Introducing BIM in CPWD

राजेश कुमार कौशल केन्द्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग

महानिदे शक निर्माण भवन, नई दिल्ली -110011
Central Public Works Department
Rajesh Kumar Kaushal
Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi-110011
Director General भारत सरकार
Government of India

MESSAGE
Building Information Modelling (BIM) represents a pivotal shift in the way we conceive, design,
construct, and manage buildings. In today’s dynamic architectural landscape, where precision,
collaboration, and sustainability are paramount, BIM emerges as not just a tool but a transformative
strategy.

‘Introducing BIM in CPWD’ is your gateway to understanding the essence and application of
BIM in the context of modern architecture and construction. Whether you’re an architect, engineer,
builder, or student entering the field, the insights within these pages will empower you to navigate
the complexities of BIM with confidence.

CPWD has made significant strides in implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). To
further enhance the capabilities of the CPWD ERP, it is crucial to focus on capacity building in the
adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM adoption will enhance project efficiency,
collaboration, and overall project outcomes, ensuring that the ERP system is used to its fullest
potential.

BIM transcends traditional boundaries, integrating data, technology, and collaboration to redefine
how we conceive, visualize, and construct buildings. From conceptualization and design to
construction and operation, BIM fosters enhanced communication, improved decision-making, and
streamlined workflows across all phases of a project.

As we embark on this journey together, let us embrace the possibilities that BIM presents-a future
where creativity meets precision, and where collaboration drives excellence in the built environment.

I would like to extend my heartfelt congratulations to Shri S. P. Chaudhary, SDG (HQ), Shri Ujwal
Mitra, ADG (Training & Research), Shri Naimuddin, ADG (Tech), Shri Manu Amitabh DDG
(ERP) (Retd) and Shri Devendra Kumar Sachan, Director (Tech & PR), along with their dedicated
team and other experts, for successfully bringing out this introductory volume on BIM on such a
short notice.

New Delhi
July, 2024 (Rajesh Kumar Kaushal)

i
शत्रुघ्न प्रसाद चौधरी केन्द्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग
विशेष महानिदे शक (मुख्यालय) निर्माण भवन, नई दिल्ली -110011
Central Public Works Department
Shatrughna Prasad Chaudhary
Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi-110011
Special Director General (HQ) भारत सरकार
Government of India

MESSAGE
We are delighted to present “Introducing BIM in CPWD,” a comprehensive guide designed
to illuminate the transformative potential of Building Information Modelling (BIM) within the
Central Public Works Department (CPWD). This book provides an essential roadmap for engineers,
architects, planners, and stakeholders involved in the public sector infrastructure projects.

BIM is revolutionizing the way construction projects are planned, designed, executed, and managed.
With a focus on integrating BIM practices into CPWD’s operations, this book offers insights into
the benefits, challenges, and best practices for adopting this cutting-edge technology. The contents
are crafted to align with CPWD’s vision for improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing
the quality of public infrastructure.

Whether you are new to BIM or looking to deepen your understanding, this book serves as a vital
resource. Join us on this journey towards modernizing public construction projects and advancing
the future of infrastructure development in India.

I extend my sincere appreciation to the committee members: Shri Ujjwal Mitra, ADG (Trg);
Shri Kamal Ahmad, ADG(Works); Shri Prem Mohan, CE (CSQ); Shri Devendra Kumar Sachan,
Director (Tech&PR); Shri P. Sridhar, SE Hyderabad; Shri Chander Pal, SE, AIIMS Rishikesh; Shri
S. P. Gupta, Director (ERP), Shri Sheel Rajneesh, Director (ERP); Shri Vivek Gupta, SE, MNIT
Jaipur; Shri C. S. Abineesh, EE-Tirupati; Shri S. S. Rana, Architect; Shri Purnendu Prakash Pathak,
Architect and Shri Rahul Narain, Architect for their significant contributions.

We hope this book inspires and equips you to embrace BIM and take part in the ongoing evolution
of our nation’s-built environment.

New Delhi
July, 2024 (Shatrughna Prasad Chaudhary)

iii
दे वेन्द्र कुमार सचान केन्द्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग
निदे शक (तक. & पीआर.) निर्माण भवन, नई दिल्ली -110011
Central Public Works Department
Devendra Kumar Sachan
Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi-110011
Director (Tech. & PR) भारत सरकार
Government of India

FOREWORD
In today’s dynamic world of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC), embracing latest
technology is not just an option but a necessity. Building Information Modelling (BIM) stands at
the forefront of this technological revolution, promising efficiency, accuracy, and collaboration like
never before.

CPWD plays a pivotal role in shaping India’s infrastructure landscape. Introducing BIM within
CPWD marks a significant milestone, signalling a shift towards modern practices that enhance
project delivery and facility management.

This book, “Introducing BIM in CPWD,” serves as a comprehensive guide to navigate this
transformative journey. From the fundamentals of BIM to its practical applications within CPWD
projects, this resource materials equips professionals with the knowledge needed to harness BIM’s
full potential. It not only outlines the technical aspects but also explores the organizational impact,
emphasizing how BIM fosters greater integration across disciplines and stakeholders.

As we embark on this transformative endeavour, it is crucial to recognize that successful adoption of

BIM is not merely about technology; it is about fostering a culture of collaboration and innovation.
By embracing BIM, CPWD not only enhances project outcomes but also sets a benchmark for the
industry, driving efficiency and sustainability.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Shri Rajesh Kumar Kaushal, DG, CPWD and Shri
S. P. Chaudhary, SDG(HQ)/PRND for their invaluable guidance throughout this endeavour. My
sincere thanks also go to all other members of the Committee for their valuable inputs in preparing
this book.

I would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude towards Dr Amarnath CB, President, India BIM
Association, Shri Senthilkumar Venkatachalam, Professor, IIT Palakkad, Lt. Col. Onkar C
Bhandurge and the teams at Autodesk, Archi CAD, Bentley Systems and Trimble for their invaluable
contributions in preparing the book. Their expertise, dedication, and collaborative spirit have been
instrumental in bringing out this Book. This book stands as a testament to the power of teamwork
and shared knowledge. We are grateful to everyone who has contributed to its creation and look
forward to the positive impact on construction industry.

New Delhi
July, 2024 (Devendra Kumar Sachan)

v
 PREFACE

The Digital transformation strategy at Central Public Works Department,

Govt. of India (CPWD) emphasizes on developing Building Information
Modelling (BIM) and digital twin throughout the project and utilizing
it from across all phases of project (including asset management).
This approach aims to enhance collaboration, communication and
coordination among the project stakeholders and improves overall
quality of data sharing and usage.

As CPWD became more familiar with BIM workflows, and as increasing

numbers of architects, engineers, and constructors began using BIM
approach, CPWD recognized that a standardized approach was
required in order to maximize the potential of BIM and digitalisation in
design, construction, and facilities management and maintenance.

CPWD aims to increase the efficiency of the construction process by

minimizing constructability issues on-site through BIM and associated
procedures by a centralized platform for all the information related to the
project. This information database is shared among all the stakeholders,
from which all the relevant information related to the project can be
efficiently extracted and stored, giving rise to better management
and enhanced productivity. This Information rich model assists in the
construction processes from the design phase to execution and may
thereafter be used as an organized digital database for maintenance
related to build asset management.

The implementation of BIM facilitates a highly integrated design and

construction process that results in a better-quality project apart
from minimizing the construction and maintenance cost, construction
time and energy consumption during the construction as well as the
operation of a project.

This introductory volume on BIM has been developed to successfully

implement BIM & digitalization approach in the projects at CPWD
as a National Framework/ Roadmap for India and its Infrastructure
Growth through transparency, accessibility and sustainability. Within
this volume, BIM Uses, the expected benefits and goals deriving
from its usage and the BIM process and standards which need to be
followed and maintained by all the project stakeholders for modelling
and managing the model throughout the project life cycle have been
defined.

vi
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Introductory Book on BIM is to provide a comprehensive understanding
and clear explanations regarding the fundamental functionalities, usage, and the roles and
responsibilities of various stakeholders in creating BIM and to use the same across the project
life cycle. This handbook showcases on how BIM plays a vital role in improving construction
processes and how projects, individuals, and our organization can derive significant advantages
from adopting BIM methodologies. Specifically, the emphasis is on defining the essence of
BIM and elucidating the tangible benefits that arise from implementing BIM practices during
the construction phase of projects.

ACRONYMS
AEC - Architecture, Engineering and IDS - Information Delivery Specification
Construction IFC - Industry Foundation Class
AIM - Asset Information Model ISO - International Standardisation
AIR - Asset Information Requirements Organisation
AR - Augmented Reality IT - Information Technology
BCF - BIM Collaboration Format LOA - Level Of Accuracy
BEP/BXP - BIM Execution Plan LOF - Learning Outcomes Framework
BIM - Building Information Modelling LOI - Level of Information
CAD - Computer Aided Design LOD - Level of Development / Level of
CDE - Common Data Environment Definition (in UK)

COBie - Construction-Operations Building MEPF - Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing

Information Exchange and Fire fighting

CM - Construction Manager MIDP - Master Information Delivery Plan

CMMS - Computerized Maintenance MPS - Model Progression Specification

Management System MR - Mixed Reality
CPWD - Central Public Works Department MVD - Model View Definition
DPoW - Digital Plan of Work NIT - Notice Inviting Tender
ECMS - Engineering Content Management OTL - Object type library
System PIM - Project Information Model
EIR - Exchange Information Requirement PIR - Project Information Requirements
EPC - Engineering Procurement and PLCS - Product life cycle support
Construction
RFI - Request For Information
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning
RFP - Request For Proposal
GUID - Globally Unique Identifier
R&D - Research and Development
GIS - Geographic Information System
SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
HVAC - Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning TIDP - Task Information Delivery Plan
IC - Implementation Committee VDC - Virtual Design and Construction
IDP - Integrated Data Processing VR - Virtual Reality
IDM - Information Delivery Introductory
Book on BIM

vii
 CONTENT

1. Introduction 1

2. Understanding Classification of BIM Models 8

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 14

4. CPWD’s BIM Implementation Framework: 44

5. Standards to maintain for adoption of 3D BIM Modelling 46

6. CPWD’s Future Approach to 4D Modelling Standards: 51

7. Digital Twin 54

8. Extended Reality: A New Way of Design Review and Collaboration 56

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 58

10. Glossary of Term 79

viii
1. Introduction
BIM has different definitions to different professionals. Some say BIM is a software application,
others say it is a process for designing and documenting information on buildings. Some say
it is a holistic approach to design, construction and maintenance of a building.

As Figure below indicates, BIM is many things and most likely, the construction industry has
not yet realized its full capabilities. BIM is intertwined with technology, both hardware and
software. As the technology evolves rapidly, BIM will also continue to evolve.

Figure 1.0 Perspectives of BIM for different Professionals

While there are different definitions of BIM, there is a common consensus that BIM is a process
for combining information and technology to create a digital representation of a project. It
integrates data from many sources and evolves in parallel with the real project across its entire
timeline, including design, construction, and in-use operational information. There are three
guiding pillars for BIM which are people, process and policy.

1.1 BIM to enable Collaboration

The core aspect of a BIM is that it aids easier collaboration among project stakeholders.
Working as a collaborative team requires the development of better and more efficient ways
of working to achieve shared goals. It brings about many advantages for the construction
industry, such as improved communication and understanding, leading to greater productivity,
quality and cost certainty. Ultimately collaboration results in better outcomes. Creating the
right environment for a collaborative workflow requires consideration of Culture and behaviour,
Process, Digital tools and the right forms of contracts.
A key success of collaboration hinges on the ability to communicate, exchange, update and
use data between different project teams. This requires data to be interoperable. Essentially
‘Interoperability’ is the software’s ability to exchange and make use of BIM data. For BIM
data to be shared between several BIM software programs, interoperability is essential. Open
BIM formats like IFC format can be utilized for the same. In other industries, interoperability
is taken for granted. The success of the Internet wouldn’t be as great had it not been for
its development on open–non-proprietary standards. This allows for devices, services and
applications to work together across a wide and dispersed network of networks.

1. Introduction 1
1.2 Misconceptions
Common Misconceptions About BIM in India
MISCONCEPTION REALITY
BIM benefits projects of all sizes , from large infrastructure
BIM is Only for Large Projects
to smaller residential projects.
BIM is a comprehensive process involving integrated data
BIM is Just a 3D Modelling
management, collaboration, and lifecycle management, not
Tool
just 3D modelling.
While there are initial costs for software and training, BIM can
BIM is Too Expensive lead to significant cost savings and efficiency improvements
over time.
BIM Requires a Complete
BIM can be integrated gradually with existing workflows,
Overhaul of Existing
allowing for incremental adoption and adaptation.
Processes
BIM is useful throughout the entire lifecycle of a building,
BIM is Only for Design and
including operation and maintenance, which is vital for
Construction Phases
managing long-term assets.
BIM enhances coordination and reduces errors, but does
BIM Guarantees Perfect
not guarantee perfect results; successful implementation
Outcomes
depends on proper use and data management.
BIM is increasingly accessible to small and medium-sized
BIM is Only for Large Firms firms in India, which can benefit from its efficiencies and
improved project outcomes.
While BIM involves a learning curve, there are growing
BIM is Too Complex to Learn resources and training programs available in India to help
users effectively adopt and use BIM.
BIM changes job roles but creates opportunities for skilled
BIM Will Replace Human professionals. It enhances job efficiency and opens new
Jobs avenues for expertise in project management and data
analysis.

Reference : The BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modelling for Owners,
Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors by Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., &
Liston, K. (2011).

1.3 Definitions of BIM & Model Types

Terminology can challenge team communication. To assist teams, CPWD has selected
industry terms for models developed and submitted throughout the project lifecycle. Additional
project terms are located in the BIM Dictionary (https://bimdictionary.com/).

Standard Definition BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics

of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility
forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle from inception onward.

1.3.1 Planning Model is a simple model used for preliminary studies, early project planning,
and programming. Space and area tools are used to define programming needs, space

2 1. Introduction
calculations, schematic massing, blocking and stacking,
massing for site location, and early energy analysis to rapidly
explore multiple options. These models can be used as a
basis for design development. Model here will be LOD 100.

1.3.2 Work in Progress Model are specific discipline models.

Examples are architecture, structure, MEP. These models are
federated for design development, and BIM Use execution.
These models are used during project progress reviews. The
reviewed and approved models are federated into the Design
Intent Model. Model here will be LOD 200.

1.3.3 Design Intent Model supports design execution,

decision support, clash avoidance, and final construction
documentation. The Design Intent Model is a contract
deliverable for submission to CPWD. The Design Intent Model
contents are updated to reflect as- built conditions to become
the Record Model. Model here will be LOD 300.

1.3.4 Construction Coordination Model is the further

development of the Design Intent Model by the General
Contractor team. Models are here integrated with time and
cost for planning and monitoring. Model here will be LOD 350.

1.3.5 Fabrication Model These models are developed by the

sub-contractors. Smaller digital mock-ups may be created by
the construction team to detail specific elements, intersection
of building conditions, or systems for constructability review.
Model here will be LOD 400.

1.3.6 As-Built Model file is a contract requirement. It includes

shop models and drawing information from trades and
fabricators with the as-installed conditions. This file may also
include point cloud data. Model here will be LOD 500.

1.3.7 Record Model is a contract requirement and is the basis

of the CPWD facility management model. It is the Design Intent
Model updated to show as-built locations. It does not have
the same level of construction detail as the As- Built Model.
It may be used by commissioning. Equipment data and other
information is updated in this model. These are LOD 500+ Figure 2: Model Types

1.4 Building the Information into Model

A BIM model may be thought of as an ‘information model’, a rich source of data containing
graphical, non-graphical and linked documents. The model is progressively developed over
the course of the project lifecycle. Typically, a model will go through a number of iterations.

Information models are an object-oriented design, consisting of elements or objects which

have physical and functional characteristics attached to them as well as relation to nearby
objects and spaces. BIM objects, the components that make up a BIM model, are intelligent,

1. Introduction 3
have geometry, and store data. If any element is changed, BIM software updates the model
to reflect that change. This allows the model to remain consistent and coordinated throughout
the entire process so that structural engineers, architects, MEP engineers, designers, project
managers, and contractors can work in a more collaborative environment.

Information model of a single facility can consist of a one model file, or multiple model files
where each separate domain model (architecture, structure, MEPF services etc.) are brought
or federated together in the Common Data Environment (CDE) to present the single model of
the asset. Each discipline is still responsible for their model and data.

The information model becomes an integral part of the decision-making process throughout
the design, construction and management of the asset. To deliver this information and data,
a clear strategy is applied together with a BIM process. The goal is to maximize the return
on investment by defining a fluid flow of data use throughout the whole project life cycle.
The client will get a more complete information, resulting in improved quality, efficiency and
sustainable buildings. Within the BIM process, an information model is produced using BIM
supported software. The model can be viewed and manipulated in 3D. Added to that is clash
detection software, that detects clashes between and within individual construction parts, such
as between utilities and structural elements. This achieves reduction in total operation cost,
through improved design and therefore less modifications or clashes at the construction site.
Thus making the constructed facilities, more reliable, maintainable and accessible.

Furthermore, the information model can be linked to scheduling software, enabling a better
communication between contractors and other project participants. The project schedule
becomes more reliable and the workflow more visual, which again makes the supply
management of materials, equipment and workers more effective.

As the asset is designed, built, and managed, the information model plays a crucial role in
the decision-making process. A BIM method is used in conjunction with a well-defined plan to
offer these knowledge and data. The objective is to define a smooth flow of data consumption
over the entire project life cycle in order to maximize return on investment. Better quality, more
efficient, and sustainable structures will arise from providing the client with more comprehensive
information. Using software that is enabled by BIM, an information model is created as part
of the BIM process. One may view and work with the model in three dimensions. Software
for detecting incompatibilities between and within individual construction components, such
as between utilities and structural elements, has been added to that. Due to better design
and fewer alterations or conflicts at the construction site, this results in a decrease in overall
operating costs. As a result, the built facilities are now more dependable, maintained, and
accessible.

Additionally, scheduling software and the information model can be connected to improve
communication between contractors and other project participants. Again, this improves the
effectiveness of the supply management of labour, materials, and equipment by making the
project schedule more dependable and the workflow more visible.

1.5 Global Initiatives Driving BIM & Digital Transformation

The UN predicts that there will be 9.7 billion people on the planet by the year 2050. To meet
global demand and contribute to the creation of places that are smarter and more robust, the

4 1. Introduction
global Architecture Engineering and Construction sector must turn to smarter, more efficient
means of designing and building. Teams involved in design and construction can work more
productively thanks to BIM, which also enables them to record the data they generate during the
process for use in operations and maintenance. There are fifty BIM forums in more than forty
countries worldwide as shown in figure 1. These BIM forums and councils are playing pivotal
roles in promoting the adoption and integration of BIM framework in the global construction
industry. Here are some noteworthy initiatives from different countries.

BIM Initiatives in India and Abroad

Organization Founded Region Focus Area

Global BIM standards and
Building SMART International 1994 Global
interoperability
Construction Industry Council, Hong BIM promotion and standards in
2007
Hong Kong Kong Hong Kong
The BIM Task Group (UK) 2011 UK UK BIM strategies and resources
BIM advancement in Taiwan’s
Taiwan BIM Alliance 2012 Taiwan
construction industry
BIM adoption and resources in
Thailand BIM Association 2014 Thailand
Thailand
International BIM Summit 2015 Global Global BIM best practices
BIM advancement and knowledge
BIM Serbia 2015 Serbia
sharing in Serbia
BIM education and policy
India BIM Association 2016 India
development in India
BIM Africa 2017 Africa BIM development across Africa
Digital Building Collective 2018 Global Digital transformation in construction
BIM integration in Turkey’s
BIM4TURKEY 2018 Turkey
construction and education sectors
BIM research and development in
BIMTECH Romania 2018 Romania
Romania
Building Transformations BIM and digital technologies in
2019 Canada
Canada Canada
Indian Railways 2020 India BIM for station development projects
National Capital Region
BIM guidelines for project
Transport Corporation 2020 India
implementation and O&M
(NCRTC)
BIM Forum Brazil 2020 Brazil BIM adoption and training in Brazil
BIM research and implementation in
Nepal BIM Forum 2020 Nepal
Nepal
Public Works Department,
2022 India BIM mandate for contractors
Madhya Pradesh
BIS – BureAu of indian
Indian Standards by BIS at National
Standards (NAtional 2024 India
Level
standards body for india)
Elaborate BIM in Construction
NBC – 2025 2024-25 India Management & Digitization as a
special Part of NBC – 2025

1. Introduction 5
Companies like Larsen & Toubro ECC are using 3D models and digital platforms to make their
projects run smoother and keep subcontractors on the same page. While private companies
have quickly adopted these digital tools, many government projects still use old-fashioned
paper processes, which can slow things down. It’s time for the government to embrace digital
documents to speed up work.

For technology to really work, everyone in a company needs to be on board. Over the last few
years, many businesses have become more digitally savvy, and the government is starting to
catch up. Digital tools also help teams work better together. For example, the Eastern Peripheral
Expressway was finished in 500 days instead of 900 thanks to improved digital teamwork. In
short, moving to digital methods helps projects get done faster and more efficiently.

1.6 Impact and Benefits of BIM in AEC

Benefits of Implementing BIM & Digital techniques for the organization aspect can be evaluated
in economic terms under the following eight categories. The potential benefits can only be
augmented overall by implementing the ramp-up in phases, which demands an extended
development and change process. The business centre and service units profit primarily from
the acceleration of project execution and project quality improvements.

Figure 4. Benefits of BIM Implementation in AEC

1.6.1 Time Savings Asset delivery throughout each stage of the asset lifecycle, and in service
delivery (or business as usual. For example, use of a Common Data Environment (CDE)
enables easier ways of working and quicker information exchange.

1.6.2 Materials Savings Build, commission, operation, and end of life (maintenance,
refurbishment, etc.) stages of the asset lifecycle, by reducing the volume of materials required
(including reducing wasted materials).

1.6.3 Cost Savings In the asset lifecycle where it is difficult to distinguish the component
time and materials elements. The benefits framework includes for example, cost savings
from fewer changes, better clash detection, and improvements in facilities management and
maintenance.

1.6.4 Health & Safety Improvement Build, commission, operation, and end of life stages
of the asset lifecycle. For example, a 3D model provides the visual basis for improved staff

6 1. Introduction
briefing and training, with further potential provided through 4D-type simulations, (including
construction and demolition activities), to optimize sequencing from a safety perspective.

1.6.5 Risk Reduction The use of BIM Level 2 has the potential to improve the accuracy of
information about a project or asset, and improve visibility about associated costs, delivery
timeline, and risks. Because of this increased certainty provided by BIM Level 2, there is a
potential for a reduction in the variability of costs and time required for asset delivery and
operation. This may result in the ability to reduce the contingency required against capital
expenditure CAPEX and/or operating OPEX expenditure, thus resulting in a reduction in costs
associated with that contingency.

1.6.6 Improved asset utilization The use of BIM Level 2 can improve the availability of an asset
once it has been constructed: this means that it can potentially be used more productively over
its lifetime to provide public services. Better space utilization planning; faster maintenance and
refurbishment through use of an asset information model; and faster BIM enabled response to
incidents; can all improve asset availability, or reduce an asset’s downtime

1.6.7 Improve Asset Quality Improved visibility over the process of design and construction,
which can enable improved quality of the asset for the end-user. For example, BIM’s 3D and
4D visualization capabilities may result in a building being better laid out, or more pleasant to
be in (the building may be angled to get more sunlight for example).

1.6.8 Improve Reputation Could potentially improve the reputation of construction clients and
asset owners, and the supply chains involved in asset delivery; by improving the experience
of those associated with asset delivery and service delivery. For example, in asset delivery,
use of BIM Level 2 may result in better site layout and improved logistics. This could reduce
(or avoid) negative impacts on residents, businesses and customers who reside near the
construction site.

In summary, using BIM leads to greater construction efficiency, cost savings, improved quality
and coordination, and better sustainability and asset management. The use of BIM is rapidly
growing as its benefits are realized across the construction industry.

1. Introduction 7
2. Understanding Classification of
BIM Models
2.1 Level of Development
Terms like LOD100, 200, 300, 350, 400 and 500 are common in context with BIM Technology.
This is an industry standard that defines how the 3D geometry of the building model can have
more levels of refinement/ details included based upon the output desired from the BIM model.
Thus, a Model at LOD100 will have far less details of the building than a model which has been
created at LOD500.

These building model defined by its LOD level, is purpose built for various stages of Building
Design viz 3D visualization, construction, quantities, scheduling, estimations, on-site production
control and fabrication.

Described below in brief are the details generated for each LOD level. LOD definitions defined
in the BIM forum Level of Development:

2.1.1 LOD 100 - CONCEPT DESIGN: The building 3D model is developed to represent the
information on basic level. Thereby, only conceptual model creation is possible in this stage.
Parameters like area, height, volume, location and orientation are defined.

This is helpful – Analysis & Site Monitoring / Massing Studies / Preliminary Creation of 3D
Models / Spatial Relationships & zoning Compliance / Conceptual design Visualization

2.1.2 LOD 200 - SCHEMATIC DESIGN: General model where elements are modelled
with approximate quantities, size, shape, location and orientation. We can also attach non-
geometric information to the model elements. Non-geometric information can be embedded
within model elements at LOD 200.

This is helpful in 3D Modelling – form & Layout / Conceptual design Development / Spatial
Coordination& clash detection / Initial Energy Analysis / Preliminary Cost Estimation.

2.1.3 LOD 300 - DETAILED DESIGN CLASH FREE MODEL: By this level nearly all the
Architectural, Structural and services are finalized and fixed in terms of requirements, sizes
and layouts by the process of detecting and resolving clashes which occur between Civil
Structure and Services. The building starts to appear in its final shape. The sizes of structural
elements are fixed, pipes, ducts, shafts, building envelope, room sizes are finalized. The sizes
of structural elements are fixed, pipes, ducts, shafts, building envelope, room sizes are finalized
with precise quantity, size, shape, location, and orientation. Non-geometric information can
also be embedded within model elements at LOD 300.

Detailed 3D modelling of building components/Accurate placement and sizing of components/

Coordination between trades (Architecture, Structural, and MEPF)/Complete clash detection
and resolution/Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimation/Comprehensive simulations and energy
analysis/Construction logistics and sequencing

2.1.4 LOD 350 - CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION: This level includes finishing details,
equipment descriptions for services and the model achieves a level from which information
for construction documentation like GFC drawings, Quantities both RCC and finishing, Energy
Analysis, Scheduling for planning and executions can be derived.

8 2. Understanding Classification of BIM Mode

 Figure 5. Level of Development
LOD 350 includes more detail and elements that represent how building elements interface
with various building systems. It also provides clear graphics and written definitions.

Detailed 3D models with specific materials and products / Generate construction documents
(specifications and drawings) / Coordinate multiple disciplines /Comprehensive cost estimation
and quantity take-off /Accurate fabrication and assembly / Complete construction sequencing
and accurate scheduling

2.1.5 LOD 400 - FABRICATION & ASSEMBLY: This level will include all information which
is required either to create shop drawings or exact fabrication drawing. This model will assist
production of fabrication ready details and Mechanised jobs like CNC cutting etc. This is a
very advance stage of detail in the model. Non-geometric information can be embedded within
model elements at LOD 400. This is a very advance stage of detail in the Modelling

Build 3D models for offsite fabrication/Create shop drawings and fabrication details/Integrate
manufacturing processes/Develop component-level information to fabricate components/Plan
prefabrication and construction

2.1.6 LOD 500 - AS-BUILT: In this LOD level, building elements are modelled as Built on
site for Records, Maintenance and Operations. In addition to actual and accurate information
about size, shape, location, quantity and orientation, non-geometric information is attached to
modelled elements. This model can be an ideal tool to find out the deviation/changes from the
original LOD300/350 level model.

2. Understanding Classification of BIM Mode 9

Build accurate As-Built models to reflect actual construction / Generate detailed information
about systems and components /Integrate operations and maintenance data / Perform
lifecycle analysis and maintenance planning / Accomplish building performance analysis and
monitoring.

BIM, which is still a relatively young technology, will eventually have a set of generally agreed
the project. There are various distinct levels of BIM that may exist according to standards, and
each has its own set of benefits and capabilities.

2.2 BIM Maturity Levels

BIM level depicts the maturity of the model.

• BIM Level 0 – Low collaboration: This level of Building Information Modelling only
includes 2D drawings using CAD (Computer Aided Design). Participants only share files,
documents, drawings etc. via electronic prints and paper. There is no collaboration.

• BIM Level 1 – Partial collaboration: It is not only about 2D drawings here, but 3-dimensional
views are also considered. In level 1 BIM, teams are sharing information using a Common
Data Environment (CDE). That allows them to collaborate easily on projects.

Nevertheless, there is still no collaboration (or low collaboration) between different disciplines,
still each one owns its data and does not share it.

• BIM Level 2 – Full collaboration: All participants are using their own 3D CAD models, but
not necessarily working on a single, shared model. Collaboration occurs between different
disciplines, by using a common file format i.e., IFC (Industry Foundation Class). IFC allows
project’s actors to access the data so everyone is able to work on the model.

• BIM Level 3 – Full Integration: The level 3 of BIM is about full collaboration, that means
every discipline collaborates through the same shared project. It includes 4D (construction
sequencing), 5D (cost), and 6D (project lifecycle information). Everyone can access the
data and edit it. This is what we call Open BIM.

2.3 BIM Standards

2.3.1 ISO 19650

ISO is largely developed

around the world, but not
developed the same way
everywhere. To mitigate
the differences, the goal
was to provide international
common standards. The
ISO 19650 standard is an
international standard for
managing information over
the whole life cycle of a
built asset using BIM.

Figure 6. BIM Maturity levels

10 2. Understanding Classification of BIM Mode

In an effort to form a common international standard base for the implementation of BIM, in
December 2018, ES EN ISO19650 Series was published i.e., BS EN ISO 19650 1 & 2:2018
and in 2020, publication of BS EN ISO 19650 3 & 5:2020 was observed.

BS EN ISO 19650-1: Organization and digitization of information about buildings and civil
engineering works, including BIM -- Information management using BIM: Concepts and
principles (iso.org) (ISO 2018a).

BS EN ISO 19650-2: Organization and digitization of information about buildings and civil
engineering works, including BIM -- Information management using BIM: Delivery phase of
the assets (ISO 2018b).

BS EN ISO 19650-3:2020: Organization and digitization of information about buildings and

civil engineering works, including BIM. Information management using BIM. Operational phase
of the assets (ISO 2020a).

BS EN ISO 19650-4 - Organization and digitization of information about buildings and civil
engineering works, including BIM - information management using building information
modelling. Information exchange. Current Status - Under Development. Unlike Part 1-3, &
5 which provides governance and strategy around the execution of both the delivery phase,
operational phase of information management and security aspect, ISO 19650-4 provides the
explicit process and criteria for an individual information exchange and focuses on securing
benefits from collaboration and interoperable building information modelling. It is currently
under development as it is in its approval status with next being phase publication.

BS EN ISO 19650-5:2020: Organization and digitization of information about buildings and

civil engineering works, including building BIM. Information management using BIM. Security-
minded approach to information management (ISO 2020b).

source: UK BIM Framework (Marzia Bolpagni et al. 2021)

Figure 7. BIM Guidance for ISO 19650 Series

2.3.2 BIS – BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

BIS is massively engaged in delivering Indian Standards for BIM and the code is about to roll
out soon. The BIS BIM code is a game-changer for India’s infrastructure sector. By setting
clear standards for Building Information Modelling (BIM), it will tackle common problems like
project delays, cost overruns, and quality issues. This new code will make it easier for everyone
involved—architects, engineers, contractors—to work together more smoothly. It will also help
keep projects on track, within budget, and up to high standards. As India pushes forward with

2. Understanding Classification of BIM Mode 11

its ambitious infrastructure plans, this BIM code is set to improve efficiency, transparency, and
the overall quality of construction, marking a significant step toward modernizing the industry.

2.4 Construction-Operations Building information exchange

(COBie)
BIM process uses the Construction-Operations Building information exchange (COBie)
standard to describe information for assets that are provided as part of a facility construction
project. Using the BIM Projects program, the user may import COBie data files and manage
the data as records for assets, locations, contacts, and task plans in Autodesk Docs. COBie
data is a collection of data fields arranged in a spreadsheet with several worksheets and is
defined in .CVS or .XLS files. A COBie table relates to each worksheet. The different COBie
formats are: IFC, STP, XML, Spreadsheet ML, Cobie Lite and lastly Cobie as a spreadsheet
– flat structure with references.

Prior to COBie, it wasn’t necessary to specify the quality of the data delivered because the
number of paper documents practically made it impossible to conduct anything more than a
superficial assessment of the construction handover paperwork.

There are three sets of decisions owners can make to ensure that they get the information
they need through COBie.

• The first step is to outline the categories they currently use to classify data from the
Computerized Maintenance Management System. The Construction Specifications
Institute’s default categorization scheme is offered by COBie if there are no CMMS data.

• The second set of choices owners have is to restrict the assets that get scheduled
information from COBie to just those that are controlled or maintained.

• Lastly, the owner can specify the particular qualities that should be required for each of these
assets. Again, the default assumption is that the COBie data just mirrors the information on
the drawing schedules. Such a degree of detail will often be far more in-depth than the data
that is currently being gathered.

2.4.1 COBie as an efficient information exchange system

A project’s facilities, spaces, floors, systems, installed equipment, and related paperwork, as
well as specific information about other components, are all included in the COBie spreadsheet.
A COBie sheet’s entries are all hyperlinked to one another to improve value and facilitate
information access.

The interconnectedness of a COBie spreadsheet’s or data’s entries streamlines and increases

the efficiency of information sharing for all parties involved. Project managers, who are the end
users, don’t have to shift through mammoth stacks of Manual sheets or disorganized data to
get information at various stages throughout a facility’s maintenance lifecycle.

2.4.2 COBie Utility and Applications for Designers, Contractors, and Project Managers

The quality of the data delivered throughout the handover process has increased thanks to
COBie. It is simpler for owners and other stakeholders, including facility managers, to evaluate
the construction handover documentation as COBie organizes handover data in the digital

12 2. Understanding Classification of BIM Mode

format. Fundamentally, COBie requirements primarily serve three key stakeholders: designers,
contractors, and facility managers.

2.4.2.1 COBie for designers

Designers find it simpler to align their designs with the COBie data thanks to COBie. The
compiled collection of all the design schedules linked to all the drawings is included in the COBie
data for designers. Designers may easily and immediately export COBie data associated with
their designs using contemporary design tools. It is simpler for designers to adhere to COBie
standards because all the major design tools support current COBie specifications.

Figure 8. COBie for contractors

2.4.2.2 COBie for contractors

The effective collection of construction submittal data is made easier for contractors by COBie.
By doing away with the need to repeatedly duplicate and reorganize data, COBie makes
the process of obtaining and organizing information simpler. Additionally, COBie enables
contractors to save time and effort on equipment surveys. Contractors may automate the
creation of O&M Manuals using COBie, greatly decreasing the time and effort required to
gather and arrange information for handover.

2.4.2.3 COBie for project managers

Project managers, users, and owners may more easily obtain equipment-related data and
gain a thorough understanding of spaces thanks to COBie. Project managers may handle
building operations, maintenance, and management needs starting on the day of handover
by using a correctly formatted COBie sheet. Once the stakeholders switch to COBie, they are
no longer

2. Understanding Classification of BIM Mode 13

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

3.1 Formation Of Committee

Secretary MoHUA, during his address on 169th CPWD Annual Day on 12th July 2023,
emphasized on exploring opportunities to use BIM extensively in CPWD’s systems and
buildings. Actionable issues / suggestions emerged from the speech of Secretary, MoHUA
were issued vide OM date 19.07.2023.

Subsequently, a committee was constituted under the Chairmanship of Special DG (HQ),

CPWD vide OM dated 24.07.2023, with ADG(Tech), ADG(Works), ADG(Training), DDG(Works),
DDG(ERP), CE-CSQ(C/E), SDG/ADG of the region/ representative as members and Director
(Tech &PR) as member secretary. The Committee was broadly assigned the task of devising
strategies for implementation of BIM and adoption of relevant best practices. To this extent
following mandates were given to the committee:

1. Identification & Evaluation of BIM software available in the market

2. Roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders including contractors.

3. Methodology for Procurement of different Software

4. License Management of the procured software

5. Integration of the software with ERP

6. Cost-Benefit Analysis

7. Training & Capacity building

8. Formulation of the guidelines for implementation of BlM in CPWD

To achieve the desired mandate, Committee has conducted several meetings and
deliberations. Presentations were also arranged from various BIM software vendors, experts
and academicians to better understand the current market scenario, inherent feature of various
software, their pricing and potential, along with their suitability with current CPWD working
environment.

Subsequently, Draft BIM Action plan and Draft BIM policy were issued vide OM dated
25.09.2023 and 01.11.2023 respectively, seeking feedback / suggestions from field units.
Suggestions received have been evaluated and incorporated in these BIM guidelines.

3.2. BIM & Digitalisation Technologies

The adoption of BIM by CPWD holds the potential to significantly enhance collaboration,
provide detailed visualizations, improve project efficiency, and streamline data integration,
ultimately leading to cost and time savings. While various software options important for
construction work are detailed, CPWD field units will have the flexibility to choose the most
suitable ones for its specific needs and projects.

14 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 Detailed BIM Use Case Information
S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)

Category - 1: Existing conditions Description : Existing conditions modelling supports the aggregation and use of existing data for project modelling, studies,
modelling and options modelling.
1.1 Project Site An existing ground surface Conceptual Modelling Laser Scanner/LIDAR, Project RIBA Stage 0 - LOD 200 - Generic Design models, CAD or GIS
Modelling and model of the project site Tool, BIM Model Drones (UAVs), Surveying Strategic Definition, site element Federated models in drawings,
Infrastructure and any occupying or Authoring Tool, GNSS/Satellites GPR Team, Design RIBA Stage 1- modelling, LOD IFC or BCF format Google Earth
Modelling relevant structures and Model Federation (All Frequencies), Team Preparation & brief 300 - Accurate for photos, and
utilities affecting the project. Tool, Common Data Total Stations, cut, fill, and volume scans
Environment, Reality High-performance estimations
Capture Tool Workstations

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

1.2 Surrounding Includes the area, Conceptual Modelling Laser Scanner/LIDAR, Project RIBA Stage 0 - LOD 100 - 200: CAD BIM model Project Site
Site modelling Buildings, and Tool, BIM Model Drones (UAVs), GNSS/ Surveying Strategic Definition, with 3D overlay, integrated with Model, CAD or
infrastructure (roads, Authoring Tool, Satellites, Total Stations, Team, Design RIBA Stage 1- Google Earth with 3D project site model GIS drawings
bridges, railroad, subways, Model Federation High-performance Team, BIM Preparation & brief overlay, photographs
streetcar lines) adjacent to Tool, Common Data Workstations Manager and Sketch-Up
the project site necessary Environment, Reality
for project analysis, review, Capture Tool
or decision support.
1.3 Existing 3D laser scanning (based Conceptual Modelling Laser Scanner/LIDAR, Project Design RIBA Stage 0 - LOD 100 - 200: CAD 3D point cloud, CAD or GIS
conditions – upon approved survey Tool, BIM Model Drones (UAVs), GNSS/ Team, BIM Strategic Definition with 3D overlay, BIM(s) as specified drawings,
laser scanning control points) produces Authoring Tool, Satellites, Total Stations, Manager Google Earth with 3D in the BIMxP, Google Earth
dimensionally accurate and Model Federation High-performance overlay, photographs Design models, photos, and
detailed 3D point clouds Tool, Common Data Workstations and Sketch-Up Federated models in scans
(PC) of existing facilities Environment, Reality IFC or BCF format
and assets. Capture Tool
1.4 Existing A spatially accurate model BIM Model Authoring Laser Scanner/ Project RIBA Stage 0 - Assets and spaces Design models in CAD Drawings
conditions of existing spaces, building Tool LIDAR, 360* Cameras, Surveying Strategic Definition, are typically LOD 300 IFC format, QTO
– interiors system components, and High-performance Team, Design RIBA Stage 1- reports, COBie
modelling equipment Workstations, Robots Team, BIM Preparation & Brief format, and source
Manager point cloud as
backup for model
validity
1.5 Geo-technical A visual, dimensionally BIM Model Authoring Laser Scanner/LIDAR, Project Design RIBA Stage 0 - LOD 100 - 200: CAD Geotechnical model Geo- technical
modelling accurate model of the geo- Tool, Model Federation Drones (UAVs), GNSS/ Team, BIM Strategic Definition, with 3D overlay, integrated with data, CAD and
technical analysis report Tool Satellites, Total Stations, Manager RIBA Stage 1- Google Earth with 3D project site model GIS drawings
supporting project scope High-performance Preparation & Brief overlay, photographs
and requirements. Workstations and Sketch-Up

15
 16
S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
1.6 Site modelling Roadways, raised bridges BIM Model Authoring Laser Scanner/LIDAR, Project RIBA Stage 0 - Model Elements 3D Site Model, A combination
– Horizontal and walkways, and Tool, Model Federation Drones (UAVs), GNSS/ Surveying Strategic Definition, General description utilities in DWG of CAD with 3D
construction transportation structures Tool Satellites, Total Stations, Team, Design RIBA Stage 1- and LOD 200 - 350, format, and overlay, Google
such as pedestrian High-performance Team Preparation & brief Horizontal Structures Structural Design Earth with
tunnels are all examples of Workstations LOD 300 – 350 model in IFC 3D overlay,
horizontal modelling needs. Format, Federated photographs
Model may linked to and Sketch-up
site model

Category -2 : Design & Building System Description : Design & Building System Authoring supports the modelling of Individual disciplines which are federated to
Authoring create the Design Intent model of the final design solution.
2.1 Architectural This model is used to Conceptual Modelling Can be visualised Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 – 300 Design Model, CAD Drawings
modelling explore design options, and Tool, BIM Model using AR/VR Headsets Team, Design Concept Design federated model in
serves as a base model for Authoring Tool or devices such Team, BIM IFC/BCF Format
the federated design intent as iPads/Tablets, Manager for handover, used
model, design analysis, High-performance as basis for Record
and other BIM Uses Workstations (As-Built) model
2.2 Space, To model space, circulation Conceptual Modelling Can be visualised Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 - 300 Space views and CAD Drawings,
Accessibility, areas, and accessibility Tool, BIM Model using AR/VR Headsets Team, Design Concept Design space reports for Specifications
and Circulation using accessibility Authoring Tool or devices such Team, BIM design meetings and Standards
Requirements standards, consistent as iPads/Tablets, Manager and communication
Modelling modelling methods High-performance during design
Workstations development
2.3 Structural A model of the structural BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Structural discipline Structural
Modelling system of an existing or Tool using AR/VR Headsets BIM Manager Developed Design model, shop Design Data,
proposed design or devices such drawings integrated CAD Drawings
as iPads/Tablets, into the structural
High-performance model.
Workstations
2.4 HVAC A model of MEP system BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 200 – Generic Structural discipline MEP Design
Mechanical for decision support and Tool, Model Federation using AR/VR Headsets BIM Manager Developed Design elements, LOD 300 model, clash Data, CAD
Systems analysis, made ready for Tool, Model Checking or devices such – Detailed elements, avoidance among Drawings
detailing and fabrication Tool as iPads/Tablets, LOD 400 – LOD 400 Architectural,
High-performance for field installation Structural, and
Workstations HVAC

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
2.5 Plumbing & A model of Plumbing & Fire BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 – 500 for Discipline model, CAD Drawings,
Fire Protection Protection system sufficient Tool using AR/VR Headsets Team, Design Concept Design As-Built (Record) COBie data and Specifications
for shop modelling and or devices such Team, BIM Model commissioning and Standards
fabrication as iPads/Tablets, Manager information,
High-performance construction
Workstations drawings to A/E
2.6 Electrical Alarm A model or part of the BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Architectural RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 200 - 300 Deliverables include CAD Drawings,
Systems electrical model, the Tool using AR/VR Headsets Team, Design Developed Design discipline models, Specifications
primary components of the or devices such Team, BIM distribution panel and Standards
electrical, lighting, alarm as iPads/Tablets, Manager schedules and
systems and building High-performance other equipment

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

automation systems (BAS) Workstations schedules, sensor
controls locations, COBie
data
2.7 Interiors Modelling of interior design BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Architectural RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Include renderings BIM
options, materials and Tool, 3D Modelling Tool using AR/VR Headsets Team, BIM Developed Design and model views as Architecture
finishes, systems, signage, or devices such Manager requested for design Model
and daylighting. as iPads/Tablets, review.
High-performance
Workstations
2.8 Tenant Build- Tenant projects include BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Architectural RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Include renderings BIM
Out simple kiosks, office Tool, 3D Modelling Tool using AR/VR Headsets Team, BIM Developed Design and model views as Architecture
spaces, technical or devices such Manager requested for design Model
laboratory spaces, and as iPads/Tablets, review.
other specialized-function High-performance
spaces. Workstations

Description : A major benefit of BIM is the ability to analyze the model for performance, design conformance, and to run
Category - 3 :Analysis and reporting
reports of critical design information as the model changes.
3.1 Area & Space The BIM file, specifically BIM Model Authoring High-performance Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 - 300 Space Area Model BIM
Program spaces and bounding Tool, Space Planning Workstations Team, BIM Concept Design with Minimum space Architecture
Validation elements, including floors Tool, Model Checking Manager attributes Model
and stories, is analyzed Tool
using model checking
software

17
 18
S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
3.2 Design Options Model with design options BIM Model Authoring BIM Experience Center, Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 100 - 300 Structural discipline BIM
supporting the project Tool, Model Federation High-performance Team, BIM Concept Design model, Clash Architecture
program requirements Tool, Solibri Workstations Manager avoidance between Model
Architectural,
Structural, and
HVAC, Equipment
lists
3.3 Model Model Checking is a Model Checking Tool High-performance Architectural RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Model confirming to Populated
Checking rules-based activity that Workstations Team, Design Developed Design Codes and set rules BIM Model,
- Program automates model review for Team BIM Standards &
Compliance design program, modelling Manager Specifications
quality, data, and some
code conformance.
3.4 Clash Primary method to Model Federation Tool, High-performance Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Clash Report Populated BIM
Avoidance & minimize interferences Model Checking Tool Workstations BIM Manager Developed Design between different Model with
Detection between building elements disciplines Architecture,
using “clash detection” Architectural, MEP MEP, Structural
software elements
3.5 Structural Model based analysis BIM Model Authoring High-performance Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Structural analysis Structural
Analysis of structural design to Tool Workstations BIM Manager Developed Design report and graphics Design Data,
determine fitness for use. for design reviews CAD Drawings
3.6 Equipment and This modelling covers BIM Model Authoring High-performance Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 400 BIM-based review Populated
Maintenance major equipment and Tool, Model Federation Workstations BIM Manager Developed Design with Facility BIM Model,
Clear Space elements requiring defined Tool Management Standards &
access or maintenance Specifications
space
3.7 Budgetary Budgetary Cost uses BIM BIM Model High-performance Planning Team, RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 – 300 Periodic costing Populated BIM
Costing spaces, major building Authoring Tool, Workstations BIM Manager Concept Design reports for design Model, Cost
elements with historic Data Management options data
square foot costing data, Tool, Construction
project type, region, Simulation Tool
and construction type,
to calculate budgetary
estimates.

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
3.8 Quantity Take- QTO serves as the basis BIM Model Authoring High-performance Estimator, BIM RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 200 - 350 Provide in Populated BIM
Off (QTO) for estimating. It provides Tool, Construction Workstations Manager Developed Design “scheduled” Model
professional estimators Simulation Tool, Model format (grid or
with quantities used, Federation Tool spreadsheet),
rather than quantities to be quantity listings for
purchased. all elements

Category - 4 : Sustainability, Energy,

Description : BIM analysis to help achieve sustainable, resilience, and energy efficient designs on its projects
Green Certification
4.1 Energy BIM Model is analyzed Energy Analysis Tool High-performance Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 Calculations, data, BIM
Modelling, Sun to improve day lighting in Workstations Team, Design Concept Design and visualization of Architecture

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

Studies, Day design, to understand sun Team BIM the study. Analysis Model
Lighting shading needs and the Manager to be used in BIM-
balance between daylight based reviews,
and artificial lights to and design option
support space usefulness activities
4.2 Existing Rapid Energy Modelling BIM Model Authoring High-performance Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 Energy Analysis Building
Building – (REM) is a streamlined Tool, Energy Analysis Workstations Team, Design Concept Design Report from existing Conditions,
Rapid Energy process for simplified Tool Team, BIM building conditions Architecture
Modelling simulation that quickly and Manager model
with minimal data from
existing building conditions
develops an energy
analysis
4.3 Mechanical Virtual testing and Energy Analysis Tool High-performance Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300 Native Heating and Federated
Analysis balancing of the design Workstations BIM Manager Developed Design Cooling Analysis MEP Model,
model to support report exported to Meterological
sustainable building an external analysis data
systems design and application
analysis, calculate native
heating and cooling
analysis that is built into the
MEP software
4.4 LEED BIM to identify, quantify, BIM Model Authoring High-performance Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 Images, Federated BIM
Credit and and cross-reference Tool, Energy Analysis Workstations Team, LEED Concept Design documentation, and Model, LEED
Certification materials supporting LEED Tool Coordinator, reports as evidence Specifications
Reporting credits BIM Manager of conformance for and
LEED certification Requirements

19
 20
S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
4.5 Lighting Use Case has two BIM Model Authoring High-performance Architectural RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 Images, Federated BIM
Analysis objectives: LEED Tool, Energy Analysis Workstations Team, LEED Concept Design documentation, and Model, LEED
compliance and energy Tool Coordinator, reports as evidence Specifications
performance and comfort BIM Manager of conformance for and
LEED certification Requirements
4.6 Systems BIM is used to capture BIM Model Authoring High-performance Design Team, RIBA Stage 2 - LOD 200 A series of analysis Federated BIM
Analysis the building geometry and Tool, Energy Analysis Workstations BIM Manager Concept Design reports identifying Model, Building
characteristics needed to Tool the options and the Performance
conduct aspects of energy optimum solution for Requirements
performance analysis energy reduction
and support contracting
processes

Category - 5 : Design, constructability Description : BIM enables the design and construction teams to work in a Lean manner to maximize BIM use,
reviews & coordination communication, and coordination.
5.1 BIM Based To minimize misinformation Model Federation Can be visualised AE, CM/GC, RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 200 - 300 Design Reviews, Federated
Progress between team members, Tool, Construction using AR/VR Headsets and sub- Technical Design Constructability BIM Models
Meetings, to reduce paper-based Simulation Tool, BIM or devices such as trades – BIM Reviews, Shop corresponding
Reviews – “Big communication, and to Model Authoring iPads/Tablets. Will Managers and Drawings, to Meeting
Room” focus attention on design Tool, Common Data need AV/Projector Coordinators Construction requirements
decisions Environment setups for Big Rooms, Documents,
High-performance Performance
Workstations Review reports
5.2 Digital Details, Design Coordination BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design Team, RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 200 - 300 Images, views, sub- Federated
Mock-ups Reviews, Constructability Tool, MEP software, using AR/VR Headsets CM, BIM Technical Design models, integrated BIM Models
Reviews, Shop Drawings, Drafting Tool or devices such as Manager model sections, corresponding
Construction Documents, iPads/Tablets. Will per the mock-up to Mock ups
Energy and Performance need AV/Projector creation, and views
Reviews, Change setups for Big Rooms, to be integrated into
Management Reports, Cost High-performance the construction
Estimates, Value Analysis Workstations drawings
Reports

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
5.3 Scheduling – Construction coordination Model Federation Can be visualised CM/GC, RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 300 Updated 4D models Federated
4D Modelling model supporting Look- Tool, Construction using AR/VR Headsets Scheduler, Construction as the project BIM Models
and Logistics Ahead, construction Simulation Tool or devices such as Construction progresses, with corresponding
phasing, construction iPads/Tablets. Will BIM Manager updating, reporting, to Scope of
material movement, labor need AV/Projector and delivery as set work
sequencing, site planning setups for Big Rooms, in BIMxP
for material delivery, High-performance
loading/unloading, staging, Workstations
and storage
5.4 Site Safety Integrating the project site Model Federation Can be visualised CM/GC, RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 300 Deliverables BIM Models
Review logistics, materials and Tool, Construction using AR/VR Headsets Scheduler, Construction include site views, with site
equipment use, vehicles, Simulation Tool or devices such as Construction animations, logistics

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

with load and delivery iPads/Tablets. Will BIM Manager construction and
planning schedule data need AV/Projector logistics plans in
with BIM provides a means setups for BigRooms, PDF format as the
to see, prevent, and High-performance project progresses
resolve conflicts. Workstations security model,
delivery schedules,
and schedule
updates
5.5 In Field – BIM is used as a basis for Drafting Tool, BIM 3D Scanner - LIDAR, CM, RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 300 XYZ survey/layout Project
Construction laser guided field layout Model Authoring Tool Can be visualised Constructor and Technical Design point files for features must
Layout of walls and building using AR/VR Headsets sub-trades, BIM exchange with field be modeled
elements. BIM supports or devices such Manager layout equipment to support this
better construction layout. as iPads/Tablets, Use Case
High-performance
Workstations
5.6 Laser 3D laser scanning Reality Capture Tool 3D Scanner - LIDAR, CM, RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 300 Registered/ rotated/ Coordinates for
Scanning – performed during Can be visualised Constructor and Construction elevated 3D point Survey Points,
Construction construction captures using AR/VR Headsets sub-trades, BIM clouds conforming CAD Drawings
Phase as-built work. This aids or devices such Manager to the defined
the team in change as iPads/Tablets, coordinate system
management captures High-performance
newly built conditions Workstations
prior to being covered and
closed to view, and later
will aid facilities operations
in reliably locating systems
components with a high
degree of accuracy

21
 22
S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
5.7 Pre-Fabrication BIM Use Case includes BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised CM, RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 400 Deliverables Federated BIM
Building Modelling the proposed Tool using AR/VR Headsets Constructor and Technical Design include schematics Model with site
Components building components with or devices such as sub-trades, BIM and animation logistics
a focus on visualizing and iPads/Tablets. Will Manager sequences of
simulating the logistics need AV/Projector prefabricated
of their placement in a setups for BigRooms, building
new or existing building, High-performance components being
as well as the logistics of Workstations transported, placed
maintenance, repair and onsite, and installed
eventual replacement in
situ.

Category - 6 :Documentation, Drawing Description : BIM enables drawings and construction sets to be derived from the model. The following BIM Uses support
and Specs BIM use for more coordinated documentation during design and for record models at project turnover.
6.1 Construction Construction Documents BIM Model Authoring High-performance A/E, Discipline RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 300 Deliverables will Federated
Drawing (CDs) are derived from Tool Workstations Model Construction be as per Drawing BIM Models
Production the model. Views are Coordinators, and Publishing corresponding
automatically generated sub-trades, BIM requirements in the to Scope of
in the BIM file by the Manager BIM Guidelines work
authoring software.
6.2 Shop Drawing Detailed shop drawings for BIM Model Authoring AV/Projector setups A/E, Discipline RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 400 Shop drawings with Federated
Coordination fabrication and construction Tool for Big Rooms, Model Technical Design building elements, BIM Models
are derived from the High-performance Coordinators, components, and corresponding
discipline specific design Workstations sub-trades, BIM parts according to to Scope of
intent model. Manager the design intent work
model.
6.3 AS-BUILT BIM Models with AS BUILT BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design team, RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 500 As Built models Federated
Models construction Information Tool, External but using AR/VR Headsets the constructor Construction suitable for facility BIM Models
Linked Databases, or devices such as BIM Manager management with AS BUILT
Model Federation Tool iPads/Tablets. Will information
need AV/Projector
setups for Big Rooms,
High-performance
Workstations

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
6.4 Data Data Normalization is Classification System, High-performance Design BIM RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 300 BIM Record model COBie
Normalization essentially the task of Data Management Workstations Manager, Technical Design with normalized Database
preparing data to be Tool, Database Constructor’s data
usable by BIM systems Management Tool BIM Manager,
in a consistent manner to Commissioning
provide consistent reports agent
and analyses with minimum
querying effort
6.5 AS-BUILT CAD As-Built CAD drawings BIM Model Authoring High-performance Design team, RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 500 As Built models Federated
Drawings for of all floor plans from the Tool, External but Workstations the constructor Construction suitable for facility BIM Models
Handover Record Model Linked Databases, BIM Manager management with AS BUILT

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

Model Federation Tool information

Category - 7 : Commissioning &

Description : Commissioning of the BIM itself may be required according to specifications found in the BEP
Handover
7.1 Virtual The virtual handover BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design team, RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 300 The record Federated BIM
Handover (record model) is the Tool using AR/VR Headsets the constructor Technical Design model contains Model
(Record Model) design intent model, or devices such as BIM Manager the necessary
updated with as-built iPads/Tablets. Will building element
locations for building need AV/Projector updates, product,
elements within the model. setups for BigRooms, space, and Facility
High-performance Management data
Workstations
7.2 COBIE Data COBie (Construction BIM Model Authoring High-performance Design team, RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 300 Based upon the Object
Set Operations Building Tool, Model Federation Workstations the constructor Technical Design agreed upon assets Attributes
Information Exchange) is a Tool, Model Checking BIM Manager to be defined in for Type,
vendor-neutral flexible data Tool, Facility COBie, the team will Component,
specification that indicates Management Tool populate the COBie System,
how to format design and worksheets per the Space, Facility
construction data so that schedule defined
they can be consumed by
other facility software.

23
 24
S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
7.3 Commissioning Commissioning is a BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design team, RIBA Stage LOD 500 Record Model Federated
systematic process Tool, COBie Data using AR/VR Headsets the constructor 6 - Handover & updated with data BIM Model
of verifying that all Management Tool, or devices such as BIM Manager, Closeout requirements with As Built
building systems perform Facility Management iPads/Tablets. Will Commisioning on major assets Information
interactively according to Tool, Mobile BIM Tool need AV/Projector Agent and spaces and
the design intent and the setups for BigRooms, project construction
owner’s operational needs High-performance documentation
Workstations supporting the
commissioning
process
7.4 Model Data BIM use and GIS data for BIM Model Authoring High-performance Design team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300-350 Deliverables include BIM Model,
Supporting Master Planning studies Tool, GIS, Model Workstations the constructor Developed Design simulations, model GIS Data
Disaster that include considerations Federation Tool, Model BIM Manager, views supporting
Planning for disaster planning Simulation Tool Security design options
Consultant during design and
master planning,
assumptions, and
some degree of
structural analysis
7.5 Model for The models are used BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised commissioning RIBA Stage 7 - In LOD 500 Asset Information Federated
Maintenance during commissioning, Tool, Facility using AR/VR Headsets agent, Use Model for Facility BIM Model
and preoccupation, and Management Tool, or devices such the facility Management with As Built
Maintenance post-occupation to train Common Data as iPads/Tablets, manager, and Information
Training staff on asset location, Environment, Mobile High-performance constructor’s
maintenance access, and BIM Tool Workstations BIM manager.
maintenance procedures.

Category - 8 : Facilities & Data Description : BIM may be used in the field for efficient data collection. Facilities data from the BIM model can be integrated
Integration with BAS
8.1 Assessment BIM may be used in the Existing BIM Models, Can be visualised BIM capable RIBA Stage 5 - LOD 300 Updated Federated
Models field for efficient data Facility Management using AR/VR Headsets assessment Construction BIM models, BIM Models
collection. Tool, Common Data or devices such team, BIM Assessment corresponding
Environment as iPads/Tablets, Manager Reports, and to Scope of
High-performance Database for work
Workstations integration
with Facility
Management Tools

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 S. Project Life Cycle Level of
BIM Use Case Description Softwares Equipment People Deliverables Data
No Stages Development (LOD)
8.2 Space The design and space BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Architecture RIBA Stage 7 - In LOD 500 IFC model Federated
Planning planning team will utilize Tool, Space Planning using AR/VR Headsets Team, BIM Use BIM Model
– Move BIM and intelligent Tool or devices such Team with As Built
Management objects to manage space, as iPads/Tablets, Information
occupancy and use. High-performance
Workstations
8.3 Security BIM can be used for BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design BIM RIBA Stage 4 - LOD 500 Deliverables Federated
security studies on public Tool, Model Federation using AR/VR Headsets Manager, Technical Design include model BIM Model
and institutional, prisons, Tool, Model Checking or devices such Constructor views, animations, with As Built
judicial, and health care Tool, Model Simulation as iPads/Tablets, BIM Manager, and simulations Information
facilities. Tool High-performance Security and/ supporting security

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

Workstations or CPTED review
consultant
8.4 CMMS BIM Models can be used BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised BIM Manager, RIBA Stage 7 - In LOD 500 IFC model Federated
and CAFM for effective Computerized Tool, Facility using AR/VR Headsets project Use BIM Model
Data Model Maintenance Management Management Tool or devices such managers with As Built
Integration System and Facility as iPads/Tablets, and facility Information
Management High-performance managers
Workstations
8.5 Resiliency Visualization and BIM Model Authoring Can be visualised Design Team, RIBA Stage 3 - LOD 300-350 Animations and BIM Model,
Modelling simulation can be used to Tool, Model Federation using AR/VR Headsets GIS Team, BIM Developed Design Simulations for GIS Data
support land use policies Tool, Model Simulation or devices such Manager BIM and GIS, and
and help analyze first Tool as iPads/Tablets, IFC models for
responder data and access High-performance exploration
prior to determining a final Workstations
strategy
8.6 Building Integration of BIM graphics Building Automation Can be visualised BIM Manager, RIBA Stage 7 - In LOD 500 IFC model Federated
Automation (2D & 3D) as spatial System using AR/VR Headsets project Use BIM Model
Systems BAS location points for building or devices such managers with As Built
Integration system sensor data. This is as iPads/Tablets, and facility Information
used for real-time displays High-performance managers
of system activities. Workstations

25
3.3. Roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders
BIM tasks and roles as per Construction Phases

1. Initiation phase
BIM Tasks Roles
Facilitate the development of a project BIM brief BIM manager (design)
Define, complete and update the BIM execution BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
plan (design)
Identify BIM standards BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
(design)
Facilitate the identification and implementation of Model manager
BIM standards
Define project BIM protocols BIM coordinator (design), BIM facilitator
(design)
Establish project information requirement and Information manager (design)
information protocols
Coordinate BIM tasks in design discipline BIM coordinator (design)
Provide guidelines to the team on agreed project BIM coordinator (design)
rules
Provide design guidelines to the team on project Model manager
rules as agreed
Communicate BIM vision to the team BIM manager (design)

2. Planning & Design Phase

BIM Tasks Roles
Establish asset information requirements and the Information manager (design)
process to maintain the asset information model
Coordinate and organize BIM training and BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
workshops (design), BIM facilitator (design)
Coordinate modelling standards among the Model manager
project team
Manage all the graphical model development BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
related tasks and non-graphical model (design), BIM facilitator (design)
development related tasks in accordance with
BIM execution plan
Create, coordinate & extract design drawings Model manager, BIM modeler
from BIM models
Coordinate all technical discipline and trade- BIM coordinator (design)
specific BIM activity, i.e., tools, content,
standards, requirements
Lead the BIM documentation and analysis efforts BIM coordinator (design)
of the internal project team
Perform internal model reviews and Model manager
interdisciplinary checks
Oversee the fully integrated set of project models BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
from all disciplines (design)

26 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 Coordinate multidisciplinary tasks BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
(design), Model manager
Assure assembling of merged models BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
(design), BIM facilitator (design)
Assure and inspect the functionality of merged Model manager
models and the integration of the design models
Carry out clash detection and resolution activities BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
(design), Model manager
Manage model transfer and version control BIM manager (design)
Schedule, coordinate, and facilitate BIM meetings BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
for the design and construction team as well as (design)
all design disciplines
Participate and coordinate in internal BIM Model manager
meetings
Prepare project outputs and revise them Model manager, BIM modeler
regarding quality assurance (QA) and quality
control (QC) protocols
Assist in the preparation of project outputs BIM manager (design),
Information manager (design)
Coordinate with the construction manager on the BIM manager (design)
BIM execution plan

3. Construction Phase
BIM Tasks Roles
Create BIM execution plan in coordination with BIM manager (construction), BIM
the design team coordinator (construction)
Establish software protocols for efficient BIM BIM manager (construction)
delivery
Coordinate software training BIM manager (construction)
Coordinate sub-contractor BIM development BIM manager (construction)
Integrate and coordinate the construction BIM manager (construction)
schedule with developed models
Integrate 3D fabrication models with the BIM manager (construction), BIM facilitator
updated design model to ensure compliance (construction)
with the design intent
Carry out clash detection and resolution BIM manager (construction)
activities
Schedule, coordinate, and facilitate BIMBIM manager (construction), BIM
meetings for the design and construction team
coordinator (construction),BIM facilitator
and all design disciplines (construction)
Update models for shop drawings development
BIM coordinator (construction)
Create construction and as-built models BIM coordinator (construction)
Prepare as-built BIM Model manager
Coordinate data extraction sets BIM manager (construction), BIM facilitator
(construction)
Coordinate model commissioning and data BIM manager (construction)
handover

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 27

4. Monitoring and Control Phase
Implement and manage the BIM process, BIM manager (design), BIM manager
i.e., the BIM execution plan (construction), BIM manager (design and
construction)
Participate in the updating of the BIM plan Model manager
Ensure compliance with the BIM execution BIM manager (design and construction), BIM
plan coordinator (design and construction)
Ensure compliance with standards BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
(design), Task information manager
Ensure BIM protocols implementation BIM coordinator (design), Information
manager (design)
Verify that all necessary configurations BIM manager (design)
required for the seamless integration of
design and construction model information
have been implemented
Ensure the accuracy of construction BIM modeler
documents in accordance with discipline BIM
Modelling
Ensure document management BIM manager (design)
Ensure software installation, operation, and BIM manager (design and construction), BIM
version control facilitator (design and construction)

Ensure software operation Model manager

Develop & maintain graphical and non- BIM modeler
graphical models in accordance with the BIM
execution plan
Monitor model production and updating BIM coordinator (design and construction),
BIM facilitator (design and construction)
Manage model production and updating Model manager
Brief, assist, and coordinate with stakeholders BIM manager (design and construction), BIM
coordinator (design and construction)
Assist in coordination with stakeholders Model manager
Communicate/Coordinate BIM issues with BIM manager (design and construction), BIM
other members coordinator (design and construction)
Manage the BIM resources (hardware, BIM manager (construction)
software, and people)
Ensure BIM is used appropriately to test BIM manager (design), BIM facilitator
design requirements/criteria (design)
Perform and manage the QA and QC of BIM manager (design), BIM coordinator
models (design)
Look after design discipline-based QA and Model manager
QC of models
Coordinate update of as-built conditions in BIM manager (construction)
the final model deliverable
Adhere to the projects BIM deliverables and Model manager
their submission
Ensure final BIM deliverable requirements BIM manager (design)
are achieved

28 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 Maintain local file transfers, control of access Model manager
lefts, and compilation of information from
smaller models of other members
Manage digital outputs, data transmission, BIM manager (design), Information manager
and archiving (design), Model manager
Facilitate, plan, and manage interoperability Model manager
issues
Manage interoperability issues BIM coordinator (design), BIM facilitator
(design)
Enable integration and coordination of Information manager (design), Information
information within the information model manager (construction), Information manager
(design and construction)
Coordinate to assure completeness of BIM manager (design), BIM manager
interoperability information (construction), BIM manager (design and
construction)
Ensure interoperability information is BIM manager (design), BIM
provided for milestone submittals facilitator (design)
Liaise with the client’s facilities management BIM manager (design)
department to determine
specific data and file exchange requirements
Maintain exchange information requirements Information manager (construction)
Initiate and implement the project information Information manager (design)
plan and asset information plan
Enable reliable information exchange through Information manager (design)
a common data environment
Manage the processes and procedures for Information manager (design)
information exchange on projects
Ensure that the information exchanged BIM manager (design)
between the different stakeholders
corresponds to the rules fixed by the contract

5. Operation and Maintenance Phase

Archive the project information model Information manager (construction)
Ensure information and model availability for operation BIM coordinator (construction)
and maintenance
Identify assets (model and physical) and the Information manager (construction)
foreseeable trigger events for which information should
be managed
Capture lessons learned for future projects Information manager (construction)

BIM is a complex workflow process, and it is important that everyone involved in the project
understands their role in making it a success. Clear roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders
are important for ensuring that BIM is used effectively on a project. The chart below states
likely structure of BIM implementers and detailed roles of each are mentioned in Annexure 1.

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 29

 HEAD BIM
&
DIGITAL

MANAGER - MANAGER -
MANAGER - MANAGER -
BIM for BIM for
BIM PROJECTS BIM for DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR
- BIM FOR
- PROJECT - MODULAR - SCANNER
ARCHITECTURE &
STATEGY CONSTRUCTION DEPLOYMENT
LANDSCAPE

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR - - BIM FOR - BIM FOR TIME
- DIGITAL TWIN
BIM TRAININGS STRCUTURAL & PLANNING &
STRATEGY
FORM WORK MONITORING

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR - COORDINATOR -
- BIM - DRONE
BIM FOR MEPF SUSTAINABILITY
PARTNERSHIPS DEPLOYMENT

COORDINATOR - COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR - COORDINATOR -
SAFETY AND RISK - BUILDING
CDE PLATFORM INTERIOR DESIGN
AREA AUTOMATION

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR

COORDINATOR
- SMART - CLASH - BIM COST
- ASSET
CONTRACTS DETECTION & PLANNING &
OPERATION
RESOLUTION MONITORING

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR -
CCOORDINATOR COORDINATOR
- ROI PROCUREMENT
- BIM FOR GEOBIM
DOCUMENTATION AND LOGISTICS
EXPERIENCE STRATEGY
PLANNING

30 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 31
3.4. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Building information modelling (BIM) deployment requires an upfront cost, but the Return on
cost ROI (Return on Investment)) realized from its use can be measured and is significant.
According to studies, there are considerable long-term advantages that outweigh the initial
expenditures, which varies depending on the project’s scope and the size of the business.

Efficiency improvements are particularly noticeable in the construction industry across several
locations. Up to 15% less rework on projects has been seen when using BIM, which translates
into direct cost savings of 4% to 6% of the overall project budget. BIM was utilized for the
complex planning and coordination of the Delhi International Airport Terminal 3 project, which
is estimated to have reduced project costs by 5%.

BIM has demonstrated to be quite successful in terms of accuracy and collision detection. BIM
was used on the Mumbai Metro Line 3 project to coordinate intricate subterranean utilities,
potentially saving $15 million in rework costs and delays brought on by conflicts. Similarly, BIM
was used to optimize the building sequences for the Shanghai Tower project in China, which
reduced construction time by 30% and saved an estimated $58 million.

The predictive analytic capabilities which are included in BIM have also proven to be quite
valuable. Operational expenses can be reduced by up to 25% using energy simulations and
better material use. BIM was used to improve energy-efficient designs for the Godrej Eternia
project in Chandigarh, which resulted in a 22% decrease in energy use when compared to
conventional techniques.

Several associated parameters on which BIM directly aids in cost reduction are as under:

Reduction in Rework Costs: BIM enables comprehensive 3D modelling, clash detection,

and virtual walkthroughs, which help identify issues before construction begins. This leads to a
significant reduction in rework costs by addressing and rectifying problems during the planning
and design phase rather than on the construction site.

Enhanced Project Efficiency: BIM streamlines project planning, design, and execution by
improving collaboration and communication among stakeholders. This efficiency reduces
project duration, which, in turn, lowers labour costs, equipment costs, and overhead expenses.

Accurate Quantity Take-offs: BIM allows for precise and automated quantity take-offs. This
accuracy helps in better cost estimation and resource allocation, reducing the risk of cost
overruns.

Resource Optimization: BIM assists in optimal resource allocation, ensuring that materials
and labour are used efficiently, reducing waste and associated costs.

Improved Decision Making: BIM provides real-time data and simulations, enabling informed
and timely decision-making. This leads to better resource allocation and reduces costs related
to incorrect or delayed decisions.

Reduced Legal and Liability Costs: By providing a clear and accurate project record,
BIM can reduce legal and liability costs associated with disputes, claims, and errors during
construction.

32 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

Lifecycle Cost Savings: BIM’s data-rich models extend beyond the construction phase,
supporting efficient facility management and maintenance. This can lead to long-term cost
savings by optimizing operations and minimizing repair and maintenance expenses.

Reduced Paper and Printing Costs: The shift from traditional 2D drawings to digital BIM
models reduces paper and printing costs significantly.

Sustainability and Energy Savings: BIM can help in designing more energy-efficient
buildings, leading to lower operational costs over the lifespan of the structure.

3.5. LICENSE MANAGEMENT

To efficiently manage BIM software licenses, it’s recommended to negotiate with BIM
software providers for multi-user licenses with a minimum validity of three years. Centralized
management and access can be achieved by hosting the licenses on dedicated server owned
by CPWD and meant for license management.

Alternatively, BIM software provider can offer a dedicated cloud space for CPWD for license
hosting in order to manage, monitor and assign license to project team as required, provided
the location of server is kept within geographical boundary of India. At any point of time,
online license management portal should give graphical report on day wise or department
wise to check actual license utilization and further its optimization. Nodal officer from CPWD
headquarter / regional headquarter may be nominated for administration of users on centralized
license management server for accessing licensed BIM software.

3.6. INTEGRATION WITH ERP

CPWD has initiated the implementation of integrated ERP systems aimed at automating
workflow of construction processes from project inception to completion. CPWD ERP system
incorporates BIM for collaboration, viewing of the models, combining of the models, marking
of the issues, assigning of the task, administration of the users, managing of documents /
models / drawings, Quantification (take off) of the components, Estimation and Scheduling,
visualisation of project progress by integrating with other ERP applications. BIM authoring tools
for architectural, MEPF, structural modelling, and clash detection etc are not part of CPWD
ERP application. Architectural, structural, MEPF BIM models can be authored by respective
stakeholders on any of BIM compatible authoring tool which can be uploaded on CPWD ERP
collaboration platform for other BIM related activities.
CPWD ERP collaboration platform is web browser-based collaboration platform with the
capabilities where models, drawings, documents can be swiftly exchanged among the various
stakeholders and stakeholder can view the document, drawings and models through the web
browser without any licenses and having the need to install the software in their computers/
laptops. Most of the file types of the software available in the market have been made
compatible with Collaboration tool. This will essentially, be enabling all the stakeholder, to give
their feedback on a detailed model/ create markups etc on a Realtime basis.
Similar to folder and file system, the project in-charge can create as many spaces as per the
requirement for each category of stakeholders and assign owner of each space. Each space
can have multiple users and folders as per the requirement. Members of each space can
collaborate among themselves for deliberations without informing to the stakeholders of other
spaces. Inter-space collaboration can be done by transmittals.

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 33

When linking all the models together and running a clash free detection, a separate project
space should be created in the project and this space will host all the models. Every discipline
working on the linked file will be able to check for clashes and the relevant changes can be
made. The version control of the models / drawing / document and making available with latest
version of each model / drawing / document with each stakeholder enables stakeholders to
work on latest version.

CPWD has further issued guidelines on the quantity extraction as well as scheduling from BIM
models using Collaboration & Estimation Module of ERP.

3.7. RECOMMENDATIONS OF BIM COMMITTEE

Based on these meetings/ presentations/ discussions, the committee has made thorough
deliberations on the mandates and reached the outcome as given below. The outcomes of
the committee’s meetings and deliberations have been firmly established and provide a solid
foundation for the ongoing efforts to effectively implement BIM within CPWD’s operations and
projects. At appropriate stages, relevant LOD models will be developed and standardised,
for better workflow. However, challenges such as standardization, training, and infrastructure
development need to be addressed.

A. Provision of BIM in Contracts and Manual

Provisions of CPWD works Manual, SOPs and General Conditions of the Contracts plays
a pivotal role by means of compliances by CPWD employees and contractors/ consultants
engaged for planning and construction works. Therefore, provisions of CPWD works Manual,
SOPs and General conditions of the contract shall be reviewed and suitable provisions
need to be modified / inserted for enforcing the BIM based construction and maintenance of
infrastructures being created across the country by CPWD.

The model pre-qualification / eligibility criteria stipulated in CPWD works Manual / SOPs
should have experience of construction of buildings with BIM models. Additionally, as part of
site engineers the provisions for BIM trained engineers should also be stipulated.

NIT approving authorities have been entrusted with incorporation of suitable necessary
provision in the RFPs / NITs / Bid documents for BIM based construction in the EPC contracts.
In order to ensure uniformity across all the EPC contracts, a model conditions of the contracts
for BIM based construction should be prepared in consultation with CE(CSQ) Electrical and
circulated by Chief Engineer (CSQ) Civil.

The CPWD enlistment rules should incorporate requirement of BIM trained engineers with the
eligibility requirement.

B. Capacity Building
BIM requires specialized skills and knowledge that are not typically covered in traditional
education or training programs. Capacity-building initiatives should provide individuals with
the necessary training and knowledge to become proficient in BIM technologies and practices.
This includes understanding BIM software, data management, collaboration, and project
management within a BIM framework. Leading BIM software providers should be invited to
provide training for architects, engineers, and even vendors. The National CPWD Academy
in Ghaziabad and the RTIs in Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai should serve as BIM Centres of

34 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

Excellence for capacity building. SOP should be developed for time-bound capacity-building
measures, comprising both awareness and hands-on training.

MOUs may be signed with interested BIM software providers for capacity building of CPWD
architects and engineers and for incorporating CPWD’s DSR items into the software’s library
database.

A comprehensive framework is being developed to facilitate BIM collaboration, data exchange,

quality controls, security, and seamless integration of BIM authoring tool across all disciplines,
with the ERP system and published Schedule of Rates

It is understood by the committee that the Architects & Engineers of CPWD needs to be
made aware of various modules of software and their applications in BIM implementation. The
process will be time taking and proficiency cannot be expected in couple of days. To streamline
this process, it has been decided to give holistic training on different software modules used
for preparing a BIM model.

Also, to effectively impart training, 5 days sessions will be conducted at National CPWD
Academy, Ghaziabad and at RTIs of Bombay, Chennai & Kolkata, for each discipline i.e.
Architecture, Civil and E&M. As hands-on training on each discipline rather than a generic
training session will be effective and useful. It is the understanding of the committee that all
the software applications/ functions taught with in a span of 5 days may not be enough and
specialized training may also be required with for 1-2 weeks.

By adhering to such step-by-step capacity building of the CPWD employees, we will be able
to switch from 2D CAD models to LOD 100 BIM models and will soon be able to create LOD
300 models and gradually shifting to LOD 400 models.

To effectively build the capacity of officials, a step-by-step procedure should be implemented.

The first step will involve conducting BIM virtual awareness sessions. Those who successfully
complete this initial step will then proceed to the next phase, which will consist of hybrid
training at Ghaziabad training institutes or at the centres specified by CPWD in metropolitan
cities, then next a specified proficiency training session will be conducted. Finally, those who
have undergone the training will be tasked with training others within their respective units.

In pursuit of advancing its Building Information Modelling (BIM) practices, CPWD has
initiated a pilot program for the 360° Photo Documentation System in two ongoing projects.
This technology, seamlessly integrated with BIM models, offers real-time visual insights into
project execution for improved monitoring and control. M/s Open Space has been appointed
on a trial basis, as per the memorandum dated 24.08.2023, to assess the system’s feasibility
and effectiveness in CPWD projects. The trial aims to inform decisions on potential broader
implementation based on its performance and alignment with project requirements.

Application of BIM aims towards creation of real-time model of the project which subsequently
may also be used for facility management. For such facility management, SOP need to be
developed for hands on training of the concerned JE/ AE of the project. ADG Training may
issue the necessary SOP for the training module identifying the checklist of component at
the time of handover, detailing the utilization of COBie data matrix, Asset Identification and
Management etc.

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 35

The application of BIM is directed at generating a real-time model of a project, which can later
be utilized for efficient facility management. To facilitate this management process, Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs) need to be formulated for the hands-on training of the respective
Junior Engineers (JE) and Assistant Engineers (AE) involved in the project. ADG Training is
expected to issue the necessary SOPs for the training module, clearly outlining the checklist
of components during handover, specifying the use of the COBie data matrix, and addressing
aspects such as Asset Identification and Management.

C. Establishment Procedure
In the curriculum of foundation training of all the new entrants viz. Junior Engineer (Civil),
Junior Engineer (Electrical), Assistant Executive Engineer (Civil), Assistant Executive
Engineer (Electrical), Assistant Architect, Deputy Architect comprehensive BIM training should
be included. Post completion of foundation training BIM shall be included in the syllabus of the
examination.

Similar to engineering and accounts examination mandated for promotion / increment from
one post to another, an independent paper should be prescribed for all the new entrants as
well as mandatory provisions for the promotion / increment / MACP from JE / equivalent post
to AE / equivalent post, AE / equivalent post to EE / equivalent post.

An attributes “knowledge of BIM” should be inserted in the APAR for Junior Engineer / Assistant
Engineer / Executive Engineer and equivalent officers.

D. Empanelment of Architects/ consultants with BIM capabilities

The eligibility criteria for empanelment of architecture consultant should have mandatory
provisions for BIM capabilities of the consultants. Already 49 architectural consultants have
been empanelled wide OM number DG/Arch/80 Dated. 28.05.2020. Renewal / empanelment
of the architectural consultants shall be done with mandatory provisions of BIM capabilities.

Wherever, CPWD is engaging architectural / structural / MEPF consultant a mandatory

provision for BIM capabilities shall be incorporated in the RFPs / NITs / Bid documents.

A model mandatory provisions to be incorporated in the RFPs / NITs / Bid documents for
empanelment / engagement of architectural / structural / MEPF consultant should be prepared
and circulated by Chief Engineer (CSQ) Civil.

A provision for empanelment of BIM Auditors should be made so as to ensure that structural/
Building and site services; and geotechnical vetting for BIM models is done suitably as per
the contract conditions. This should be strictly ensured otherwise if the model submitted by
contractor is not as per standards, the entire exercise of BIM implementation will be futile.

E. Timeline
BIM based construction should be made mandatory with immediate effect for all the original
works being executed through EPC mode, original works costing over Rs. 30 Cr. Being
executed through other mode and all original works from January 1, 2025. BIM based asset
maintenance work should be started effective from January 1, 2026.
BIM will serve as a crucial asset for CPWD, offering substantial benefits throughout the project
life cycle. Through the utilization of advanced 3D Modelling, BIM will provide a dynamic and
detailed approach for planning, design, construction, and operation, ensuring a reduction

36 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

in on-site issues through simulation. The emphasis
will go beyond mere clash detection and material
quantification, extending to becoming a pivotal tool
for decision support, project reviews, and quality
assurance across all project phases.
As CPWD embraces BIM, the organization will
streamline processes, elevate project outcomes, and
uphold a high standard of excellence from project
inception to ongoing maintenance. Apart from the
above-mentioned objectives, specific applications of
the BIM workflow have been identified by CPWD for its
projects. All these applications have to be extracted
and have been given below:

BIM Uses and Descriptions:

The key benefits of BIM are reduced delivery costs,
green performance, predictable planning, reducing
risks, reduced operational costs & increased quality
and value. Additional benefits are high levels of
collaboration, communication, and coordination among
the stakeholders, consistent and coordinated designs
and highly constructible design solutions (IBIMA 2016).
The method of applying BIM technology during PLC for achieving one or more specific objectives
is termed as BIM Use. There are a varied number of tasks in the project lifecycle which can
benefit from the incorporation of BIM technologies, and these benefits are documented as
BIM Uses. These BIM Uses are identified from extensive literature review, comparison of
BIM Uses in existing literature and further discussions with the BIM experts to finalize the
list of BIM Uses. BIM Uses are organized in chronological order from strategic definition to
the In-use stage of the RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architect) PLC stages that benefit the
BIM implementation in AECO projects (Table 1). It is essential to consider the risk elements
associated with implementing or not implementing a particular BIM Use. Some of the BIM
Uses can significantly reduce overall project risk; however, they may shift risk from one party
to another. In other situations, implementation of a BIM Use may potentially add risk for a party
when they successfully perform their scope of work.
To deliver any BIM Use within the project execution process, it is essential to perform a set of
BIM Uses. BIM Uses such as 2D documentation, 3D detailing, BIM/GIS overlapping, energy
simulation, sustainability analysis and whole life cycle analysis can occur in six to seven
stages of PLC. Few of these BIM Uses are fundamental for the delivery of BIM projects. The
primary BIM Uses are design authoring, 2D documentation, clash detection, cost estimation,
structural analysis, construction planning, BIM for facility management integration and many
more. Moreover, for some of these BIM Uses to be executed, it is essential to have other sets
of BIM Uses executed as a prerequisite. It is essential to realize the relationship between
these BIM Uses which can be considered for future study.
The criticality of any particular BIM Use depends on the project type and its complexity. Some
of the project types include green building (green), smart building (smart), complex façade or
structure (facade) and many more. Each project type demands a different set of BIM Uses as
critical ones. It is a prerequisite to understand the project type, project goals, and BIM Uses
relationships to choose the right set of BIM Uses for any project delivery (IBIMA 2016).

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 37

 38
Table 1. BIM Uses in Project Lifecycle
BIM uses Project type Project life cycle stages
X-axis: Life cycle stages Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 6
S. Stage 5 Stage 7
Green Smart Façade Strategic Preparation Concept Developed Technical Handover
No Y-axis: BIM Uses Construction In Use
definition & brief design design design & closeout
1 Site analysis
2 Conceptualization
3 Generative design
4 Design authoring ***
5 Space programming
6 Visual Communication
7 Virtual reality simulation
8 Accessibility analysis
9 2D Documentation
10 3D Detailing ***
11 3D printing ***
12 Constructability analysis ***
13 Clash detection
14 Quantity take-off ***
15 Cost estimation
16 Acoustic analysis
17 Electronic tendering
18 Fire & smoke simulation
19 Lighting analysis ***
20 Reflectivity analysis ***
21 Risk & Hazard Assessment
22 Operations planning

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

 23 Solar analysis ***
24 Wind studies ***
25 Spatial analysis ***
26 Finite Element Analysis
27 Structural analysis
28 Construction planning ***
29 Surveying
30 Lean process analysis ***
31 BIM/GIS overlapping

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

32 Urban planning
33 Field BIM ***
34 Selection & specification ***
35 Safety analysis
36 Construction Logistics ***
37 Concrete Pre-casting ***
38 Mechanical assemblies’ prefab ***
39 Code checking & validation ***
40 Architectural modules prefab ***
41 Casework prefabrication ***
42 Sheet metal cutting ***
43 Construction operation analysis
44 Augmented reality simulation
45 As-constructed representation
45 Handover & Commissioning *** ***
47 Energy use ***
48 Sustainability Analysis ***

39
 40
49 Record keeping ***
50 Building inspection
51 BIM/FM integration ***
52 Building automation ***
53 Asset maintenance ***
54 Relocation management
55 Space management ***
56 BIM/IOT interfacing ***
57 BIM/web-services Extension ***
58 BIM/Spec linking ***
59 Real-time utilization ***
60 Site set-outs
61 Lift planning ***
62 Asset tracking ***
63 Performance monitoring ***
64 BIM/PLM overlapping ***
65 Asset procurement
66 Value analysis
67 Demolition planning
68 Egress and Ingress
69 Disaster planning
70 Security analysis
71 Thermal Analysis ***
72 Whole life cycle analysis ***
73 Laser scanning
74 Photogrammetry

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

CPWD BIM Workflow
In the CPWD BIM workflow, the integration of a systematic approach with an ERP collaboration
system ensures a centralized platform for storing and accessing information for all stakeholders.
Designated roles and responsibilities have been assigned to facilitate seamless information
transfer and ensure consistent verification of the construction process in alignment with the
model.

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 41

Traditional Process VS BIM
Stakeholders are encouraged to designate personnel responsible for addressing queries
related to the BIM process, including coordination issues and site construction tracking
procedures.

Key Personnel in BIM Process: Roles and Responsibilities

As already stated, each project is unique and there is no standard procedure for defining every
parameter of the process. Even the roles and responsibilities of each there are several key
personnel in the BIM Workflow and their roles are given below. However, the same may be
amended as per the individual project requirements.

Project Owner/Client:
• Define project requirements and objectives.

• Approve BIM deliverables.

• Review and provide feedback on BIM models.

• Manage project budget and schedule.

• Ensure compliance with building codes and regulations.

Architect:
• Develop conceptual and detailed design models.

• Create construction documents and specifications.

• Coordinate with other design disciplines.

• Conduct design reviews and ensure design quality.

• Address design issues and respond to requests for information (RFIs).

Structural Engineer:
• Develop structural analysis and design models.

• Design structural components (e.g., beams, columns, slabs, foundations).

• Ensure structural integrity and compliance with building codes.

• Coordinate with architects and other engineers.

• Prepare structural shop drawings and specifications.

• Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Engineer:

• Design mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems.

• Coordinate with architects and structural engineers.

• Prepare MEP shop drawings and specifications.

• Conduct energy modelling and analysis.

• Ensure compliance with building codes and regulations.

42 3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD

BIM Manager:
• Develop and implement the BIM execution plan (BEP).

• Coordinate BIM activities among project stakeholders.

• Train and support the project team on BIM software.

• Resolve BIM conflicts and issues.

• Manage BIM data and models.

BIM Coordinator:
• Assist the BIM manager in implementing the BEP.

• Coordinate BIM data exchange and collaboration.

• Conduct BIM quality checks and audits.

• Prepare BIM reports and documentation.

• Maintain BIM library and standards.

• Construction Contractor:

• Interpret BIM models and drawings for construction purposes.

• Develop construction plans and schedules.

• Coordinate with subcontractors and suppliers.

• Manage construction activities and resources.

• Ensure quality control and safety compliance.

BIM Facilitator:
• Facilitate communication and collaboration among project stakeholders.

• Organize BIM meetings, workshops, training, and support.

• Develop BIM standards and guidelines.

3. BIM & Digital Initiatives at CPWD 43

4. CPWD’s BIM Implementation Framework:
Central Public Works Department (CPWD) is committed to adopting the most advanced
Model Authoring and processing tools for the seamless implementation of Building Information
Modelling across all its projects nationwide. A critical benchmark for evaluating the authoring
platform revolves around the ease of information flow and interoperability with other pertinent
platforms.

Authoring Platform Evaluation:

Objective: Identify and deploy the most effective Model Authoring and processing tools for
BIM projects.
Assess the ease of information flow and interoperability with associated platforms. Data
storage will be carried out in the CPWD ERP system, and an authoring tool will be required
to develop 3D models for each discipline, i.e., Architecture, Structure, and MEP. In the AEC
industry, the widely adopted authoring tool is Autodesk Revit, which supports all disciplines.
Key Criterion: Assess the ease of information flow and interoperability with associated
platforms.

Information Exchanges (IE):

Definition: Information Exchanges involve the submission of data from an information
authoring party to the receiving party, emphasizing information processing and interoperability.
Objective: Ensure that downstream processes receive data containing the requisite information
for successful execution.
Collaborative Definition: Stakeholders responsible for BIM applications at each project stage
work together to define information exchange procedures and data requirements. CPWD has
established a collaboration platform in house, i.e., the ERP system, where collaboration, 4D,
and 5D aspects are seamlessly managed.

Collaborative Process:
Procedure: Collaboratively define information exchange procedures and data requirements
for each project stage.
Stakeholder Engagement: Active involvement of relevant stakeholders responsible for
executing identified BIM uses.
Outcome: Identification of minimum content requirements for each resulting information
exchange based on the collaborative efforts of stakeholders.

Information Flow and Model Sharing Procedures:

In order to facilitate seamless collaboration, data sharing, viewing, commenting, coordination,
and communication for all projects, the Collaboration and Estimation tool of the ERP system
will be employed. This tool serves as a central hub for project-related activities, ensuring
effective engagement with stakeholders at various stages of project development.
Utilization of ERP Collaboration and Estimation Tool:
The ERP Collaboration and Estimation tool will be the primary platform for key project
interactions, including data sharing, viewing, commenting, coordination, and communication.
This ensures a centralized and efficient approach to manage project information.

44 4. CPWD’s BIM Implementation Framework:

Methodology for Stakeholder Understanding:
To provide stakeholders with a comprehensive understanding of project deliverables and the
anticipated stages of deliverable completion, a clear methodology will be outlined. This will
include a transparent presentation of project deliverables and their corresponding timelines.

Internal Communication via ERP:

The established method for internal communication among stakeholders is the ERP system.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for internal communication have been previously
issued, ensuring consistency and clarity in information exchange.

Default Spaces and Stakeholder Access:

Default spaces within the collaboration system have been pre-established for each stakeholder,
streamlining access to relevant project information. In the event of new members or consultants
joining the project, dedicated spaces will be created for them, with access granted by the
Project-in-charge.

Individual Workspaces and Coordination:

Stakeholders will be assigned individual workspaces within the collaboration tool, allowing
them to work on the project model independently. Optionally, a separate space may be created
for coordination purposes, or coordination activities can be conducted within the space of the
Project-in-charge (PIC). This flexibility ensures efficient collaboration tailored to the needs of
the project team.
In the BIM modelling strategy, the 3D BIM model serves a dual purpose: clash detection and
coordination for identifying design issues. Any issues detected are communicated to respective
consultants, and resolutions are updated in the model. Additionally, the model adheres to 4D
and 5D BIM guidelines, ensuring its compatibility with downstream processes.
Transmission of data between various tools and formats is integral. Ensuring a seamless
process requires the modelling team to take precautions, facilitating smooth data transfer
without loss between different stages and applications.

Coordinate System Requirements:

A standardized three-dimensional (XYZ) coordinate system is mandated for all BIM data to
ensure seamless model federation without the need for additional relocation or conversion
activities during 3D coordination. The specified coordinate system, detailed in the project’s
BIM Execution Plan (BEP), includes information on the project datum, height datum, project
location (latitude and longitude), and model positioning points such as Project Base Point and
Survey Point.

Units and Measurement Consistency:

Consistent units and measurements across CPWD project files are crucial. The default project
units are set to millimetres with two decimal places to maintain accuracy. Different drawing
types, such as site layout drawings, adhere to specific unit and measurement protocols. The
conversion between Imperial and Metric units is strictly prohibited to ensure consistent and
conventional measurements.

4. CPWD’s BIM Implementation Framework: 45

5. Standards to maintain for
adoption of 3D BIM Modelling
Architectural Standards:
Wall modelling includes considerations for construction elements, layer thickness, proper
connections, and accurate representation of construction and expansion joints.
Columns are modelled with attention to structural and decorative aspects, accounting for
material and layer thickness.
Floors, ceilings, and roofs are modelled separately with precise attributes such as finishes,
thickness, and material.

Structural Standards:
Structural framing elements like beams and columns are modelled with consideration for their
dimensions and locations.
Floors and foundations are modelled to represent construction and expansion joints accurately.

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Standards:

MEP equipment, ducts, pipes, cable trays, lighting fixtures, and other elements are modelled
based on manufacturer specifications and system requirements.
Special attention is given to clearance parameters, proper elevation settings, and accurate
representation of plumbing systems.

Model Breakdown Strategy:

To ensure an efficient and workable model, a model breakdown strategy is implemented,
combining linked files and work sets. The model is categorized into four main types:

Grids and Levels Model:

Limited to grids and levels, serving as a reference for the project’s base point and extent.
All other models derive their grids and levels from this model.

Ghost Model:
Aggregates all DWG files for linking within Base Models to prevent data pollution.

Base Model:
Primary 3D modelling space divided into linked files based on project zones and corresponding
levels.

XRef Model:
Created to consolidate multiple linked models, streamlining the linking process for specific
disciplines.

Model Description Document (MDD):

Each model submission must include an MDD detailing its contents, major revisions, purpose,
and limitations. This document provides clarity and context for model interpretation.

46 5. Standards to maintain for adoption of 3D BIM Modelling

Permission and Access:
Model access is tailored based on stakeholders, disciplines, and changes. The Project In-
Charge can provide access to various stake holders as per the need of project and involvement
of various disciplines. Authority to modify the model and view the model will be governed by
the Project In-Charge while adding the users in various spaces as per their role according to
BEP.

Drawing Standards:
1. Basics:
Standardized paper size, scale, and drawing sheet templates.
Clear title block information and drawing status.

2. Annotations and Units:

Consistent annotation standards and uniform units.
Standardized dimensions, revisions, and holds.

3. File Management:
Organized file storage and naming conventions.
Proper layer naming and geo-referencing.

4. Project Specifics:
Adherence to project grid and drawing composition guidelines.
Proper handling of references (Xrefs).

Additional Standards:
Drawings contain design information relevant to their intended use.
Emphasis on minimum detailing for efficiency.
Logical organization of a minimal number of drawings.
Avoidance of view duplication to maintain drawing integrity during design iterations.

Design to Fabrication Workflow:

In navigating a seamless journey from design to fabrication, a key consideration lies in
discerning the boundaries of Modelling and strategically incorporating detailing. This strategic
approach aims to maximize project benefits while minimizing drafting efforts.

Detail Level Balance:

Striking the right balance is crucial. Insufficient detail hampers usability, while excessive detail
burdens efficiency.

BIM Execution Plan Guideline:

Clearly defined in the Project BIM Execution Plan is the transition point from 3D geometry to
2D detailing, ensuring a well-planned progression.

5. Standards to maintain for adoption of 3D BIM Modelling 47

Intelligent 2D Linework:
Elevating views, intelligent 2D linework is integrated to complement geometry, adding richness
without taxing hardware. Its application extends beyond detailed and fabrication-focused
elements.

Detailing Excellence:
Employing detailing and enhancement techniques becomes imperative. This preserves model
integrity while simplifying complexity where feasible.

Precision in 3D Modelling:
The core of the workflow involves 3D modelling at a meticulous 1:50 accuracy. Additional
details are judiciously layered over time, contributing to a comprehensive and refined outcome.

Text Standards and Annotation Guidelines:

Text Style:
In the absence of predefined text standards, utilize Arial Narrow with the font file Arialn.ttf.

Consistent Appearance:
Ensure uniformity in text appearance throughout the drawing set.

Legibility and Clarity:

Annotations must be legible, clear, and concise, even when drawings are plotted at reduced
sizes.

Arrowhead Style:
Opt for dot-style arrowheads over closed filled arrowheads for calling up hatched/shaded
areas.

Avoiding Overlaps:
Prevent text overlap with critical model components, prioritizing the legibility of both annotations
and drawings.

View Templates for Standardization:

Maximize the use of View Templates to enhance standardization, minimizing Manual effort
and reducing errors.

48 5. Standards to maintain for adoption of 3D BIM Modelling

Dimensioning
Although all the dimensioning standards cannot be defined at the initial stage of the project
and will evolve slowly through the execution. There are certain standards which should be
ensured and provide a standardization to the dimensioning from which the generation has
to be started. Default dimension styles should be provided for the consistent appearance of
dimensions across all project documentation. Following are a few standards that has to be
followed in projects undertaken by CPWD, but not limited to.
• Where practical, all dimensioning shall be created using relevant software dimensioning
tools. The dimension text shall not be exploded or overridden, but can be appended, e.g.
“1200 (Typ.)”.
• Where practical avoid duplicate dimensioning either within a drawing or within a set of
drawings.
• Where practical, dimension lines shall not be broken and shall not cross other dimension
lines.
• In general, dimensions shall be placed on a drawing so they may be read from the bottom
or right-hand side of the drawing.
• In general, dimension text shall be placed above the dimension line and shall be clear of
other lines so that they are legible.
• In general, dimension styles shall adopt standard engineering style dimensioning using:
• Closed filled 3:1 / 20° arrow head for unconfirmed dimensions
• 45° diagonal tick/slash for confirmed dimensions
• Default dimension styles shall not be overridden.
• Effort should be made that the dimensions are legible and minimum overlapping with the
model components are seen, before finalizing the drawing.

Clash Detection & Coordination Process:

Efficient clash detection and coordination are pivotal advantages of the BIM process. Each
discipline is accountable for internal and cross-discipline model coordination, resolving major
issues before federating models and initiating clash detection.
The process entails initial clash detection using IFC inputs in the first BIM model deliverable.
Regular clash runs are conducted before significant design milestones and at fixed intervals
for utilities. A Comprehensive Clash Detection report is prepared, documenting the clash
detection strategy. This report includes clash results communicated to the project team, along
with comments, screenshots, and annotated drawings.
The project team collaboratively addresses conflicts, leading to model updates and verification
of clash resolutions. The Clash Detection Matrix serves as a key tool for effective project
coordination.
Reporting involves sharing the first Comprehensive Clash Detection report after completing
Architectural, Structural, MEPF, and Interiors Models. Post-conflict resolution, a coordination
model is generated.
As described, the first level clash detection would happen through the IFC inputs and the aim
would be to coordinate all the disciplines and provide an integrated model from the IFC inputs.

5. Standards to maintain for adoption of 3D BIM Modelling 49

Process
After the model is coordinated, regular design coordination meeting every 7 days would ensure
that there are no new clashes in the model due to any new inputs.

In order to ensure the BIMs are coordinated properly the project team disciplines will perform
clash detection against each other’s models. This will minimize and hopefully eliminate the
risk of uncoordinated information reaching site provided the team adhere to the proposed
process. It will also help to highlight and resolve problems that are overlooked in the day-to-
day coordination of models.

Clash detection can be a time-consuming process, especially if one tries to eliminate every
possible clash so it is important to set up rules relating to the process. It is also imperative that
each discipline coordinates their design with respect to other disciplines and elements are
drawn in the correct 3D space to avoid unnecessary clashing and re-modelling work.

Clash detection will therefore be performed for all major building elements using appropriate
software.

Clash Detection Categories:

Three categories—hard, self, and clearance—define clash detection. ‘Hard’ checks involve
geometries between disciplines, ‘clearance’ checks address soft clashes when specific
elements aren’t modelled, and ‘self’ checks focus on single disciplines during Construction
Documentation to avoid duplication.

Strategy:
A shared understanding of genuine clashes needing resolution is crucial. Models from
different trades are merged for coordinated identification and resolution of issues in a virtual
environment, minimizing on-site and construction-related costs.

Model Accuracy & Tolerance:

Models are drawn at 1:1 scale with consistent units and measurements across disciplines,
aligning with project standards. Clash detection setup tolerances range from zero to a
maximum of 5mm, detailed in the Appendices with Subcontractor completion.

Resolution Process:
After initial IFC input coordination, clash detection runs periodically with new inputs. Weekly
coordination meetings address and resolve issues, repeating the process to ensure a clash-
free model at each stage.

50 5. Standards to maintain for adoption of 3D BIM Modelling

6. CPWD’s Future Approach to 4D
Modelling Standards:
CPWD will follow straightforward rules in creating digital models. Each part, like walls or
windows, will be kept separate and easy to understand. It will be akin to building with digital
blocks. The team will ensure that every detail, no matter how small, has a name and material.
It will be a bit like organizing a digital puzzle. The model will be divided into different sections,
making everything clear and tidy. If something isn’t needed, it will be removed to keep things
neat. This way, the digital construction will resemble a well-organized Lego set, ensuring
everything fits together just right.

Model Property list

3D Properties Name Description / Example
ID Object id
Object Type Piles, Pile cap, Pier, Segment, Slab, Wall, foundation etc.
Helps to identify individual component such as Embankment Top, Subgrade
Level
top, GSB Top, DLC Top, PQC Top etc.
Chainage 101.135 to 101.635
Package Package I, Package 2, Package 3 etc.
Volume Volume in m3
Top Surface Area of layers as specified in drawings or as calculated by the
Surface Area
modeler.
Thickness Thickness of layer as specified in drawings
Length Length of layer as specified in drawings
Material Name M35 Precast concrete, M 50 cast-in situ etc.
Material ID Material ID shall describe brief specification of material name.
Family Name Family name should be identifiable Ex: Dry Lean Concrete

Model Quality Assurance Protocols

The Project Lead, Coordinators, and BIM modelers are the quality team in charge of BIM
processes. They ensure models align with design inputs through continuous checks. Specific
measures in the 3D BIM models, detailed in a table below, cover quality control, accuracy,
and tolerances. Regular visual checks, integrity assessments, and BIM standards audits are
standard practices for maintaining quality.

Quality Control Measures for BIM Models

Check Definition Project Stage Frequency
Visual check See that there are no unintended model Detailed Design Ongoing
components and the design intent has been
followed and design comprehends to the design
inputs.
Interference Detect problems in the disciplines model where Detailed Design Fortnightly,
check two components are clashing including soft and prior to
hard. Also, verify clash free model whenever any information
new design inputs are received. exchange

6. CPWD’s Future Approach to 4D Modelling Standards: 51

 Model Ensure integrity of the model aligns with BIM Detailed Design Fortnightly
integrity Uses and client’s BIM specific modelling and
checks documentation requirements and standards, as
set out in Model Standards.
Design Review that the ongoing development of the Detailed Design/ Monthly
review model is aligned with the client objectives. Execution

Time Management (4D)

The 4th dimension refers to adding time to the 3D, often called 4D modelling or model-based
scheduling. This is done by linking objects from the 3D model, to a task in the construction
schedule, using a 4D scheduling tool like Vico Office, Synchro or Navisworks. As part of ERP,
Collaboration, Estimation and Scheduling Tool should be utilised for Time management. This
approach is changing how complex projects are planned, making it possible to visualize the
whole construction project or just some phases of it, and see who timing of tasks affect the
workflow. This includes comparison of planned versus actual schedules; time-based clashes,
such as verifying the planned sequence towards constrained activities (i.e. demolition,
permanent construction and temporary construction), site utilization planning and more.
A 4D model can be used at all stages of the project. During the conceptual design, it can be
used to discuss site logistics. During the construction phase it can be used to validate costs
of completed work, demonstrate work to owners, provide health and safety instructions and
justify subcontractor billings to the owner for completed work. Once a 4D schedule is setup, it
requires little work to maintain and update.
The fourth dimension, also known as model-based scheduling or 4D modelling, is the addition
of time to the 3D. This is accomplished by utilizing a 4D scheduling program such as Vico
Office, Synchro, or Navisworks to link elements from the 3D model to a task in the building
schedule. Time management should be facilitated by the use of collaboration, estimation, and
scheduling tools included in ERP. This method is altering the way complicated projects are
scheduled, enabling the visualization of the entire construction project or just specific phases,
and determining how the sequencing of tasks impacts the overall workflow. This covers a
range of topics, such as comparing the planned and actual schedules, resolving time-based
conflicts, confirming the intended order for operations with constraints (such as demolition,
permanent construction, and temporary construction), and organizing the use of the site.
At any point during the project, a 4D model can be utilized. Site logistics can be discussed
using it throughout the conceptual design phase. It can be used to verify completed work
prices, show owners what has been done, give health and safety guidelines, and support
subcontractor billings to the owner for finished work during the building phase. A 4D timetable
is easy to maintain and update once it is set up.

Cost Estimation 5D
5D modelling or model-based estimating is the 4D model in addition to cost information. A
model-based schedule or 4D schedule is associated with information on cost, which allows
the owner to know the exact amount the contractor should be billing at a given time. Over the
past years the method has been redefined, where the 5D estimations is done in the form of a
take-off, where the model is used to extract quantities of materials and associate costs with
those materials for estimating purposes.
Facility of Take off for different material is available in the Collaboration platform where all the
relevant DSR items have been made part of the Information System.

52 6. CPWD’s Future Approach to 4D Modelling Standards:

It should be noted that the model cannot provide accurate estimates until LOD has been
properly defined. Experienced personnel in both technology and in cost estimation are required
to achieve success in applying the 5th dimension.
Collaboration and Estimation Tool of ERP is a unique customised application for collaboration
of all stakeholders along with quantity take-off and scheduling capabilities.

Facility Management Integration: (6D)

The primary objective of implementing BIM for CPWD projects is effective Operations and
Maintenance. A streamlined process gathers information through material submittals and
specifications, embedding it into the BIM model as custom parameters. ERP Platform has the
provision of creating and maintain the asset register. With the use of BIM model, the asset
register of ERP can be further enhanced with an information rich model.
The project will have to divided into specific areas and zones for better asset identification
and management. Extracted parameters form asset registers, such as COBie sheets, aiding
CPWD’s Facility Management.

7D BIM
Integrating 7D BIM into CPWD’s projects will enhance sustainability by adding crucial data on
environmental impact and resource efficiency. This addition, with carefully defined parameters,
will ensure informed decision-making and align projects with eco-friendly practices.
Simultaneously, the adoption of 8D BIM in CPWD’s upcoming projects will improve project
safety by integrating health and safety information. This includes detailed risk assessments,
safety measures, and well-being considerations. Defining specific information parameters will
be key to ensuring a safer working environment, reducing risks, and ensuring compliance with
health and safety standards. CPWD’s adoption of 8D BIM will contribute to the overall success
and sustainability of their projects.

Asset Register Creation:

Asset registers assist in Facilities Management processes, creating a structured asset
database for operation and maintenance. These registers help in specialist subcontractor
contracts, spare parts determination, and maintenance planning. The BIM model generates
an initial Excel sheet for asset registers, modified and maintained by the client FM team. It
supports planned and reactive maintenance, human resource strategy, cost monitoring, and
asset renewal.

Asset Register Template:

Deciding parameters for BIM models and extracting them for asset registers is crucial. The
template includes Asset Code, Asset Description, Drawing Reference, Sub-Assets, Quantity,
Contractor/Subcontractor, Asset Location, Manufacturer Details, and DLP. Information is
progressively embedded in the model, focusing on essential components. Zone and level
divisions define each asset’s location.

Asset Code Structure:

The Asset Code is a unique identifier for each asset, ensuring accurate history throughout the
project’s life cycle. The code structure is organized, providing maximum information. Each
asset code is unique, preventing reuse to maintain accuracy in asset history.

6. CPWD’s Future Approach to 4D Modelling Standards: 53

7. Digital Twin
Digital twin is a term that refers to the digital representation of a physical object, system, or
process. It is a way of creating a virtual model that mirrors the real-world counterpart in terms
of structure, behaviour, and performance. Digital twin technology enables the simulation,
analysis, and optimization of complex systems and processes, as well as the integration of
data from multiple sources, such as sensors, IoT devices, and cloud services.

Digital twin technology has many benefits for various industries and domains, such as
manufacturing, construction, architecture, engineering, and design. It can help improve product
quality, reduce costs, enhance efficiency, accelerate innovation, and support sustainability.
Some of the applications of digital twin technology include product development, lifecycle
management, predictive maintenance, asset management, and smart cities.

Nowadays, various companies have brought in various innovations and are offering ground
breaking options in the field of digital twin technology and are offering a range of solutions
and services that helps to create, manage, and use digital twins such as, Autodesk, Aveva,
Dassault System etc.

Digital Twin Concept and Benefits

Digital Twin was popularized by NASA in the 2000s, when it used digital twins to monitor and
control spacecraft and rovers. NASA’s digital twins were able to simulate the physical and
operational conditions of the space vehicles, as well as the interactions with the environment
and the human operators. NASA’s digital twins helped to ensure the safety, reliability, and
performance of the space missions, as well as to troubleshoot and resolve issues remotely.

Digital twin technology has many benefits for different stakeholders, such as product
developers, manufacturers, operators, and end-users. Some of the benefits are:

Improved product quality: Digital twin technology can help to design and test products in a
virtual environment, reducing the need for physical prototypes and experiments. This can help
to improve the accuracy, reliability, and functionality of the products, as well as to identify and
eliminate defects and errors early in the development process.

Reduced costs: Digital twin technology can help to optimize the use of resources, such as
materials, energy, and time, in the production and operation of products. This can help to
reduce the costs of manufacturing, maintenance, and repair, as well as to extend the lifespan
and value of the products.

Enhanced efficiency: Digital twin technology can help to streamline and automate the
workflows and processes involved in the creation and management of products. This can help
to increase the productivity, speed, and flexibility of the product lifecycle, as well as to reduce
the risks and uncertainties.

Accelerated innovation: Digital twin technology can help to foster creativity and collaboration
among the product stakeholders, such as designers, engineers, and customers. This can help
to generate new ideas, solutions, and features for the products, as well as to customize and
personalize the products according to the customer needs and preferences.

54 7. Digital Twin
Supported sustainability: Digital twin technology can help to monitor and improve the
environmental and social impacts of the products, such as the carbon footprint, energy
consumption, and waste generation. This can help to enhance the sustainability and circularity
of the products, as well as to comply with the regulatory and ethical standards.

Digital Twin Applications

Digital twin technology has many applications in various industries and domains, such as
manufacturing, construction, architecture, engineering, and design. Some of the examples of
digital twin applications are:

Product development: Digital twin technology can help to create and test products in a virtual
environment, using 3D modelling, simulation, and analysis tools. This can help to improve the
design and performance of the products, as well as to reduce the time and cost of development.
For instance, digital twin technology can help to design and optimize the aerodynamics, fuel
efficiency, and safety of a car, or the functionality, durability, and aesthetics of a smartphone.

Lifecycle management: Digital twin technology can help to manage and optimize the entire
lifecycle of a product, from conception to disposal, using data from sensors, IoT devices, and
cloud services. This can help to monitor and control the product’s condition, performance, and
usage, as well as to predict and prevent failures, anomalies, and risks. For example, digital
twin technology can help to track and optimize the maintenance, repair, and operation of a jet
engine, or the energy consumption, comfort, and security of a smart home.

Predictive maintenance: Digital twin technology can help to anticipate and prevent the
breakdowns and malfunctions of a product, using data analytics, machine learning, and
artificial intelligence. This can help to improve the reliability and availability of the product, as
well as to reduce the downtime and cost of maintenance. For instance, digital twin technology
can help to detect and diagnose the faults and errors of a wind turbine, or the wear and tear
of a conveyor belt.

Asset management: Digital twin technology can help to optimize the utilization and value of
a product, using data visualization, optimization, and decision support tools. This can help
to improve the efficiency and profitability of the product, as well as to enhance the customer
satisfaction and loyalty. For example, digital twin technology can help to manage and allocate
the inventory, capacity, and demand of a warehouse, or the traffic, parking, and mobility of a
smart city.

Smart cities: Digital twin technology can help to create and manage smart cities, using data
from sensors, IoT devices, and cloud services. This can help to improve the quality of life,
safety, and resilience of the city, as well as to support the urban planning and development.
For example, digital twin technology can help to monitor and optimize the energy, water, and
waste management of a city, or the health, education, and social services of a city.

7. Digital Twin 55
8. Extended Reality: A New Way of
Design Review and Collaboration
Extended reality (XR), encompassing augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed
reality (MR), is transforming the construction industry by offering a full spectrum of immersive
experiences. From modelling and design to execution and maintenance, XR provides a
dynamic platform for visualizing, planning, and implementing construction projects.

Workshop XR by Autodesk, Wild, Prospect, etc. for example, is an immersive design review
workspace specifically designed for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) teams.
It allows project teams to naturally inspect and scrutinize 3D models, and problem-solve
together in real-time. This technology promotes collaboration and enhances understanding
among project members, leading to more efficient and effective construction processes.

One concrete example of how Workshop XR is used in the construction industry is its application
in collaborative project execution. For instance, during a workshop on the SKETS campus,
Autodesk introduced Workshop XR as a groundbreaking XR-based technology. This platform,
demonstrated remarkable efficacy in collaborative project execution, empowering architects,
designers, and engineers to explore, automate, and review construction projects.

What problems does Extended reality help to address?

The AEC industry faces many challenges in the design and construction process, such as
complex workflows, misalignment, design issues, rework costs, and remote collaboration
challenges. XR aims to solve these problems by providing a platform that enables:

Complex workflows and misalignment: XR simplifies the workflows and aligns the project
team. This allows for easy access to the latest files, issues, and team members.

Design issues and rework costs: XR helps to identify and resolve design issues early in the
process by allowing the project team to inspect and scrutinize 3D models in a realistic and
immersive environment. XR also enables quality control and planning by creating training
scenarios that help operators prepare for maintenance and operations. This reduces the risk
of errors and rework costs. With XR, you can improve the design quality and efficiency and
avoid costly mistakes and delays.

Remote collaboration challenges: XR facilitates remote collaboration by allowing the project

team to join the same immersive workspace from anywhere in the world.

What are the benefits of XR?

XR offers many benefits for the AEC industry, such as:

Improved design quality and efficiency: XR allows the project team to review and validate
design decisions in a realistic and immersive environment. XR also helps to detect and resolve
design issues early in the process, reducing the need for rework and delays. XR also provides
feedback and insights that can help the project team optimize the design and performance
of the project. With XR, you can achieve better design outcomes and save time and money.

56 8. Extended Reality: A New Way of Design Review and Collaboration

Enhanced collaboration and communication: XR enables the project team to collaborate and
communicate effectively in a dynamic and interactive workspace

Reduced costs and risks: XR helps to reduce costs and risks by minimizing errors and rework,
improving quality control and planning, and creating training scenarios. XR also reduces the
need for physical mock-ups and site visits, which can be expensive and time-consuming. With
XR, you can reduce the costs and risks associated with the design and construction process
and increase the return on investment.

8. Extended Reality: A New Way of Design Review and Collaboration 57

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities
Various BIM roles as globally experienced with BIM for better and smooth functioning of any
organisation, who have implemented BIM to give most qualitative and productive output are
mentioned here.

1. Head - BIM & Digital

2. Manager/ Lead - BIM (Project Strategy)
3. Manager/ Lead - BIM (Design)
4. Manager/ Lead - BIM (Construction)
5. Manager/ Lead - BIM (Operations)
6. Coordinator - BIM - Project Strategy
7. Coordinator - BIM - CDE Strategy
8. Coordinator - BIM - Smart Contracts
9. Coordinator - BIM – Partnership Strategy
10. Coordinator - BIM - ROl Documentation
11. Coordinator - BIM – Training Strategy
12. Coordinator - BIM - Architecture & Landscape
13. Coordinator - BIM - Structural & Formwork
14. Coordinator - BIM - MEPF
15. Coordinator - BIM - Clash Detection & Resolution
16. Coordinator - BIM - Interior Design
17. Coordinator - BIM - Experience Centre
18. Coordinator - BIM - Time Planning & Monitoring
19. Coordinator - BIM - Cost Planning & Monitoring
20. Coordinator - BIM – Hybrid Detailing
21. Coordinator - BIM - Procurement & Logistics Planning
22. Coordinator - BIM - Reality Capture
23. Coordinator - BIM - Safety & Risk Area
24. Coordinator - BIM - Digital Twin Strategy
25. Coordinator - BIM – Sustainability
26. Coordinator - BIM - Building Automation
27. Coordinator - BIM - Asset Operation
28. Coordinator - BIM - Scanner Deployment
29. Coordinator - BIM – GeoBIM Strategy

58 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

 HEAD BIM
&
DIGITAL

MANAGER - MANAGER -
MANAGER - MANAGER -
BIM for BIM for
BIM PROJECTS BIM for DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR
- BIM FOR
- PROJECT - MODULAR - SCANNER
ARCHITECTURE &
STATEGY CONSTRUCTION DEPLOYMENT
LANDSCAPE

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR - - BIM FOR - BIM FOR TIME
- DIGITAL TWIN
BIM TRAININGS STRCUTURAL & PLANNING &
STRATEGY
FORM WORK MONITORING

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR - COORDINATOR -
- BIM - DRONE
BIM FOR MEPF SUSTAINABILITY
PARTNERSHIPS DEPLOYMENT

COORDINATOR - COORDINATOR
COORDINATOR - COORDINATOR -
SAFETY AND RISK - BUILDING
CDE PLATFORM INTERIOR DESIGN
AREA AUTOMATION

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR

COORDINATOR
- SMART - CLASH - BIM COST
- ASSET
CONTRACTS DETECTION & PLANNING &
OPERATION
RESOLUTION MONITORING

COORDINATOR COORDINATOR -
CCOORDINATOR COORDINATOR
- ROI PROCUREMENT
- BIM FOR GEOBIM
DOCUMENTATION AND LOGISTICS
EXPERIENCE STRATEGY
PLANNING

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 59

The jobwise detailed roles are:

1. Head – BIM & Digital.

The Head for BIM & Digital Strategy for CPWD can be a Special Director General Level
Officer who reports to the Director General CPWD. The Head of BIM & Digital role involves
leading and overseeing the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and digital
strategies across all phases of large-scale projects. This position is critical for ensuring that
the organization adheres to industry standards and IS Codes while driving innovation and
efficiency in project execution. His key responsibilities are :- Key Responsibilities

Ä Leadership and Management:

• Provide visionary leadership and strategic direction for the BIM & Digital team.

• Build and manage a high-performing team that fosters innovation and excellence.

Ä BIM Strategy Development:

• Develop and implement comprehensive BIM strategies that align with the organization’s
goals and project objectives.

• Ensure BIM practices are integrated into the project lifecycle, from concept to completion.

Ä Digital Transformation:

• Lead the organization’s digital transformation efforts, incorporating the latest technologies
to improve efficiency and quality.

• Drive the adoption of digital tools and platforms to enhance project delivery and
stakeholder engagement.

Ä Standards and Compliance:

• Establish and maintain BIM standards and best practices in line with IS Codes.

• Ensure compliance with legal, regulatory, and contractual requirements.

Ä Interdisciplinary Coordination:

• Facilitate seamless collaboration between architectural, engineering, and construction

disciplines.

• Oversee interdisciplinary coordination to achieve integrated project delivery.

Ä Design and Construction Optimization:

• Collaborate with project teams to optimize design and construction processes using
BIM.

• Promote value engineering and innovative solutions to enhance project outcomes.

Ä Visualization and Communication:

• Coordinate the creation of high-quality visualizations and presentations to effectively

communicate design concepts.

• Engage stakeholders with compelling narratives and data-driven insights.

60 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

Ä Training and Development:

• Implement training programs to enhance the skills and knowledge of BIM professionals
within the organization.

• Foster a culture of continuous learning and professional development.

Ä Stakeholder Engagement:

• Build strong relationships with internal and external stakeholders, including clients,
contractors, and government agencies.

• Represent the organization in industry forums and events.

Ä Innovation and Continuous Improvement:

• Stay abreast of emerging trends, technologies, and best practices in BIM and digital
construction.

• Lead initiatives for continuous improvement and innovation in project delivery.

2. Manager/Lead – BIM for Projects.

Enabling end to end BIM and Digital Implementation for projects, medium to large scale with
strict adherence to cost, quality and safety standards.

a. BIM Leadership: Provide leadership and guidance to the BIM team, ensuring adherence
to BIM standards and best practices.

b. BIM Standards Development: Develop and maintain BIM standards, protocols, and
procedures in alignment with industry standards and project requirements.

c. BIM Implementation: Oversee the implementation of BIM processes and technologies on

projects, collaborating with project teams to ensure successful integration.

d. Model Management: Manage the creation, organization, and maintenance of BIM models
throughout the project lifecycle, ensuring accuracy and consistency.

e. Quality Control: Conduct regular quality control checks on BIM models to ensure compliance
with standards and project requirements.

f. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on BIM tools,
workflows, and best practices.

g. Coordination and Collaboration: Facilitate interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration

using BIM, promoting integrated project delivery.

h. BIM Software Management: Evaluate, implement, and manage BIM software tools and
technologies to support project requirements.

i. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain comprehensive documentation and reporting on

BIM processes, standards, and project-specific workflows.

j. Emerging Trends: Stay informed about industry trends, emerging technologies, and best
practices related to BIM, and implement relevant advancements into our processes.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 61

3. Manager/ Lead – BIM for Design
Enabling end to end BIM and Digital Implementation for design phase of projects, medium to
large scale with strict adherence to BIM Standards such as IS Codes.

a. Design Leadership: Provide design-focused leadership and guidance to the BIM team,
fostering a culture of innovation and excellence in design.

b. BIM Strategy: Develop and implement BIM strategies tailored to the design phase of
projects, aligning with project goals and design objectives.

c. Design Optimization: Collaborate with design teams to optimize design workflows and
processes using BIM tools and technologies, enhancing design efficiency and quality.

d. Visualization and Presentation: Coordinate for compelling visualizations and presentations

using BIM models to communicate design concepts and ideas effectively.

e. Interdisciplinary Coordination: Facilitate interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration

during the design phase, ensuring seamless integration of architectural, structural, and
MEP systems.

f. Design Reviews: Conduct design reviews and analysis using BIM models to identify design
issues, opportunities for optimization, and value engineering solutions.

g. BIM Standards Development: Develop and maintain BIM standards and best practices
specific to the design phase, ensuring consistency and quality across projects.

h. Training and Support: Provide training and support to design teams on BIM tools, workflows,
and best practices, fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement.

i. Stay Current: Stay abreast of emerging trends, technologies, and best practices in design
and BIM, and incorporate relevant advancements into our design processes.

4. Manager/ Lead – BIM for Construction.

Enabling end to end BIM and Digital Implementation for construction phase of projects, medium
to large scale with strict adherence to BIM Standards such as IS Codes.

a. Construction Leadership: Provide construction-focused leadership and guidance to the

BIM team, ensuring alignment with project goals and construction objectives.

b. BIM Strategy: Develop and implement BIM strategies tailored to the construction phase of
projects, optimizing construction workflows and processes.

c. Construction Sequencing: Utilize BIM models to develop and visualize construction

sequences, phasing plans, and logistics strategies, enhancing construction planning and
coordination.

d. Clash Detection and Coordination: Conduct clash detection analysis and coordination
meetings using BIM models to identify and resolve conflicts, minimizing construction
rework and delays.

e. Quantity Take-off and Estimating: Use BIM models for accurate quantity take-off and
estimating, facilitating cost analysis, and budgeting during the construction phase.

62 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

f. Construction Documentation: Manage the creation and maintenance of construction
documentation (e.g., 4D construction schedules, construction drawings) using BIM
software tools.

g. Field BIM Implementation: Implement field BIM technologies and workflows to support
construction activities, including field verification, progress tracking, and quality control.

h. VDC Simulations: Developing BIM simulations for procurement and logistics planning,
safety and risk simulation.

i. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Facilitate interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration

during the construction phase, ensuring seamless integration of architectural, structural,
and MEP systems.

j. BIM Standards Development: Develop and maintain BIM standards and best practices
specific to the construction phase, ensuring consistency and quality across projects.

k. Training and Support: Provide training and support to construction teams on BIM tools,
workflows, and best practices, promoting adoption and proficiency across the organization.

5. Manager/ Lead – BIM for Operations.

Enabling end to end BIM and Digital Implementation for operation phase of projects, medium
to large scale with strict adherence to BIM Standards such as IS Codes.

a. Operations Leadership: Provide operations-focused leadership and guidance to the BIM

team, aligning with the goals and objectives of our facility management program.

b. BIM Strategy: Develop and implement BIM strategies tailored to facility operations,
optimizing workflows and processes for maintenance, asset management, and space
planning.

c. Asset Information Management: Manage the creation, organization, and maintenance

of asset information within BIM models, ensuring accuracy and accessibility for facility
management activities.

d. Maintenance Planning and Scheduling: Use BIM models to develop maintenance plans,
schedules, and task assignments, optimizing maintenance activities and resource
allocation.

e. Predictive Maintenance: Implement predictive maintenance strategies using BIM data

analytics to anticipate equipment failures, reduce downtime, and extend asset lifecycles.

f. Space Management: Utilize BIM models for space planning, allocation, and utilization
analysis, optimizing space usage and occupancy efficiency.

g. Energy Analysis and Sustainability: Conduct energy analysis and sustainability

assessments using BIM models to identify opportunities for energy savings and carbon
footprint reduction.

h. Facility Documentation: Manage the creation and maintenance of facility documentation

(e.g., as-built drawings, equipment manuals) within BIM models, ensuring accuracy and
completeness.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 63

i. Integration with CMMS: Integrate BIM data with Computerized Maintenance Management
Systems (CMMS) for streamlined facility management workflows and data exchange.

j. Training and Support: Provide training and support to operations teams on BIM tools,
workflows, and best practices, promoting adoption and proficiency across the organization.

6. Coordinator – Project Strategy.

Developing project strategies, EIR, BEP, CDE and Soft-landing Strategies. Create templates,
roadmaps, workflows for standardizing BIM Implementation across projects.

a. BIM Strategy Development: Develop and implement BIM strategies tailored to project
requirements and objectives, aligning with overall project goals and client expectations.

b. Project Planning and Execution: Collaborate with project teams to develop BIM execution
plans (BEPs), outlining BIM requirements, processes, and deliverables for each project
phase.

c. BIM Integration: Ensure the seamless integration of BIM into project workflows, from
conceptual design through construction and facility management

d. Quality Assurance: Establish and enforce BIM standards, protocols, and best practices to
ensure the accuracy, consistency, and quality of BIM deliverables.

e. Innovation and Best Practices: Stay abreast of industry trends, emerging technologies, and
best practices related to BIM, and integrate relevant advancements into project strategies.

f. Interdisciplinary Coordination: Facilitate interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration

through the use of BIM, promoting integrated project delivery and minimizing conflicts and
rework.

g. Client Engagement: Engage with clients to understand their BIM requirements and
expectations, and tailor project strategies to meet their needs.

h. Risk Management: Identify and mitigate risks associated with BIM implementation,
ensuring compliance with contractual obligations and regulatory requirements.

i. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on BIM tools, workflows,
and best practices, fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement.

j. Performance Measurement: Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to

measure the effectiveness and impact of BIM strategies on project outcomes.

7. Coordinator – BIM Trainings.

Responsible for developing and delivering BIM training programs to support the adoption
and proficiency of BIM workflows across our organization. They will play a critical role in
empowering our teams with the skills and knowledge needed to leverage BIM effectively in
their projects.

a. Training Program Development: Develop comprehensive BIM training programs tailored

to the needs and skill levels of various teams and individuals within the organization.

b. Training Delivery: Facilitate engaging and interactive BIM training sessions, workshops,
and seminars for employees at all levels, both in-person and virtually in coordination with
service providers.

64 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

c. Content Creation: Manage and curate training materials, resources, and documentation,
including tutorials, guides, videos, and online courses, to support ongoing learning and
development.

d. Skills Assessment: Conduct skills assessments and proficiency evaluations to identify

training needs and track progress in BIM competency across the organization.

e. Continuous Improvement: Evaluate training effectiveness and gather feedback from

participants to continuously improve training programs and ensure alignment with
organizational goals and objectives.

8. Coordinator – BIM Partnerships.

Responsible for developing and managing strategic partnerships with key stakeholders in the
BIM ecosystem, including solution and service providers, industry organizations, academic
institutions, and other AEC firms. They will play a pivotal role in strengthening our network,
fostering collaboration, and driving innovation in BIM and Digital adoption.

a. Partnership Development: Identify and cultivate strategic partnerships with BIM solution
and service providers, industry organizations, academic institutions, and other relevant
stakeholders to support our BIM initiatives and goals.

b. Relationship Management: Build and maintain strong relationships with partner

organizations, serving as the primary point of contact and fostering collaboration on joint
initiatives and projects.

c. Collaboration Facilitation: Facilitate collaboration and knowledge exchange between our

organization and partner organizations, organizing meetings, workshops, and events to
share best practices, insights, and innovations in BIM implementation.

d. Resource Sharing: Coordinate the sharing of resources, tools, and expertise between
partner organizations and our team to enhance our capabilities and support mutual
objectives in BIM adoption and advancement.

e. Opportunity Identification: Identify opportunities for joint research, development, and

innovation projects with partner organizations, leveraging their expertise and resources to
drive innovation and excellence in BIM implementation.

f. Contract Negotiation: Negotiate partnership agreements, contracts, and memoranda of

understanding (MOUs) with partner organizations, ensuring alignment with organizational
goals and objectives.

9. Coordinator – CDE Platform.

Responsible for setting up and managing our CDE platform. Support project teams in utilizing
BIM data effectively throughout the project lifecycle. They will play a critical role in ensuring
data integrity, facilitating collaboration, and optimizing workflows within our organization.

a. CDE Administration: Oversee the administration of our CDE platform, including user
management, permissions control, and data organization, to ensure efficient and secure
access to project information.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 65

b. Data Management: Manage the upload, organization, and version control of BIM data
and documentation within the CDE, ensuring accuracy, consistency, and compliance with
project standards and protocols.

c. Workflow Optimization: Work closely with project teams to understand their workflows and
requirements and customize the CDE platform to optimize collaboration, communication,
and data exchange throughout the project lifecycle.

d. Quality Assurance: Conduct regular audits and checks on CDE data and documentation to
ensure compliance with BIM standards, project requirements, and industry best practices.

e. Integration with BIM Software: Coordinate the integration of our CDE platform with
BIM authoring tools, coordination software, and other project management systems to
streamline data exchange and synchronization.

f. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain documentation of CDE processes, workflows, and

configurations, and prepare regular reports on CDE usage, performance, and effectiveness
for internal stakeholders.

g. Compliance and Security: Ensure compliance with relevant data protection regulations
and industry standards for data security and privacy, implementing measures to safeguard
sensitive project information within the CDE.

10. Coordinator – Smart Contracts.

Responsible for developing, designing, implementing, and managing smart contracts (BIM
and Block-chain integration) within Building Information Modelling workflows and improve
automation, transparency, and efficiency in project delivery.

a. Smart Contract Design: Design and develop smart contracts tailored to project requirements,
defining contractual agreements and conditions within BIM workflows.

b. Blockchain Integration: Integrate smart contracts with blockchain technology to ensure

immutability, security, and transparency of contract execution and data exchange.

c. Automation and Optimization: Implement smart contracts to automate routine tasks and
processes within BIM workflows, optimizing project delivery and reducing administrative
overhead.

d. Data Management: Manage and maintain BIM data within smart contracts, ensuring
accuracy, integrity, and accessibility for project stakeholders.

e. Risk Management: Implement smart contracts to manage and mitigate project risks,
including payment terms, deliverables, and compliance with contractual obligations.

f. Interoperability: Ensure interoperability between smart contracts and BIM software tools,
facilitating seamless data exchange and integration across project phases.

g. Contract Performance Monitoring: Monitor and track the performance of smart contracts,
including key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics, to assess contract effectiveness
and compliance.

66 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

h. Stakeholder Engagement: Engage with project stakeholders to communicate the benefits
and implications of smart contracts in BIM workflows, fostering adoption and collaboration.

i. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on smart contract
implementation and use within BIM workflows, promoting proficiency and confidence in
adoption.

j. Continuous Improvement: Stay abreast of emerging trends, technologies, and best

practices in smart contracts and BIM, and identify opportunities for continuous improvement
and innovation.

11. Coordinator – ROI Documentation.

Responsible for documenting and analysing the return on investment (ROI) of our BIM
implementation efforts. Play a crucial role in quantifying the benefits of BIM adoption, identifying
areas for improvement, and optimizing our BIM workflows to maximize value delivery.

a. ROI Measurement: Develop and implement metrics and methodologies for measuring the
ROI of BIM implementation across our projects, considering factors such as time savings,
cost reductions, quality improvements, and client satisfaction.

b. Data Collection: Gather data and documentation from project teams, stakeholders,
and project management systems to track and document the impact of BIM on project
performance and outcomes.

c. Analysis and Reporting: Analyse ROI data and metrics to identify trends, patterns, and
opportunities for improvement in BIM workflows and processes, and prepare regular
reports and presentations for internal stakeholders.

d. Case Studies: Develop detailed case studies and success stories highlighting the tangible
benefits and value generated by implementing BIM in specific projects or use cases,
showcasing our organization’s expertise and leadership in BIM adoption.

e. Best Practices Documentation: Document best practices, lessons learned, and success
factors from BIM implementation projects, and develop guidelines, templates, and
resources to support consistent and effective BIM adoption across our organization.

12. Coordinator - BIM - Architecture & Landscape.

Plays a key role in driving the implementation of BIM processes and workflows for architecture
and landscape projects. Will be responsible for coordinating BIM activities, managing BIM
models, facilitating collaboration among project stakeholders, and ensuring adherence to BIM
standards and protocols. Responsibilities are as mentioned below:-

a. BIM Implementation: Lead the implementation of BIM methodologies and workflows within
the architecture and landscape design teams, including the adoption of BIM authoring
tools and collaboration platforms.

b. Project Coordination: Collaborate with architects, landscape architects, engineers, and

other project stakeholders to coordinate BIM processes and workflows throughout the
project lifecycle, from conceptual design to construction documentation.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 67

c. Model Development: Oversee the development and maintenance of BIM models for
architectural and landscape elements, ensuring accuracy, completeness, and compliance
with project requirements and industry standards.

d. Interdisciplinary Integration: Facilitate interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration

between architectural and landscape design teams, ensuring seamless integration of BIM
models and data across disciplines.

e. Quality Assurance: Conduct regular reviews and audits of BIM models and documentation
to ensure adherence to BIM standards, best practices, and project requirements, and
implement corrective actions as needed.

13. Coordinator - BIM for Structural & Formwork.

Responsible for leading the integration of BIM methodologies and technologies into our structural
design and formwork processes. Collaborates closely with project teams, subcontractors,
and stakeholders to optimize structural design and formwork solutions through effective BIM
implementation.

a. BIM Model Development: Lead the development of detailed BIM models for structural
elements and formwork systems, ensuring accuracy, completeness, and compliance with
project requirements and industry standards.

b. Interdisciplinary Coordination: Facilitate coordination meetings between architecture,

engineering, and formwork teams to ensure seamless integration of BIM models and data
and resolve interdisciplinary conflicts.

c. Formwork Planning and Optimization: Collaborate with formwork engineers and

subcontractors to develop formwork planning strategies, optimize formwork systems, and
simulate construction sequences using BIM-enabled visualization and analysis tools.

d. Quantity Take-off and Estimation: Utilize BIM models to perform accurate quantity take-off,
generate material estimates for structural elements and formwork systems, and support
procurement and cost estimation activities.

e. BIM Standards and Quality Assurance: Establish and enforce BIM standards and protocols
specific to structural design and formwork modelling, conduct regular reviews and audits
of BIM models to ensure adherence to standards and best practices.

14. Coordinator - BIM for MEPF

Leading the implementation of BIM workflows and technologies within our MEPF design and
coordination processes. They will collaborate closely with project teams, subcontractors, and
stakeholders to optimize MEPF systems and ensure seamless coordination and collaboration
through effective BIM implementation.

a. MEPF Model Development: Manage the development of detailed BIM models for
mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection systems in coordination with internal
and external stakeholders. Electrical alarm system modelling.

b. Interdisciplinary Coordination: Facilitate coordination meetings between MEPF design

teams, architects, engineers, and other project stakeholders to integrate MEPF systems
seamlessly and resolve clashes and conflicts.

68 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

c. Clash Detection and Resolution: Utilize BIM-enabled clash detection tools to identify
clashes and conflicts between MEPF systems, structural elements, and architectural
features, and coordinate resolution efforts.

d. Quantity Take-off and Estimation: Perform accurate quantity take-off and generate
material estimates for MEPF systems using BIM models, supporting procurement and
cost estimation activities.

e. BIM Standards and Quality Assurance: Establish and enforce BIM standards and protocols
specific to MEPF design and coordination, conduct regular reviews and audits of BIM
models to ensure compliance with standards and best practices.

f. Training and Support: Provide training and support to MEPF design teams and
subcontractors on BIM software tools, workflows, and methodologies, empowering them
to leverage BIM effectively in their projects.

15. Coordinator - Interior Design.

Responsible for leading the interior design and modelling for our projects based on inputs from
our national and international consultants. Will also have to collaborate closely with architects,
engineers, and clients to translate design concepts into detailed models for visualization.

a. BIM Leadership: Provide interior design-focused leadership and guidance to the BIM
team, ensuring alignment with project goals and design objectives.

b. Design Development: Lead the development of interior design concepts and solutions
using BIM software tools.

c. Parametric Modelling: Utilize parametric modelling techniques to explore design

alternatives, optimize space utilization, and enhance design flexibility.

d. Visualization and Presentation: Create compelling visualizations and presentations

using BIM models to communicate design concepts and ideas effectively to clients
and stakeholders. Integrate the BIM models with the experience centre/VR/AR/MR for
delivering immersive experience.

e. Material and Finishes Selection: Collaborate with project teams to select materials,
finishes, and furnishings within BIM models, ensuring adherence to design intent and
project requirements.

f. Collaboration and Coordination: Facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and coordination

with architects, engineers, and contractors through the use of BIM, promoting integrated
project delivery.

g. Code Compliance: Ensure interior design solutions comply with relevant building codes,
regulations, and standards, integrate code requirements into BIM models.

h. Construction Documentation: Generate construction documentation (e.g., interior

elevations, details, schedules) within BIM models, ensuring accuracy and completeness
for construction implementation.

i. Quality Assurance: Conduct regular quality control checks on BIM models to ensure
accuracy, consistency, and compliance with design standards and project requirements.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 69

j. Training and Support: Provide training and support to interior design teams on BIM tools,
workflows, and best practices, fostering adoption and proficiency across the organization.

16. Coordinator – Clash Detection and Resolution.

Responsible for overseeing clash detection processes and coordinating resolution efforts
to mitigate clashes and conflicts between various building systems and components. Also,
collaborate closely with project teams, subcontractors, and stakeholders to optimize project
workflows and ensure project delivery with minimal disruptions.

a. Clash Detection Management: Oversee clash detection processes using BIM software
tools ensuring comprehensive coverage of all building systems and components.

b. Clash Identification: Analyse clash reports generated by BIM software to identify clashes
and conflicts between architectural, structural, MEPF, Interior and other building systems.

c. Resolution Coordination: Collaborate with project teams, subcontractors, and stakeholders

to coordinate clash resolution efforts, prioritize clashes based on severity and impact, and
develop practical solutions to resolve conflicts.

d. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Facilitate coordination meetings between various project

disciplines to discuss clash resolution strategies, coordinate design changes, and ensure
alignment with project goals and objectives.

e. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of clashes and resolution actions,
prepare clash status reports and updates for project stakeholders, and track resolution
progress to closure.

17. Coordinator – BIM for Experience.

Responsible for creating an immersive and interactive experience that showcases our projects
and capabilities through advanced BIM visualization techniques and VR devices. Collaborate
closely with project teams, clients, and stakeholders to develop compelling visualizations that
enhance project understanding and decision-making.

a. Experience Centre Development: Lead the development of the BIM Visualization

Experience Centre, including the design of physical space, selection of technology and
equipment, and creation of interactive exhibits.

b. Project Visualization: Collaborate with project teams to develop high-quality BIM

visualizations, renderings, animations, and virtual, augmented and mixed reality
experiences that showcase project design, construction progress, and completed works.

c. Stakeholder Engagement: Engage with clients, investors, regulators, and other stakeholders
to understand their visualization needs and preferences, and tailor visualizations to
effectively communicate project concepts and outcomes.

d. Technology Integration: Stay abreast of emerging technologies and trends in BIM

visualization, VR, augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), and evaluate and
integrate relevant technologies into the Experience Center to enhance visitor experience.

e. Training and Support: Provide training and support to internal teams on BIM visualization
tools and techniques and facilitate client workshops and demonstrations to showcase the
capabilities of the Experience Centre.

70 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

18. Coordinator – Modular Construction.
Responsible for driving the integration of BIM processes and technologies into our prefab
and modular construction elements within our projects (including 3D Printing and DFMA). Will
play a pivotal role in optimizing modular construction workflows, enhancing collaboration, and
ensuring the seamless integration of BIM across all phases of our projects.

a. BIM Strategy Development: Develop and implement BIM strategies tailored to modular
construction projects, aligning with project goals and objectives.

b. Modular Design Development: Lead the development of modular design solutions using
BIM software tools, optimizing design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) principles.

c. Component Standardization: Standardize modular components and assemblies within

BIM models to maximize efficiency and scalability in manufacturing.

d. Manufacturing Documentation: Generate manufacturing documentation (e.g., shop

drawings, fabrication models) within BIM models, ensuring accuracy and completeness
for offsite production.

e. Assembly Sequencing: Develop assembly sequences and installation instructions using

BIM models to streamline onsite construction and assembly processes.

f. Interdisciplinary Coordination: Facilitate interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration

through the use of BIM, ensuring seamless integration of architectural, structural, and
MEP systems within modular designs.

g. Quality Control: Conduct regular quality control checks on modular designs and
components within BIM models to ensure compliance with manufacturing standards and
project requirements.

h. Material Management: Manage material quantities and specifications within BIM models,
facilitating procurement and inventory management for modular construction projects.

i. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on BIM tools, workflows,
and best practices for modular construction, promoting adoption and proficiency across
the organization.

j. Continuous Improvement: Identify opportunities for process improvement and innovation in

modular construction workflows, leveraging BIM tools and technologies to drive efficiency
and sustainability.

19. Coordinator – BIM for Time Planning & Monitoring.

Responsible for overseeing project scheduling, progress tracking, and time-related data
management using BIM tools and techniques. Collaborate closely with project teams,
subcontractors, and stakeholders to develop and maintain accurate project schedules and
monitor progress throughout all project phases.

a. Project Scheduling: Develop and maintain detailed project schedules using BIM software
tools ensuring alignment with project goals, milestones, and deliverables.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 71

b. Progress Tracking: Monitor project progress against established schedules, track
completion of tasks and activities, and identify deviations and delays using BIM-enabled
progress tracking features.

c. Resource Allocation: Coordinate with project teams to allocate resources effectively,

optimize workflow sequences, and identify opportunities for schedule acceleration or
optimization.

d. Time-related Data Management: Manage time-related data such as construction sequences,

lead times, and durations within BIM models, ensuring accuracy and consistency across
project documentation and schedules.

e. Collaboration and Communication: Facilitate communication and collaboration between

project teams, subcontractors, and stakeholders regarding project schedules, progress
updates, and time-related issues.

f. Risk Identification and Mitigation: Identify potential schedule risks and constraints, assess
their impact on project timelines, and develop mitigation strategies to minimize schedule
disruptions.

20. Coordinator – Drone Deployment (Reality Capture)

Leveraging reality capture technologies (such as laser scanning, photogrammetry, and drones)
to capture accurate as-built conditions and integrate them into BIM workflows. Will play a
critical role in enhancing project visualization, coordination, and decision-making through the
use of reality capture data within BIM models.

a. Reality Capture Planning: Plan and coordinate reality capture activities for projects,
including the selection of appropriate reality capture technologies and equipment.

b. Data Acquisition: Conduct reality capture data acquisition using laser scanning,
photogrammetry, drones, 360-degree cameras and other reality capture technologies to
capture accurate as-built conditions.

c. Data Processing: Process reality capture data using specialized software tools to generate
point clouds, 3D models, and other digital representations of existing conditions.

d. Integration with BIM: Integrate reality capture data into BIM software platforms ensuring
alignment with project requirements and design intent.

e. Model Registration: Register reality capture data with BIM models to ensure accurate
alignment and coordination between the digital model and the physical environment.

f. Visualization and Analysis: Use reality capture data within BIM models for visualization,
analysis, and simulation purposes, enabling better-informed decision-making and project
coordination.

g. Documentation and Reporting: Generate documentation and reports based on reality

capture data, providing stakeholders with insights into existing conditions and project
progress.

h. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on reality capture
technologies and workflows, promoting adoption and proficiency across the organization.

72 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

i. Quality Assurance: Conduct regular quality control checks on reality capture data and
its integration into BIM models to ensure accuracy, completeness, and compliance with
project standards.

21. Coordinator – Safety and Risk Area

Responsible for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with construction
projects using BIM methodologies and technologies. Collaborate closely with project teams,
subcontractors, and safety personnel to develop comprehensive risk management and safety
plans that enhance project safety and reduce potential liabilities.

a. Risk Identification: Identify potential risks and hazards associated with construction
projects, including design, scheduling, logistics, and site conditions, using BIM-enabled
risk identification techniques.

b. Risk Assessment: Assess the severity and likelihood of identified risks, analyse their
potential impact on project objectives, and prioritize risks for mitigation based on their
level of significance.

c. Risk Mitigation: Develop and implement risk mitigation strategies and controls, such
as design modifications, process improvements, and safety protocols, to minimize the
likelihood and impact of identified risks.

d. Safety Planning: Collaborate with project teams and safety personnel to develop
comprehensive safety plans and procedures, incorporating BIM data and visualizations to
enhance safety awareness and compliance.

e. Safety Monitoring: Monitor project activities and site conditions using BIM-enabled safety
monitoring tools and techniques, identify potential safety violations or hazards, and take
corrective actions to address safety concerns.

f. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of identified risks, risk

assessments, mitigation actions, safety plans, and safety monitoring activities, and prepare
regular reports and updates for project stakeholders and senior management.

22. Coordinator – BIM for Cost Planning and Monitoring

Coordinate and oversee cost planning and monitoring processes using BIM methodologies
and technologies. Collaborate closely with project teams, estimators, and stakeholders to
develop accurate cost estimates, monitor project costs, and identify cost-saving opportunities
throughout the project lifecycle.

a. Cost Estimation: Utilize BIM software tools such to develop detailed cost estimates for
construction projects based on BIM models and project specifications.

b. Cost Planning: Develop and maintain comprehensive cost plans and budgets, incorporating
data from BIM models, project schedules, and procurement documents to ensure alignment
with project objectives.

c. Cost Monitoring: Monitor project costs against established budgets, track expenditures
and commitments, and identify variances and trends using BIM-enabled cost monitoring
features.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 73

d. Value Engineering: Collaborate with project teams to identify cost-saving opportunities
through value engineering and alternative design solutions, and assess the impact of
proposed changes on project costs and performance.

e. Change Management: Manage changes to project scope, specifications, and requirements,

assess their impact on project costs, and update cost plans and budgets accordingly using
BIM-derived data.

f. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of cost estimates, cost plans,
change orders, and cost monitoring activities, and prepare regular reports and updates for
project stakeholders and senior management.

23. Coordinator – BIM for Procurement & Logistics Planning.

Responsible for overseeing procurement and logistics planning processes using BIM
methodologies and technologies. They will collaborate closely with project teams, suppliers,
and logistics providers to optimize procurement workflows, streamline supply chain operations,
and ensure timely delivery of materials and equipment to project sites.

a. Procurement Management: Utilize BIM software tools to manage procurement processes,

including request for proposals (RFPs), bid evaluations, vendor selection, and contract
management.

b. Logistics Planning: Develop and maintain comprehensive logistics plans for construction
projects, including transportation, warehousing, and distribution strategies, to ensure
timely delivery of materials and equipment to project sites.

c. Inventory Management: Implement BIM-enabled inventory management systems to track

material quantities, locations, and usage on project sites, optimize inventory levels, and
minimize stockouts and excess inventory.

d. Change Management: Manage changes to procurement and logistics plans, assess their
impact on project timelines and budgets, and update plans and schedules accordingly
using BIM-derived data.

e. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of procurement activities,

logistics plans, material inventories, and delivery schedules, and prepare regular reports
and updates for project stakeholders and senior management.

24. Coordinator – Scanner Deployment

Responsible for deploying and operating 3D scanners to capture accurate as-built data for
BIM models. They will collaborate closely with project teams, surveyors, and subcontractors
to ensure the successful deployment of scanners and the seamless integration of scan data
into BIM workflows.

a. Scanner Deployment: Lead the deployment and setup of 3D scanners on construction

sites, ensuring proper calibration and alignment for accurate data capture.

b. Scan Data Acquisition: Coordinate with project teams and surveyors to capture as-built
data using 3D scanners, ensuring comprehensive coverage of project sites and structures.

74 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

c. Data Processing: Process and register scan data using software tools ensuring alignment
and accuracy of scan data for BIM modelling.

d. BIM Integration: Integrate scan data into BIM workflows, including point cloud registration,
model alignment, and clash detection, to facilitate as-built modelling and coordination.

e. Quality Assurance: Conduct quality checks on scan data to ensure accuracy and
completeness, and collaborate with project teams to address any discrepancies or issues.

f. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams and subcontractors
on scanner operation, data capture techniques, and scan data processing, ensuring
proficiency in scanner deployment and utilization.

g. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of scanner deployments, scan

data acquisition, and data processing activities, and prepare regular reports and updates
for project stakeholders and senior management.

25. Coordinator – Digital Twin Strategy.

Responsible for developing and implementing digital twin strategies for BIM. Play a key role
in finalizing construction layout, As-Built models, data normalization, virtual handover and add
value at asset management phase for our clients.

a. Digital Twin Strategy Development: Develop and implement digital twin strategies tailored
to project requirements and objectives, aligning with overall project goals and client
expectations.

b. BIM Integration: Integrate BIM data with digital-twin platforms and technologies to create
accurate, dynamic, and data-rich digital representations of built assets.

c. Data Visualization and Analysis: Use digital twins for real-time visualization, analysis,
and simulation of building performance metrics such as energy consumption, occupant
comfort, and maintenance requirements.

d. IoT Sensor Integration: Integrate Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and devices with
digital twin platforms to collect real-time data on building operations, occupancy, and
environmental conditions.

e. Predictive Analytics: Implement predictive analytics algorithms within digital-twins to

forecast asset performance, anticipate maintenance needs, and optimize operational
efficiency.

f. Lifecycle Management: Utilize digital-twins for lifecycle management of built assets, from
design and construction through operations and maintenance, enabling informed decision-
making at every stage.

g. Stakeholder Engagement: Engage with project stakeholders to communicate the benefits

and implications of digital twins, fostering collaboration and alignment on digital twin
strategies and objectives.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 75

h. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on digital twin
technologies and workflows, promoting adoption and proficiency across the organization.

i. Continuous Improvement: Identify opportunities for process improvement and innovation

in digital twin workflows, leveraging emerging technologies and best practices to enhance
digital twin capabilities.

j. Quality Assurance: Conduct regular quality control checks on digital twin data and models
to ensure accuracy, reliability, and compliance with project standards and requirements.

26. Coordinator – Sustainability

Responsible for integrating sustainability principles and practices into BIM workflows to
promote environmentally responsible design, construction, and operation of buildings. They
will collaborate closely with project teams, sustainability consultants, and stakeholders to
develop and implement sustainable strategies and initiatives using BIM-enabled tools and
technologies. Coordinate for Sustainability Certifications with stakeholders.

a. Sustainable Design Integration: Collaborate with architects, engineers, and designers to

integrate sustainability criteria and performance metrics into BIM models from the early
stages of design development.

b. Energy and Environmental Analysis: Conduct energy modelling, daylight analysis, sun
studies, System analysis, mechanical analysis, and environmental assessments using
BIM software tools to optimize building performance and reduce environmental impact.

c. Material Selection and Lifecycle Analysis: Evaluate building materials and components
for sustainability attributes, including embodied carbon, life cycle assessment (LCA), and
environmental product declarations (EPDs), and integrate sustainable materials data into
BIM models.

d. Green Building Certification: Facilitate the certification process for green building rating
systems such as LEED, GRIHA etc. by leveraging BIM data and documentation to
demonstrate compliance with sustainability criteria and requirements.

e. Sustainable Construction Practices: Collaborate with construction teams to implement

sustainable construction practices and strategies, such as waste reduction, recycling, and
use of renewable materials, and track sustainability performance metrics throughout the
construction process.

f. Occupancy and Operations Optimization: Support building owners and facility managers
in leveraging BIM data for ongoing sustainability optimization, including energy monitoring,
indoor environmental quality (IEQ) assessments, and occupant comfort evaluations.

27. Coordinator – Building Automation

Responsible for integrating building automation systems with BIM workflows to create
intelligent, data-driven building models. They will play a crucial role in optimizing building
performance, streamlining operations, and enhancing occupant experience through the use
of automation technologies within BIM.

76 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

a. IM Integration: Integrate building automation systems and data with BIM platforms.

b. Automation System Design: Design automation systems for building services such as
HVAC, lighting, and security, ensuring compatibility with BIM workflows and standards.

c. Parametric Modelling: Utilize parametric modelling techniques within BIM to simulate and
optimize building performance based on automation system data and parameters.

d. Data Visualization and Analysis: Use BIM models to visualize and analyse building
performance metrics such as energy consumption, indoor air quality, and occupant
comfort, enabling data-driven decision-making.

e. Simulation and Optimization: Conduct simulations and optimizations within BIM models
to identify opportunities for energy savings, operational efficiency, and sustainability
improvements.

f. Interdisciplinary Coordination: Collaborate with architects, engineers, and contractors to

ensure seamless integration of automation systems and BIM data throughout the project
lifecycle.

g. Lifecycle Management: Utilize BIM models for lifecycle management of automation

systems, from design and installation through operations and maintenance, enabling
predictive maintenance and performance monitoring.

h. Stakeholder Engagement: Engage with project stakeholders to communicate the benefits

and implications of building automation for BIM, fostering collaboration and alignment on
automation strategies and objectives.

i. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams on building automation
technologies and workflows, promoting adoption and proficiency across the organization.

j. Continuous Improvement: Identify opportunities for process improvement and innovation

in building automation workflows, leveraging emerging technologies and best practices to
enhance automation capabilities.

28. Coordinator – BIM for Asset Operation

Responsible for coordinating asset operation and maintenance activities using BIM
methodologies and technologies. They will collaborate closely with facility managers,
maintenance teams, and building owners to leverage BIM data for efficient asset management,
predictive maintenance, and performance optimization. Responsibilities are as mentioned
below:-

a. Asset Data Management: Manage BIM data related to building assets, including equipment,
systems, and components, to ensure accuracy, completeness, and consistency throughout
the asset lifecycle.

b. Maintenance Planning: Develop and maintain comprehensive maintenance plans and

schedules based on asset data and performance criteria, using BIM-enabled tools.

c. Predictive Maintenance: Implement predictive maintenance strategies using BIM data and
analytics to anticipate equipment failures, optimize maintenance intervals, and minimize
downtime and disruptions.

9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities 77

d. Performance Monitoring: Monitor asset performance using real-time data from sensors
and IoT devices integrated with BIM models and analyse performance trends to identify
optimization opportunities and improve operational efficiency.

e. Compliance and Regulation: Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and industry
standards for asset operation and maintenance and utilize BIM data to document and
track compliance activities.

f. Training and Support: Provide training and support to facility managers and maintenance
teams on utilizing BIM data for asset management and operations and facilitate knowledge
transfer and skill development to enhance team capabilities.

29. Coordinator – Geo-BIM Strategy.

Responsible for integrating geospatial data and BIM models to enhance project planning,
design coordination, and construction management. Collaborate closely with project teams,
GIS specialists, and stakeholders to leverage geospatial and BIM technologies for improved
spatial analysis, visualization, and decision support.

a. Data Integration: Integrate geospatial data from Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
with BIM models using interoperability standards and data exchange formats, ensuring
alignment and consistency between spatial datasets and BIM elements.

b. Spatial Analysis: Conduct spatial analysis and geospatial modelling using GIS tools to
inform site selection, environmental assessments, and infrastructure planning, and
leverage BIM data to enhance spatial visualization and analysis.

c. Design Coordination: Facilitate design coordination and clash detection using integrated
geospatial and BIM data, identifying spatial conflicts and coordination issues early in the
design process to mitigate risks and optimize project outcomes.

d. Construction Management: Support construction management activities by utilizing

integrated geospatial and BIM data for site logistics planning, progress tracking, and spatial
visualization of construction activities, enabling better coordination and communication
among project stakeholders.

e. Asset Management: Leverage integrated geospatial and BIM data for asset management
and facility operations, including spatially enabled asset inventories, condition assessments,
and maintenance planning, to optimize asset performance and lifecycle management.

f. Training and Support: Provide training and support to project teams and stakeholders
on utilizing integrated geospatial and BIM data for improved project planning, design
coordination, and construction management, and facilitate knowledge transfer to enhance
team capabilities.

78 9. BIM Roles and their Responsibilities

10. Glossary of Term
• Aggregate Model: A model which forms virtual objects within 3D models to an
part of a larger model. An Aggregate external database capable of managing
Model may be a single building model maintenance tasks and workflows.
aggregated into a site model or a Mono- Asset Maintenance is a subset of Asset
Discipline Model aggregated into a Multi- Management
Discipline Model. Aggregation - as a term
• Asset Management: BIM-enabled Asset
- applies to both Integrated Models and
Management is characterized by linking
Federated Models
virtual objects and spaces within a model
• Annotation Element: Refer to text, to an external database for the purpose of
symbols, keynote, section tags, level operating and maintaining a facility or a
markers and similar symbols used to portfolio of facilities
add visible information to models and 2D
• Assert Management System: An
Drawings. Annotation Elements may (or
organizational system to manage Asset
may not) be explicit representations of
data and their related information. An
embedded BIM model data
Asset Management System may refer
• Asset: An asset is an entity of value. In to a digital platform or a set of internal
Asset Management, an asset refers to processes/protocols
physical entities of tangible financial value
similar to buildings, land, equipment, and • BIM Collaboration Event: A meeting,
inventory presentation or workshop conducted as
part of a Collaborative BIM Project. An
• Asset Information Management: A event may be conducted in meeting room,
discipline or specialty dedicated to Immersive Environment or online and
administering asset-related data and includes at least two Project Participants
organizational information [adapted from
PAS1192-3] • BIM Deliverable: A general term referring
to BIM Models, Model Components,
• Asset Information Requirement: The data
Model Uses and all other project/process
or information requirements related to an
deliverables expected out of using BIM
Asset. Asset Information Requirements
tools and workflow
(AIR) are typically fed into the Asset
Information Model and form part of the • BIM Hardware: Computers, equipment
Employer’s Information Requirements and peripherals used for the purpose of
generating BIM models and their Model
• Asset Life Cycle: Refers to all asset
Uses. BIM hardware thus refers to laptops,
phases: from planning, through design,
tablets, desktops, 3D Laser Scanners,
construction and use/maintenance till
cameras, 2D/3D printers and any piece
disposal. Asset Life Cycle phases are
of equipment necessary to generate BIM
typically used for establishing change in
Deliverable.
asset utilization, depreciation, Life Cycle
Cost, Life Cycle Expenditure, and Life • BIM Level: An articulation of the levels
Cycle Assessment Similar terms: Facility of competence expected, its supporting
Life Cycle standards and guidance notes, their
relationship to each other, and how they
• Asset Maintenance: BIM-enabled Asset
can be applied to projects and contracts.
Maintenance is characterized by linking

10. Glossary of Term 79

 Refer to Level 0 BIM, Level 1 BIM, Level Terminology can be used as a BIM Metric
2 BIM, and Level 3 BIM. BIM Levels are to measure Project Team compatibility or
specific to the UK and are not be confused the quality of BIM Guides and Manual
with the research-based BIM Stages (1, 2
• Common Data Environment: A single
and 3) or BIM Maturity Levels (a, b, c, d
source of information which collects,
and e)
manages and disseminates relevant,
• BIM / FM Integration: The technologies approved project documents for multi-
and processes needed to integrate disciplinary teams in a managed process.
BIM models with Facility Management A Common Data Environment (CDE)
deliverables, databases and workflows is served by a Model Server and/or a
Document Management System that
• BIM Model: Building Information Models
facilitates the sharing of data/information
(BIM models) are the generic object
among Project Participants. Information
-based 3D models generated by any
within a CDE need to carry one of four
Project Participant using an ‘accredited’
labels (or reside within one of four areas):
BIM Software Tool
Work In Progress Area, Shared Area,
• CIC BIM Protocol: A template/document Published Area, and Archive Area
identifying the models/information to
• Computer- Aided Facility Management: A
be produced by project team members
Computer System supporting the activities
and establishing their associated
required for Facility Management. CAFM
responsibilities, liabilities and limitations.
systems allow Facility Managers to monitor
The CIC BIM Protocol aligns with PAS
the operational requirements of buildings
1192-2 and appends contracts between
(e.g. energy consumption, lighting,
Employers and Supplier
security, etc.), manage space utilization,
• Clash Detection: Using 3D models to track asset/equipment locations, and
coordinate different disciplines (e.g., perform other related functions during the
structural and mechanical) and to identify/ Operation Phase of a facility
resolve possible clashes between virtual
• Error - Free Model: An error-free model
elements prior to actual construction or
refers to BIM models which are judged
fabrication. Also refer to Clash Avoidance
to include no or an insignificant number
• COBie: COBie (Construction Operations of ‘true positive’ errors - real errors which
Building Information Exchange) is a affect constructability, data integrity or
specification for the capture and delivery similarly serious issues. An error-free
of design/construction information to model should not be confused with a
facility managers. COBie specifications ‘zero-error’ model which may include 100s
can be viewed as a simple spreadsheet or or even 1000s of ‘false-positives’ - errors
embedded into design, construction, and reported by automated checking systems
operation BIM models. Please note that but are not considered - by informed
COBie may have different uses in US, UK humans - to be of significance. Also refer
and other countries to Modelling Error, Model Validation and
Model Quality
• Common BIM Terminology: A set of terms
(similar to Clash Detection, COBie, model • Federated Model: A BIM model which
author, etc…) which a BIM user is expected links (does not merge) several Mono-
to know and understand. Common BIM Discipline Models together. As opposed

80 10. Glossary of Term

 to Integrated Models, Federated Models exchange activities, fulfilling pre- defined
do not merge the properties of individual Design Specifications and Delivery
models into a single database. It is also Specifications, and overall Model Quality
sometimes referred as Linked Model. control
• Level of Development: A BIM metric to • Request for Information: RFI is a process
identify what information to include in a whereby a Project Participant (e.g. a
model during the design and construction contractor) sends a note to another
process (also refer to Model Progression participant (e.g. and architect) to confirm
Specifications). Please note that the LOD the interpretation of what is documented
abbreviation refers to multiple terms, or to seek clarification of what is specified
definitions, and numbering systems even within a 2D Drawing or a BIM model
within the same country.
• Spatial Coordination: A Model Use
• Level of Information Detail: LID is a BIM representing the utilization of BIM models
Metric (developed by Change Agents) that to coordinate the placement of objects
measures the extent of information included and account for their spatial requirements
within any requirement or deliverable. As (e.g. access panels and keep-clear areas)
opposed to Level of Development (LOD) within a 3D space. Also refer to Clash
which applies exclusively to BIM models Avoidance and Clash Detection
and model elements, the LID index applies
• Standard: Detailed set of product/service
to models, drawings, documents, views
descriptions (prescriptive or performance-
and all other information formats. Another
based) acting as a reference to be
main difference from LOD is that LID does
measured against. Standards typically
not automatically equate more information
denote a set of Specifications which are
with higher development
authoritative and test-proven (e.g. barrier-
• Model Component: A virtual element free or accessibility standards)
representing a physical building object.
• Standard Detail: A set of well-documented
Model Components may be parametrically
and repeatedly used high-resolution
driven, 2D or 3D, and may also represent
2D Drawings. Standard Details may be
abstract items (e.g. North Arrow
generated out of BIM models or legacy
• Modelling Error: Modelling errors are CAD systems
many types including: missing elements,
• Aggregate Model: A model which forms part
wrong category of elements, lack of
of a larger model. An Aggregate Model may
data within elements, unsuitable Level
be a single building model aggregated into
of Development, overlapping elements,
a site model or a Mono- Discipline Model
wrong material, wrong position or
aggregated into a Multi- Discipline Model.
orientation. Also refer to Error-Free Model,
Aggregation - as a term - applies to both
Model Validation and Model Quality
Integrated Models and Federated Model
• Project BIM Manager: A BIM Role played
• Annotation Element: Refer to text, symbols,
by an individual or an organization
keynote, section tags, level markers
on behalf of the whole Project Team.
and similar symbols used to add visible
The Project BIM Manager has many
information to models and 2D Drawings.
responsibilities (typically defined with the
Annotation Elements may (or may not) be
BIM Management Plan) which include:
explicit representations of embedded BIM
BIM Facilitation, coordinating data-
model data

10. Glossary of Term 81

• Asset: An asset is an entity of value. In • BIM Collaboration Event: A meeting,
Asset Management, an asset refers to presentation or workshop conducted as
physical entities of tangible financial value part of a Collaborative BIM Project. An
similar to buildings, land, equipment, and event may be conducted in meeting room,
inventory. Immersive Environment or online and
includes at least two Project Participants.
• Asset Information Management: A discipline
or specialty dedicated to administering • BIM Deliverable: A general term referring
asset-related data and organizational to BIM Models, Model Components,
information [adapted from PAS1192-3]. Model Uses and all other project/process
deliverables expected out of using BIM
• Asset Information Requirement: The data
tools and workflows.
or information requirements related to an
Asset. Asset Information Requirements • BIM Hardware: Computers, equipment
(AIR) are typically fed into the Asset and peripherals used for the purpose of
Information Model and form part of the generating BIM models and their Model
Employer’s Information Requirements. Uses. BIM hardware thus refers to laptops,
tablets, desktops, 3D Laser Scanners,
• Asset Life Cycle: Refers to all asset phases:
cameras, 2D/3D printers and any piece
from planning, through design, construction
of equipment necessary to generate BIM
and use/maintenance till disposal. Asset
Deliverable.
Life Cycle phases are typically used for
establishing change in asset utilization, • BIM Level: An articulation of the levels
depreciation, Life Cycle Cost, Life Cycle of competence expected, its supporting
Expenditure, and Life Cycle Assessment standards and guidance notes, their
Similar terms: Facility Life Cycle. relationship to each other, and how they
can be applied to projects and contracts.
• Asset Maintenance: BIM-enabled Asset
Refer to Level 0 BIM, Level 1 BIM, Level
Maintenance is characterized by linking
2 BIM, and Level 3 BIM. BIM Levels are
virtual objects within 3D models to an
specific to the UK and are not be confused
external database capable of managing
with the research-based BIM Stages (1, 2
maintenance tasks and workflows.
and 3) or BIM Maturity Levels (a, b, c, d
Asset Maintenance is a subset of Asset
and e)
Management.
• BIM / FM Integration: The technologies and
• Asset Management: BIM-enabled Asset
processes needed to integrate BIM models
Management is characterized by linking
with Facility Management deliverables,
virtual objects and spaces within a model
databases and workflows.
to an external database for the purpose of
operating and maintaining a facility or a • BIM Model: Building Information Models
portfolio of facilities. (BIM models) are the generic object
• Asset Management System: An -based 3D models generated by any
organizational system to manage Asset Project Participant using an ‘accredited’
data and their related information. An Asset BIM Software Tool.
Management System may refer to a digital • CIC BIM Protocol: A template/document
platform or a set of internal processes/ identifying the models/information to
protocols be produced by project team members

82 10. Glossary of Term

 and establishing their associated required for Facility Management. CAFM
responsibilities, liabilities and limitations. systems allow Facility Managers to monitor
The CIC BIM Protocol aligns with PAS the operational requirements of buildings
1192-2 and appends contracts between (e.g. energy consumption, lighting,
Employers and Supplier. security, etc.), manage space utilization,
track asset/equipment locations, and
• Clash Detection: Using 3D models to
perform other related functions during the
coordinate different disciplines (e.g.,
Operation Phase of a facility.
structural and mechanical) and to identify/
resolve possible clashes between virtual • Error - Free Model: An error-free model
elements prior to actual construction or refers to BIM models which are judged to
fabrication. Also refer to Clash Avoidance. include no or an insignificant number of ‘true
positive’ errors - real errors which affect
• COBie: COBie (Construction Operations
constructability, data integrity or similarly
Building Information Exchange) is a
serious issues. An error-free model should
specification for the capture and delivery
not be confused with a ‘zero-error’ model
of design/construction information to
which may include 100s or even 1000s
facility managers. COBie specifications
of ‘false-positives’ - errors reported by
can be viewed as a simple spreadsheet or
automated checking systems but are not
embedded into design, construction, and
considered - by informed humans - to be of
operation BIM models. Please note that
significance. Also refer to Modelling Error,
COBie may have different uses in US, UK
Model Validation and Model Quality.
and other countries.
• Federated Model: A BIM model which links
• Common BIM Terminology: A set of terms
(does not merge) several Mono-Discipline
(similar to Clash Detection, COBie, model
Models together. As opposed to Integrated
author, etc…) which a BIM user is expected
Models, Federated Models do not merge
to know and understand. Common BIM
the properties of individual models into
Terminology can be used as a BIM Metric
a single database. It is also sometimes
to measure Project Team compatibility or
referred as Linked Model.
the quality of BIM Guides and Manual.
• Level of Development: A BIM metric to
• Common Data Environment: A single
identify what information to include in a
source of information which collects,
model during the design and construction
manages and disseminates relevant,
process (also refer to Model Progression
approved project documents for multi-
Specifications). Please note that the LOD
disciplinary teams in a managed process.
abbreviation refers to multiple terms,
A Common Data Environment (CDE)
definitions, and numbering systems even
is served by a Model Server and/or a
within the same country.
Document Management System that
facilitates the sharing of data/information • Level of Information Detail: LID is a BIM
among Project Participants. Information Metric (developed by Change Agents) that
within a CDE need to carry one of four measures the extent of information included
labels (or reside within one of four areas): within any requirement or deliverable. As
Work In Progress Area, Shared Area, opposed to Level of Development (LOD)
Published Area, and Archive Area. which applies exclusively to BIM models
and model elements, the LID index applies
• Computer-Aided Facility Management: A
to models, drawings, documents, views
Computer System supporting the activities

10. Glossary of Term 83

 and all other information formats. Another • Request for Information: RFI is a process
main difference from LOD is that LID does whereby a Project Participant (e.g. a
not automatically equate more information contractor) sends a note to another
with higher development. participant (e.g. an architect) to confirm the
interpretation of what is documented or to
• Model Component: A virtual element
seek clarification of what is specified within
representing a physical building object.
a 2D Drawing or a BIM model.
Model Components may be parametrically
driven, 2D or 3D, and may also represent • Spatial Coordination: A Model Use
abstract items (e.g. North Arrow). representing the utilization of BIM models
to coordinate the placement of objects and
• Modelling Error: Modelling errors are many
account for their spatial requirements (e.g.
types including: missing elements, wrong
access panels and keep-clear areas) within
category of elements, lack of data within
a 3D space. Also refer to Clash Avoidance
elements, unsuitable Level of Development,
and Clash Detection.
overlapping elements, wrong material,
wrong position or orientation. Also refer to • Standard: Detailed set of product/service
Error-Free Model, Model Validation and descriptions (prescriptive or performance-
Model Quality. based) acting as a reference to be
measured against. Standards typically
• Project BIM Manager: A BIM Role played by
denote a set of Specifications which are
an individual or an organization on behalf
authoritative and test-proven (e.g. barrier-
of the whole Project Team. The Project
free or accessibility standards)
BIM Manager has many responsibilities
(typically defined within the BIM Execution • Standard Detail: A set of well-documented
Plan) which include: BIM Facilitation, and repeatedly used high-resolution
coordinating data-exchange activities, 2D Drawings. Standard Details may be
fulfilling pre- defined Design Specifications generated out of BIM models or legacy
and Delivery Specifications, and overall CAD systems.
Model Quality control.

84 10. Glossary of Term

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