MW)

• Cost: $2,000,000.

Generator: SUNECO Synchronous Generator (16 MW)

• Cost: $2,500,000.

2.1.5 Civil Works

A. Headrace Construction (8.6 km)

• Type: Reinforced concrete channel.

• Flow Velocity: Assume 2m/s for open-channel flow

• Cross-Section: Trapezoidal, designed to handle 𝑄 = 27 𝑚3/𝑠

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = 𝑣𝑄 = 227 = 13.5𝑚2

For trapezoidal channel:

Assume base width = 6 m, side slope = 1:1, and depth = 2.25 m

Unit cost: $500/m for reinforced concrete channel construction.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 8,600𝑚 × 500$/𝑚 = $4,300,000

B. Penstock Construction (500 m Steel Pipe)

• Pipe Specifications

• Diameter: 3.5m

• Velocity: v=3m/s

• Thickness: 20mm
26
 • Unit cost: $5,000 Per meter (including material and installation)

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 500𝑚 × 5,000$/𝑚 = $2,500,000

C. Powerhouse Construction

• Includes foundation, turbine, and generator housing.

𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕: $2,000,000.

2.1.6 Transmission Line

• Transmission distance: 5 km.

• Unit cost: $50,000 per km.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 5𝑘𝑚 × 50,000$/𝑘𝑚 = $250,000

2.1.7 Land Cost

• Land area: 10 hectares (estimated for all facilities).

• Unit cost: $10,000 per hectare in Kalinga.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 10ℎ𝑎 × 10,000$/ℎ𝑎 = $100,000

2.1.8 Miscellaneous Costs

• Includes engineering, permitting, administration, and contingencies.

• Assumed at 15% of total construction costs.

Total Construction Cost (Before Miscellaneous):

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

= 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 + 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 + 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑

= 4,300,000 + 2,500,000 + 2,000,000 + 250,000 + 100,000 = 9,150,000

27
 Miscellaneous Costs:

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.15 × 9,150,000 = 1,372,500

2.1.9 Total Project Cost

Adding all components:

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 +

𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒔 = 2,000,000 + 2,500,000 + 9,150,000 + 1,372,500

= 15,022,500

2.1.10 Summary of costs

Component $15,022,500

Turbine (SUNECO) $2,000,000

Generator (SUNECO) $2,500,000

Headrace Construction $4,300,000

Penstock Construction $2,500,000

Powerhouse $2,000,000

Transmission Line $250,000

Land Acquisition $100,000

Miscellaneous Costs $1,372,500

Total $15,022,500

28
2.2 Types of Hydropower Plant

2.2.1 Impoundment

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. This

large hydropower system relies on a dam to hold river water in a reservoir. When water is

released from the reservoir, it flows through a turbine, causing it to spin and drive a generator

that produces electricity. Water can be released to meet different electricity demands

or for other purposes, such as flood management, recreational activities, fish migration, and

maintenance of environmental and water quality standards.

Figure 8:

Pros:

• It uses water, a renewable resource, to generate electricity without depleting natural

reserves.

• It can offer a constant output of power and satisfy peak electricity demands by

managing the release of water.

• It helps manage water levels in case of heavy rains, reducing the chance of flooding in

the surrounding areas.

• Reservoirs can hold water for irrigation, drinking, and other community usage.
29
 • Reservoirs made by impoundment dams have been used for boating, fishing, and

tourism and have helped stimulate regional economies.

• After the impoundment power plant is constructed, little fuel and minimal operating

expenses exist compared to the fossil fuel-burning plants.

• It generates electricity without burning fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas

emissions.

Cons:

• Changes in natural river ecosystems would affect fish migrations, aquatic habitats, and

water quality.

• There is a considerable initial investment in constructing dams and reservoirs.

• Through time, reservoirs collect more sediment. That makes them inefficient in storag

e.

• Water requires consistent flow and is susceptible to drought and changes in climate for

its production.

• Structural issues or extreme events may cause dam failure in rare cases, leading to

catastrophic flooding.

• Not all regions have rivers or landscapes suitable for building impoundment facilities.

30
2.2.2 Diversion

A diversion, often called a "run-of-river" facility, is a type of hydropower system that

uses the natural slope of a river to generate electricity. Instead of storing water in a reservoir,

it diverts a portion of the river's flow into a canal or a penstock, a closed pipe to transport water

to the turbines. Water movement through the penstock develops force to turn the turbines,

which drive generators to generate electricity. Water flow is regulated through gates, valves,

and turbines to produce energy efficiently. Unlike impoundment facilities, diversion systems

have a relatively smaller environmental footprint because they often do not require damming,

especially in areas where one needs to retain the natural river flow.

Figure 9:

Pros:

• Since a dam is not always required, the river's natural flow and ecosystem are less

disrupted than impoundment systems.

• Without a large reservoir, less land is required, avoiding the displacement of

communities and wildlife.

• Building a diversion facility is generally less expensive than constructing a dam and

reservoir, making it a cost-effective option.

31
 • It can provide consistent electricity as long as the river flow remains steady, using a

continuous water source.

• Diversion systems can be designed for small or large-scale projects, and they can be

tailored to specific community or industrial needs.

• Without large reservoirs, the natural beauty of the river and surrounding areas is

maintained, supporting tourism and recreational activities.

Cons:

• Energy production is directly tied to the river's flow, making it less effective during

droughts or seasonal water shortages.

• Diverting water can alter habitats and disrupt the migration and life cycles of fish and

other aquatic species.

• Since these systems rely on natural river flow and elevation, their energy generation

capacity may be lower than that of large impoundment systems.

• Sediments can accumulate in the diverted channels or penstocks, requiring regular

maintenance to maintain efficiency.

• Diversion systems are only feasible in areas where rivers have sufficient flow and

natural elevation changes to generate energy.

• Changes in precipitation patterns and river flow due to climate change could

significantly impact the system's reliability and efficiency.

2.2.3 Pumped Storage

Pumped storage hydropower is a form of large-scale energy storage system that

works like a giant battery, storing electricity generated by solar, wind, or nuclear power

sources. It operates by moving water between two reservoirs at different elevations.

During low electricity demand, excess energy is used to pump water from a lower

reservoir to a higher one, storing it as potential energy.

32
 At a time of increasing electricity demand, the stored water is released back to the lower

reservoir and, through turbines, creates electricity. This will ensure a consistent power supply to the

grid by balancing the energy. PSH systems are highly efficient and can be used quickly for changes in

energy needs, and they are one of the crucial modern renewable energy storage solutions.

Figure 10:

Pros:

• PSH can hold large energy reserves and make good balancing arrangements of supply

against demand, especially in power systems using intermittent renewable energies.

• PSH power plants easily shift the requirement in terms of power as peak times may easily

get met along with providing electricity as quickly during usage.

• With high round-trip efficiency, PSH systems can store energy with minimal loss and

generate electricity quickly when needed.

• PSH provides a stable and flexible source of power that helps maintain the stability and

reliability of the grid, especially when renewable energy production is fluctuating.

• Unlike fossil fuel-based power plants, PSH does not produce harmful emissions, making it

a clean energy solution.

• PSH facilities have a long operational life, with some plants running for several decades,

making them a durable investment for energy storage.

33
Cons:

• Construction of PSH facilities, including the reservoirs, turbines, and infrastructure, requires a

significant upfront investment.

• PSH systems require specific geographic conditions, such as a large elevation difference and

proximity to water sources, limiting their implementation in certain areas.

• Although cleaner than fossil fuels, the construction of PSH systems can impact local

ecosystems, especially if large reservoirs are created or rivers are altered.

• PSH systems rely on a stable water source to operate, which may be impacted by droughts

or climate change-related changes in water availability.

• The construction of PSH facilities takes a long time because the required infrastructure and

environmental assessments are complex.

• While PSH systems are efficient, there is little energy loss in water pumping up to the upper

reservoir, which slightly lowers the overall efficiency.

2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower Plant.

2.3.1 ADVANTAGES

• Hydropower uses water, a renewable resource replenished by the natural water cycle

through rain and snow. As long as water flows in rivers and streams, hydropower plants can

continuously generate electricity. This makes it a sustainable energy source that does not

deplete natural resources over time.

• Hydropower plants are a reliable and stable source of electricity, especially compared to

intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind. Since water flow can be controlled

through dams, these plants can generate power on demand, thus ensuring grid stability. This

reliability makes hydropower an essential part of energy systems worldwide.

34
 • Once built, hydropower plants have relatively low operational and maintenance expenses.

Unlike fossil fuel plants, they do not require purchasing large quantities of fuel since water

serves as the energy source. This leads to lower electricity costs for consumers over time,

making them economically efficient.

• Dams installed in hydropower plants help control floods by regulating water flow during

heavy rains. They also serve as reservoirs for water storage, providing a stable supply for

irrigation, drinking water, and other uses. This dual purpose enhances the overall utility of

hydropower infrastructure.

• Hydropower plants do not burn fossil fuels to produce electricity. Greenhouse gas

emissions are, therefore, greatly reduced. In avoiding carbon and sulfur dioxides, air

pollutants, these plants help clean the air and promote a healthier environment. Hydropower

is a very important weapon in the battle against climate change and reducing one's carbon

footprint.

2.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

• Construction of a hydropower plant entails high investment in infrastructure, which

includes dams, turbines, and reservoirs. Planning and construction may take years,

requiring complex engineering and environmental studies. This makes hydropower

inaccessible to financially resource-constrained regions or those lacking technical

competency.

• Hydropower plants alter the natural flow of rivers and habitats, thus disrupting local

ecosystems. Fish migration and aquatic life are usually affected, leading to loss of

biodiversity. Reservoir flooding can also submerge forests, farmlands, and wildlife habitats.

• The large reservoirs, however, force the local population to be displaced. The individuals

residing in those areas lose their homes, means of survival, and cultural background. This

causes much discomfort among the family members and even more for a longer period.

35
 • Hydroelectric power plants need a steady water flow, and droughts and changes in rain

patterns can hamper this steady flow. Global warming is an even greater threat because it

would modify the water cycles and reduce efficiency. Due to this, hydropower is less

dependable in areas prone to water shortages.

• Such sands and silt accumulate at a given place. In turn, it fills a reservoir by sometimes

reducing storage capacity in energy generation efficiency. It harms the turbine, resulting in

maintenance and even cutting its lifespan shorter without properly managing sediments

within a facility.

2.4 Manufacturers Data

2.4.1 Hydro Powerplant Design: Run off

Figure 10 Dimensions of Hydro Powerplant Design: Run-of-river (ROR)

36
 Parameter Value

Manufacturer SUNECO Hydro Turbines

Code and Type HL220-LJ-180

Capacity 15.543 MW

Flow Rate (Q) 27.5𝑚3 /𝑠

Design Horizontal shaft configuration (most common

for medium head plants).

Efficiency 91.6%, optimized for low head losses

Table 2 Turbine Data

SUNECO’S HL Series is designed for medium head and high-flow rate applications, making

it a perfect fit for your hydropower project. The turbine is built for low specific speed and operates

efficiently under varying flow conditions, a characteristic essential for run-of-river projects.

Parameter Description Value

Penstock Length Total length of the penstock 0.5 km (500 meters)

Head Race Total length of the Head Race 8.6km

37
River Length Total length of the river 8.2km

Pipe Material Material of the penstock Steel

Roughness Coefficient (e/D) Pipe roughness coefficient, 145

typical for steel

Flow Rate (Q) The volume of water passing

through the penstock per 27.5 𝑚3 /𝑠

second

Pipe Diameter (D) Diameter of the penstock pipe 3.5 m

Wall Thickness (t) Thickness of the pipe walls 20mm

Pressure Head (H) Pressure caused by the height 65m

difference (head) at the pipe

inlet

Velocity (V) Flow velocity inside the 3m/s

penstock

Cost Estimate Approximate cost of the $15,022,500

penstock construction

(including material and labor)

Table 3 Penstock, Pipe Materials and Roughness

S – Synchronous Generator for Hydropower SUNECO HL 16 MW Synchronous Generator:

Parameter Value

Capacity 15.543 MW

Speed 300 rpm

Voltage 11 kV (customizable for other voltages)

Frequency 50 Hz

Efficiency 96%

38
 Table 4 Generator

Ideal for medium-head hydropower plants that utilize Francis turbines in the range of 50–100

meters of head. The generator is optimized for steady and efficient power generation. High efficiency

under variable load conditions. Robust construction designed for long-term operation. Advanced

monitoring and control systems for optimized performance. Contact: SUNECO can customize the

design based on your project’s specific site conditions and performance requirements.

The dimensions of a forebay or head tank depend on the plant's capacity, design discharge, and

other site-specific factors.

Parameter Value/Range Description

Length 30 meters To allow sufficient water

storage and prevent sudden

surges.

Width 15 meters Proportional to the design flow

and to accommodating settling

of debris.

Depth 10 meters To maintain the required flow

velocity and prevent overflow.

Freeboard Height 2 meters above water level For safety against overflow

during peak discharge.

Table 5 Forebay / Head Tank Dimensions

Parameter Description Typical Value/Range

Length To house turbines, generators,

45 meters
control room, and auxiliary

systems.

39
Width 15 meters
Based on the number of

turbines and generator

layout.

Height Includes vertical clearance for 15 meters

cranes and other equipment.

Turbine Floor Level For turbines that are 10 meters below ground level

positioned below the water

level.

Control Room Size Houses control panels, 10x15 meters

switchgear, and monitoring

equipment.

Crane Capacity
To lift and maintain turbines 100 tons

and generators.

Access Roads and Platforms For transport and 5 meters wide

maintenance vehicles.

Table 6 Powerhouse Dimensions

Parameter Typical Value/Range Description

Weir Length 300 meters Spans the width of the river to

divert water into the intake

structure.

40
Weir Height 5 meters Maintains sufficient head for

water diversion; height varies

with riverbed slope.

Spillway Width 30 meters Allow excess water to pass

during floods or high flows.

Intake Channel Length 30 meters Connect the weir to the

desilting basin and regulate

water flow into the headrace

tunnel.

Intake Width 10 meters Based on design discharge,

ensuring smooth flow into the

system.

Desilting Basin Length 50 meters Remove sediments larger than

0.2 mm before entering the

headrace.

Freeboard Height 2 meters Provides safety margin above

water level.

Table 7 Weir / Intake Dimension

41
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 THE PROJECT DESIGN

Run-of-river (ROR) hydropowerplant

Design Parameters Results

Estimated Plant Capacity 16MW

Net Head 62.5m

Penstock Diameter 3.5m

Penstock Length 500m

Penstock Pipe roughness (C) 145

Penstock Thickness 22mm

Set Maximum allowable velocity (V) 3 m/s

Flowrate 𝑄 = 27. 5𝑚3 /𝑠.

Headrace 8.6km

River Length 8.2km

Highest Head 363m

Lowest Head 302m

Weir 300m

Turbine Efficiency(Francis Turbine) 91.6%

Gross Power Estimate 8.5MW

No. of Household (2024) 196

Peak Demand (KAELCO 2019) 9.44MW

Peak Demand (KAELCO 2024) 18.79MW

Total HH Energization 82.8%

Residential Consumers 34834

Sales MWh 19310

42
Peak Demand 2024 KAELCO 559.15909 kWh

Estimated Peak Demand (2024) for Dupag, 109 MWh

Tabuk City

Department of Energy (DOE) Data 200 kWh

(Philippine Average Power

Consumption

Peak Demand (Nat’l Average) 39.2 MWh

(HH) Average Demand 0.379579 MWh

KAELCO Average 109 MWh

Both Average 74.397 MWh

Generator Specification

Capacity 16 MW

Speed 500–600 rpm

Voltage 11 kV (customizable for other voltages)

Frequency 50 Hz

Efficiency 96%

Forebay Dimension

Length 30 meters

Width 15 meters

Depth 10 meters

Freeboard Height 2 meters above water level

Powerhouse Dimensions

Length 45 meters

Width 15 meters

Height 15 meters

Turbine Floor Level 10 meters below ground level

43
Control Room Size 10x15 meters

Crane Capacity 100 tons

Access Roads and Platforms 5 meters wide

Weir/Intake Dimension

Weir Length 300 meters

Weir Height 5 meters

Spillway Width 30 meters

Intake Channel Length 30 meters

Intake Width 10 meters

Desilting Basin Length 50 meters

Freeboard Height 2 meters

Francis Turbine Specification

Model No. HL-LJ

Speed Low Speed

Standard Standard

Design Discharge 22.5m3/S

Rotary Speed 500r/Min

Specification CE / IEC

Origin China

Bearing Support Umbrella Type

Bearing Number 3

Capacity 17MW

Rated Water Head 86.2m

Transport Package Standard Export Packing, Wooden Cases,

Steel

Trademark fuchun

44
Production Capacity 600 Set / Year

Rated Capacity 17MW

Rated Head 86.2m

Unit Rated Flow 22.5m³/s

Rated Speed 500r/min

Outgoing Line Voltage 11kV

Frequency 50Hz

Power Factor 0.8 (lagging)

Excitation system SCR

Winding Insulation Class. F

Table 8: Project Design Date

Costing

Component

Turbine (SUNECO) $2,000,000

Generator (SUNECO) $2,500,000

Headrace Construction $4,300,000

Penstock Construction $2,500,000

Powerhouse $2,000,000

Transmission Line $250,000

Land Acquisition $100,000

Miscellaneous Costs $1,372,500

Total $15,022,500

Table 9: Project Design Cost

45
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Administrator. (n.d.). Hydro energy uses the power of flowing water. Alternative Energy Tutorials.
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energy.html
Dhari, R. (2024, April 13). Friction loss calculator. Omni Calculator. Retrieved from
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Google Earth. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://apps.dpwh.gov.ph/streams_public/station_summary.aspx
HPP - Hydro Power Plant. (2018, July 31). Francis turbine - Hydro power plant. Hydro Power Plant.
Retrieved from https://hydropowerplant.com/products/francis-turbines/
Ibrahim, N. A. B. (2012). Modelling of micro hydroelectric system design [Thesis]. Retrieved from
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Infographic: Renewable power generation costs continue to fall despite inflation. (2024, September
24). International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Retrieved from
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Costs-in-2023
International Trade Administration. (2023, September 28). Philippines renewable energy
opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/philippine-
renewable-energy-opportunities
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