1

Page

SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 3

GENERAL SESSIONS 32

FORUM ABSTRACTS 34

INDIVIDUAL ABSTRACTS (Papers and Posters) 44

2
SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS

[SYM-11a and SYM-11b] Symposium: Archaeologies of Violence and Privilege

Organizer(s): Christopher N. Matthews (Montclair State University), Bradley Phillippi
(Northwestern University)
Chair(s): Bradley D. Phillippi (Northwestern University)
Discussant(s): Paul Mullins (Indiana University-Purdue University), Terrance M. Weik
(University South Carolina)
Symbolic and structural violence refer to exploitative and unjust social, economic,
and political practices that privilege some and impoverish others. Effects of
violence can be cumulative and materialize in varied forms including hunger,
poverty, sickness, and premature death, and the link between subtle forms of
structural violence and overt expressions of direct violence is undeniable.
Moreover, the interplay between violence and privilege has arguably become
more diffuse and normative in modern historic contexts. This session
explores material and archaeological evidence of violence to explain how
complex modern societies are structured by violence and privilege in
unexpected and naturalized ways. Papers explore physical and emblematic
barriers
and assaults that enforced exclusion as well as material and symbolic tactics
employed both to defend and challenge structural inequalities.
Directors Room – Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

[SYM-15] Hanna’s Town: Answering New Questions About Pennsylvania’s

Frontier Using Old Collections
Organizer(s): Ben. L. Ford (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)
Chair(s): Ben. L. Ford (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)
Discussant(s): James Richardson (Carnegie Museum of Natural History)
Hanna’s Town, located in southwestern Pennsylvania, was the first English court
west of the Allegheny Mountains. From 1769 until 1782, when it was burned by a
party of English and Seneca, Hanna’s Town was a regional political and economic
center serving much of western Pennsylvania. It was also an important embarkation
point for settlers moving farther west. Listed on the National Register of Historic
Places in 1972, the site has been excavated by various groups for more than four
decades, resulting in approximately one million artifacts. Beginning in 2011
students and faculty at Indiana University of Pennsylvania have reanalyzed the
collection and surveyed the site with geophysical equipment to better interpret this
important and well excavated, but not well understood, colonial site.
Directors Room – Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

[SYM-16] Off the Public Walkways: Expanding Interpretations of a Colonial Era

Town and Civil War Fort at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site

3
Organizer(s): Hannah P. Smith (TRC Environmental Corporation), Thomas E. Beaman,
Jr. (Wake Technical Community College)
Chair(s): Hannah P. Smith (TRC Environmental Corporation), Thomas E. Beaman, Jr.
(Wake Technical Community College)
Discussant: Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton (Fort Bragg Cultural Resources), Martha A.
Zierden (The Charleston Museum)
Few students of American historical archaeology do not encounter the pioneering
archaeology at Brunswick Town and Fort Anderson in graduate school. Excavations
at this site by Stanley South in the 1950s and 1960s designed to make the site a
public historic park were also the genesis to his pattern-based, scientific paradigm
of historical archaeology. While South’s excavations have formed the initial
interpretations of the town and fort for over 50 years, there is still much more to be
learned outside the area developed for public visitation. This session summarizes
the different elements of recently renewed investigations that build on and beyond
South’s pioneering work, especially projects that have been conducted in the
undeveloped regions "off the public walkways,” and are adding new perspectives,
interpretations, and understanding of this important archaeological site.
Congressional A – Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-26] Expanding the Intellectual Envelope: Comparative Approaches to

Political Economy
Organizer(s): Stephen A. Mrozowski (University of Massachusetts Boston), Audrey J.
Horning (Queen’s University Belfast)
Chair(s): Audrey J. Horning (Queen's University Belfast), Stephen Mrozowski
(University of Massachusetts Boston)
Discussant(s): Jonas M. Nordin (National Historical Museum Sweden)
In an effort to expand the intellectual space that is historical archaeology this
session explores the concept of political economy as a vehicle for comparative
research. Traditionally the study of political economy has investigated the
intersection of economics, politics and government, however from an
anthropological perspective it also involves the intersection of cultural practice,
materiality, and individual and group identities. As historical archaeology continues
to expand, the study of political economy offers a focus that transcends processes
such as colonialism, consumerism, urbanization, industrialization and modernity.
We see political economy as a fruitful device for examining topics such as the
intersection of capitalism and imperialism, the rise of consumerism in pre-capitalist
economies and the comparative political ecology of colonialism, among others.
Session participants offer a set of case studies that challenge our current ideas
concerning the geographical and temporal scope of historical archaeology as
revealed through the study of political economy.
Senate Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-28a and SYM-28b] Potomac Pasts: Papers Honoring the Career of NPS
Archeologist Dr. Stephen R. Potter, Part 1 and Part 2

4
Organizer(s): Karen M. Mudar (National Park Service), Joy Beasley (National Park
Service), Katherine Birmingham (National Park Service)
Chair: Karen M. Mudar (National Park Service)
Discussant(s): Stephen R. Potter (National Park Service, National Capital Region),
David G. Orr
Longtime Regional Archeologist for the National Capital Region, Dr. Stephen Potter
is retiring in December 2016, after over 39 years of Federal service. During his
tenure, Dr. Potter’s all-encompassing interests and tireless enthusiasm have
sparked research at numerous parks around our Nation’s capital, ranging from early
prehistoric occupations through the Contact and pre- and post-Civil War time
periods, resulting in a deeper understanding of the diversity of archeological
resources in the National Capital Region. This session highlights some of the
projects that he has facilitated during his tenure, as well as the tremendous
professional contributions that have expanded our understanding of the prehistory
and history of the Potomac River Valley and Mid-Atlantic region.
Palladian Ballroom – Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-29] The National Historic Preservation Act at 50: Looking Back, Looking
Forward
Organizer(s):
Chair(s): Tom McCulloch (Advisory Council on Historic Preservatio
Discussant(s): Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland)
The 1966 National Historic Preservation Act signaled a new era in American
preservation. The Act mandated consideration of historic resources as part of
Federal undertakings, and provided an institutional framework for celebrating the
diversity and depth that historic resources add to American landscapes, including
the Advisory Council, the National Register, the National Landmarks Program, and
the Tax Act Program. The presentations in this session examine the impact that the
NHPA has had on preservation efforts over the last 50 years, and looks ahead to
present and future challenges. Archeological case studies provide examples of the
benefits of cultural resource preservation laws.
Palladian Ballroom – Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-30] A Regional Retrospective Analysis of the Antebellum Atlantic

Seaboard
Organizer(s): Lindsey Cochran (University of Tennessee), Kendy Altizer (University of
Tennessee, Knoxville)
Chair(s): Lindsey Cochran (University of Tennessee), Kendy Altizer (University of
Tennessee, Knoxville),
Discussant(s): Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee), James M. Davidson
(University of Florida)
From the Chesapeake region in Virginia to the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Georgia
and Florida, this symposium seeks to combine approximately fifty years of research
in the mid-Atlantic and southern seaboard to present a synthetic overview of the
antebellum-era American South. These papers share a broad landscape approach
that unifies both regional and inter-site patterns of landscape use, which represent

5
the lifeways of people associated with the plantation system from approximately
1780 through the 1860s. People on a variety of sites within each region adapted to
economic and political constraints to create unique networks within an entangled
plantation system. By tracing change using historical and archaeological methods,
we seek to understand the operationalization of singular and aggregated plantation
systems within diverse local, regional, and global economies.
Hampton Room – Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

[SYM-31] National Park Service Archeology Outreach and Education at the

Centennial
Organizer(s): Teresa S. Moyer (National Park Service)
Chair(s): Teresa S. Moyer (National Park Service)
The public reach of archeology has evolved considerably since 1916, when the
National Park Service was created. In 2016, NPS archeologists and partner
organizations conduct a wide range of outreach and education programs to engage
the public, using creative and interdisciplinary approaches to meet a range of
audiences and their needs. Who are our audiences, and why? What challenges are
unique to the NPS? How does the NPS collaborate in effective and meaningful ways
with its partners and communities? What would NPS archeologists like
archeologists in other sectors to know about their community-oriented work? Join
this session to learn about the past, present, and future of NPS archeology outreach
and education.
Congressional A – Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

[SYM-32] Community Archaeology: New Partnerships and Projects between

Federal, Academic and Non-Profit Organizations
Organizer(s): Kara D. Fox (NOAA), Joseph Hoyt (NOAA)
Chair(s): Kara D. Fox (NOAA)
Discussant(s): Kara D. Fox (NOAA)
Professional maritime archaeologists and avocational divers have been
collaborating to research and document our nation's underwater cultural heritage.
These partnerships have assisted NOAA with enhancing the diving community's
appreciation, understanding, and awareness of our nation's shipwrecks.
Furthermore, these partnerships have resulted in a number of archaeological
projects involving the surveying and mapping of shipwreck sites. Many of these
projects are under the auspices of the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) training
program, and are used as an archaeological training platform to capture relevant
data for projects like the annual Battle of the Atlantic Expedition and to educate the
diving community on the objectives and methodologies of underwater archaeology.
Executive Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

[SYM-34] Being Chinese: Current Scholarship on the Chinese Diaspora in 19th-

Century North America
Organizer(s): Chelsea Rose (Southern Oregon University), Ryan Kennedy (Indiana
University)

6
Chair(s): Ryan Kennedy (Indiana University), Chelsea Rose (Southern Oregon
University)
This session presents recent scholarship on Chinese immigrants in North America,
and it highlights the diversity of contexts Chinese immigrants found themselves in,
from small mining communities to large, bustling Chinatowns. The papers in the
session emphasize the variety of experiences Chinese immigrants encountered
through archaeologies of identity, scale, and resistance, and ultimately they explore
what it means to be Chinese in 19th-century North America. In their discussions,
the authors in this session attempt to move beyond the tired stereotypes that so
often shape public imaginations of the West and instead foreground the hybridity
and complexity inherent in immigrant life. Ultimately, the session aims to push
scholarly discourse on the Chinese Diaspora in North America toward a more
complex and fuller understanding of what it meant to be a Chinese immigrant in
North America in the 19th century.
Congressional B – Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-37] Laboring in the Landscapes of Learning: The Archaeology of Slavery

at Virginia’s Colleges and Universities
Organizer(s): Kelley F. Deetz (University of Virginia)
Chair(s): Kelley F. Deetz (University of Virginia)
Discussant(s): Jody L. Allen (William & Mary), Kelley F. Deetz (University of Virginia)
This session brings together scholars who are uncovering the complicated histories
of enslaved laborers who built, maintained, and lived on Virginia’s historic
campuses. In 2009, The College of William and Mary established The Lemon
Project to systematically explore the relationship between the college and slavery,
and over the past five years several more historic campuses followed with similar
initiatives. Decades of research have yielded rich narratives about both plantation
and urban slavery, and this symposium supplements those studies by highlighting
the uniqueness of campus bondage, and the ways in which enslaved laborers lived
within the confines of Virginia’s academic landscapes.
Congressional B – Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-39] In the Land of Pleasant Living: Archaeology and its Role in 21st-
Century Baltimore
Organizer(s): Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland College Park)
Chair(s): Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland College Park)
Since the second half of the twentieth-century, post-industrial Baltimore has seen
waves of localized construction and investment while other areas of the City have
been neglected. Inequality and segregation leading to protests such as the
demonstrations of April 2015 show the realities of and frustrations with these
disparities. To a large degree, archaeology has been absent in the dialogue around
development and preservation. New archaeological work in the City and
surrounding area has demonstrated and affirmed the breadth of the archaeological
record and the potential for public collaboration. This session examines recent

7
research in Baltimore and the ability of such projects to detail the history of the City
and challenge the foundations of existing narratives.
Ambassador Ballroom, Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-40] From Great Meadows to Petersburg: Battlefield Archaeology in

National Parks
Organizer(s): Stephen R. Potter (National Park Service), Michael A. Seibert (National
Park Service
Chair(s): Stephen R. Potter (National Park Service, National Capital Region), Michael
A. Seibert (Southeast Archeological Center)
Discussant(s): Douglas D. Scott (Colorado Mesa University)
Spanning one hundred and ten years of conflict, from Great Meadows (1754) to
Petersburg (1864), this symposium presents a variety of techniques and
methodologies for investigating the battlefield landscape. National Park Service
archaeologists were among the first to conduct systematic fieldwork on battlefields,
the most famous example being the research surrounding Little Bighorn Battlefield
National Monument. Since that time, there have been significant advances in field
techniques and methods of analysis. Improvements in geophysical prospecting
equipment, GIS, 3-D terrain modeling, viewshed and line-of-sight analyses, along
with refinements in artifact analyses, have enhanced the archaeological study of
battlefields. Presentations span diverse wars – French and Indian War,
Revolutionary War, Creek War / War of 1812, U.S.-Mexican War, and the American
Civil War – and diverse geographic locales, from Massachusetts to Texas.
Participants discuss insights gained in the field, new discoveries, and demonstrate
potential applications to other fields of conflict.
Calvert Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-43] Disrupted Identities: Colonialism, Personhood, and Frontier Forts

Organizer(s): Mark Tveskov (Southern Oregon University)
Chair(s): Mark Tveskov (Southern Oregon University)
Contemporary archaeology of colonialism has moved beyond the dichotomies of
acculturation, prehistory and history, and colonizer and colonized to embrace the
creative disruptions of identity that emerge in frontier settings. The papers in this
symposium consider how gender, class, ethnicity, and other facets of identity were
negotiated, contested, entrenched, and innovated in the lived experience of colonial
forts—arenas that by virtue of their imposing materiality exert a powerful and
arguably novel agency on social negotiation.
Embassy Room – Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

[SYM-47] Pieces of Eight, More Archaeology of Piracy

Organizer(s): Russell K. Skowronek (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), Charles R.
Ewen (East Carolina University)
Chair(s): ): Russell K. Skowronek (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), Charles R.
Ewen (East Carolina University)
Discussant(s): ): Russell K. Skowronek (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), Charles
R. Ewen (East Carolina University)

8
A decade ago in 2006 X Marks the Spot, the Archaeology of Piracy was published by
the University Press of Florida. There, for the first time, archaeologists weighed-in
on how piracy and other related illicit activities might be recognized in the material
record. Now in its third printing the book has served as the stepping-off point for
new and more nuanced scholarship in the netherworld of maritime archaeology and
history. Topics include artifact patterning, museum interpretation and
archaeological investigations on terrestrial and shipwreck sites in Ireland, the
Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea.
Hampton Room – Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

[SYM-51] Present and Future: Influences from the NPS and NHPA on
Underwater Cultural Heritage
Organizer(s): Bert Ho (National Park Service), Dave Conlin (National Park Service)
Chair(s): Bert Ho (National Park Service)
As the U.S. National Park Service turns 100 and the NHPA turns 50 in 2016, it is
important to assess how we as cultural resource managers are succeeding and
failing. For underwater archaeology, the NPS as an agency has been actively
managing and documenting submerged resources successfully since the 1960's and
using the NHPA to protect underwater sites as they do for terrestrial sites. In this
session, we want to evaluate how we as an agency or as a state, other federal agency,
or other government move forward towards the next century of protecting and
preserving underwater cultural heritage. What are the "new" threats to the
resource, what are new challenges, and are their better methods? Lets take a
glimpse at the future and see how we can improve the NPS model or find another
way.
Diplomat Room – Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

[SYM 59a and 59b] Historical and Contemporary Archaeologies of the City:
Opportunities and Challenges, Part 1 and Part 2
Organizer(s): Krysta Ryzewski (Wayne State University), Laura McAtackney
(University of Helsinki)
Chair(s): Krysta Ryzewski (Wayne State University), Laura McAtackney (University of
Helsinki)
Discussant(s): James Seymonds (University of Amsterdam)
The city is essentially a centralized, interconnected place where capitalist
accumulation, growth, and decline operate locally and globally. It is one of the most
dynamic places for archaeologists of the recent past to work, but it also raises
challenges - dealing with issues of scale, competing temporalities, excessive but
partial material remains, and the need to incorporate human interactions. This
session emphasizes cities as a subject for analysis in historical and contemporary
archaeological practice. Contributors will present examples that illustrate how
cities' form, function and continuous material (re)creation is central to the
experience of modernity. The presentations consider the methodological and
theoretical challenges that cities present to archaeologists– as uniquely complicated,
diverse and materially rich environments – in need of further discussion and
refinement.

9
Congressional B – Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

[SYM-68] Streetwalkers, Fallen Doves, and Houses of Ill Fame: A Historical and
Archaeological Discussion on Prostitution
Organizer(s): Kristen R. Fellows (North Dakota State University), Anna M. Munns
(North Dakota State University)
Chair(s): Kristen R. Fellows (North Dakota State University), Anna M. Munns (North
Dakota State University)
Discussant(s): Rebecca Yamin (John Milner Associates, Inc.), Donna Seifert
(Independent Scholar)
Historical and archaeological research on brothels, saloons, and prostitution has
helped to create a more inclusive view of past societies. These spaces and people
have been and continue to be studied within feminist and gendered frameworks.
While historical research has provided the context for the examination of material
culture associated with such sites, there has been little communication between
historians and historical archaeologists studying prostitution in the United States. In
an effort to bring together scholars from these directly related, though frequently
out-of-touch disciplines, this session will include presentations from both historians
and historical archaeologists. This interdisciplinary approach speaks to a future
direction for historical archaeology that is more inclusive and open to the crossing
of disciplinary boundaries. The dialogue created through this session should help to
broaden the scope and range of the study of brothels and prostitutes and their
significant role in past social relations.
Blue Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-69] Material Worlds: Archaeology, Consumption, and the Road to

Modernity
Organizer(s): Lori Lee (Flagler College), Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee),
Eleanor Breen (Mount Vernon)
Chair(s): Lori Lee (Flagler College), Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee)
The contributors to this session present methodological, data-rich, and theoretical
studies that address consumption—broadly defined as the intersection of social
relations and objects through the processes of production, distribution, use, reuse
and discard—from an archaeological perspective. Papers emphasize a commitment
to serious engagement with material culture, and move from the close interrogation
of objects to the broader social world in which acts of consumption took place. We
examine intertwined issues of power, inequality, identity, and community as
mediated through choice, access, and use of the diversity of mass-produced goods
that are a defining characteristic of modernity. The session addresses themes of
colonialism, gender, race, and the material culture of the emergent modern world, as
well as the shifting meanings and messages of mass-produced or mass-marketed
goods, or what anthropologist Daniel Miller simply refers to as “stuff.”
Directors Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-70] Remembrance and Oblivion - Perspectives on Material Memory

10
Organizer(s): Titta L. S. Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu), Paul Mullins (Indiana
University-Purdue University), Timo Ylimaunu (University of Oulu)
Chair(s): Titta L. S. Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu), Paul Mullins (Indiana University-
Purdue University), Timo Ylimaunu (University of Oulu)
Remembering and forgetting are processes that have material, social, and political
dimensions. Material culture seals different meanings and ideas in itself and we use
material culture as mnemonic devices. Memories are always individual; however,
memory is also socially constructed, reproduced and experienced. Individual
forgetting can be, in some traumatic cases, relieving, but forgetting as a social or
political process can also be humiliating and painful. Therefore, remembering and
forgetting as a process seal feelings. Photographs, conflict sites, memorials and
inscriptions in them have sealed feelings, ideas, and meanings. We would like to
receive papers from wide range of material culture and sites that are related to
remembrance or/and forgetting.
Senate Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-83] Urban Archaeology in Philadelphia: A Retrospective and Call to

Action
Organizer(s): ): Deirdre A. Kelleher (Philadelphia, PA), Sarah J. Chesney (The College of
New Jersey)
Chair(s): Deirdre A. Kelleher (Philadelphia, PA), Sarah J. Chesney (The College of New
Jersey)
Discussant(s): David G. Orr, Jed Levin (National Park Service)
Beginning with investigations at Independence National Historical Park in the
1950s, Philadelphia has witnessed over six decades of intensive archaeological
study within its boundaries. Today archaeology continues to play an important role
in the presentation and interpretation of history in the City of Brotherly Love as
archaeologists unearth evidence from the colonial past through the industrial
present. This session will provide a historical perspective of urban archaeology in
Philadelphia along with an assessment of current studies and a call to action for best
methodologies for the future. Several important urban archaeological projects in
Philadelphia will be presented and discussed to form a nuanced understanding of
Philadelphia archaeology's past, present, and future.
Embassy Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-91] Successful Collection Management: Using Existing Collections for

Research, Education, Public Outreach, and Innovation
Organizer(s): Ralph Bailey (Brockington and Associates, Inc.)
Chair(s): Mark S. Warner (University of Idaho)
Discussant(s): Terry Childs (National Park Service), Terry Majewski (SRI Foundation)
As we all know, NHPA has resulted in countless, important underwater and
terrestrial archaeological projects since its passing 50 years ago. One of the
outcomes of this work has been a huge influx of collections into repositories across
the country. How we have handled this influx varies dramatically from state to state
and from repository to repository. Despite all of the challenges and constraints that
came with this influx, there are many bright spots in the collections world.

11
Collections are being used for important research, education, innovation, and public
outreach. In this session, we will highlight some of these efforts and set the stage for
the next 50 years of the NHPA and collections management.
Cabinet Room – Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-92] Current Perspectives on Plantation Archaeology in the Caribbean

Organizer(s): Elizabeth C. Clay (University of Pennsylvania)
Chair(s): Elizabeth C. Clay (University of Pennsylvania)
Discussant(s): James A. Delle (Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania)
The archaeology of plantations remains a central focus of those studying slavery and
emancipation in the Caribbean region. Plantation studies comprise a diverse set of
research agendas and provide a lens through which to examine anthropological
concepts including race, globalization, and empire. While plantation economies
across the Caribbean were shaped by many of the same global forces - most notably
race-based slavery fueled by capitalism - each region remains unique in its history
and current political and economic climate. This symposium will focus on current
and future directions in Caribbean plantation archaeology; papers in this session
will explore current themes in plantation archaeology in the Caribbean - including
landscape, materiality, and the environment - and should offer some comparison
across contexts. Insights from a variety of colonial settings will help to continue the
conversation within the broader Caribbean sphere.
Hampton Room – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-94a and SYM-94b] To "Hazard a Turbulent Sea:" Marine Archaeology in

the Gulf of Mexico—Examining 500 Years of Exploration and Exploitation, Part
1 and Part 2
Organizer(s): Melanie Damour (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Pilar Luna
Erreguerena (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia), Frederick H. Hanselmann
(Texas State University)
Chair(s): Melanie Damour (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Frederick H.
Hanselmann (Texas State University)
Discussant(s): Brian A. Jordan (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)
The Gulf of Mexico and its coastal waterways supported and sustained Native
populations with its abundant resources long before the arrival of Europeans.
Beginning with Spanish expeditions in the 16th century, foreign and domestic
nations utilized the Gulf as a new frontier for exploration and colonization; as a
conduit to and source of the New World's resources; and as a battleground, namely
for access to or control of its ports, resources, and shipping lanes. This session will
highlight submerged archaeological sites in the Gulf of Mexico within the temporal
context of the Gulf's shifting role since European contact. Papers discussing sites
associated with European colonization, establishment of mercantilism and trade
routes, transportation of commodities and passengers, privateering, and naval
warfare, among others, will focus not only on the sites themselves, but how they fit
into the broader context of maritime history in the Gulf of Mexico.
Governor’s Board Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. –
5:00 p.m.

12
[SYM-97] Historical Archaeology of Childhood: From the Past and into the
Present
Organizer(s): April E. Kamp-Whittaker (Arizona State University), Jamie Devine
(University of Denver)
Chair(s): April E. Kamp-Whittaker (Arizona State University), Jamie Devine (University
of Denver)
Discussant(s): Jane E. Baxter (DePaul University)
Children are often overlooked and can be difficult to discern in the archaeological
record, using only material culture. Historical archaeology, with its access to historic
documents to supplement and illuminate artifact evidence presents an opportunity
to gain a greater understanding of children's daily lives. The study of childhood in
historical archaeology not only enriches our interpretations of the past, but also
contributes to larger theoretical issues on identity, materiality, or meanings of place.
Papers in this session present current research in the historical archaeology of
children, including field methodologies, interdisciplinary research, and the potential
benefits of studying children in the past.
Committee Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

[SYM-102] Symposium: Historical Archaeology in Europe: Current Research

and Future Directions
Organizer(s): James Symonds (University of Amsterdam), Pavel Vařeka (University of
West Bohemia), Magdalena Naum (University of Oulu)
Chair(s): James Symonds (University of Amsterdam), Pavel Vařeka (University of West
Bohemia)
This session presents a selection of recent research projects from central and
northern Europe. It gathers together a range of historical archaeologists who work
on urban and rural landscapes and on sites ranging in date from the 17th to the 20th
centuries.The session has been convened to illustrate the diversity of work that is
being undertaken by historical archaeologists in Europe and the various case
studies will offer insights into research themes and methodologies.
Cabinet Room - Thursday, 3:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

[SYM-104] Symposium: Digging I-95 In 2016: New Archaeological Discoveries

From The Philadelphia Waterfront
Organizer(s): Edward M. Morin (AECOM)
Chair(s): Douglas B. Mooney (AECOM)
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is currently undertaking extensive
improvements to a three mile long section of Interstate 95 through some of
Philadelphia’s oldest and most historically significant Delaware River Waterfront
neighborhoods. Ongoing archaeological investigations conducted in advance of
highway construction have uncovered an astonishingly rich and diverse artifact
assemblage created by the 18th and 19th-century residents of the little explored
Kensington-Fishtown and Port Richmond sections of the city. They have also
produced a great amount of significant new information related to Philadelphia’s
poorly understood glass industry. In particular, excavations have documented the

13
well-preserved physical remains of portions of the important Dyottville Glass Works
complex, as well as the unique domestic material culture associated with local glass
workers and other inter-related families in the community surrounding the city’s
glass production epicenter.
Embassy Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

[SYM-105a and SYM-105b] Symposium: New Highway Uncovers New Histories:

Archaeology Mitigations From the U.S. Route 301 Mega Project in Delaware,
Parts 1 and 2
Organizer(s): Heidi E. Krofft (Delaware Department of Transportation)
Chair(s): Heidi E. Krofft (Delaware Department of Transportation), David S. Clarke
(Delaware Department of Transportation)
Discussants: Lu Ann De Cunzo (University of Delaware), Julia A. King (St. Mary's
College of Maryland)
The Delaware Department of Transportation is in the midst of its largest public
works project in over 15 years - constructing 17 miles of new grade-separated
highway across southern New Castle County. Archaeological investigations in
compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA have identified, evaluated, and mitigated
numerous 18th- and 19th-century sites. Through traditional and alternative
mitigations, this data provides a new perspective on the historic period in Delaware.
The traditional mitigations focus on themes of landscape, domestic economy,
transportation, and tenant farming. The alternative mitigations synthesize decades
of archaeological data from Delaware and the surrounding region on soil chemistry,
geophysical work, and predictive modeling. They also present specialized studies on
wells, buttons and gunflints, and the Revolutionary War. Two new historic contexts
provide an updated framework on the African American experience and the
18th century in southern New Castle County in which future Section 106 archaeology
can be conducted.
Embassy Room – Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

[SYM-109] New York City Archaeological Repository- Past, Present, and Future
Organizer(s): Amanda Sutphin (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission)
Chair(s): Amanda Sutphin (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission)
The New York City Archaeological Repository opened in Manhattan in 2014. It is
designed to curate the city’s archaeological collections from public sites all over
New York City excavated in the early part of the 20th century to today. The
collections include a broad range of materials from both pre-historic and historic
periods. With such a diverse universe, there are many issues to address such as
conservation, curation, cataloging, appropriate accessing principles, and
accessibility for researchers and the public. Recognizing these concerns, New York
City Landmarks Preservation Commission partnered with the Museum of the City of
New York to address them. The session papers will consider the creation and
mission of the repository, the development and research functionality of a new
collections database and its ramifications, and past and future research
opportunities exemplified by the Stadt Huys collection.
Committee Room – Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

14
[SYM-118a and SYM-118b] The Production and Archaeological Analysis of
18th and 19th Century American Ceramics, Part 1 and Part 2
Organizer(s): Deborah L. Miller (AECOM)
Chair: Deborah L. Miller (AECOM)
Discussant: Robert Hunter (Ceramics in America)
Since Thomas Ward first threw pots at Martin’s Hundred in the 1620s, American
made ceramics have supplemented and complemented the imported wares that
dominate most historic archaeological sites. In the past, American ceramics were
rarely valued by archaeologists for their diagnostic and analytic potential since
regional assessments of potters and their wares were incomplete. Recent research,
however, is proving that American ceramic production was incredibly prolific, in
both urban centers and backcountry markets, with potters manufacturing an array
of wares suitable for every need and taste. This symposium explores American
ceramic production from Massachusetts to South Carolina through the first half of
the 19th century. Presenters will discuss red earthenware and stoneware, as well as
potters and kilns, with an emphasis on regional variation and style. These richly
illustrated presentations will also provide the audience with a visual tutorial of
American ceramics they may encounter on their sites.
Executive Room – Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

[SYM – 120] Digging With The National Park Service American Battlefield
Protection Program - New Battlefield Research To Start The Next 100 Years
Organizer(s): Elizabeth S. Vehmeyer (National Park Service), Kristen L. McMasters
(National Park Service)
Chair(s): Kristen L. McMasters (American Battlefield Protection Program – NPS),
Elizabeth S. Vehmeyer (National Park Service)
Discussant(s): Kristen L. McMasters (American Battlefield Protection Program – NPS)
The NPS is celebrating both its Centennial and the 50th anniversary of the National
Historic Preservation Act in 2016. The American Battlefield Protection Program
(ABPP) chooses to celebrate these events, along with its own 25th anniversary, with
a glimpse back to battlefield archeology supported by the ABPP and with specific
emphasis to the research this NPS program is inspiring. Papers will include new
ways of viewing the historical documentation, new field techniques, and innovative
ways of using KOCOA military terrain analysis. Papers will cover submissions to the
National Register of Historic Places and new ideas on documentation. Regional
perspectives of ABPP projects will be offered on battlefield archeology. Long term
work will be highlighted with communities struggling with preserving and
protecting their battlefield resources. Finally, presentations will be made in two
successful projects that made great in roads to connecting battlefield archeology
with underserved populations in meaningful and collaborative ways
Empire Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

[SYM – 129] Symposium: Non-traditional Urbanism and Living Spaces: Needs

of Living in Close Quarters within Various Organizations
Organizer(s): Dana Lee Pertermann (Western Wyoming College)

15
Chair(s): Dana Lee Pertermann (Western Wyoming College), Meredith M Hawkins
Trautt
(Archaeological Research Center, St. Louis, MO), Adam Fracchia (University of
Maryland College Park)
Discussant(s): Elizabeth M. Scott (Illinois State University)
The definition of cities and urban space can be expanded to include research on the
needs of living together in groups in numerous configurations. Here we present the
needs of living groups in terms of structure: how and why do groups organize
themselves in historical North America, and what can we learn about the needs and
consequences of urban living? Battle encampments, privies, military forts and other
non-traditional structures are discussed in an effort to better understand the needs
of living together as near-strangers. These papers are a collaboration of CRM and
academe, exemplifying the best practices to emulate in the future.
Committee Room – Thursday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-132] Symposium: Visualization Tools for 3D Modeling Archaeological

Sites and Artifacts
Organizer(s): Christopher Dostal (Texas A&M University), Megan Lickliter-Mundon
(Texas A&M University)
Chairs: Christopher Dostal (Texas A&M University), Megan Lickliter-Mundon (Texas
A&M University)
Discussant(s): Christopher Dostal (Texas A&M University), Megan Lickliter-Mundon
(Texas A&M University)
The implementation of 3D modeling in archaeological projects grows every year. Be
it theoretical computer modeling of an artifact, digitization of a site or artifacts with
laser scanners, or model building with photogrammetry, 3D modeling is becoming
the rule for archaeological documentation, not the exception. For each technique
used, there are dozens of programs and tools that are currently being utilized in the
field, and it is neither practical nor possible for every archaeologist to master them
all. The purpose of this session is to discuss the tools or techniques used on a
particular project that led to an accurate and academically or publically useful
model, and the steps necessary to achieve this result. The focus of these papers
should be the rationalization of the chosen method, the technique and tools utilized,
a synopsis of the process, and the strengths and weaknesses observed.
Capitol Room – Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-139] What We Do To the Public and What the Public Does To Us:
Outreach, Collaboration, and Education in Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Organizer(s): Stephanie Sperling (Anne Arundel County, Maryland)
Chair(s): Stephanie Sperling (Anne Arundel County, Maryland)
Discussant(s): C. Jane Cox (Anne Arundel County, Maryland)
Over the last 20 years, archaeologists in Anne Arundel County, Maryland have
created a unique formula for cultural resources preservation. A small, dedicated
group of professional archaeologists work with the County Department of Planning
and Zoning, Cultural Resources Division and utilize grants obtained through the

16
support of non-profits like The Lost Towns Project and Anne Arundel County Trust
for Preservation in order to protect, preserve and promote heritage stewardship.
These archaeologists have created a formula that connects with students,
community members, collectors, private property owners, and local historical
societies to provide education about archaeological methods and ethics and
encourages reporting and preservation of privately-owned sites. This session will
highlight all of these efforts and will also discuss what we have learned about best
(and worst) practices. Historic preservationists from a variety of backgrounds can
use this formula as a foundation for their own public programming and outreach.
Hampton Room – Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

[SYM-151a and SYM-151b] Archaeological Research and Preservation of US

Navy Ship and Aircraft Wrecks, Part 1 and Part 2
Organizer(s): George Schwarz (Naval History and Heritage Command), Alexis
Catsambis (Naval History and Heritage Command)
Chair(s): George Schwarz (Naval History and Heritage Command), Alexis Catsambis
(Naval History and Heritage Command)
Discussant(s): Samuel J. Cox (United States Navy)
In light of the 20th anniversary of the inception of Naval History and Heritage
Command's Underwater Archaeology Branch (UAB), this symposium is dedicated to
discussing the study, preservation, and management of US Navy sunken and
terrestrial military craft, including both ships and aircraft and their associated
material culture. An overview of the development of the Navy's underwater
archaeology program and management responsibilities will be presented, in
addition to current initiatives. Updates on new and ongoing research projects,
artifact conservation studies, as well as developments in policy regarding US sunken
military craft, will be presented by a range of external project partners and UAB
researchers
Empire Room – Friday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-169] Digging the River City: Richmond Archaeology Past, Present, and
Future
Organizer(s): Derek R. Miller (University of Richmond), Terry Brock (James Madison’s
Montpelier), Ellen L. Chapman (College of William & Mary)
Chair(s): Derek R. Miller (University of Richmond), Terry Brock (James Madison’s
Montpelier), Ellen L. Chapman (College of William & Mary)
Discussant(s): Ruth Trocolli (City Archaeologist of Washington, D.C.), Paul Mullins
(Indiana University-Purdue University)
The mayor of Richmond, VA recently proposed the construction of a new minor
league ballpark in the heart of the domestic slave trade, historic Shockoe Bottom
(listed one of the 2014 Eleven Most Endangered Sites by the National Trust for
Historic Preservation). The substantial backlash from city communities regarding
the development’s appropriateness and historical implications have stymied the
plan for now, but conversations and debates concerning Richmond’s archaeology
continue amongst community members, politicians, preservationists, and
archaeologists. This panel represents a cross section of these debates as each

17
panelist is tasked with considering the role that archaeology has played in
Richmond’s past, present, and/or future. Ultimately, this session hopes to use
Richmond as a model for exploring the complex and potentially contentious
intersections of archaeological knowledge, ethics, preservation, community
histories, urban planning, revitalization, and economic development.
Directors Room – Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-170a and 170b] "Spirits of the Dead": The Historical Archaeology of

Cemeteries and Commemoration Part 1 and Part 2
Organizer(s): Richard F. Veit (Monmouth University)
Chair(s): Richard F. Veit (Monmouth University), Harold Mytum (University of
Liverpool)
Discussant: Elizabeth A. Crowell (Fairfax County, VA)
This session, which draws its title from a poem by Edgar Allen Poe, is dedicated to
current research on the archaeology of cemeteries and commemoration. It
highlights new research and new perspectives on mortuary archaeology.
Monuments, cemetery landscapes, material culture, and human remains are
examined in order to provide new insights into the past. Local and international
case studies are explored. Although burial grounds, monuments, and human
remains have long been of interest to historical archaeologists, this session explores
new avenues of research and draws on new theoretical perspectives.
Palladian Ballroom – Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-171] Legacy Data from Maritime Archaeological Sites in Western

Australia
Organizer(s): ): Wendy Van Duivenvoorde (Flinders University), Jennifer F McKinnon
(East Carolina University)
Chair(s): Wendy Van Duivenvoorde (Flinders University), Jennifer F McKinnon (East
Carolina University)
This session presents the results of research projects making a significant
contribution to our understanding of Europeans active in the Indian Ocean and
Western Australian region during the 17th and 18th centuries through the unique
window into the past provided by maritime archaeological sites. Funded by the
Australian Research Council (2013-2017: LP130100137), a strategic international
alliance of university and museum researchers have worked together on shipwreck
sites excavated over 40 years ago and examined how approaches to maritime
archaeological sites have changed over time in terms of new research questions,
methodologies, and technologies. The alliance assessed the long-term benefits of the
recovery, conservation, display, and research of the archaeological materials from
these sites. Outcomes include new interpretation of significant European and
Australian histories and sites and will help formulate future study protocols for
maritime cultural heritage.
Embassy Room – Friday, 10:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-172] Haunted Landscapes

18
Organizer(s): Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland), Alena R. Pirok (University
of South Florida)
Chair(s): Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland), Alena R. Pirok (University of
South Florida)
Discussant(s): Phil Levy (University of South Florida)
This session brings together two topics of interest in historical archaeology –
narrative and the production of knowledge about the past, and the growing interest
in ruins as a critical symbol in the modern world – to raise a third: how these two
subjects might be connected through notions of hauntings and of the
phantasmagorical. It is an exercise in thinking about modernity and two of its
tenets: the organization of time and the notion of the modern age as the age of
rationalization. Ghosts – used here as a catchall term – are rarely if ever considered
a proper subject matter for archaeology. Notions of archaeology as a science have
led us to dismiss ghosts and other phantasmagoria as mere epiphenomena, as the
province of thrill seekers and entertainers. Yet, ghosts function as “social figures,” as
important meaning-makers, and as literary devices that invest places with meaning.
Palladian Ballroom – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-180] Crops and Culture: The Archaeology of Agricultural Thought

Organizer(s): Andrew Agha (University of South Carolina), Kevin R. Fogle (University
of South Carolina)
Chair(s): Andrew Agha (University of South Carolina), Kevin R. Fogle (University of
South Carolina)
Plantations in the southeastern United States were established to turn the native
landscape into a cash crop. Enslaved and indentured labor made the soil arable,
provided Old World cultigens knowledge and expertise, and transformed cleared
uplands and improved swamps into profit for the planters over them. While
agricultural and botanical ventures are typically used to inform the context of the
plantation in time and place, it is seldom used as an interpretive basis for historical
archaeologies. The papers in this session demonstrate the importance of examining
agricultural discourse as a driving force that shaped not only the land, but also the
lives of the laborers that worked it.
Cabinet Room – Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

[SYM-184] Work, Workers, and Workplaces in the Anthropocene: Insights on

the Modern World from Industrial, Historical, and Contemporary Archaeology
Organizer(s): Timothy J. Scarlett (Michigan Technological University), Sam Sweitz
(Michigan Technological University)
Chair(s): Timothy J. Scarlett (Michigan Technological University), Sam Sweitz
(Michigan Technological University)
Discussant: Timothy J. Scarlett (Michigan Technological University)
Papers in this session examine the social, technological, economic, and ecological
effects of industrialization and Capitalism through more than two centuries of
globalization’s quickening. Using various multi-sited and multi-scaled approaches,
historical, industrial, and contemporary archaeological studies explore aspects of
the diverse social, economic, and environmental changes that differentiate the

19
Modern age. The session will conclude with a discussion of the diverse ways
archaeology contributes to dialogues concerning the legacies and challenges
confronting contemporary industrial and post-industrial communities.
Congressional B – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-191] Praxis and Value in Performing Archaeology: Heritage, Affect, and

the Relevancy of Archaeological Research
Organizer(s): Chair(s): Rebecca Schumann (University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign), Shawn F. Fields (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Chair(s): Rebecca Schumann (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Shawn F.
Fields (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Discussant: Edward Gonzalez-Tennant (University of Florida)
In recent years, archaeology has come under severe critique, with the relevancy of
the field questioned by the public, within the political spheres, and by funding
institutions. But as the field comes under attack, archaeologists are trying new
methods of communicating their relevance both in academia and to the larger
public. This panel wishes to examine how the contemporary affects and effects of
archaeology can help maintain or create relevancy and give powerful new ways to
interact with the public. Archaeology is a science that not only produces data but
also creates an experience unto itself - not only for archaeologists but for those who
come into the site or even pass by it. Archaeology not only reveals memories but
creates them. Examining this experiential component helps better engage
relationships in the present, not only in academia but also with stakeholders and
community members
Calvert Room – Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

[SYM-194] Legacy and Influences of a Gotham Archaeologist: Papers in Honor

of Diana diZerega Wall
Organizer(s): Chair(s): Jenna Coplin (Graduate Center, CUNY), Allison Manfra
McGovern (Graduate Center, CUNY)
Chair(s): Jenna Coplin (Graduate Center, CUNY), Allison Manfra McGovern (Graduate
Center, CUNY)
Discussant(s): Nan Rothschild (Columbia University), Meta F. Janowitz (AECOM)
This session explores the contributions made by Diana diZerega Wall to historical
archaeology. In the course of her tenure at City College and the CUNY Graduate
Center, she has cultivated a meaningful body of work founded on teaching, research,
and service. Engaging students in a dialog with urban history and combining them
with her collegial spirit has resulted in numerous collaborative projects that expand
our understanding of New York City archaeology and history. Current and former
students, colleagues and friends present papers in this session that review her
contributions as well as reflect her influence. These papers engage the topics of
gender, class, race, community, and urban archaeology.
Executive Room – Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-202] Digital Archaeology Data: Issues and Possibilities

20
Organizer(s): Chair(s): Mark A. Freeman (University of Tennessee), Elizabeth A.
Bollwerk (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, INC)
Chair(s): Mark A. Freeman (University of Tennessee), Elizabeth A. Bollwerk (Thomas
Jefferson Foundation, INC)
Discussant(s): Carolyn Heitman (University of Nebraska-Lincoln)
Historical archaeologists are engaging with digital data in a variety of ways. The
increasing quantity and types of digital data along with the variety of software
platforms built to handle this data raises important issues of access, audience(s) and
archiving. Is the desire for digital data met by the efforts of researchers and
organizations striving to make data accessible? What audiences are archaeologists
trying to reach with digital data and have these efforts been successful? What skills
are needed to take advantage of these data and do enough people have them? Will
the data produced now be available in the long term? This session will explore a
number of projects at the national, state and local levels to see how archaeologists
are negotiating these challenges.
Senate Room – Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

[SYM-204] Urban Public Archaeology of the Washington, D.C. Region

Organizer(s): Ruth Trocolli (DC SHPO), Chardé Reid (DC HPO)
Chair(s): Ruth Trocolli (DC SHPO)
The Washington, D.C. area has an extraordinarily rich archaeological record and a
strong tradition of public support for archaeology. The recent building boom has
caused a surge of local and federal compliance surveys as well as non-compliance
investigations involving the public. New and non-traditional techniques such as GIS,
geophysical survey, and geoarchaeology show great promise for investigating
changing landscapes and urban deposition patterns. The Civil War and its aftermath
looms large in the area, and the effects on the landscape, demography –including
freedmen, contrabands, and manumitted slaves and their descendants-- and land
use, are investigated in a number of ways across multiple projects. Properties
surveyed include schools, parks, Dumbarton House, St. Elizabeth’s Mental Hospital,
an African-American cemetery, Yarrow Mamout’s homestead in Georgetown, Fort
Stevens, as well as an Alexandria, Va. bath house and tavern. These projects
demonstrate the value of multidisciplinary approaches that integrate the public in
contemporary urban archaeology.
Blue Room – Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-208] Caring For The Past: Connecting To Archaeological Collections

Organizer(s): Emily Williams (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)
Chair(s): Emily Williams (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)
Discussant(s): Emily Williams (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)
Multiple connections can be built using archaeological collections. These
connections may include regional studies that link collections over broad swaths of
time and space and challenge existing interpretations or they may be cross
disciplinary connections where research in one field encourages new approaches in
another field. Archaeological collections can also be used to create personal
connections between individuals or members of the public and the field of

21
archaeology. Increasingly, conservation has paired with archaeology to reach out to
new audiences and to generate enthusiasm about material culture. This session will
highlight a number of projects which seek to make new connections through
archaeological analysis, preservation and outreach.
Committee Room – Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-210] Long-term Indigenous Entanglement in the Colonial World

Organizer(s): Heather Law Pezzarossi (Syracuse University)
Chair(s): Heather Law Pezzarossi (Syracuse University)
Discussant(s): Rosemary A. Joyce (University of California, Berkeley)
Much of the work in Indigenous Historical Archaeology is concerned with the
earliest instances of European and Indigenous encounters throughout the world.
These studies achieve great acclaim for their position at the supposed origin of the
colonial relationship and are often privileged over instances of prolonged
indigenous and colonial entanglement. Narratives of decline, illegitimacy, and
cultural loss often discourage the further study of long-term Indigenous survival
over generations and centuries where “contact” period frameworks, with their
emphasis on legitimacy through the maintenance of pre-colonial lifeways, are no
longer productive as the sole means for understanding the dynamics often so
central in the long term survival of indigenous communities. These papers will
explore ways in which we can move beyond the search for pre-colonial “sameness”
in the study of prolonged Indigenous entanglement in the colonial world.
Directors Room – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-220] Expedition Costa Rica: East Carolina University’s Summer 2015

Maritime Studies Field School in Cahuita and Puerto Viejo
Organizer(s): Lynn Harris (East Carolina University), Nathan T. Richards (East
Carolina University)
Chair(s): Lynn Harris (East Carolina University), Nathan T. Richards (East Carolina
University)
Discussant(s): Lynn Harris (East Carolina University), Nathan T. Richards (East
Carolina University)
Two towns on the Afro-Caribbean coast showcase a diverse maritime legacy of
slavery, piracy, artisanal fishing, and environmental activism. Historical and
archaeological studies to investigate icons such as two potentially 18th-century
shipwrecks sites in Cahuita National Park and an industrial relic beached on Playa
Negra, in addition to the vibrant artwork, music and folklore, serve to expand and
enhance the cultural narrative. Research in progress includes an initiative to
inventory small fishing craft and maritime murals, to experiment with 3-D recording
techniques, and to negotiate a variety of challenges associated with working
underwater on biologically sensitive cultural substrates. Also undertaken were an
extensive series of interviews of local people engaged in marine-focused resource
exploitation and tourism. Together, these datasets outline a rich maritime cultural
inventory of the nearby Afro-Caribbean communities, and illuminate many of the
broader maritime cultural themes of the region.
Capitol Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

22
[SYM-259] The Archaeology of the American Dream: Topics in Historical
Archaeology West of the Mississippi
Organizer(s): Sara C. Ferland (Arizona Department of Transportation)
Chair(s): Sara C. Ferland (Arizona Department of Transportation)
Discussant(s): Christopher W. Merritt (Utah Division of State History)
Homesteads, ranches, roads and boomtowns: historical archaeology in the American
west is the archaeology of frontierism; the archaeology of expansion; the
archaeology of the chase of the American dream. It represents the attempts of
everyday people to make their way and find their fortune in a new and unfamiliar
world. The often short-lived nature and harsh geological setting of the sites
contribute to their shallow and ephemeral nature, which in turn contributes to the
fact that historical archaeology in the west is a somewhat overlooked and/or
undervalued issue. This symposium highlights several examples of the types of sites
and the kind of information historical archaeology west of the Mississippi can
provide.
Calvert Room – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

[SYM-283] SHEP: The Archaeology Of The Savannah Harbor Expansion Project

Organizer(s): Stephen James (Panamerican Consultants)
Chair(s): Stephen James (Panamerican Consultants)
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District, in partnership with the
Georgia Ports Authority, is proposing to expand the Savannah Harbor navigation
channel on the Savannah River. As designed, the Savannah Harbor Expansion
Project (SHEP) will consist of deepening and widening various portions of the
harbor. As part of the permitting process for the project, numerous archaeological
investigations have been implemented by the Savannah District. This symposium
will present many of the major studies including the survey of colonial rice
plantations as documented from low water, assessment of what turned out to be a
famous Tea and Opium Clipper, and the recordation of Confederate obstructions
that protected Savannah from a Union naval invasion, as well as the numerous
investigations leading up to and including the current data recovery project on the
Civil War Ironclad, CSS Georgia.
Capitol Room – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-292] Space and Place in the African Diaspora: Assessing Household

Context within a Virginia Plantation
Organizer(s): Matthew B. Reeves (The Montpelier Foundation)
Chair(s): Matthew B. Reeves (The Montpelier Foundation)
Discussant(s): Garrett R. Fesler (Alexandria Archaeology)
The concept of space and place has an immediate relevancy in the study of spaces of
the enslaved community. Space as designed by the owner was very different from of
place as defined by enslaved individuals. By using this concept over multiple lines of
evidence (yard space, built architecture, artifact assemblages, and paleo-
environmental data) we can begin to rebuild the world that African Americans
created under slavery. The focus for this session will be a case study from

23
Montpelier where the past five years have been spent excavated various home sites
of the enslaved community at this Virginia plantation.
Diplomat – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

[SYM-295] Environmental Archaeology and Historical Ecology: Present and

Future Directions
Organizer(s): ): Eric L. Proebsting (Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest), Ashley A. Peles
(UNC Chapel Hill)
Chair(s): Eric L. Proebsting (Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest), Ashley A. Peles (UNC
Chapel Hill)
Discussant(s): David B. Landon (University of Massachusetts Boston), C. Margaret
Scarry (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)
This symposium draws together a collection of current research that demonstrates
the interpretive potential of plant, animal, and landscape data for addressing
significant cultural and historical questions. The studies are unified by an
interdisciplinary approach that bridges both the natural and cultural realms and
moves past methodological concerns to reach meaningful interpretations, showing
the present and future value of environmental approaches to historical archaeology.
Executive Room – Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

[SYM-302] A Wealth of Data: Rising to the challenge of decades of curated

collections
Organizer(s): Jennifer Poulsen (Peabody Museum, Harvard University)
Chair(s): Jennifer Poulsen (Peabody Museum, Harvard University)
Since the early days of historical archaeology, a “curation crisis” has been on the
horizon. Collections from cultural resource management (CRM) and academic
excavations in the United States represent thousands of archaeological sites, and
millions of points of archaeological data. Old collections are often problematic and
storing these vast quantities of data presents logistical challenges. However, this
pursuit becomes worthwhile when these data can continue to contribute to our
collective understanding of the past. This session explores ways that decades-old
curated collections have recently been re-analyzed using new techniques and
technologies in order to deepen our knowledge of the sites, region, and time periods
that they represent.
Cabinet Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

[SYM-330] Heritage From the Ground Up: Using Technology to Study Enslaved
and Free Workers in an Iron-making Community
Organizer(s): Robert Wanner (EAC/A), Jane I. Seiter (EAC/A)
Chair(s): Elizabeth A. Comer (EAC/Archaeology, Inc.)
Catoctin Furnace was a thriving iron-working community at the base of the Catoctin
Mountains in northern Frederick County, Maryland. From its beginnings in 1776,
enslaved African Americans and European immigrants comprised the labor force,
producing the iron tools and armaments that powered a growing nation until the
furnace’s demise in 1903.

24
A joint research project undertaken by the Catoctin Furnace Historical Society,
EAC/Archaeology, the Smithsonian Institution, and Ancestry.com is investigating
the lives of hitherto unknown furnace workers. This session shares analyses of
skeletal remains, LiDAR, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), historical documents, vernacular
architecture, genealogical research, and geophysical data to illuminate the living
conditions and contributions of this population. The project provides data-grounded
interpretations for public presentation and restoration efforts that highlight the role
of free and enslaved workers in the early industrial history of the United States.
Diplomat Room – Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-336] The Wreck of HMS Erebus from Sir John Franklin’s 1845 Arctic
Expedition
Organizer(s): Jonathan Moore (Parks Canada)
Chair(s): Ryan P. Harris (Parks Canada)
Discussant(s): James P. Delgado (NOAA)
In May 1845 Sir John Franklin set out from England with HMS Erebus and
HMS Terror on a Royal Navy expedition in search of a northwest passage. The two
converted bomb vessels, exquisitely equipped and provisioned, carried Franklin and
128 men into the heart of what is now Canada's Arctic archipelago. The ships
became trapped by ice in 1846, Franklin died in 1847, the ships were abandoned in
1848 and no one survived a southward retreat. The mysterious disappearance of
Franklin's ships and men spawned unprecedented contemporary searches and
modern archaeological surveys and excavations together spanning almost 170
years. A breakthrough came in September 2014 with the discovery of the wreck of
HMS Erebus. This symposium describes a coordinated marine and terrestrial search
for Franklin's lost ships, the discovery of HMS Erebus, and the archaeological study
of this intact shipwreck from a gripping passage in Arctic history.
Blue Room – Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-354] “Maryland, My Maryland”: Current Archaeology in the State

Organizer(s): Emily L. Swain (The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning
Commission), Kristin M. Montaperto (The Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commission)
Chair(s): Emily L. Swain (The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning
Commission), Kristin M. Montaperto (The Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commission)
The diversity of Maryland’s cultural past is preserved through its rich archaeological
resources. The state’s Guidelines and local archaeological review procedures in
several counties not only protect sites from development threats, but also
encourage the use of innovative research strategies and technologies to preserve,
protect, and interpret these sites. Through collaboration, Maryland archaeologists
work together with professionals from other fields to discover and interpret
Maryland’s archaeological resources. This session will explore the application of
technology to archaeological site discovery and research, ways to engage the public,
and the toll that time takes on sites lost. This session is sponsored by the Council for

25
Maryland Archeology, Inc., the state organization for professional archaeologists
(www.cfma-md.org).
Blue Room – Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

[SYM-383] Practicing Maritime Cultural Resource Management: Directives for

Assessment, Active Conservation in situ, Partial Excavations, and Public
Stewardship
Organizer(s): Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M University), Charles D. Bendig
(University of West Florida)
Chair(s): Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M University), Charles D. Bendig (University
of West Florida)
Current trends in underwater archaeology, based on UNESCO's 2001 Convention,
recommend conservation in situ for managing historic sites. However, this practice
lacks a well-defined methodology, and supportive research assessing the
effectiveness of specific techniques. The purpose of this forum is to present and
review research that analyzes techniques related to the theoretical and practical
management of archaeological sites in a variety of environmental, geographical, and
social contexts. Specific themes will be concerned with understanding active versus
passive conservation in situ, modern standards and methodologies for evaluating
and monitoring sites, reflexive assessments of currently managed sites, and applied
archaeological approaches.
Governor’s Board Room – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

[SYM-384] New Considerations in African Diaspora Material Culture and

Heritage
Organizer(s): Justin Dunnavant (University of Florida), Jay Haigler (Diving With a
Purpose)
Chair(s): Justin Dunnavant (University of Florida)
The designation and preservation of African American heritage sites has become an
increasing point of contention with rapid urbanization and gentrification, providing
important points of reflection on the anniversaries of the NPS and the NHPA.
Furthermore, the anticipated 2016 opening of the National Museum of African
American History and Culture has spurred new avenues of research in African
Diaspora archaeology and provides new opportunities for collaboration among
museums, institutions, universities, and researchers. This symposium explores the
challenges and opportunities associated with recovering, preserving, and exhibiting
African Diaspora material culture. In addition to highlighting new research in the
underwater and terrestrial archaeology of the African Diaspora, this symposium
also addresses some of the challenges and opportunities associated with preserving
and designating African American heritage sites. This symposium is the result of a
collaboration among the Society of Black Archaeologists, National Association of
Black Scuba Divers Foundation, and Diving With a Purpose.
Diplomat Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

26
[SYM-398] “Not A Trade For One To Follow Who Has No Knowledge Of It”:
Captain Johann Ewald And The Historical Archaeology Of The 1777
Philadelphia Campaign
Organizer(s): Wade P. Catts (JMA), David G. Orr (Independent Archaeologist)
Chair(s): Wade P. Catts (JMA)
Discussant(s): Robert A. Selig (Independent Historian)
The fall and winter of 1777 and 1778 was a significant period in the history of the
United States as it fought its war of Independence. The Americans were
outmaneuvered and lost their national capital. Crown Forces, including British
troops and their Hessian allies, ended the year confident of victory. One man who
was at the forefront was Hessian Captain Johann Ewald. He splashed ashore at Head
of Elk, fought in major and minor engagements, defended the lines at Philadelphia,
and marched across New Jersey when the army retreated to New York. He was a
remarkable officer, carrying out patrols, hobnobbing with generals, tramping roads
from farms to fords, taverns to powder works. He observed and reported. Ewald will
serve as a leitmotif for the symposium’s authors, linking the places through his
words, offering fresh interpretations of the material remains of people, battles, and
sites he encountered.
Diplomat Room – Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

[SYM-403] Along the Patuxent River: The Discontiguous History of a

Transportation Landscape
Organizer(s): Matthew D. Cochran (The Ottery Group), Matthew M. Palus (The Ottery
Group)
Chair(s): Julie Schablitsky (Maryland State Highway Administration), Matthew M.
Palus (The Ottery Group)
Discussant(s): James G. Gibb (Gibb Archaeological Consulting)
The Maryland State Highway Administration carried out a transportation landscape
study along MD 231 in southern Maryland. During this archaeological survey,
evidence of military activities was found in the forms of colonial flint, War of 1812
British musket shot, and an African American Civil War training camp. While hills
provided strategic vantage points, the landing at nearby Benedict and the fertile soil
along the Patuxent River gave rise to trade and tobacco farming. A mid-17thcentury
site revealed the landscape’s colonial function while the exploration of 200-year old
African American cemetery provided the local community a place to remember their
ancestors. In sum, this session seeks to provide a longue durée narrative for this
landscape through an intensive study of specific moments in time.
Ambassador Ballroom – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

[SYM-477] The Most Important Contribution Historical Archaeology Can Make

to the Situation of Climate Change
Organizer(s): Marcy Rockman (National Park Service), David Gadsby (National Park
Service)
Chair(s): David A. Gadsby (National Park Service), Marcy Rockman (National Park
Service)
Discussant(s): Adam Markham (Union of Concerned Scientists)

27
Historical archaeology is the distributed observing network of the recent past.
Recently, its practitioners have increasingly turned their attention to the potential of
archaeological observations to inform a cogent response to the effects of changing
climate. However, archaeologists have yet to realize much of that potential. This
session envisions connections between archaeological stories of climate change in
the past, and climate resiliency, sustainability, and adaptation in the future.

Cultural heritage performs important roles in contemporary society; connecting

people to important cultural places, reminding them of or reconstructing their
identities, and forging connections between diverse groups. Heritage also has a role
to play in climate change response, which needs to be more fully envisaged. We ask
contributors to help us do this by outlining their view of the most important
contribution that historical archaeology has to make to operationalizing climate
change response.
Council Room – Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-488] Masculine Materiality and Intersectionality

Organizer(s): Christina J. Hodge (Stanford University Archaeology Collections)
Chair(s): Christina J. Hodge (Stanford University Archaeology Collections)
This session will explore the co-construction of masculinity, femininity, and other
sexual and gendered identities, the intersections of multiple subjectivities with
perceived masculine ideologies, and the social functions of masculinity or "being
masculine." To argue that identity-—gendered or otherwise—is both maintained
and performed through materiality is not new. What is (relatively) new, and
critically important, is the deconstruction of heteronormative white maleness as a
neutral stance in past lives and present scholarship; the privileged stance from
which social power and natural rights flow. The deep history of masculinities
contextualizes pressing debates of contemporary society, such as the role of
feminism, "men's rights" movements, and structural relationships between violence,
race, and gender.
Hampton Room – Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[SYM-514] The Maritime Archaeology of The Slave Trade: Perspectives,

Prospects, and Reports from the Slave Wrecks Project
Organizer(s): Stephen C. Lubkemann (George Washington University)
Chair(s): Paul Gardullo (Smithsonian Institution), Stephen C. Lubkemann (George
Washington University)
Despite archival evidence of over 1000 slaver shipwrecks, maritime archaeology is
only starting to address the most globally transformative seaborne processes in
human history: the slave trades that dispersed millions of Africans throughout the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This panel convenes scholars from the Slave Wrecks
Project to discuss theoretical, methodological, and ethical approaches in several
ongoing investigations of slaver shipwrecks and slaving maritime landscapes.
Taking several ongoing collaborative investigations as a point of departure,
presenters will critically consider the maritime archaeology of the slave trade’s
potential substantive and methodological contributions to the history and historical

28
archaeology of the slave trade and of the modern world constituted by slavery, as
well as to more narrow fields of inquiry such as the evolution of shipbuilding and
naval technology.
Hampton Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[SYM-662] Current Multidisciplinary Research Approaches in Historical

Archaeology
Organizer(s): Paola A Schiappacasse (Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio
Piedras)
Chair(s): Paola A Schiappacasse (Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio Piedras)
This symposium will present work currently being undertaken from
multidisciplinary approaches in order to broaden our research questions when
working in historical sites. Drawing from the works of Mary Beaudry, Laurie Wilkie
and Barbara Little the goal is to explore other documentary methods and techniques
that can contribute to our understanding of societies from the European contact in
the Americas until the mid 20th century. By expanding and including these sources
we could begin to concentrate on rescuing the stories of people that have
contributed to our societies but have often been referred to as the “invisible”. How
can the incorporation of other disciplines help us broaden our understanding of
archaeological sites? How can traditional sources of information be reassessed to
incorporate or guide new research questions? How can historical archaeology
benefit from a multidisciplinary research? This symposium will include case studies
that address multidisciplinary perspectives in historical archaeology.
Committee Room – Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

[SYM-687] Life on the Edge: Past and Present Perceptions of People on the
Margins
Organizer(s): Meagan K. Conway (University of South Carolina)
Chair(s): Meagan K. Conway (University of South Carolina)
Discussant(s): Matthew H Johnson (Northwestern University)
Unlike political borders, margins are fluid and porous, defined by variable local
practices and national policies. Margins are flexible locations, both physically and
ideologically, on the contrastive fringe of mainstream society. Life on the periphery
is defined in differing ways by researchers, governments, and those living within
areas ascribed by others as being marginal. Archaeologists explore the conception of
margins and marginality from a multi-faceted framework to interrogate the
underlying assumptions about culture, location, and economy in “marginal”
locations and communities. The study of such porous spaces has revelatory
potential to help us understand altered social dynamics. Through case studies,
presenters explore the margin as a concept, considering the nature of life on the
edge, how it is ascribed from different perspectives, and the linkages between the
core and periphery. Drawing on multiple perspectives of heritage and lifeways,
presenters advance the ways archaeologists think about life on the margins.
Committee Room – Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

29
[SYM-780a and SYM-780b] The Archaeology, Conservation, and Interpretation
of the Storm Wreck, a Wartime Refugee Vessel Evacuating Charleston, South
Carolina at the End of the American Revolution and Lost at St. Augustine,
Florida on 31 December 1782, Part 1 and Part 2
Organizer(s): Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP))
Chair(s): Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP))
Discussanat(s): John de Bry (Center for Historical Archaeology)
In 2009 a colonial-era shipwreck near the relict inlet at St. Augustine, Florida was
discovered by archaeologists from the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program
(LAMP), the research arm of the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum.
Excavations were conducted 2010-2015 in conjunction with LAMP’s annual field
school. Despite challenging diving conditions, 48 square meters of the site have been
excavated, revealing a wide array of artifacts including armament, ship’s equipment
and fittings, personal possessions, and household goods. The shipwreck was
identified as one of sixteen refugee vessels lost on or just after 31 December 1782,
members of the last fleet to evacuate Charleston of British troops and Loyalist
civilians at the end of the Revolutionary War. This symposium presents the results
of six seasons of research in the field, archives, and conservation laboratory, and
overviews the unique opportunities for public archaeology for a shipwreck
excavation carried out in a museum setting.
Empire Room – Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

[SYM-874] Public History in the Clover Bottoms: An Interdisciplinary Study of

Community Enslavement and Emancipation
Organizer(s): Kathryn L. Sikes (Middle Tennessee State University)
Chair(s): Kathryn L. Sikes (Middle Tennessee State University)
Throughout the South, plantation mansions are well represented among museums,
heritage sites, and National Register listings, in contrast to the more ephemeral
housing and gathering spaces of enslaved and emancipated families, which have
been vulnerable to decay, neglect, and intentional destruction. This collaborative
study of Clover Bottom Plantation in Davidson County, Tennessee by public
historians, historic preservationists, and archaeologists seeks to interpret
underrepresented buildings and activity areas associated with the property’s
African American majority. In consultation with descendant families, papers
explore archaeological, architectural, and genealogical approaches to the study of
Clover Bottom's historic African American resident families over time.
Senate Room – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.

[SYM-892] Lake Champlain: 19th Century Ships, 21st Century Archaeology

Organizer(s): Carolyn Kennedy (Texas A&M University), Kevin Crisman (Texas A&M
University)
Chair(s):Carolyn Kennedy (Texas A&M University), Kevin Crisman (Texas A&M
University)
Lake Champlain is a unique source for the archaeological study of ships. With over
300 wrecks hidden in its dark, frigid waters, it is an ideal location for testing

30
different approaches to hull recording and in recent decades a range of methods and
tools have been tested. Recently, the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum (LCMM)
experimented with sonar mapping of wrecks, comparing sonar recording to manual
recording on a nineteenth-century canal boat wreck. In June 2015, an archaeological
investigation by Texas A&M University, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, and
the LCMM used traditional recording techniques alongside new photogrammetric
software to develop preliminary site plans of four nineteenth-century steamboat
wrecks. This session will describe the use of these recent technologies. While they
have proved incredibly useful tools for the maritime archaeologist’s toolbox,
nothing has totally replaced traditional archaeological recording for accurate data
gathering.
Embassy Room – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

31
GENERAL SESSIONS

[GEN-001] Archaeologies of African Americans in Bondage and in Freedom

Chair: James M. Davidson (University of Florida)
Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[GEN-002] Public Archaeology

Chair: Leslie B. Kirchler-Owen (Ecology and Environment, Inc.)
Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

[GEN-003] CRM Studies

Chair: Kathryn Ness (Boston University)
Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

[GEN-004] Architectural Studies

Chair: Megan B. Veness (Fairfax County Park Authority)
Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

[GEN-005] Landscapes and Culture

Chair: Megan Bailey (University of Maryland)
Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

[GEN-006] Maritime Archaeology of the Midwest and West

Chair: Robert V. Schwemmer (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries)
Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m

[GEN-007] Underwater Archaeology in the Southeast and Caribbean

Chair: Nathan W. Fulmer (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology)
Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

[GEN-008] Advances in Archaeological Methods I

Chair: James G. Gibb (Gibb Archaeological Consulting)
Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[GEN-009] Advances in Archaeological Methods II

Chair: Jonathan M. Leader (University of South Carolina)
Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

[GEN-010] International Underwater Archaeology

Chair: Nathaniel R. King (East Carolina University)
Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[GEN-011] Underwater Archaeology along the Atlantic Coast

Chair: Erik R. Farrell (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources)
Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11:45 a.m.

32
[GEN-012] Synthetic and Comparative Studies in Nautical Archaeology
Chair: Brandi M. Carrier (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation)
Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

[GEN-013] Sites of Conflict and Military Life

Chair: David J. Mather (Minnesota Historical Society)
Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

[GEN-014] Industry and Mining

Chair: Gary F. Coppock (Skelly and Loy, Inc.)
Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

[GEN-015] Studies in Consumer Behavior

Chair: Megan R. Victor (The College of William & Mary)
Hampton Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 .m.

[GEN-016] Studies in Subsistence and Economy

Chair: Karen B. Metheny (Boston University)
Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[GEN-017] Collection Studies

Chair: Dena Doroszenko (Ontario Heritage Trust)
Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

[GEN-018] Students, Orphans and Criminals

Chair: Emma Verstraete (Lindenwood University)
Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

[GEN-019] Studies of Labor and Gender

Chair: Douglas K. Smit (University of Illinois-Chicago)
Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[GEN-020] Artifact and Analytical Studies

Chair: J. Eric Deetz (CCR/CCRG)
Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

33
FORUM ABSTRACTS

[FOR-045] Forum: Teaching the Past to the Huddled Masses, Yearning to

Learn: Building an Educational Toolkit for Archaeology
Organizer(s): Bernard Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory)
Chair(s): Bernard Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory)
Panelist(s): Christopher Barton (Temple University), Valerie Hall (Independent),
Jennifer Knutson (University of West Florida), Craig Lukezic (DE SHPO) , John
McCarthy (Delaware State Parks), Bernard K. Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory),
Sarah Miller (Flagler College), Elizabeth Moore (Virginia Museum of Natural History),
Laura Seifert(Armstrong State University), Kristen Swanton (NJ SHPO), Christine
Thompson (Ball State University), William White(University of Arizona), Scott
Williams (WSDOT), Michael Jay Stottman (Kentucky Archaeological Survey), Jules
McKnight (Presidio Trust), Jeremy Freeman (Shumla Archaeological Research &
Education Center)
Public archaeology is—or at least should be—about more than simply telling the
general public about our findings. Our primary goal as public archaeologists is to
share our passion for the past, engaging people in the thrill of discovery, but also
teaching them how archaeology is relevant to contemporary concerns and issues.
Teaching people about the past happens in formal, bounded classroom settings, and
informally out in the field, at festivals, and other locations. This session features a
lightning-fast (3 minute) series of presentations about teaching in a wide variety of
settings. Following completion of this lightning round, the participants and
attendees are provided with the opportunity to question one another, as well as
share information about teaching materials and lesson plans.
Council Room – Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:45 p.m.

[FOR-049] Artifacts and Journeys: The 2016 Three-Minute Artifact Forum

Organizer(s): Alasdair Brooks (Self-employed)
Chair(s): Alasdair Brooks (Self-employed)
Panelist(s): Alasdair Brooks (Self-employed) , Kathryn Sampeck (Illinois State
University), C. Riley Auge (University of Montana) , Richard Schaefer (Historical
Perspectives, Inc.), Teresita Majewski (Statistical Research Inc) , Glenn
Farris (California State Parks), Kelley Deetz (University of Virginia), Thomas Beaman,
Jr. (Wake Tech), Corey McQuinn (New South Associates), Ashley Morton (Fort Walla
Walla Museum), Scott Williams (Washington State Department of Transportation),
Sara Belkin (Boston University), Ryan Kennedy (Indiana University), Hannah
Piner (East Carolina University), James C. Bard (Cardno), Christina Sweet (Oregon
Parks and Recreation Dept), Brenna Moloney (Wayne State University), Kojun
Sunseri (University of California Berkeley), Melonie Shier (University of Central
Lancashire), Megan Victor (College of William & Mary), Benjamin Pykles (LDS Church
History Dept.) , Kari Lentz (WSA, Inc.), Mara Katkins (George Washington
Foundation), David Valentine (TBC), Harold Mytum (University of Liverpool)
Though there are important exceptions, most of the artifacts we excavate and
analyse are not recovered at their point of production; they have to travel from

34
where they were produced to where they were used and discarded. Sometimes
these journeys are short, perhaps moving from one part of a property to another. At
other times, these journeys are very long indeed, such as Staffordshire ceramics
recovered from an archaeological site in New Zealand. The nature of these journeys
often has much to tell us about trade, economics, population movements, individual
households, and other issues on both macro and micro scales. This year the 3-
minute artifact forum looks the journeys taken by artifacts (and the people who use
them) to examine these issues via the informal and fast-paced - but still academic -
discussion and debate that's come to characterise this popular recurring SHA
conference forum.
Congressional A – Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[FOR-106] Government Maritime Managers Forum XXIV: Walking the Chalk in

a Rolling Sea
Organizer(s): Victor Mastone (Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological
Resources), Susan Langley (Maryland Historical Trust)
Chair(s): Victor Mastone (Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological
Resources), Susan Langley (Maryland Historical Trust)
Panelist(s): James Spirek (SCIAA), Troy Nowak (Maryland Historical Trust), Valerie
Grussing (NOAA MPA Center), Amy Borgens (Texas Historical Commission)
The ability to walk a straight chalk line drawn along the deck of a ship was the
standard naval sobriety test. It carries the same connotation ashore, but has taken
on the meaning of strict adherence to rules. Government managers of submerged
cultural resources often find themselves facing intricate and difficult challenges –
walking the chalk in a rolling sea. We must balance a diverse set of problems,
competing interests, and difficult decisions in response to an ever-increasing need
to recognize and accommodate a wide range of appropriate uses. However, we must
often broker solutions outside the margins of established frameworks. The purpose
of this session is to provide a multi-state dialogue where government managers can
discuss issues, impediments, and solutions. By sharing our experiences, we can
improve our skills and learn alternative means to meet these challenges.
Forum Room – Wednesday, 2:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

[FOR-133] Illicit Economies and Shadow Markets: Using Data to Examine

Access, Agency, and Consumption
Organizer(s): Lynsey A. Bates (DAACS), Crystal L. Ptacek (Monticello Department of
Archaeology), Katelyn M. Coughlan (Monticello Department of Archaeology), Beatrix
Arendt (Monticello Department of Archaeology)
Chair(s): Beatrix Arendt (Thomas Jefferson Foundation), Lynsey A. Bates (DAACS)
Panelist(s): Jon Bernard Marcoux (Salve Regina University), Jillian E. Galle (DAACS),
Lauren K. McMillan (University of Mary Washington), Lindsay Bloch (University of
North Carolina), Guido Pezzarossi (Syracuse University), Barbara Heath (University of
Tennessee) , Julia King (St. Mary’s College of Maryland), Michael B. Schiffer (University
of Arizona)
Abstract social constructs such as access, consumption, identity
formation/maintenance, and agency have been common themes in the

35
archaeological study of a community’s economic activities. At the same time, a
broader academic focus on a critical engagement with data is spurring innovative
analytical methods. This panel seeks to engage these two intellectual trends by
focusing on evidence-based analyses of constructs like consumption and identity
with respect to illicit and marginal economies. By focusing on the archaeological
record, our panelists explore how data and context inform evaluations of people’s
acquisition of market goods. We encourage the audience to engage with the
theoretical and methodological points generated by the work of our panelists.
Forum Room – Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

[FOR-136] Archaeology Network of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North

America Project: Progress and Prospects Round 2
Organizer(s): Sarah C. Heffner (PAR Environmental Services, Inc.), Chelsea Rose
{Southern Oregon University)
Chair(s): Sarah C. Heffner (PAR Environmental Services, Inc.), Chelsea Rose {Southern
Oregon University)
Panelist(s): Sarah C Heffner (PAR Environmental Services, Inc.), Chelsea
Rose (Southern Oregon University), Mike Polk (Sagebrush Consultants), James C
Bard (Cardno Entrix), Kelly Dixon(University of Montana), Chris Merritt (Utah
Department of Heritage and Arts)
The Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project (CRWNAP) was formed in
Fall 2013 on the cusp of the 150th anniversary of the laying of the first spike of the
Transcontinental Railroad (1863). The goal of this project is to call attention to the
contribution of the Chinese who labored along the Transcontinental Railroad and to
shed light on what their daily lives were like. This project brings together scholars
from a variety of disciplines (history, literature, archaeology) and members of the
public in a collaborative environment to shed light on the lives of Chinese railroad
workers. The Archaeology Network of the CRWNAP consists of scholars from China,
Taiwan, the United States and elsewhere - all concerned with advancing the
historical archaeology of Chinese individuals that worked on the various
transcontinental railroads. This panel provides an overview of the CRWNAP, and
discussion of ongoing and future events related to it.
Forum Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[FOR-160] NASOH-Sponsored Forum: Erasing the History/Historical

Archaeology Divide in Maritime Research
Organizer(s): Alicia L. Caporaso (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Gene Allen
Smith (Texas Christian University)
Chair(s): Alicia L. Caporaso (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Gene Allen Smith
(Texas Christian University)
Panelist(s): Gene Allen Smith (Texas Christian University), Amy Mitchell-
Cook (University of West Florida), Paul Fontenoy (North Carolina Maritime Museum),
Warren Riess (University of Maine), Anna Gibson Holloway(National Park Service),
Virginia Lunsford (United States Naval Academy)

36
Archaeologists and historians should be concurrently analyzing the same data-sets
and not treating their publications and research as independent, but rather aligned.
While both maritime historians and archaeologists research, analyze, and interpret
the extant written and physical records of past maritime peoples and society, they
rarely cooperate or work together to expand the scope of their research outside
their specific disciplines. Bridging the gap between in-the-ground evidence and
recorded history will not take place without directed cooperation, multidisciplinary
efforts, and specialized cross-training. Using examples from their own experience,
maritime historians and archaeologists from the North American Society for Oceanic
History will discuss how this multidisciplinary cooperation can be better
accomplished in academic, museum, and practical research situations and how we,
as professionals, can better prepare students to fully access both disciplines in their
professional training.
Council Room – Thursday, 1:30 p.. – 3:30 p.m.

[FOR-272] The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater

Cultural Heritage: Compliance and Misconceptions.
Organizer(s): Amanda M. Evans (Tesla Offshore, LLC), Kinberly L. Faulk (Geoscience
Earth and Marine Services)
Chair(s): Dave Ball (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Amanda M. Evans (Tesla
Offshore, LLC)
Panelist(s): Kimberly Faulk (Geoscience Earth and Marine Services), Wendy van
Duivenvoorde (Flinders University) , Robert Yorke (Joint Nautical Archaeology Policy
Committee) , Chris Underwood (Nautical Archaeology Society), Dolores Elkin (Instituto
Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano), Matthew
Russell (Environmental Science Associates), Toni L. Carrell (Ships of Discovery),
Margaret L. Leshikar-Denton (Cayman Islands National Museum), Marion
Werkheiser (Cultural Heritage Partners)
The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural
Heritage has been ratified by over 50 countries, and provides a set of standards
which countries can adopt and adapt to assist management and long-term
preservation of their underwater cultural heritage. Since its entry into force in 2009,
the States Parties to the Convention, with guidance from the Scientific and Technical
Advisory Body (STAB), have worked to educate the public about the Convention.
Misconceptions, however, still exist regarding the purpose of the Convention and
how to comply with it. This panel will begin with an overview of the Convention, its
intent and application, the purpose of Missions, and some of the most common
misconceptions about the process, before opening the floor for discussion and
questions from the audience. Panelists include a mix of professional archaeologists
familiar with the Convention, and include representatives of several non-
governmental organizations to the STAB.
Congressional A – Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

[FOR-290] Catching Up With Caches: The Latest on African Diasporic Spirit

Practices in the Archaeological Record
Organizer(s): Garrett R. Fesler (Alexandria Archaeology)

37
Chair(s): Garrett R. Fesler (Alexandria Archaeology)
Panelist(s): James Davidson (University of Florida), Christopher Fennell (University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign), Mark Leone (University of Maryland), Larry McKee(NRG,
LLC), Patricia Samford (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab), Julie
Schablitsky (Maryland State Highway Administration), Theresa Singleton (Syracuse
University)
Over the past quarter century archaeologists excavating sites occupied by people of
African descent have increasingly identified evidence of traditional spiritual
practices in the archaeological record. Expressions of such practices have been
found at sites occupied by African Americans from Canada to California, and places
in between. The interpreted physical evidence has taken on three primary forms:
discrete objects placed in meaningful locations; artifacts that have been modified for
wearing on the body; and groups of objects placed together in caches. All were acts
of spirit management, attempts by people to either protect themselves from
malevolent forces, harm others, or generally influence the spirit world. These days,
the fervor among some archaeologists to “find” evidence of West African spirit
management has brought about questions of context and interpretive overreach.
Please join us for a lively panel discussion that brings together pioneering, present,
and future perspectives on African spirit practices
Congressional A – Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

[FOR-329] Research in a Nutshell: Powered by Pecha Kucha

Organizer(s): Mélanie Rousseau (Université Laval), Olivier Roy (Ministère de la Culture
et des Communications)
Chair(s): Mary C. Petrich-Guy (University of Idaho / CH2MHill), Sarah E. Miller
(Florida Public Archaeology Network)
Students and professionals present work in this unique and fun format powered by
Pecha Kucha. Participants have just a few minutes to present results, methodology
or introduce a subject. Work can be at any stage of development. The format is
simple: 20 slides – image only – each shown for 20 seconds. Images advance
automatically as presenters share their work. Audience members then participate in
informal discussions about contributions. The APTC Student Subcommittee and the
Public Education and Interpretation Committee offer this session as an alternative
for students at different points in their academic careers to gain input and expand
presentation skills in innovative ways. For this collaborative forum, participants are
encouraged to take this as an opportunity to practice and receive feedback on
presenting research as you would to the public, share experiences and research
pertaining to public archaeology approaches, and for public archaeology job
preparation.
Forum Room – Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

[FOR-36] Historic Black Lives Matter: Archaeology as Activism in the 21st

Century
Organizer(s): Kelly F. Deetz (University of Virginia), Christopher Barton (Temple
University), Whitney Battle-Baptiste (UMass Amherst)
Chair(s): Kelly F. Deetz (University of Virginia)

38
Panelist(s): Ana Edwards (Sacred Ground Project), Justin Dunnavant (University of
Florida) , Patricia Lott (College of William and Mary), Tracy Jenkins(University of
Maryland), Lynn Rainville (Sweet Briar College), Christina Brooks (Winthrop
University), Cheryl LaRoche (University of Maryland), Michael Blakey (College of
William and Mary)
This past year brought the topics of slavery, civil rights, and racism back into the
mainstream. These stories are not new for those of us who work tirelessly to
chronicle these historical and contemporary narratives in an attempt to educate the
public about Black history. The “New Civil Rights Movement” launched with
#Blacklivesmatter campaigns and has drawn international attention to our long and
shameful history of racism and violence in the United States. The recent
anniversaries offer a revived platform for the “perfect storm” to discuss race and
repair. This year’s ADAN panel is dedicated to race, archaeology, and activism. This
forum brings together many of the authors who published in ADAN over the past
year as well as scholars from outside of archaeology to engage in an
interdisciplinary discussion on race, activism, legacies, and alliances.
Congressional A – Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[FOR-460] Equity Issues for All: Historical Archaeology as a Profession in the

21st Century
Organizer(s): Ashley M. Morton (Fort Walla Walla Museum), Lewis Jones (Indiana
University)
Chair(s): Ashley M. Morton (Fort Walla Walla Museum), Lewis Jones (Indiana
University)
Panelist(s): Barbara Little (National Parks Service), Mandy Ranslow (Connecticut
Department of Transportation), Alexandra Jones (Archaeology in the Community),
William A. White (University of Arizona)
Working as a historical archaeologist in the 21st century presents new and old
challenges for women, minorities, and the privileged. Equity Issues affect all
whether direct or indirect; this session focuses on the immediate concerns of
emerging professionals in both CRM and academia as they navigate upwards in
these spheres. The goal of this session is to provide a semi-formal setting for
"ladder-climbers" to interact with upper-management through a set question and
answer period and informal round table format. Topics discussed include but are
not limited to tips and lessons, gender and ethnicity workplace climate. This is an
opportunity for professional development at a higher level.
Forum Room – Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[FOR-472] Archaeology Education Research and Evaluation – Exploring

Standards of Data Gathering and Publication
Organizer(s): A. Gwynn Henderson (Kentucky Archaeological Survey), Sarah E. Miller
(FPAN), Mary Petrich-Guy (University of Idaho)
Chair(s): Sarah E. Miller (FPAN)
Panelist(s): Elaine Franklin (North Carolina State University), A. Gwynn
Henderson(Kentucky Archaeological Survey), Annalies Corbin (Past Foundation),
Katheryn Owen (Woodland Park Zoo), Mary Petrich-Guy(University of Idaho)

39
Archaeologists and public partners recognize many benefits of gathering community
and participant feedback. Formally sharing program and curricula evaluation
results as a means to hone practice and improve future outcomes is gathering
momentum in the discipline. Panelists explore gathering, formally sharing, and
implementing participant feedback from a variety of settings. Join us for case
studies, discussions related to Human Assurance/Institutional Review Board issues,
and educational programs and curricula assessment trends and pitfalls.
Conversations are aimed at engaging those who are active/ interested in feedback
gathering and evaluation to help identify common issues and prepare those who are
considering gathering data, as well as to encourage responsible sharing of
participant input.
Council Room – Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

[FOR-494] Looking to the Past for Our Future: Navigating the Cultural
Resource “Law-scape” for Students and Recent Graduates
Organizer(s): Nicole Bucchino Grinnan (Florida Public Archaeology Network,
University of West Florida), Jennifer Jones (East Carolina University), Elizabeth Spott
(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
Chair(s): Nicole Bucchino Grinnan (Florida Public Archaeology Network, University of
West Florida), Jennifer Jones (East Carolina University), Elizabeth Spott (University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
Panelist(s): Dave Conlin (National Park Service), Charles Ewen (East Carolina
University), Terry Klein (SRI Foundation), Ole Varmer (NOAA), Marc-André
Bernier (Parks Canada), Lynn Harris (East Carolina University)
This year, 2016, marks the fiftieth anniversary of the National Historic Preservation
Act; since its passing, cultural resource protection laws have become increasingly
complex. Navigating these laws as students and recent graduates requires a
significant understanding of the nuances of federal, state, and local laws affecting
historical and archaeological sites in the United States. This panel provides a
discussion of both American and international cultural resource laws, including
recent developments in heritage protection. Avenues of discussion include the
impact of changing preservation laws related to contract and research-based
archaeology, the significance of and key players in lobbying for cultural resource
protection, and organizations’ roles in setting examples for cultural resource
protection. Panelists will provide insight into how students and recent graduates
can take part in the discussion about legal protections for cultural resources and
serve as ambassadors for heritage preservation.
Ambassador Ballroom – Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[FOR-543] Archaeology and Preservation Disaster Risk Reduction: Mitigation

and Preparedness with Communities
Organizer(s): Chair(s): Anne Garland (Applied Research in Environmental Sciences
Nonprofit, Inc.), Barbara Clark (Florida Public Archaeology Network)
Chair(s): Anne Garland (Applied Research in Environmental Sciences Nonprofit, Inc.),
Barbara Clark (Florida Public Archaeology Network)

40
Panelist(s): Martin Gallivan (College of William and Mary), Danielle Moretti-
Langholtz (College of William and Mary), George Hambrecht (University of Maryland,
College Park), Kevin Gidusko (Florida Public Archaeology Network)
Hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding, sea level rise, oil spills and other environmental
disasters severely impact cultural resources. Communities depend on cultural
resources for tourism and local economies. Expecting that we will have to plan for
the unexpected is not enough. Archaeologists who work on disaster projects are
often doing so after the fact and forced to learn on the job. What steps can
professional archaeologists take in their own development to be proactive rather
than reactive? How can public archaeology partner with communities to mitigate
eco-heritage resources with disaster risk reduction strategies and policies (Sendai
Framework)? What creative solutions can land managers offer after experiencing
hazards? How can we better partner with communities and stakeholders we serve?
Panelists offer case studies in advance of the conference at
https://www.facebook.com/groups/EnvArch/. Please come ready to share best
practices and creative solutions.
Council Room – Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

[FOR-609] Archaeology in a Multidisciplinary World: Creating 21st Century

Teams for Digital Cultural Heritage
Organizer(s): Glen Muschio (Drexel University), Patrice L Jeppson (Cheyney University
of Pennsylvania)
Chair(s): Glen Muschio (Drexel University), Patrice L Jeppson (Cheyney University of
Pennsylvania)
Panelists: Ariel Evans (Drexel University), Mark Petrovich (AECOM) , Chester
Cunanan (AECOM) , Ryan Rasing (Drexel University) , Steve Tull (AECOM), Patrice
Jeppson (Cheyney University of Pennsylvania), Glen Muschio (Drexel University)
The ability of virtual reality to re-create archaeological resources is now well
established. The newest frontier in virtual archaeology aims to understand the ways
that digital cultural heritage fits into people’s lives online- and off-line, both within
and outside archaeology. This requires participatory engagement with
methodologies beyond archaeology and the need for ‘thinking digitally’. This panel
brings together individuals actively working in the transdisciplinary space created
by collaborative media arts and archaeology practices. Drawing on the Virtual James
Dexter House Site Project as a case study, panel participants will reflect and
comment on building 21st century teams for creating viable digital cultural
resources.
Forum Room – Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

[FOR-721] Bridging The Gap: NHPA, THPOs And Federal Agencies, A

Discussion Of Best Practices and Lessons Learned
Organizer(s): Kelly M. Britt (Federal Emergency Management Agency-FEMA), Tara L.
Potts (Federal Emergency Management Agency-FEMA
Chair(s): Kelly M. Britt (Federal Emergency Management Agency-FEMA)
Panelist(s): Nancy Brighton (United States Army Corps of Engineers-USACE), Kelly M
Britt (Federal Emergency Management Agency-FEMA), Bonney Hartley (Stockbridge-

41
Munsee Community Band of Mohicans), Valerie Hauser (Advisory Council of Historic
Preservation-ACHP), Rick Kanaski (United States Fish and Wildlife Service-USFWS),
Joe Watkins (National Park Service-NPS)
As the National Historic Preservation Act celebrates its 50 year anniversary, the
1992 amendment to the Act is celebrating almost 25 years of enactment. This
amendment provides a greater role for Native Americans and Native Hawaiians in
the Section 106 process. This forum hopes to explore best practices established
since 1992 and discuss areas of improvement in the consultation process between
federal agencies and tribal nations. This year's theme: A Call to Action: The past and
Future of Historical Archaeology is the perfect opportunity to explore where we as a
discipline have been and more importantly where we want to go and how to get
there. Our panel will include speakers that will discuss their Section 106
experiences as representatives of tribal nations and federal agencies. The goal of the
forum is dialogue and our mission is examining the call to action for this year's
meeting through conversation and discussion.
Ambassador Ballroom – Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

[FOR-900] Transformative Historical Archaeology: Achieving An Anti-Racist

SHA
Organizer(s): Flordeliz T. Bugarin (Howard University)
Chair(s): Flordeliz T. Bugarin (Howard University)
Panelist(s): Lewis Jones (Indiana University Bloomington), Mia Carey (University of
Florida), Mary Furlong (University of Maryland) , Michael Nassaney(Western
Michigan University), Carol McDavid (Community Archaeology Research Institute,
Inc.) , Jenna Coplin (The Graduate Center, CUNY), Jun Sunseri (University of California,
Berkeley), Albert Gonzalez (Southern Methodist University)
Sponsored by the Gender and Minority Affairs Committee, this forum focuses on
structural racism and diversity within the SHA and our profession. Each panelist has
contributed a paper for a pending volume on anti-racism in the Historical
Archaeology journal. The authors focus on different racial and ethnic groups, discuss
racism specific to these groups, and present potential strategies for overcoming
these challenges. During the forum, we will present some of the specific highlights of
the volume to engage the audience in a wider conversation about racism.
Discussions will bring to light insights that impact outreach work and improve
collaborations with underrepresented communities. We will explore how
archaeology and heritage management shape different understandings of race and
by extension impact race relations today. We hope to bring to the fore practical
approaches that may help create a more diverse professional community.
Congressional A – Thursday, 3:15 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

[FOR-926] Third Annual SHA Ethics Bowl

Organizer(s): Jade W Luiz (Boston University)
Chair(s): Jade W Luiz (Boston University), Mary C Petrich-Guy (University of Idaho /
CH2MHill)
Welcome to the SHA’s third annual Ethics Bowl! Sponsored by the APTC Student
Subcommittee and aided by the Ethic Committee, this event is designed to challenge

42
students in terrestrial and underwater archaeology with case studies relevant to
ethical issues that they may encounter in their careers. Teams will be scored on
clarity, depth, focus, and judgment in their responses. The bowl is intended to foster
both good-natured competition and camaraderie between students from many
different backgrounds and universities. Come join us! All are encouraged to attend
this public event and cheer on the teams and student representatives in this
competition.
Ambassador Ballroom – Thursday, 10:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.

43
INDIVIDUAL ABSTRACTS
Papers and Posters

A
Brenna E. Adams (North Dakota State University)
Ghostly Narratives: Haunted Tourism at Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah,
Georgia
This paper examines material culture as well as the ghost tourism of Colonial Park
Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia. Colonial Park is a hot spot not only for ghostly
activity but also for stops on numerous Savannah walking ghost tours. However, the
information presented on many ghost tours often ignores or alters the history of the
cemetery. The tours often embellish certain events, such as the 1820 yellow fever
epidemic, but perhaps more importantly, they ignore aspects of the cemetery’s
history, like its refusal to bury or even establish a cemetery for slaves until the early
1800s. This paper will discuss the haunting of Colonial Park not only by restless
spirits, but also by those forgotten in historical retellings of the cemetery’s past.
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Don Adzigian (Wayne State University) – see [POS-5] Susan Villerot

Anna S. Agbe-Davies (University North Carolina, Chapel Hill) – see [SYM-202] Esther C.
White

Anna S. Agbe-Davies (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill)

The Stagville Plantation Stores: Shopping in the Shadow of the Big House
The Bennehan-Cameron family fortune started with a single store in the 18th-
century North Carolina Piedmont. Over several generations, their wealth expanded
to include the ownership of up to 900 individuals, scattered across many farms in
several states. This paper examines the intersection between these two spheres: an
emergent consumer society and the institution of slavery. People owned by the
Bennehans, Camerons, and their neighbors are among the purchasers enumerated
in daybooks and ledgers from their stores (1792-1892).
These texts capture how African American consumers at Stagville—pre-
Emancipation and during Jim Crow—fashioned lives with the things that they
bought. Complimentary information comes from the archaeological record.
Together they reveal how enslaved consumers supplemented provisions they
received from those who claimed to own them. In combination these two datasets
show how consumer choices changed over time, and the extent to which records
capture goods that are archaeologically “invisible.”
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Andrew Agha (University of South Carolina)

44
Agriculture As Impetus For Culture Contact In Carolina During The 1670s
The first colonists who arrived at Charles Towne in 1670 came with new tropical
cultivars and familiar, Old World crops, as well as explicit planting instructions from
the Lords Proprietors—mainly Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, the 1st Earl of
Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury was himself an avid British planter and asserted that
planting, and nothing else, created colonies. His first plantation in Carolina did not
produce the crops he desired, and in 1674, he founded a new, much larger estate
farm. This 12,000 acre St. Giles Plantation contained over 15 enslaved Africans and
possibly over 30 white indentured servants. Agriculture, alien and familiar, brought
these radically different peoples together when Carolina plantations were just
becoming a reality. This paper explores how formal and informal agriculture
brought these Africans and Europeans into contact with each other, and what that
unity or disparity may have looked like at the sites influenced by Shaftesbury.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Todd Ahlman (Texas State University)

Signaling Theory, Network Creation, and Commodity Exchange in the Historic
Caribbean
Signaling theory is becoming a common tool in the interpretation of slave-era
households in the United States and Caribbean. As a heuristic tool, signaling
theory’s effectiveness lies in its ability to provide insight into the differential
consumption and disposal habits of past populations. This paper addresses not only
consumer and disposal habits, but also commodity exchange and personal networks
to place the material culture of enslaved and freed Africans from the Caribbean
island of St. Kitts into a broader context. Data from three slave village sites dating
from the late seventeenth to mid-nineteenth century are examined and show
changing consumption habits relating to local and international consumer demands.
It is concluded that developing personal networks was as important as purchasing
habits and exchange networks.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Eric Albertson (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.) – see [GEN-004] C. Andrew Buchner

Kimberly R. Allen (RVA Archaeology), Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation)

RVA Archaeology and the Changing Discourse of Archaeology in Richmond
Central to community conversations about the economic development of Shockoe
Bottom was the general concession that any indication of significant archaeological
findings would result in efforts to accommodate this possibility before development.
Recognizing that conversations about archaeology did not feature the significant
“voice” of archaeologists, the community convened a day-long symposium on the
history and archaeology of Shockoe Bottom. This gathering led to the formation of
RVA Archaeology, an organization consisting of local archaeologists and concerned
citizens. Since its formation, conversations about archaeology in Richmond have
become louder and more informed as the organization has become active in public

45
discourse. This paper will discuss the founding of RVA Archaeology, including
motivations behind its formation and design, and conclude with a discussion of the
benefits of collaborations between archaeologists and local communities for civic
engagement and empowerment.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Tyler Allen (West Virginia State University), Heather Alvey-Scott (Independent

Scholar), S. Ryan Jones (West Virginia State University), Nicholas Starvakis (West
Virginia State University), Paul Simmons (West Virginia State University), Jason
Carnes (West Virginia State University), Michael Workman (West Virginia State
University), R. Carl DeMuth (Indiana University – Bloomington)
Coal Heritage Archaeology Project 2015 – Preliminary Results & Student
Experiences
The Coal Heritage Archaeology Project’s inaugural excavations were carried out as
part of a summer archaeological field school at West Virginia State University.
Working in collaboration with Indiana University and the Rahall Transportation
Institute, excavations focused on the residential houses at the former coal company
town of Tams, WV and sought to better understand issues of material consumption,
labor, and class. This poster presents the results of these initial excavations and
explores the modern relationship between West Virginia and the Coal Industry
through student interpretations of this data, and reflections of their field school
experiences.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Kendy Altizer (University of Tennessee, Knoxville)

Just Another Brick in the Wall: Brick Looting in the Antebellum Lowcountry of
South Carolina
From the colonial period through the twentieth century, brick looting was a
common occurrence in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Most accounts are related to
the Revolutionary and Civil wars when brick was stolen from ruins or abandoned
structures to repair damaged buildings or construct new ones. This study focuses
on the built landscape of Peachtree Plantation in St. James Santee Parish, South
Carolina. This 450-acre parcel contains the remnants of the second largest
plantation house in the South Carolina Lowcountry. The main house was not
extensively brick looted though it burned in 1840. No intact structure, however,
remains of its brick dependencies. Their presence on the modern landscape is
defined by looters trenches and surface scatters of brick and mortar fragments. This
study utilizes archaeology and historical research to trace the deconstruction
sequence of these dependencies and place the occurrence of brick looting within a
broader regional context.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Brenda Altmeier (DOC/NOAA/FL Keys Nat. Marine Sanctuary)

Reef Beacons; Unlit and Forgotten: Interpreting History for the Future

46
Navigational markers are prominent reminders of our country’s maritime heritage.
In 1789 the Lighthouse Act was one of several laws the first congress passed to
regulate and encourage trade and commerce of the new world. Shipping routes
today are much like the historical routes used during discovery and colonization of
the new world. Many maritime heritage resources in the Florida Keys Sanctuary are
a result of complications along these historical shipping routes. Shipwrecks in the
Florida Keys caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses and eventually
forced attention to the problems. A series of unlit beacons installed parallel to the
Keys Island chain in the 1850s improved passage along the Florida Keys reef and
gave hope for future travelers. The once important markers, lost in time, serve as
tools to interpret technological advances in navigation and pay respects for the
trailblazers who engineered our safety and survival.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Jeffrey H. Altschul (Statistical Research, Inc./SRI Foundation)

Big Data, Human Adaptation, and Historical Archaeology: Confronting Old
Problems with New Solutions
How humans respond to climate change has been identified as one of archaeology's
grand challenges. Traditionally, archaeologists correlate local or regional
environmental reconstructions with human settlement to form post hoc inferences
about adaptive and social responses to changes in climate and associated
environmental resources. Regardless the logical strength of these explanations,
rarely can they be generalized beyond the case study. To offer general statements
about human adaptation to short- and long-term changes in climate requires a shift
from case studies to comparative analysis. Recent advances in cyberinfrastructure
has led to approaches that can accomodate much larger data sets than previously
possible. These advances combined with vast data sets, accumulated primarily
through heritage studies, provide technical ways forward from regional to synthetic
research. How historical data can be incorporated in a "big" data approach to
human adaptation is explored in this presentation.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Alejandro E. Alvarez (Bay Area Underwater Explorers) – see [GEN-006] Alberto E.

Nava Blank

Heather Alvey-Scott (Independent Scholar), see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

Christine M. Ames (EBI Consulting)

Collections Crisis in the Nation’s Capital: Problems and Solutions for the
Washington, D.C. Historic Preservation Office
Successful collections management encompasses proper housing, monitoring, and
curation to ensure long-term preservation and accessibility. However, successful
collections management also involves identifying and addressing issues(s) that
threaten collections. The Washington, D.C. Historic Preservation Office (DCHPO) is

47
in the midst of addressing a collections crisis. The DCHPO consults on both District
and Federal compliance projects, and without a curation facility, its collections are
stored across various agencies and repositories. Compounded by repeated office
moves, lack of a city archaeologist for a brief period, updated preservation
legislation, and tight funding, the DCHPO collections have suffered. This paper
examines the collections status at its worst--subject to fluctuating environmental
conditions, inconsistent housing materials, a lack of research space, and, in general,
a weak inventory--and then assesses the strategic steps already taken in rectifying
each issue. This paper concludes by considering what else can be done even as the
DCHPO collections continue to grow.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Nicholas P. Ames (University of Notre Dame), Ian Kuijt (University of Notre Dame)
Formalizing Marginality: Comparative Perspectives On The 19th Century Irish
Home
The construction of a house can be as much an expression of localized identity as
the items contained within. Whether individualized or based on a common layout,
these foundations of the "home" play a role in materializing the larger narratives
occuring within a society. One of these narratives revolves around the
representation of economic "cores" verses "margins" through built space. An
example of this dichotomy is the introduction of the Congested District Board
standard for housing into the Irish communities in the late 19th century, which had
discernable local effects on residential life, human health and community
infrastructure. This paper focuses on these material differences between island and
mainland 19th century houses using historical data and case studies from Ireland,
demonstrating the interplay between these lived spaces and the broader social
question of "what defines the edge"?
[SYM-687] – Committee Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jamie Ancheta (Monmouth University)

A Comparative Study of African American Identity Creation in Antebellum
New Jersey
Nineteenth century Fair Haven, New Jersey was home to an African American
community that persevered through religious and structural racism. Racism that
escalated to the burning of their Free-African American School house.The African
American history of Fair Haven is one of gradual emancipation accompanied by
gradual gentrification. This research provides an important avenue to rediscovering
a long forgotten and dynamic enclave of African Americans that once existed in Fair
Haven. Examination of the struggles experienced by this community, its
development, and its modification over time may provide important insights into
African American lives in 19th-century New Jersey and provide clues to the ways in
which African Americans relied on these enclaves and their associated institutions
to survive within and adapt to broader socio-cultural changes in New Jersey.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

48
David G. Anderson (University of Tennessee – Knoxville) – see [GEN-008] R. Carl
DeMuth

David G. Anderson (Indiana University South Bend) – see [SYM-202] Joshua J. Wells

Eden Andes (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine

Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)
Ship’s Equipment, Fittings, and Rigging Components from the Storm Wreck
This paper addresses ship’s equipment, fittings, and rigging found on the late 18th
century Storm Wreck off the coast of St. Augustine, Florida. Components of standing
and running rigging are discussed along with the ship’s bell, lead deck pump, bricks,
fasteners, and ballast. Rigging components recovered include an intact deadeye
with iron stropping, another deadeye strop, a possible chainplate, and a variety of
iron hooks and hanks. The lead deck pump was found bent and hacked from its
original position in order to throw it overboard in an attempt to refloat the ship
after it ran aground. A pump valve, either from the deck pump or the ship’s bilge
pump, was also recovered and is undergoing conservation. The ship’s bell, including
its clapper and entire wooden headstock, was recovered intact and is also
discussed. Bricks found on the site are believed to have lined the hearth in the ship’s
galley.
[SYM-780a] – Empire Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Steven Anthony (Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)) – see [GEN-
007] James A. Smailes

Beatrix Arendt (Thomas Jefferson Foundation), John G. Jones (Archaeological

Consulting Services, Ltd.), Derek Wheeler (Thomas Jefferson Foundation), Crystal
Ptacek (Thomas Jefferson Foundation), Fraser Neiman (Thomas Jefferson Foundation)
Deciphering Ornamental Landscapes at Monticello
Pollen data can serve as valuable evidence to advance our understanding of change
and spatial variation in the landscape of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello from its
initial European settlement in the 18th century to the present. The data presented
in this paper draws from a multi-year campaign of stratigraphic sampling
conducted in the largely ornamental mountaintop landscape immediately
surrounding Jefferson's mansion. Comparing these data to stratigraphic samples
collected away from the mountaintop allows us to measure the distinctiveness of
trajectories of change in ornamental and agricultural contexts. We suggest that
Jefferson's varied landscaping activities created unique but continually evolving
niches on the mountaintop which both humans and plants exploited.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Alan D. Armstrong (Northwestern University)

49
Estate Bellevue: Archaeology of an Eighteenth Century Cotton Estate, St. Jan,
Danish West Indies
This study examines cotton in the Caribbean through the examination of Estate
Bellevue. This site was an eighteenth century cotton plantation on St. Jan (St. John)
in the former Danish West Indies. It examines a well preserved cotton plantation for
which the ruins of the small mansion house, outbuildings, cotton
magazine/storehouse, cotton ginning platform, agricultural terraces, and platforms
of enslaved laborer houses all survive. Key elements of the site remain intact and
artifacts like flat grinding gins (which look like metates) survive on the surface. This
study contextualizes the site in relation to the broader role of cotton in the
Caribbean, the multi-ethnic setting of St. Jan, and the impact of global changes in
cotton production associated with the shift to industrial ginning and milling and
also explores cotton related craft production.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Douglas Armstrong (Syracuse University)

The Enslaved Laborer Settlement at Trents Plantation, Barbados: 1640s-1834
Trents Plantation, Barbados has provided a wealth of new information on early
plantation life in Barbados. In 2013 I reported on the recovery of the early
settlement at Trents Plantation and briefly mentioned the identification of an
enslaved laborer settlement on the plantation. This paper focuses on findings
related to the enslaved laborer community that was established on the property
beginning in the late 1640s. The site was occupied trough the period of slavery and
abandoned upon emancipation in 1834. All other known examples of enslaved
laborer settlements in Barbados were plowed under when the laborer populations
were displaced at the end of slavery. Data is presented from an intensive survey,
systematic shovel testing, and intensive excavation at four discrete house sites in
the village, including one with a definitive seventeenth century materials. The
archaeological data provides a basis to discuss living conditions during the period
of enslavement.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

J. Barto Arnold (Institute of Nautical Archeology) – see [SYM-94a] Andrew Hall

W. Brett Arnold (Anne Arundel County Maryland)

Where The Past Meets The Present With a Promise: Community Impact Of
History-Based Outreach In Galesville, Maryland
Galesville, Maryland is a small town situated on the banks of the West River in
southern Anne Arundel County. Having developed primarily as a community for
working-class families in the early 20th-century, the town is home to dozens of
charming historic homes and businesses and is relatively unmarred by modern
development. Recently, the Galesville Community Center has reached out to various
local historical interests to form partnerships whose ultimate goal is to showcase
the town’s rich history and share that history with others. This has been

50
accomplished using a combination of archaeology, oral history, and community
outreach, and will culminate in the Smithsonian Traveling Hometown Teams
Exhibit visiting the Galesville Community Center from July to September 2015. The
project represents the successful convergence of local government, independent
researchers, students, and nonprofits to make tangible improvements to a
community through the cultivation of interest in a place’s past.
[SYM-139] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Sigrid Arnott (Sigrid Arnott Consulting LLC), David L. Maki (Archaeo-Physics, LLC)
Forts on Burial Mounds: Strategies of Colonization in the Dakota Homeland
For hundreds of years, Upper Midwest Dakota constructed burial earthworks at
natural liminal spaces. These sacred landscapes signaled boundaries between sky,
earth, and water realms; the living and the dead; and local bands. During the 19th
century, the U.S. Government took ownership of Dakota homelands in Minnesota
and the Dakotas leading to decades of violent conflict. At the boundaries of conflict
forts were built to help the military “sweep the region now occupied by hostiles”
and protect new Euro-American settlers. Fort Sisseton, built by the U.S. government
in South Dakota, during the 1864 Dakota Campaign, and Fort Juelson built in 1876
by Norwegian Civil War Veteran immigrants during an “Indian Panic” were both
knowingly constructed on top of Dakota burial mounds, appropriating sacred
cemetery landscapes to demonstrate the military and cultural dominion of the
colonizers. Geophysical survey and historical research explore the archaeological
expression and significance of these interlocked landscapes.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Joaquin Arroyo (INAH), see [GEN-006] Albert E. Nava Blank

Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia) – see [GEN-

006] Dominique Rissolo

Fernando Astudillo (Simon Fraser University, Canada) – see [GEN-015] Ross W.

Jamieson

Fernando J. Astudillo (Simon Fraser University, Canada), Ross W. Jamieson (Simon

Fraser University, Canada), Peter W. Stahl (University of Victoria, Canada), Florencio
Delgado (Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador)
Galápagos Sugar Empire: The Mechanization of the El Progreso Plantation,
1880-1917
From 1880 to 1917 the “El Progreso” sugar plantation operated on San Cristóbal
Island in the Galápagos, using steam-driven mechanized sugar processing. Despite
its remote location, this large operation took advantage of the latest industrial
technology. Machinery was imported from factories in Scotland and the United
States, and a number of specialized machines were used in sugar processing and
alcohol production. After the death of the plantation owner at the hands of his

51
workers in 1904, the mill operated for another decade before being abandoned.
Parts of the machinery were removed to mainland Ecuador, but some have
remained on site. This poster explores the technology used, who supplied the
machinery, and the role of steam mechanization in revolutionizing global sugar
production at the turn of the 20th century. Agricultural mechanization was an
important aspect of Ecuador’s entry into global markets after the country’s
independence from Spain.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Blair Atcheson (Naval History and Heritage Command)

Research of US Navy Terrestrial Military Aircraft Wrecks
The US Navy (USN) manages a collection of over 14,000 historic aircraft wrecks, a
significant portion of which are terrestrial sites. In addition to planned research of
terrestrial aircraft wreck sites, the Navy often receives notice from the public of a
potential USN aircraft wreck and must determine how best to respond. Increasing
notifications from the public have led to the development of various approaches to
site management that take into account local public interest, property ownership
and land use, public safety, and historic preservation policies. This paper discussed
the challenges, issues, and opportunities associated with the study of terrestrial
military aircraft wrecks through recent site investigations of an SBD Dauntless from
NAS DeLand (FL), a PV-1 Ventura in Beaufort (SC), and the Goose Lake (OR) wrecks.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Stephen C. Atkins (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation), Dessa E. Lightfoot (Colonial

Williamsburg Foundation, College of William and Mary)
Oyster Exploitation and Environmental Reconstruction in Historic Colonial
Williamsburg
Oyster shell is one of the most frequently recovered materials from archaeological
sites in the Chesapeake, but they are often un- or underutilized in archaeological
interpretations. In an effort to explore what information these shells can provide,
Colonial Williamsburg's Environmental Archaeology Laboratory has been engaged
in an on-going, multi-site, multi-disciplinary, synchronic and diachronic program of
research to investigate how oysters recovered from sites in the Virginia Tidewater
can inform discussions of topics as far-ranging as the development and growth of
market systems, the effects of social and political upheaval on local provisioning
systems, and historic environmental reconstruction. A clear pattern of intensive
oyster resource exploitation in Williamsburg throughout the seventeenth,
eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries is emerging. This work demonstrates the
potential of rigorous analysis of archaeological oyster shells, and the importance of
integrating faunal, documentary, and chemical analysis to create the fullest possible
understanding of historic environment and provisioning systems.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

52
Stephen Atkinson (University of West Florida), Andrew Willard (University of West
Florida)
The Conservation of a Multicomponent Iron Artifact from the Emanuel Point
Two Shipwreck
Archaeological investigation at the Emanuel Point II shipwreck has been ongoing
since its discovery in Pensacola Bay in 2006. Excavations in the stern section
conducted in 2009 produced a multitude of artifacts, including two of the iron
gudgeons used to affix the rudder to the sternpost of the vessel. This poster
provides an overview of the conservation process given to the larger of the
gudgeons recovered, demonstrating the techniques used for a large-scale multi-
component artifact. Comprised of dissimilar metal (iron and lead), organic caulking
materials, varying joinery and fastening components, and remnants of hull
structure, this artifact provides a rare glimpse into 16th-century Iberian ship
building practices.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Bill Auchter (The Ottery Group)

The Use of Place to Find a Person: A Hybrid Microhistory of Salubria
Plantation, Prince George’s County, Maryland (18PR692)
An examination of an antebellum plantation in Prince George’s County, Maryland
can be a case study into how to see a subaltern group (slaves) living within a
dominant culture. To do this, three entities will be examined: a place, a slaveholder,
and a slave. How are these three elements related and interdependent upon each
other as a means to understand the elements individually and as a social group? All
three elements occupied the same time and space but would often be described as
three separate stories (Archaeology, History, AfricanAmerican History).It is the goal
of the project, through the lens of cultural hybridity, to recognize that these three
elements are part of the same story and how to see the slave within this hegemonic
apparatus.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Lillian Azevedo (SEARCH)

St. Thomas/St. Anne Parish Heritage Trail: Collaboration and Partnerships In
the Caribbean
In July 2013, community members in Sandy Point village on St. Kitts in the
Caribbean’s Lesser Antilles, began collaborating with Brimstone Hill World Heritage
Site to build a Heritage Trail along a 7.5-mile coastal route. An assessment of the
project’s progress two years later reveals critical challenges and innovative
solutions- between Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, a non-profit company
and individual community stakeholders of that island.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

53
Joana Isabel Palma Baço (Associacao Dinamika)
Anchors Through History: The Case of Lagos, Portugal.
Historical archaeology research has proven that Lagos bay was a mercantile hub for
more than two millennia, with maritime traffic reaching as far as Northern Europe,
Mediterranean, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Fishing activity in the bay, is even more
ancient than maritime traffic. Our study has located and research a large collection
of anchors related to this maritime activity in Lagos. We intend to present a series
of typologies, including previously unknown examples and show how these
contributed to our better understanding of Lagos has a maritime hub. Furthermore
our study counted with the participation of volunteers in a pilot project taking in
spirit and action the UNESCO convention. We also intend to show how this public
participation is shaping the future of Portuguese nautical archaeology and hope to
generate some discussion on similar actions around the world.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Joseph Bagley (Boston Archaeology Program, City of Boston) – see [SYM-302] Jennifer
Poulsen

Joseph Bagley (City Archaeologist, Boston; Massachusetts Archaeology Education

Consortium) – see [SYM-59a] Sarah Johnson

Joseph Bagley (City of Boston)

The potters of Charlestown (Boston), MA, their wares, and their
archaeological contributions
A systematic re-processing of the ceramic assemblages recovered from the
Charlestown neighborhood of Boston during the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Big
Dig) is revealing new insights and research avenues into this prominent 18th-
century earthenware production center. This paper will review the history of the
dozens of potters participating in Charlestown’s potting industry in the 17th and
18th centuries and provide a preliminary typology and dating guide to Charlestown
wares and decorations. Discussion will focus on the Parker-Harris earthenware and
stoneware site (1715-1775) including identification of Boston’s earliest attempts at
stoneware production in the 18th century and the site’s ties to Philadelphia potters
and ceramic production. Finally, this paper includes a discussion of the distribution
of Charlestown earthenware and evidence for its presence on sites from Nova
Scotia to South Carolina and the potential for identification of this important and
datable ceramic across a broad region of North America’s eastern coast.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Megan M. Bailey (University of Maryland)

Excavating Emotion on a Maryland Plantation
Due to their ephemeral, intangible nature, affect and emotion are difficult to capture
and interpret from the archaeological record. However, to be human, feel emotion,

54
and interact with one’s environment is a common experience that connects people
across space and time; therefore, presenting affect and emotion is a powerful means
of connecting people to the past. This paper uses a 18th-19th c. plantation context to
explore the importance of sense perception, materiality, and the landscape to
archaeological interpretations, and considers archaeology’s potential for dealing
with the human sensory experience in order to grasp a richer understanding of the
past.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Ralph Bailey (Brockington and Associates) – see [SYM30] Larry James

Allison Bain (Laval University, Canada) – see [GEN-020] Huguette Lamontagne

Maura A. Bainbridge (Binghamton University)

Labor Heritage at the Homestead Waterfront
This paper explores the memory of the Battle of Homestead at the Waterfront
shopping center and other related sites throughout Pittsburgh. Through interviews,
site visits, and guided tours, I compare the approaches to this memory by various
involved groups, such as developers, artists and community organizations. My
analysis employs an archaeology of supermodernity to consider the authorized
heritage discourse surrounding the Battle of Homestead as it relates to sites of labor
struggle in the United States. By contrasting the heritage products at the Waterfront
and nearby, I conclude that narratives of industry and nation building dominate this
discourse. Challenges to the authorized heritage discourse are only allowed to exist
in remote locations, far from the heart of the Waterfront’s shopping section.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Secundino Cahum Balam (Community of Tihosuco, Quintana Roo, Mexico) – see [GEN-
002] Tiffany C. Cain

Joseph F. Balicki (CCRG)

Metal Detector Investigations on the Fall 1863 Bivouacs of the 2nd Corps, 3rd
Division, 2nd Brigade, Culpepper County, Virginia
After the Federal Army aborted the Mine Run Campaign, the 2nd Corps, 3rd Division,
2nd Brigade was ordered to return to their campgrounds near Brandy Station,
Virginia. These camps were front-line short-term bivouacs of troops on active
campaign. The material culture these soldiers possessed differs from troops in
permanent camps, rear-echelon camps, and winter quarters. The artifact
assemblage found in a front-line camp reflects one activity: warfare. In such
situations, ammunition, weapons, sustenance, and a means of carrying these items
are essential for increasing one’s chances of survival. Left behind were many of the
items that made camp life tolerable, and most of the trappings of the social spheres
in which the soldiers interacted in the civilian world. The field methodologies
developed and employed to investigate these bivouac sites demonstrate that shovel

55
testing will not find these types of sites and only metal detection will provide
quantitative and meaningful information.
[SYM-28b] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m.

Dave Ball (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS Region) – see [SYM-94b]
Jack B. Irion

Dave Ball (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Jack B. Irion (Bureau of Ocean
Energy Management)
“When it’s steamboat time, you steam:” The Influence of 19th Century
Steamships in the Gulf of Mexico
Driven by technological advances of the industrial revolution and the introduction
of the steamboat in the Gulf of Mexico, the economy of the southern United States
flourished. When Charles Morgan brought his first steamboat to the waters of the
Gulf of Mexico, the stage was set for a commercial venture that helped transform the
region. By the mid-19th century steamships served as the primary vehicle to
transport agricultural products from the Mississippi River Valley to markets along
the east coast and Europe. Steam packets were also used as mail carriers, passenger
and troop transports, and for tourism. The remains of three Morgan vessels, New
York, Mary, and Josephine, have been documented along the Gulf coast. These vessels
mark the changing technology of steam navigation through the mid-19th century.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

David Ball (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-51] Brian Jordan

Barbara Bane (National Park Service)

How the Chinese Built Yosemite (And Nobody Knows About It)
Many of the nineteenth century roads that enabled Yosemite National Park to
become a national treasure – Wawona Road, Glacier Point Road, Great Sierra Wagon
Road, and the Washburn Road to the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias ‒ were built
by Chinese workers. Chinese cooks, servants, hotel employees, and farm/ranch
hands contributed to the park’s tourist services into the early 20th century. Today,
few traces of this Chinese presence remain: stone walls, roadbeds, bridges, and a
handful of archeological artifacts. How can we discover more about the Chinese
presence in Yosemite? And how can we involve the public in that search?
This paper presents an overview of Chinese contributions to the early
infrastructure and culture of the park and National Park Service Archeology and
Interpretation outreach in partnership with the Chinese Historical Society of Los
Angeles, Chinese scholars, and youth volunteers to investigate and commemorate
the Chinese presence in Yosemite.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Kathryn G. Barca (Smithsonian Institution) –see [SYM-330] Karin Bruwelheide

56
Kerri S. Barile (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group), Emily Calhoun (Dovetail Cultural
Resource Group), Kerry S. Gonzalez (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group)
Buildings and Bling But No Bottles or Bone? Peculiar Findings at the Houston-
LeCompt Site
In the summer of 2012, a dozen Dovetail archaeologists and scores of volunteers
toiled in the sun to excavate the Houston-LeCompt site, located along the newly
proposed Route 301 corridor in central Delaware. Using test units, backhoe
scraping, feature excavation, and artifact and ethnobotanical analysis, the team
recovered an astounding amount of data on the Houston family and generations of
subsequent tenant farmers who worked the land. House cellars, kitchen refuse pits,
wells, and sheet middens contained thousands of artifacts highlighting the 250 year
occupation of this parcel, some in remarkable condition. Ranging from late-
eighteenth century furniture hardware and decorative ceramics to early-twentieth
century jewelry and clock parts, the remains document the shift from an owner-
occupied residence to tenant-based dwelling in what was then the Delaware rural
agricultural backwater.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Jodi Barnes (Arkansas Archeological Survey - University of Arkansas)

Material Masculinities: Archaeology of a World War II Italian Prisoner of War
Camp
Camp Monticello, a World War II prisoner of war camp located in rural Arkansas,
housed 3,000 Italian enlisted men, officers, and generals. As a military institution
and a homosocial space, Camp Monticello provides a lens into the social
construction of masculinity and the intersections of class, gender, and cultural
difference in the 1940s. This paper will deconstruct heteronormative white
maleness and explore the ways that gendered and cultural identities were both
maintained and performed through materiality as the prisoners of war interacted
with each other and camp personnel.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jessica L Barry (Sweet Briar College)

Crime and Criminality in 18th Century Virginia
The definition of a criminal has always been “a person who commits a crime,” but
the definition of a crime has been fluid through time. There are levels of severity of
crimes and they all don’t carry the same weight in the justice system or in society. In
Colonial Virginia, there were prisons in every county as well as a courthouse where
the trials were held. This small conglomeration of buildings were at the heart of the
county seat where the civil and social lives of the citizens flourished. This paper
aims to show the effects of crime on society and how society effects what a crime is
in Amherst County
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.
Christopher Barton (University of Memphis) – see [SYM-172] Kyle Somerville

57
Christopher Barton (University of Memphis)
Black Toys, White Children: The Socialization of Children into Race and
Racism, 1865-1940.
Race and racism are learned. While there has existed a myriad of social practices
that have been used to socialize individuals into ideologies of race, this paper
details the use of material culture directed at children, that is automata, costumes,
games and toys. This paper focuses on material culture from the 1860s-1940s
depicting Africans/African Americans. These objects produced, advertised and
purchased by adults from children’s play served three purposes; 1) to cultivate
ideologies of race and White racial superiority within children, 2) to ensure the
continuation of racism and racist practices and 3) facilitate the construction of the
“White Race” through the dehumanizing of non-White “Others.”
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.
Kenneth J. Basalik (CHRS, Inc.) – see [SYM-105b] Rachael E. Fowler

Hayden F. Bassett (The College of William & Mary)

The House-Yard Revisited: Domestic Landscapes of Enslaved People in
Plantation Jamaica
Across the sugar-producing islands of the Caribbean, the "slave village" has
remained both a significant object and context for archaeological study of
plantation slavery. Recent landscape perspectives have fostered new methods for
seeing the material lives of enslaved people at the household and community scales.
In recent years, however, little attention has been given the household
infrastructure that extended beyond the house itself and articulated quarters into a
village complex. The swept yard, or "house-yard,” is the most significant of these
spaces caught at the intersection of landscape and household archaeologies. Using
recent findings from archaeological research at Good Hope Estate in Jamaica, this
paper addresses the house-yard to: 1.) define new methods for uncovering
archaeological “signatures” of yards at both large and small scales; and 2.) explore
how enslaved people in Jamaica articulated, subdivided, and used these outdoor
spaces to blur the domestic and social spheres of village life.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Lynsey Bates (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.) – see [SYM-202] Elizabeth Bollwerk

Lynsey A. Bates (DAACS)

“Little necessaries or comforts”: Enslaved Laborers’ Access to Markets within
the Anglophone Caribbean
At the household level, analysis of material culture recovered from Caribbean
plantation villages has revealed internal groups with differential access to
resources. The dynamic economic systems that enslaved people developed
necessarily depended on local expectations of labor and subsistence cultivation, as
well as Atlantic shifts in commodity prices and political control. Expanding on

58
household studies, I assess marketing strategies between plantation communities
by tracing how imported goods vary across space. My dataset incorporates
excavations from former British sugar-producing colonies to comparatively analyze
this variability. I examine imported (primarily European) goods that enslaved
people acquired as a proxy for their access to local traders and urban markets. I
offer several potential hypotheses for the abundance of imported goods including
surplus cultivation conditions, legal restrictions on husbandry and marketing, and
the pressures of competition in larger communities with few resources.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Daniel Battle (Cypress Cultural Consultants, Georgia American Revolution

Preservation Alliance)
America Loses a Star and Stripe. The First Full-Scale Battle of the Southern
Winter Campaign of 1778-1779, the Battle of Brier Creek, Georgia.
One of America's bloodiest Revolutionary War Battlefields remained lost and poorly
understood until recently. The use of LiDAR mapping and terrain analysis, metal
detection, and cadaver dogs, characteristics of a complicated battlefield environ
revealed themselves. The Battle of Brier Creek, Screven County, Georgia was the
first open land engagement of the British Southern Winter Campaign of 1778-1779.
It was also the first Patriot offensive in the South against an overwhelming British
force invading Georgia on four fronts that resulted in a return of Georgia to a British
Colony. The Continental Army had to build a strategy in the South in a rapid
response. Clear leadership and military organization were a mess; the struggle to
obtain effective arms for a growing army remained a critical need. This study in
Conflict Archaeological has revealed weapon distributions, ammunition
manufacture, battleline deployments, a house fort, encampments, and defensive
posturing of an American Army.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Daniela Baudet (Independent Scholar, Chile) – see [POS-1] Flora Vilches

Sherene B. Baugher (Cornell University)

Remembering and Forgetting: Civil War Prisoner of War Camp Cemeteries in
the North
Andersonville is a familiar name to Americans because of the effective way both the
POW camp and the cemetery are memorialized as National Heritage Sites. But what
were the conditions in the Northern POW camps for Confederate prisoners? The
Elmira, New York Prisoner of War Camp was the Andersonville of the north. This
site, like other Northern POW camps, was dismantled after the war. What was the
fate of the Northern POW camp cemeteries? Were there monuments to the
Confederate dead? Did any Confederate organizations erect monuments at these
cemeteries? Who controled the heritage narrative? This paper evaluates the varying
degrees of memorialization and remembrance at Northern POW camp cemeteries
for Confederate Prisoners in Chicago; Indianapolis; Rock Island, Illinois; North

59
Alton, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio; Scotland, Maryland; Salem, New Jersey; and Elmira,
New York compared to the Southern POW camp cemetery for Union prisoners at
Andersonville, Georgia.
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Paulo F. Bava de Camargo (Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil)

Harbor Archaeology in Sergipe: Initial Results and Considerations
In this poster, we intend to discuss some results achieved by the project Harbor
Archaeology in Sergipe: inventory and contextualization of structures, developed in
the Federal University of Sergipe. We will highlight the remnants and structures
identified along the Sergipe River, as well as shipwrecks that have been found in
Real and in São Francisco Rivers, both bordering the state of Sergipe.
The main goal of this project is to stablish the foundations for the development of a
systematic program of Harbor Archaeology in the state of Sergipe, comprehending
the location, inventory, mapping, and contextualization of portuary goods, be they
structures, buildings or equipment, mobile or real state, in use or abandoned.
That project has already yielded a significant amount of information on the port
activities in the 19th and 20th centuries in Sergipe and neighboring states, despite
having not yet carried out invasive fieldwork (excavation and gathering of
material).
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Thomas E. Beaman. Jr. RPA (Wake Technical Community College) – see [SYM-16]
Hannah. P. Smith

Thomas E. Beaman. Jr. (Wake Technical Community College) – see [SYM-16] Vincent
H. Melomo

Thomas E. Beaman, Jr. (Wake Technical Community College)

An Excavation of Data from Dusty File Cabinets: Carolina Artifact Pattern Data
of Colonial Period Households, Kitchens, and Public Structures from
Brunswick Town
Between 1958 and 1968, archaeological pioneer Stanley South excavated a total of
13 colonial era primary households and associated structures, as well as the
courthouse, jail (“gaol”), and church. While these excavations were designed to
interpret these structures for public visitation, it was the tens of thousands of
artifacts from these ruins that led South towards the development his pattern-
based, scientific archaeology. However, the artifact data from only three of these
structures—Nath Moore’s Front, the Hepburn-Reonalds House, and the Public
House/Tailor Shop—was reported widely in his Method and Theory text. The
artifact catalogs that South completed, and the remainder that were completed after
1968, have been resting in what have become dusty file cabinets. This study will
recover and report on this artifact data, hopefully to offer comparative data to more

60
recently excavated sites, as well as the problems matching the original counts to the
surviving artifact collections.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Matthew A. Beaudoin (Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc., Canada; University

of Western Ontario)
Who Speaks for the Archaeological Record?: A Media Analysis of Canadian
Archaeology
Archaeology is often conducted under the pretense of being to protect
archaeological resources for the good of the general public; however, it is not
always clear how archaeological excavations and research serve the public interest.
There are many examples of how the Canadian public is interested in the
archaeological discipline, but the voice of the academic archaeologist is often absent
within public discussions of archaeology and history. By conducting a media
analysis of how archaeology is presented to the Canadian public, this paper
demonstrates that the archaeological narrative is often appropriated by the
message of the colonial governments for their own political agendas. The
appropriation of the archaeological voice has significant consequences for the the
general public, as well as the archaeological community.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

John Bedell (The Louis Berger Group) – see [SYM-105a] Tiffany M. Raszick

John Bedell (Louis Berger) – see [SYM-105a] Andrew P. Wilkins

John C. Bedell (The Louis Berger Group, Inc)

Stephen Potter's Vision for Potomac Valley Archaeology
Between 1999 and 2011 the Louis Berger Group carried out a series of
archaeological investigations in the Potomac Valley for the National Capital Region
of the NPS. These investigations were planned by Dr. Potter as a connected series of
studies, working westward up the river. The work included four years in the Prince
William Forest Park, followed by four years in Rock Creek Park and then three years
for each of three sections of the C&O Canal National Historic Park, culminating at
Oldtown, Maryland in 2010. Completing these studies together allowed the
investigators to acquire thorough knowledge of the history and archaeology of the
area, and in particular to follow the development of the frontier and the interactions
between different groups of Indians and Europeans between 1660 and the
Revolution.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Charles D. Beeker (Indiana University) – see [SYM-47] Frederick H. Hanselmann

April M. Beisaw (Vassar College)

Historical Archaeology as Ghost Hunting

61
Archaeological sites can be haunted by past peoples if we convey the stories
necessary to presence them; no paranormal powers required. The magic of a ghost
story lies in its ability to conjure the emotions of the listener. Many ghost stories are
warnings of things that happened, and might happen again. Telling the tale provides
listeners with worse-case scenarios and vague instructions on how to avoid a
similar fate. Historic sites that contain standing ruins are ripe for such tales because
when we view a ruin we automatically wonder what happened there. For example,
homes are seen as safe places of loved ones. An abandoned house suggests a
tragedy has occurred. Historical archaeology can recover the facts and present them
as a timeline or it can seek out the more sensitive issues that captures imagination
and connects past and present people to it.
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Alison Bell (Washington and Lee University)

The Dead’s Vitality: Maintaining Souls in Virginia Communities
Solar-powered bulbs and flapping-winged ladybugs, wind chimes, whirligigs, jack-
o-lanterns, valentines to the deceased, and much else adorn gravesites in the Valley
of Virginia. A 2003 bowling trophy sits on the headstone of a person who died in
2001. A stuffed rabbit faces another stone and holds recent photos of children, as if
showing them to the buried teen. These objects relate not only to the deceased’s
personal histories and interests but also represent gestures, through exchange and
otherwise, to retain them in webs of social connection. Employing light, movement,
sound, written and visual communication in cemetery landscapes, the living work
to keep invisible souls present and participatory in daily life. This paper draws on
anthropological understandings of personhood to contend that many Virginians
understand themselves as “people with a strong sense of community, and being
dead is no impediment to belonging to it.”
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Justine Benanty (George Washington University) – see {SYM-514] Stephen C.

Lubkemann

Justine M. Benanty (Slave Wrecks Project) – see [SYM-514] Jonathan Sharfman

Charles D. Bendig (University of West Florida) – see [SYM-383] Nicholas C. Budsberg

Charles D. Bendig (University of West Florida) – see [SYM-383] Kotaro Yamafune

Charles D. Bendig (University of West Florida), Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M

University)
Readdressing Conservation In Situ: New Theoretical and Methodological
Approaches to Underwater Cultural Heritage Management
Protecting cultural heritage and disseminating archaeological research are two of
the primary tenets of archaeology. Protocols, such as the 2001 UNESCO Convention,

62
emphasize monitoring sites over excavation and conservation because of the
financial constraints and labor involved, as well as the physical space needed to
treat, store, and display collections. However, no concise field standards exist, few
clear directives are offered, and as a result, the application of appropriate
conservation in situ practices is minimal. In response to these issues, a standardized
approach is presented here that includes affordable and efficient directives for
monitoring and documenting sites, along with recommended techniques that can
help preserve and disseminate archaeology. This paper also proposes standard
methodology that can provide an assessment of risks posed to a cultural heritage
site, establish an acceptable limit of site degradation before a rescue excavation, and
incorporate public stewardship as a means of site protection.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Linda Bentz (San Diego State University), Todd Braje (San Diego State University)
Life and Death on the Edge: 19th Century Chinese Abalone Fisheries on
California’s Channel Islands
Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants built the first
commercial abalone fishery along the western edge of North America. These fishers
harvested tons of abalone meat and shells from intertidal waters and shipped their
products to markets in mainland China and America. Chinese abalone harvesting
sites still are preserved on California’s Channel Islands, and over the last decade
archaeologists have become increasingly interested in documenting the material
record. Using historical documents, immigration files, and archaeological evidence
we illustrate the lifeways, activities, and, at times, deaths of these maritime
pioneers.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christa M. Beranek (Fiske Center, UMass Boston) – see [POS-1] David B. Landon

Thomas Berkey (Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)) – see [GEN-
007] James A. Smailes

Marc-Andre Bernier (Parks Canada)

"Like winning the Stanley Cup": The Discovery of Sir John Franklin's HMS
Erebus in the Canadian Arctic
In September of 2014, the Prime Minister of Canada announced with great fanfare
the discovery of one of the two lost ships of Sir John Franklin’s expedition that left
England in 1845. The discovery in the Canadian Arctic of the ship eventually
identified as HMS Erebus was the result of the most ambitious survey effort to
locate Franklin’s vessels. Started in 2008, the search program, spearheaded by
Parks Canada and the Government of Nunavut for underwater and terrestrial
archaeology components respectively, eventually comprised more than a dozen
partners from the public, private and academic sectors, and delivered other

63
products in addition to the wreck search. This paper will describe the history of the
modern searches, in particular the program that led to the 2014 discovery, and will
highlight archaeological projects to date on HMS Erebus.
[SYM-336] – Blue Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David J. Bernstein (Geodynamics) – see [GEN-011] Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing

Bailey E. Berry (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center)

Parizek Brothers Shell Button Cutting Station
My research records the tasks and methods of everyday production at the Parizek
Shell Button cutting station in Central Delaware. In addition, it explores connections
to the economy and development of surrounding towns and to the broader national
industry. Data were collected through an investigation of the site, research through
historical records, and interviews conducted with individuals who have knowledge
of the button cutting industry. Data specific to the Parizek Brothers Shell Button
Cutting Station also builds on a general understanding of the experience of workers
in the shell button industry as well as the narrative of the industry as a whole and
its affect on communities in rural Delaware.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Dana E. Best-Mizsak (The Walhain-Saint-Paul Project), Annie Tock Morrisette

(Eastern Illinois University), Ashley Jones (The Walhain-Saint-Paul Project)
The Walhain-Saint-Paul Project: Bringing new ideas and generations to the
archaeological table since 1998.
Since 1998, the Walhain-Saint-Paul Project has connected the next generations of
archaeologists on a global scale via a strong partnership between Eastern Illinois
University and Belgium’s Archaeological Research Center (UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve).
Through the excavation of our 13th century castle site, we have also engaged the
local community, providing them with new ways to understand and protect their
heritage. Our student’s backgrounds encompass a variety of subjects, making this
project unique in that all are welcome and previous archeological experience is not
expected. To better understand how the landscape has evolved over time, we have
adapted our research plan to include collaboration with scholars in various
disciplines in the US and Europe, expanding our research to consider material
culture, environment and landscape. Finally, GIS, digital technology, and social
media have been added as research components to broaden our understanding of
the site and its surrounding community.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Jane Bigham (Veterans Curation Program, St. Louis, MO) – see [GEN-017] Cori Rich

Kate Birmingham (University of Maryland, College Park) – see [SYM-31] Mary Furlong
Minkoff

64
Katherine Birmingham (National Park Service) – see [POS-4] Kimberly I. Robinson

Katherine D. Birmingham (National Park Service)

Slavery and Resistance in Maryland: Findings From the L'Hermitage Slave
Village Excavations
From 2010 to 2012, National Park Service archeologists, students, and volunteers
conducted archeological investigations of the L’Hermitage plantation at Monocacy
National Battlefield. The plantation was established in 1794 by the Vincendieres,
French Catholic planters who came to Maryland to escape the Saint-Domingue slave
revolution. They brought 12 enslaved laborers with them. By 1800 they owned 90
enslaved people. Traditional field methods, historical research, and genealogical
studies were employed to uncover information about the plantation owners and the
enslaved persons to create a more complete picture of the plantation and to
increase understanding of the realities of slavery in late-eighteenth to early-
nineteenth century Maryland. Dr. Potter's tireless support, enthusiasm, and
advocacy for this project guaranteed it's success, and helped to bring Middle
Atlantic archeology to international audiences.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Daniel Bishop (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) – see [SYM-892] Kotaro Yamafune

Daniel Bishop (Institute of Nautical Archaeology), Kotaro Yamafune (Texas A&M

University)
Analyzing Nineteenth-Century Steamboat Rudders on Lake Champlain: Using
Photogrammetric Modeling to Aid the Archaeological Process
In June 2014, a team of nautical archaeologists working near Lake Champlain's
Shelburne Shipyard discovered two eroded but otherwise intact rudders on the
wrecks of the steamboats A. Williams (1870) and Burlington (1837). These two
rudders, along with the rudder from the Oakes Ames/Champlain II (1868) (currently
on display at the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum) were manually and
photogrammetrically recorded during 2014 and 2015 field seasons. This paper will
examine the unique characteristics of the three rudders, and will describe the
procedures and challenges faced during the collection of photogrammetric data
versus manual recording. Using the former approach archaeologists were able to
create 1/1 scale models of each rudder. These models are excellent tools for both
archaeologists and for sharing cultural resources with the general public.
[SYM-892] – Embassy Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Brooke Blades (A.D. Marble & Company, Pennsylvania) – see [SYM-105b] Michael
Lenert

Alberto Nava Blank (University of California, San Diego) – see [GEN-006] Dominique
Rissolo

65
Alberto E. Nava Blank (Bay Area Underwater Explorers), Roberto R. Chavez (Bay Area
Underwater Explorers), Alejandro E. Alvarez (Bay Area Underwater Explorers), Vid
Petrovic (Bay Area Underwater Explorers), Dominique Rissolo (University of California
San Diego), James C. Chatters (University of California San Diego), Joaquin Arroyo
(INAH), Pilar Luna Erreguerena (INAH)
Multiscale Image Acquisition for Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Modeling of the
Submerged Late Pleistocene Site of Hoyo Negro, Quintana, Mexico
The submerged cave chamber of Hoyo Negro contains a diverse assemblage of
human and faunal skeletal remains dating to the Late Pleistocene. Many of the
represented animals became extinct at least 10,000 YBP. The human skeleton is
that of a young girl who ventured into the cave at least 12,000 YBP. Most of these
deposits are extraordinarily well preserved. Detailed recording of this chamber is
difficult, as the site is completely dark and at maximum depth of 57m. Over the past
two years, the team has constructed multiscale 3D point-cloud models using
structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques. The site-scale approach captured a 60m
diameter area at the bottom of the pit. A series of deposit-scale SfM models were
created around selected bone deposits and features. The images acquired of the
human skeleton produced an extremely dense and highly accurate point-cloud,
which has made possible in situ taphonomic analyses of the site.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Barry J. Bleichner (SEARCH Inc.)

Are We Covered?: The Status of Non-US Navy Vessels Under the Sunken
Military Craft Act
The Sunken Military Craft Act (SMCA) defines vessels covered under the act as any
“sunken warship, naval auxiliary, or other vessel that was owned or operated by a
government on military noncommercial service when it sank.” While the definition
clearly covers most ships commissioned by the U.S. Navy (USN), the status of non-
USN vessels under the SMCA is less certain. This presentation concentrates on the
last class of defined vessels by examining the “owned and operated” and “military
noncommercial” components of the definition. The two elements are analyzed from
a legal and historical perspective by focusing on the status of two classes of vessels -
Liberty ships and privateers. Coverage of foreign wrecks in U.S. waters is also
explored through investigation of domestic and international laws and conventions
devoted to protection of underwater cultural heritage.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Rosemarie T. Blewitt (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

Catawba Foodways at Old Town: Loss and Discard of Traditional Ecological
Knowledge
This paper analyzes botanical remains recovered at the Old Town site, a late 18th
century occupation of the Catawba Nation, and integrates those data with faunal

66
and ceramic analysis along with ethnographic and ethnohistorical sources to
describe Catawba foodways. The Old Town occupation was defined by wars and a
major epidemic, and was one of the places where the devastated Catawba peoples
reformed and reconstituted their new identity. I examine the foodways at Old Town
as part of the changing social landscape within the Catawba Nation, which
experienced coalescence and ethnogenesis as part of its interactions with colonial
intrusions. I propose that the Catawba at Old Town, after losing significant portions
of their traditional ecological knowledge during earlier crises, were in the process
of discarding that knowledge as part of a strategy of survival that focused on
succeeding in the colonial market economy at the expense of traditional subsistence
economies.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Lindsay C. Bloch (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill)

Clay Fingerprints: The Elemental Identification of Coarse Earthenwares from
the Mid-Atlantic
Working with fragmentary collections, it is often difficult for archaeologists to
assess potentially diagnostic vessel forms or surface treatments on utilitarian
ceramics. It is therefore a challenge to identify the production origins for many of
these wares. Surveying the products from 24 historic earthenware kiln sites in
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, this paper considers the
reliability of visual attributes such as paste color and inclusions for distinguishing
the products of different potters and traditions. Elemental analysis is used as an
independent line of evidence to characterize the clays that compose these wares,
creating compositional groups that mark geographic boundaries of production. The
synthesis of visual and elemental data provides insight into how archaeologists
should describe and interpret these wares in their collections.
[SYM-118b] – Executive Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Joe Blondino (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group) – see [SYM-105a] D. Brad Hatch

Helen C. Blouet (Utica College)

Historical Archaeology in the College Classroom: An Interdisciplinary Tool
that Promotes Personal and Professional Development
This paper discusses interdisciplinary strategies that help students connect
personal and professional interests with archaeological goals and methods. This
approach encourages students to evaluate the past and present using archaeology
and other perspectives, including those from the arts and sciences, education,
healthcare, and business. I have developed this approach while teaching at Utica
College in Central New York. A Utica College education combines liberal arts with
professional training, and in this framework I practice interdisciplinary teaching
through which diverse students combine educational and career interests with
historical archaeology to learn more about the past and to achieve their own

67
personal and professional goals. For example, I offer a final project through which
students apply the lenses of their particular major to learn about archaeology and
history. By sharing this and other examples, I will encourage discussions on the
roles of archaeology and interdisciplinary studies in higher education and
professional development.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Thomas Bodor (The Ottery Group), Matthew Cochran (The Ottery Group), Lyle Torp
(The Ottery Group)
Archaeology and Architecture: How to restore an 18th century manor house at
Melwood Parke
Generally speaking standing structures are most typically the domain of Architects,
Structural Engineers, or Architectural Historians. Recent efforts to stabilize the
Melwood Parke, a ca. c.1715-1767 manor house located in Prince George’s County,
Maryland, highlight the critical role of archaeology in understanding construction
chronologies, as well as form and function of colonial American architecture. Topics
to be addressed within this paper include: the role archeology can play in the
understanding of complex diachronic architectural change; creating collaborative
relationships with architectural historians to more effectively guide the
rehabilitation of standing historic structures; and, the benefits of collaborative
archeological/architectural projects within cultural resource management.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Jim Bogert (Anne Arundel County, Maryland) – see [SYM-139] Jasmine N. Gollup

Douglas J. Bolender (University of Massachusetts Boston) – see [SYM-26] Eric D.

Johnson

Elizabeth A. Bollwerk (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.), Lynsey Bates (Thomas

Jefferson Foundation, Inc.), Leslie Cooper (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.), Jillian
Galle (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.)
Making the Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery (DAACS) a
Usable Resource
Since its inception in 2000, the Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative
Slavery (DAACS) has been a digital resource undergoing iterative development and
revision. A digital archive containing data on 2 million artifacts from 70
archaeological sites, DAACS opens infinite possibilities for a variety of audiences
who want to use evidence-based approaches to learn about enslaved societies in the
Atlantic world. Offering DAACS as a case study, this paper considers a major
challenge confronting those who create and maintain digital data: these resources
must be built on robust data structures while simultaneously being flexible enough
to accommodate the changing needs of their user base. We examine the best
practices that have made DAACS a durable resource and the changes that have been

68
made in response to user feedback. We conclude by explaining how DAACS is
continuing to evolve to meet the present and future needs of its users.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Stanley Bond (National Park Service (WASO)) – see [SYM-31] Barnet Pavao-
Zuckerman

Rosanne Bongiovanni (University of South Florida) – see [SYM-105a] Ashley H.

McKeown

Cristie Boone (Ichthyofaunal Analysis) – see [SYM-295] Linda J. Hylkema

Amy A. Borgens (Texas Historical Commission) – see [SYM-94b] Sara G. Laurence

Amy A. Borgens (Texas Historical Commission) – see [SYM-94a] Frank J. Cantelas

Amy Borgens (Texas Historical Commission) – see [SYM-94a] Justin A. Parkoff

Amy A. Borgens (Texas Historical Commission)

Armed to the Teeth: The Archaeology of Arms Procurement and Use in the
Early 19th-Century Gulf of Mexico
The first half of the 19th-century was a tumultuous period in the Gulf of Mexico as
European and regional powers competed for territorial dominance. As immigration
into the northern Gulf of Mexico increased, age-old rivalries erupted while new
independent nations emerged. In such a climate, maritime supremacy was essential
– foreign and local navies representing every major power were present, new and
sometimes ad-hoc navies were created, and privateers capitalized on the unrest -
often acting in concert with revolutionary factions. Within this diverse arena, three
archeological sites off Texas and Louisiana have been investigated in the past two
decades that contain arms and/or artillery. The artifacts from the Pass Cavallo
Shipwreck, discovered in 1998, are reassessed in comparison with more
contemporary discoveries that collectively help develop a broader understanding of
these regional marine-based assemblage types and allude to the dynamic character
of the period.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jason Boroughs (Salisbury University)

“Pushing Against a Stone”: Landscape, Generational Breadth, and Community-
Oriented Archaeological Approaches in the Plantation Chesapeake
By the antebellum era enslaved communities across large tidewater Chesapeake
plantations boasted deep temporal and broadly dispersed roots, enjoining residents
across quarters through bonds of kinship and camaraderie that often transcended
plantation boundaries. Broad cross-plantation neighborhoods encompassed
mosaics of significant places suffused with notions of community and grounded in

69
generational investments in labor and experience, places and ties that often retain
value to present-day descendants. This paper outlines some of the social and
temporal mechanisms of community development particular to the Chesapeake
region and suggests that community-oriented landscape approaches might be
productive in archaeological interpretation beyond enslaved and liberated
Chesapeake neighborhoods to parallel diasporic communities throughout the
Plantation Southeast and the broader African-Atlantic.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Jeremy Borrelli (East Carolina University), Lynn Harris (East Carolina University),
Melissa Price (East Carolina University)
Bricks as Ballast: An Archaeological Analysis of a Shipwreck in Cahuita
National Park, Costa Rica
Ships wrecked in Caribbean waters seldom preserve their structural integrity. Often
only ferrous artifacts and ballast remain as the cultural indicators. The ballast of a
wreck, if carefully documented, may have significant interpretive value to the site.
An East Carolina University team investigated a wreck site in Costa Rica consisting
of yellow brick stacked in a concentrated, organized pile. This paper examines the
function of brick as both ballast and cargo in the historical record of the Afro-
Caribbean region. It argues that detailed documentation of ballast patterns may
have potential to yield important data about loading, stacking, stowing and other
logistical considerations. It will explore the Brick Site as a case study within the
context of other wrecks in the archaeological record that carried large quantities of
bricks. As the site is a rich substrate for marine life in a Conservation Area,
investigators contemplate the challenge of future intrusive testing.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Jaco Boshoff (IZIKO Museums of South Africa) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C. Lubkemann

Jaco J. Boshoff (Iziko Museums, South Africa), Stephen C. Lubkemann (George

Washington University), Yolanda Pinto Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University)
Identifying a Luso-African Slaver in Cape Town: An Overview of the
Archaeological and Archival Evidence for the São Josè Paquete d’Afrique
In December of 1794 the São Josè Paquete d’Afrique foundered off of Capetown
while transporting nearly five hundred slaves from Mozambique who were
destined for northeastern Brazil, resulting in the death of over two hundred souls.
This presentation reports on how ongoing archaeological work on site combined
with archival work in Africa, Europe, and South America have enabled identification
of the shipwreck. It reflects on some of the insights research about this event is
providing about the slave trade as a complex global endeavour at a critical juncture
when East Africa was being brought into the Transatlantic system. We also discuss
how both our research paradigm and the process of engagement with stakeholder
communities has evolved to reflect and encompass both the global scope and

70
different local relevancies of this story, and outline some of the future directions
this investigation will take as a result.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Chris Bowen (Versar, Inc.) – see [SYM-105b] Brian D. Crane

Kellie J. Bowers (Fiske Center, UMass Boston) – see [POS-1] David B. Landon

Kellie J. Bowers (University of Massachusetts, Boston)

Native Interactions and Economic Exchange: A Re-evaluation of Plymouth
Colony Collections
This research furthers our understanding of colonial-Native relations by identifying
and analyzing artifacts that indicate interaction between Native Americans and
English settlers in Plymouth Colony collections. This project explores the nature of
these interactions, exposing material culture’s role in both social and economic
exchanges. Selected 17th-century collections were excavated in modern Plymouth,
Massachusetts, and nearby Marshfield and Kingston. My examination includes
identifying materials exchanged between the Wampanoag and English settler
groups in archaeological collections through scholarly literature and comparative
17th-century sites. This project draws on the documentary resources to provide
contextualized insights on the relationships formed by and around these
interactions. My aim is to extract the nature of exchange in the negotiation of
complex colonial contexts through material culture. This research is intended to
further decolonize our interpretations of the past, emphasizing the need for the
reevaluation of old collections in search of previously silenced Native presence.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Alvin Windy Boy, Sr. (Chippewa Cree Cultural Resources Preservation Department,
Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, MT) – see [SYM-32] Kelsey Noack Myers

C. Lorin Brace VI (Wayne State University)

An Archaeology Of Jazz: Urban And Racial Identity At The Blue Bird Inn,
Detroit
The postwar period was a transformative time for African American communities in
Detroit. Mass migrations of African Americans from the south and shifts in the racial
boundaries between neighborhoods led to dramatic changes in the urban makeup
of the city. Located at the center of one such neighborhood in Detroit’s Westside
was the Blue Bird Inn, one of the most important jazz clubs in the city as well as a
social hub for the community. The Blue Bird rose to prominence in the late 1940s
with the shift to bebop jazz, paralleling the changes in urban racial dynamics
occurring in the neighborhood at the time. This paper explores changes in African
American urban identity during this period as seen through archaeological work
done at the Blue Bird Inn.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

71
Kevin C. Bradley (JMA), Meagan Ratini (JMA), Elisabeth LaVigne (JMA), Kathryn Wood
(JMA), Wade P. Catts (JMA)
"As Long As I Have Served, I Have Not Yet Left A Battlefield In Such Deep
Sorrow…”: Archeology, History And The Material Remains Of Fort Mercer, Red
Bank, New Jersey
Nearly a month after the Crown Forces captured Philadelphia, a Hessian Brigade
under the command of Colonel von Donop crossed the Delaware River intent on
clearing away the American defenses entrenched along its east bank. Captain Ewald
was part of the expedition, and his jaegers supported the attack on Fort Mercer at
Red Bank, New Jersey. The assault on the earthen fortification began in the late
afternoon on October 22, 1777. The Hessian force suffered heavy casualties at the
hands of a smaller American garrison and the attacked failed. Today, what remains
of Fort Mercer is memorialized in Gloucester County as Red Bank Battlefield Park.
Funded by the American Battlefield Protection Program an analysis of data
gathered from excavation, ground penetrating radar and metal detecting combined
with historic accounts provides an intimate look at the fiercely contested battle
over the fort and the lives of the soldiers who fought it.
[SYM-398] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m .

Ryan Bradley (East Carolina University)

The Mystic Schooners of the 20th Century: The Legacy of the Last Sailing
Merchant Vessels
At the dawn of the 20th century, a revival swept the ports of New England ushering
in an era of wooden shipbuilding not seen on the Atlantic coast since the Civil War.
These vessels, schooner rigged for the coastal trade, were built for bulk, ferrying
cargo from southern ports and the Caribbean to the industrial powerhouses of
Boston and New York. A builder, based in Mystic, Connecticut, joined in and
produced a number of vessels that shared more than the same port of origin; nearly
half met their demise off the coast of North Carolina. This paper examines the
resurgence in the New England shipbuilding industry, a Mystic builder, his bald-
head schooners, and the history and archaeology of what may be the remains of one
of these vessels.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Karl Brady (Underwater Archaeology Unit, National Monuments Service, Ireland) –

see [GEN-010] Connie Kelleher

Todd Braje (San Diego State University), see [SYM-34] Linda Bentz

John R. Bratten (University of West Florida)

The First Emanuel Point Ship: Archaeological Investigation of a 16th-Century
Spanish Colonization Vessel

72
The first Emanuel Point Ship (EPI) was discovered in 1992 and firmly associated
with the 1559 colonization fleet of Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano in 1998. This
followed the initial discovery, preliminary investigation, and multi-year excavation
accomplished by the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, the Historic
Pensacola Preservation Board and the University of West Florida. Since that time,
laboratory conservation, additional historical research, the production of numerous
student theses, and other reports have added to a more complete understanding of
this 16th-century Spanish colonization vessel. Comparisons between this ship and
the second vessel to be associated with the fleet, Emanuel Point II (EPII), can now
be made.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Eleanor Breen (Historic Mount Vernon)

Underpinning a Plantation: A Material Culture Approach to Consumerism at
Mount Vernon Plantation
This paper adopts an object-centered, material culture approach that triangulates
between three primary sources – George Washington’s orders for goods through
the consignment system, inventories from a local, Scottish-owned store, and the
archaeological record at Mount Vernon plantation – lending fresh insight into the
nature of the mid-eighteenth century consumer revolution and addressing
questions about elite and non-elite consumer behavior. By quantifying the robust
dataset of Washington’s purchases for straight pins in comparison with those
available locally and through the application of archaeometric tools to analyze
straight pin assemblages excavated at Mount Vernon, it becomes clear that while
straight pins were available to all segments of the colonial population, the decision
to invest in mass quantities of particular types of pins was a pattern characteristic
of elite planters, at least in the case of Washington. The results will be compared to
other eighteenth-century pin assemblages suggesting variation in consumer
motivation.
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David J. Breitkreutz (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

Spatial Analysis of Hanna’s Town: Settlement and Geophysical Frontiers.
The colonial settlement of Hanna’s Town is a vital connection to Pennsylvania’s
frontier history. The significance of the Hanna’s Town site to regional heritage is
represented by the effort expended by the Westmoreland County Historical Society
on archaeological and geophysical projects that have taken place at the site since
1969. However, after numerous investigations, not much is known about layout of
the Hanna’s Town settlement. This paper will potentially demonstrate that
specialized geophysical surveys can aid in the management of large historic sites
through non-intrusive methods. The IDS Multi-Array Stream X ground penetrating
radar, the Bartington magnetic susceptibility System, and the Syscal Pro electrical
resistivity meter are employed to determine the layout and boundaries of the
settlement, potentially locate evidence of the 1782 raid by the British and allied

73
Indians, and to determine the extent to which geophysical applications are useful in
surveying large archaeological sites.
[SYM-15] – Directors Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

Hunter L. Brendel (LG2 Environmental Solutions, Inc.)

Taking it Personally: Personal Items from the Storm Wreck
The Storm Wreck, a Loyalist refugee vessel fleeing Charleston near the end of the
American Revolution in 1782, was discovered by LAMP in 2009. Since 2010, a
systematic excavation of the shipwreck has been ongoing, aiming at documenting,
recovering, and conserving diagnostic artifacts to further understand this
shipwreck and its role in Florida’s Loyalist influx, a time of civil conflict and rapidly
increasing population. This paper will review artifacts from the shipwreck
categorized as personal items and effects, including spoons, straight pins, belt and
shoe buckles, buttons, knives, a dirk sheath, pistols, coins, a lice comb, and a fausse
montre or false watch. Most are undergoing conservation treatment though many
have been deconcreted and physically examined. Some can be considered
diagnostic to affirm the vessel’s date, purpose, and cultural identity, while also
providing a greater understanding of the social aspects of those on board forced to
flee their homes.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Michael L. Brennan (Ocean Exploration Trust) – see [SYM94a] Frank Cantelas

Michael L. Brennan (Ocean Exploration Trust), Megan Lickliter-Mundon (Texas A&M

University), Bruce Terrell (NOAA, Maritime Heritage Program)
High-Resolution 2D and 3D Imaging of the USS Macon Wreck Site
USS Macon, the last large Navy airship, was lost along with the biplanes it carried off
the coast of California in 1935. The wreck site was discovered in 1990, surveyed in
1991, 1992, and 2006, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
Visuals of the preservation level of the crash site, especially the still partially fabric-
covered wings of the biplanes, are incredibly valuable for public engagement with
the site. At 1500 ft depth and protected by the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary, however, not many have been able to see or understand the entire site.
In 2015 a joint OET/NOAA/Navy survey mapped the Macon using 2D photomosaic,
microbathymetry, and 3D modeling techniques. These new visual products will
inform and engage public and academic interest in a as well as enhance interpretive
ability of the site.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Lauren Alston Bridges (The College of William and Mary, AECOM)

Railroads, America, and the Formative Period of Historical Archaeology: A
Documentary and Photographic Investigation into the Historic Preservation
Movement

74
The twentieth century, the formative period of historical archaeology, is marked by
an ideological shift from the fervent consumerism and industrialism of the
nineteenth century, towards a growing institutional concern for the nation’s finite
natural and historical resources. A focused case study of twentieth century railroad
stations highlights various themes pertinent to the discussion of the role of
historical archaeology in the Historic Preservation Movement, which focuses on
preservation and interpretation of resources. Each railroad station provides a
unique view into the past and present local, state, and federal legislation and
ideologies that directed the station’s construction, destruction or renovation, and
adaptive reuse or preservation. This study of mostly extant railroad stations further
provides an opportunity for dialogue between federal/state agencies, local
communities, and historic practitioners, which facilitates the formation of
legislation and ideologies that will shape the next 50 years of historic interpretation
and preservation in the United States.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

John C. Bright (Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary)

Using National Historic Preservation Act/National Register of Historic Places
Guidelines to Develop a Maritime Cultural Landscape Schema in Thunder Bay
National Marine Sanctuary
In September of 2014, Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary’s boundaries
expanded from 448 to 4,300 square miles, more than doubling the amount of
cultural resources co-managed by NOAA and the State of Michigan within the
sanctuary area. Pursuant to Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act,
and in accordance with NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuary [ONMS]
directives, Thunder Bay initiated a review of newly included cultural resources to
evaluate their eligibility within the National Register of Historic Places [NRHP]. In
addition to seeking inclusion on the Register, ONMS promotes the use of NHPA
guidelines in the development of broader maritime cultural landscape schemas.
These cultural landscape schemas help contextualize resources, frame research
objectives, and inform management action. With hundreds of historic shipwreck,
lighthouse, and maritime industrial sites, Thunder Bay’s maritime cultural
landscape is a robust tool for the sanctuaries researchers, managers, and educators.
[SYM-51] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Tad Britt (NPS/NCPTT)

Environmental Factors Affecting Death Valley National Park’s Historical
Archeological Sites.
Connecting specific site ecology, adaptation strategies, and location selection
preferences for residential and mining resources at Death Valley National Park, the
objectives of this study, are key tools that archeologists bring to the situation of
climate change. We use an ecological niche modeling approach that identifies bias
as well as preference for site selection. Specifically, the models output predict
suitability and probability of where specific site types are situated across the

75
region; thereby, improving research and management strategies. Climate change
throughout the Anthropocene period resulted in an austere and challenging
environment for the Death Valley inhabitants. Reactions to this climate scenario are
observed in site preference decisions predicated on access to natural resources.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation) – see [SYM-191] Meredith P. Luze

Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation), see [SYM-169] Kimberly R. Allen

Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation)

The Archaeology of Enslaved Labor: Identifying Work and Domestic Spaces in
the South Yard
While the domestic lives of enslaved families and communities are a critical element
of understanding enslaved life, the majority of each day was spent carrying out
work for their masters. Recent excavations at Montpelier have begun to examine
structures related to the work of James Madison's domestic slaves. These
excavations include work on the extant kitchen and two smokehouses, buildings
clearly designed for the support of the Montpelier Mansion. However, the proximity
of these structures to three duplex slave quarters raises questions about the
boundaries of space dedicated to the work and domestic lives of the enslaved. By
using the material and historical record to identify activity areas around these
structures, this paper will begin examining the way in which these spaces of work
were used and reused by the enslaved communities that lived near them.
[SYM-292] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Alasdair Brooks (Editor, Post-Medieval Archaeology)

Shot at Dawn: Memorialising First World War Executions for Cowardice in the
Landscape of the UK's National Memorial Arboretum
The National Memorial Arboretum is the United Kingdon's 'national centre of
remembrance', which 'commemorates and celebrates those who have given their
lives in the service of their country, all who have served and suffered as a result of
conflict, and others who, for specific or appropriate reasons, are commemorated
here'. One of the memorials remembers the 306 British and Commonwealth
soldiers who were executed for cowardice and desertion during the First World
War, but subsequently ceremonially pardoned in 2007. The memorial's physical
location allows it to catch the 'first light of dawn', in keeping with the memorial
theme, but that same location also arguably conceptually separates the memorial
from counterparts that commemorate more 'conventional' war service. This paper
explores the ambiguities and tensions inherent between this physical location and
the memorial's prominent role in site interpretation.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Alasdair Brooks (Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology)

76
Potteries: Ceramics and the 50th Anniversary of the Society for Post-Medieval
Archaeology
Ceramics analysis is central to historical archaeology on both sides of the Atlantic;
indeed, the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology [SPMA], which is celebrating its
50th anniversary in 2016, originally grew out of a group dedicated to the study of
post-medieval ceramics in Britain. This poster outlines some key components of
SPMA's internationally significant contribution to ceramics analysis in historical
archaeology over the last 50 years, as part of the celebration of this significant
anniversary on the part of SHA's elder sister society.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Clinton P. Brooks (Texas A&M)

“Where Did That Come From?” Accessioning Methods utilized on the
excavation of the CSS Georgia.
Accessioning artifacts from the excavation of the CSS Georgia present unique
circumstances in that the requirements placed by the methods of excavation
combined with the sheer scale and size of material necessitate specialized strategies
in place to quickly and efficiently. Due to the changing archaeological phases as part
of the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project, necessitating a complete excavation of
the site, a progression from small artifact recovery to mechanized recovery a plan
was put in place to adapt to the increased scale. This material must be accurately
recorded in a timely manner to ensure the proper conservation of the CSS Georgia
and future studies of the associated materials. The methods focused on structuring
teams of individuals in sorting of artifacts as well as proper recording to give an
accurate picture of what was recovered from the site.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Meagan E. Brooks (Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Canada), Dena
Doroszenko (Ontario Heritage Trust)
Great Balls of Fire: Phantoms of Ontario’s Past
Landscapes are an imbroglio of structures (abandoned buildings, ruins), spaces,
social memory, oral tradition and at times, the materialization of ghosts in places
which are sometimes apart from the communities that once thrived in those
villages, towns, cities. Whether actively or indirectly, the stories that develop
around these sites continue to play a role in building their communities. A number
of historic sites and industrial landscapes in Ontario will be discussed in this paper,
unveiling the present perceptions held about haunted spaces and buildings as
entities and the role archaeology has played in the myths and stories surrounding
these sites.
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Daniel M. Brown (University of South Carolina) – see [GEN-007] James D. Spirek

77
Gregory Brown (Maryland Historical Trust), Mary Kate Mansius (St. Mary's College of
Maryland)
Designing a Collaborative Website for Inter-Site Research: The Colonial
Encounters Project
The Colonial Encounters project is a multi-institution collaboration intended to
provide on-line and downloadable access to some 35 important archaeological
assemblages from sites in the Potomac River valley dated between 1500 and 1720.
Part of a larger project intended to provoke inter-site studies by standardizing and
organizing previous archaeological projects, the website described in this paper
was designed to deliver site summary documents, historical data, images, and a
database containing over 142,000 artifact inventory records and 7300 context or
feature records. This paper describes how catalogs from 10 institutions, entered at
various levels of complexity using different cataloguing staff and vastly different
lexicons, were combined and integrated to allow relatively efficient online
searching and summarization. It also describes the challenges of balancing
providing this data through easy online searches with the twin goal of allowing
users to download and independently analyze the data for their own studies.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Heather Brown (Naval History and Heritage Command)

Bed Load: An Archaeological Investigation of the Sediment Matrix at the H.L.
Hunley Site
The study of site formation processes is an important part of understanding and
reconstructing the sequence of events relating to a shipwreck. On 17 February
1864, the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley sank, after detonating a torpedo
below Union blockader USS Housatonic. It came to rest approximately four nautical
miles off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, in less than 10 m of water and was
subsequently buried beneath roughly 1 m of sediment. By mapping the distribution
of artifacts and anthropogenic material around the site, including coal, slag, and tin
cans, one can begin to see the dominant hydrodynamic forces that affected Hunley
after its loss. By comparing this evidence with studies of scour and its effects on
shipwrecks and underwater mines, a clearer picture emerges of the processes the
led to Hunley's encapsulation in the substrate.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Marley R. Brown III (College of William and Mary)

Forgetting, Hybridity, Revitalization, and Persistence: A Model for
Understanding the Archaeology of Enslaved African Ritual Practice in the
Early Chesapeake
The topic of ritual practices among the enslaved population of the early Chespeake
has been extensively examined,, most procatively by scholars such as Patricia
Samford ,who have attempted to link what is known about the importation of
captive Africans from historical sources to physical evidence encountered at the

78
living sites of the enslaved in particular places during specific periods. This paper
develops a model, combining recent efforts to incorporate memory work, notably
forgetting, into the conception of early colonial identities, with other postcolonial
archaeology that reconsiders the nature of revitalization movements as first
described by anthropologist Anthony F.C. Wallace, It is argued that this model
works very well to account for the existing evidence for ritual practices, occuring
and reoccuring at quarters of the enslaved. Artifactual evidence for these practices,
resulting from a kind of revitalization, is presented from a number of seventeeth
and eighteenth-century quarters excavated in Tidewater Virginia.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lyle E. Browning (VA Canals & Navigations Society)

Archaeology In The Waters Of The Falls Zone
Richmond is a Fall Line city. The Falls Zone extends upstream from Tidewater for 7
miles. The second transportation canal in the USA was built to circumvent the falls
and to transport international cargo upstream and to transport vital goods
downstream for processing. The James River Batteau was invented for riverine
transport through the falls. And then there was the activity between the riverbanks.
A vibrant multi-racial and multi-ethnic community used the many “rocks, islands
and shoals” in the river for multiple activities ranging from industrial fishing to
standard water powered industry to 19th century recreational and political
endeavors. Over 400 archaeological sites have been recorded between the banks in
that stretch. This paper breaks them down into categories and time periods and ties
them to the traditional land based archaeologies.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Aaron Brummitt (S&ME, Inc.) – see [GEN-020] Jeremy C. Miller

Peggy Brunache (University of Alabama at Birmingham), Sharyn Jones (Northern

Kentucky University)
The Parker Academy: A Place of Freedom, A Space of Resistance
In a time when social and racial justice and collective action is evermore the crux of
African American communities, the importance of public engagement and
community archaeology and mapping historical activism is evident. This paper will
present initial findings of the archaeological and archival research project at the
Parker Academy, founded in 1839 in southern Ohio. This Academy was the first
school in Ohio, and the country, to house multiracial coeducational classrooms.
Importantly, it was also a station on the Underground Railroad, according to several
different extant accounts. The multidisciplinary collaboration among historians,
geographers, and anthropologists (archaeology and ethnography) provides the
opportunity understand how material culture and education influenced identity
formation in a multi-racial community and used as a form of anti-racism and gender
inequality resistance by individuals at the Parker Academy as a response to social
and economic crises prior to, during, and after the Civil War.

79
[SYM-384] – Diplomat Room, Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Jeremy C. Brunette (Los Alamos National Laboratory), Matthew Douglass (The

University of Nebraska-Lincoln), Zachary Day (The University of Nebraska-Lincoln)
Malleable Minds: The Importance of Flexibility in Developing Research
Designs
In academic and compliance archaeologies alike, a standard first step in the
development of project goals is the identification of a research question. This often
happens at the time a project is first proposed and the methodological and
theoretical perspectives that will guide the study are thus established long before
actual research begins. Here we examine the role of research questions in CRM
projects through a study at the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Oklahoma.
Despite early research design, on the ground realities quickly demonstrated the
importance of the former town site of Sulphur Springs, Indian Territory that is
found within the park’s boundaries. Flexibility, rather than strict adherence to a
predefined research question provided an opportunity to build both research and
compliance capacity into a CRM project and transformed a small project into
something that served both archaeological and public outreach requirements.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Maria Bruno (Dickinson College) – see [GEN-004] Victoria A. Cacchione

Jim Bruseth (Bullock Texas State History Museum)

La Belle: The Archaeology of a Seventeenth-Century Ship of New World
Colonization
La Belle was a ship used by the seventeenth-century French explorer Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in his effort to establish a French colony along the
northern Gulf of Mexico. Ultimately La Belle wrecked along today’s Texas Gulf Coast
in 1686. The wreck was discovered in 1995 and resulted in a multi-year year
program of excavation, conservation, interpretation, reporting, and exhibition. This
paper will present the results of all these phases of analysis and reporting by
summarizing the progression from excavation of the wreck inside a steel cofferdam
in 1996-1997 to the planned major exhibition of the ship at the Bullock Texas State
History Museum. The paper will also discuss what has been learned from La Belle.
The wrecking of the ship doomed La Salle’s effort to establish a French colony along
the northern Gulf of Mexico but compelled Spain to explore the region and to
occupy the land.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Karin Bruwelheide (Smithsonian Institution) – see [SYM-28b] Douglas Owsley

Karin Bruwelheide (Smithsonian Institution), Douglas Owsley (Smithsonian

Institution), Kathryn G. Barca (Smithsonian Institution)
A Reanalysis of Human Remains from a Cemetery at Catoctin Furnace

80
More than three decades ago, a highway expansion project resulted in the
excavation of thirty-five historic graves at Catoctin Furnace. Initial analysis was
conducted by Smithsonian anthropologist J. Lawrence Angel, who identified the
remains as African or African-American, presumably associated with the late
eighteenth – mid-nineteenth century operation of the iron works. This report
presents updated assessments of demography and pathology, as well as stable
carbon and nitrogen isotope data to develop the life histories of these individuals
and explore their involvement in furnace operations. Data derived from recent
testing differentiate the Catoctin Furnace series from plantation-based
contemporaries in the Chesapeake region, especially with regard to subsistence
strategies.
[SYM-330] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Robert C. Bryant (Georgia State University), Jeffrey B. Glover (Georgia State

University), Brennan Collins (Georgia State University), Robin S. Wharton (Georgia
State University)
The MARTA Archaeological Collection: An Example Of An Innovative Cross-
Disciplinary Project
Large historical collections of cultural data are difficult to maintain and utilize due
to sustainable accessibility, funding, curation, and interest. At Georgia State
University we have an archaeological collection procured in the late 1970s from the
construction of the MARTA rail line. This paper discusses our efforts to make this
collection more than a resource for archaeological research. Collaborative
interdepartmental projects have given the collection new life by engaging students
and faculty through exploring the data in ways outside of a spreadsheet. Linking
these data to detailed historical maps has created a 3D virtual environment
prototype of 1920s Atlanta that unites the student and faculty projects from
different departments within a single platform that draws from the archaeological
collection. This synergy helps further inform and refine the individual projects and
provides an innovative example of how legacy data can provide impetus to break
down traditional disciplinary boundaries.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Courtney H. Buchanan (California State University Fullerton), Amber M. Madrid

(California State University Los Angeles), Brittany N. Lucero (California State
University Channel Islands), Michael McGurk (California State University Channel
Islands), Jennifer E. Perry (California State University Channel Islands)
The Archaeology of Cowboy Island: The Santa Rosa Historic Archaeology
Project (SRHAP)
This paper presents the findings from the first year of a new historic archaeology
research project on Santa Rosa Island, one of the five islands of Channel Islands
National Park off the coast of southern California. A new, multi-year project
dedicated to recording the extant historic structures and sites related to the 19th-
and 20th-century ranching complex was started in 2014, instigated by the recent

81
opening of the Santa Rosa Island Research Station. Since May 2014, four CSU
Channel Islands weekend field schools have been dedicated to the evaluation of the
ranching complex. These trips focused on undergraduate education, mapping,
mitigation, and evaluation of historic sites and structures within the vicinity of the
ranching complex. The preliminary finds of these investigations have highlighted
many potential small term projects and identified several long-term historic
archaeology research projects, with an emphasis on digital recording,
interpretation, and public outreach.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

C. Andrew Buchner (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.) – see [POS-2] Karla M. Oesch

C. Andrew Buchner (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.), Eric Albertson (Panamerican

Consultants, Inc.)
Structure Documentation and Data Recovery Excavations at the Keeton Site
(3PP1316), Pope County, Arkansas
The Keeton Site is a 50-x-50 m mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century farmstead
site located near Russellville in the Arkansas Valley Hills ecoregion. During 2014,
the site was the subject of a Phase III data recovery project, with work includng
documenting a partly collapsed frame residence, and the hand excavation of 270.5
m2 of site deposits. This paper will discuss the results of this multi-disciplinary
study at the ca. 1860 farmstead of Zachariah Keeton (1816–1908), a Tennessean
who moved to Pope County, Arkansas in 1842.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M University) - see [SYM-383] Charles D. Bendig

Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M University) – see [SYM-383] Kotaro Yamafune

Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M University), Charles D. Bendig (University of West

Florida), Samuel P. Turner (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, St.
Augustine, Florida), Chuck T. Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, St.
Augustine, Florida)
Highbourne Cay Shipwreck Revisited: 2015 Field Season and Preliminary
Assessment
Previous investigations on the Highbourne Shipwreck in 1986 revealed key
construction features that were backfilled for preservation. In May, 2015, a team of
archaeologists returned to assess the site, and to answer reflexive questions
regarding the effectiveness of partial excavations and backfill techniques. This new
examination includes a pre-disturbance photogrammetry model, and limited shovel
testing along previously excavated areas. Preliminary results discussed within this
paper indicate the site can be considered intact and well-preserved, although the
environmental processes are posing a persistent and significant threat to the
overall hull structure. We argue for further active conservation in situ protective

82
measures, and ultimately for excavation and conservation of this historically
important shipwreck. Although Bahamian underwater cultural resources remain
under threat, plans have been set in motion to build an infrastructure for artifact
conservation and display. This will allow Bahamian cultural heritage to remain
within the country, and promote maritime cultural tourism.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Teresa D. Bulger (WSA, Inc.)

Markets, Churches, Piers, & Foundries: Some of the Patterns of Everyday Life
in Late-19th-Century San Francisco.
The everyday paths and patterns of late-19th-century San Franciscans brought
them to a variety of businesses, workplaces, and institutions. This paper will use the
archaeological and historical data from a series of domestic sites located in the
South of Market Neighborhood in San Francisco to trace these paths throughout the
city. Using an analysis of the local products, the schools, institutions, and
workplaces, this paper seeks to shed light on the lives of working-class San
Franciscans. In addition to showing relationships between home and workplace for
men, this type of analysis has the potential to make visible the activities of women
as they shopped in local markets and children as they went to school, played, and
ran errands. By tracing some of the patterns of everyday life that brought
individuals out of their homes, this paper hopes to create a sense of the urban
landscape of late-19th-century San Francisco.
[SYM-59b] – Congressional B; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Stacy L Bumback (Jacobs)

Redefining Community Archaeology: Shared Experiences and A Collaborative
Approach to the Site Stabilization Efforts Following the Oso Landslide
A diverse team of spotters and archaeologists were assembled to assist Snohomish
County with the site stabilization efforts following the massive landslide that
occured March 2014 in Oso, Washington. This three month project focused on the
recovery of human remains and personal items from the 300,000 cubic yards of
search and rescue piles that were created during search and recovery immediately
following the slide. The community was intimately involved in every aspect of the
project and their feedback and involvement shaped the most crucial milestones of
the project: the recovery of a more than 1,000 personal items and the recovery of
the final victim. This paper focuses on how the community was integrated into the
project and how the success of the project was directly influenced by community
involvement, team diversity, and the integration of archaeological methods into the
monitoring, recovery, and reunification process.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

P. Brendan Burke (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St.

Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)

83
Hidden in Plain Sight: Monitoring Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Waters of St.
Augustine, Florida
The preservation of submerged heritage in Northeast Florida benefits from poor
diving conditions and a lack of awareness of submerged site locations in the region.
Overshadowed by the well-known treasure wrecks along Florida’s Treasure Coast
and the Florida Keys, the northeastern portion of the state still maintains some of
the oldest shipwrecks in North America. As part of the First Coast Maritime
Archaeology Project, archaeologists from the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime
Program, the research arm of the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum,
have periodically monitored shipwrecks near St. Augustine to study wreck
conditions, exposure, degradation, and looting activities. Since 2007, regularly
acquired sidescan sonar data has provided an additional technique for
comprehensively monitoring and recording local wrecks. This paper presents
selected findings from eight years of monitoring shipwrecks near the Nation’s
Oldest Port.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Maggie Burkett (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine

Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)
Navigational Instruments found on the Storm Wreck
Between 2009 and 2015, excavations of the Storm Wreck (8SJ5459), a late 18th-
century British shipwreck off the coast of St. Augustine, Florida by the Lighthouse
Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP) has revealed a variety of navigational
instruments and components of such instruments. The primary navigational
instruments discussed in this paper are a pair of navigational dividers, an octant,
and a mathematical device known as a sector rule. This paper presents a historical
analysis of each navigational instrument represented in the assemblage, examines
the context of these artifacts in relation to the Storm Wreck, and provides insight
into the methods used for determining latitude and the ship’s overall position in the
late 18th century.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Austin L Burkhard (University of West Florida, United States Fish and Wildlife Service)
Monitoring and Predicting the Movement and Degradation of Cultural
Resources Through Active Public Participation
Scattered near the coastline of Assateague Island, along the Maryland/Virginia
border, hundreds of ships met their demise through harsh weather conditions and
treacherous shoals. Similar environmental factors have allowed archaeologists to
document these sites through the establishment of a Historic Wreck Tagging
Program. The author, working for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, developed and
implemented a system to track the degradation and movement of shipwreck
timbers as a means to manage cultural resources through public participation. Each
timber is documented and given a tag, which contains a quick response (QR) code

84
and web address that the public can easily assess. This technological feature sends a
digital form from which real time data acquisition is provided to archaeologists. As
a result, the author has been able to conceptualize formation processes and predict
potential site locations.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

David Burley (Simon Fraser University, Canada), Robyn Woodward (Simon Fraser
University, Canada), Shea Henry (Simon Fraser University, Canada), Ivor Conolley
(Windsor, Jamaica)
Christopher Columbus, New Seville And The Taino Village Of Maima In
Jamaica
Stranded in Jamaica for a year in 1503/1504, Christopher Columbus and crew
became reliant on the Taino village of Maima for provisions. Knowledge of this and
other Taino villages on the Jamaican north coast near present day St Anns Bay led to
the establishment of New Seville, a 1509 Spanish colony. With introduced disease,
Spanish/Taino conflict and forced labour under encomienda, Taino peoples were all
but annihilated by 1534 when New Seville was abandoned. Recent archaeological
survey and excavations at a late period Taino village site adjacent to New Seville has
recovered a small assemblage of 15th/16th century Spanish artifacts from within
house floor occupation deposits. We identify this village as Maima based on village
location, village size and Spanish/Taino interactions as reflected in recovered
archaeological materials.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Dorian Burnette (University of Memphis), David Stahle (University of Arkansas),

Edward Cook (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory), Jose Villanueva (Instituto
Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico), Daniel Griffin (University of
Minnesota), Benjamin Cook (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies)
Decadal Drought and Wetness Reconstructed for Subtropical North America
in the Mexican Drought Atlas
A new drought atlas has been developed for subtropical North America, including
the entire Republic of Mexico. This Mexican Drought Atlas (MXDA) is based on 251
tree-ring chronologies, including 82 from Mexico and another 169 from the
southern U.S. and western Guatemala. The new reconstructions of the Palmer
Drought Severity Index for June-August provide a more detailed estimation of
decadal moisture regimes since AD 1400. Droughts previously identified in a subset
of chronologies are confirmed and their spatial impact quantified in the new
reconstructions (e.g., the mid-15th Century drought described in Aztec legend and
the 16th Century megadrought). The MXDA will be served on the web with
analytical tools allowing interdisciplinary groups of researchers to use the new
reconstructions. Tree-ring reconstructed drought atlases such as the MXDA can
help archaeologists place their research into a broader climatic context, and
potentially provide new insights into past people and their environments.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

85
Ian Burrow (American Cultural Resources Association)
A Troublesome Tenant in the Gore by the Road: The Cardon/Holton
Farmstead Site 7NC-F-128
In 1743 Boaz Boyce, guardian of the son of William Cardon, deceased, accused
tenant Robert Whiteside of cutting valuable timber, and evidently of obstructing the
planting of an orchard. The Cardon/Holton site is identified with Whiteside’s tenant
homestead. Artifact analysis suggests an occupation date range of circa 1720 to the
1760s. Dendrochronological dates from well timbers indicate construction in
c.1737 and rebuild or repair c.1753. The core of the farmstead was fully excavated,
exposing a two-room house, a smokehouse and probable kitchen, a well, fencelines
and pits. This paper will focus on the spatial and locational aspects of the site: an
orderly homestead in a cramped location by a cart road. The farmstead is also set
into a wider context through an approach based on consumer choice theory,
considering all aspects of the archaeological data as expressions of decisions related
to the acquisition, use, display and perpetuation of wealth.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Ian Burrow (American Cultural Resources Association)

A Path Less Traveled: An 18th-Century Historic Archaeological Context as
Alternative Mitigation of the Reedy Island Cart Road Site
The alternative mitigation for the Reedy Island Cart Road Site envisions a historic
context that will provide a capstone synthesis for evaluating the significance of
18th-century archaeological resources in southern New Castle County. During the
U.S. Route 301 project the Reedy Island and Bohemia Cart Roads have emerged as
important archaeological features; the cart roads link heretofore unrecognized
18th-century resources, mainly small dwelling and nucleated farm sites, to a trans-
peninsular transportation network between the Delaware and Maryland’s Upper
Eastern Shore. The cart roads terminated at now-obscure landings and anchorages.
This “unseen” transportation network tied interior areas to the Atlantic economy
and more specifically to Philadelphia, complete with side passages and smuggling
routes to avoid official scrutiny. Identification, analysis and cross comparisons of
the material culture of these and other similar sites provides significant information
about 18th-century trading and settlement patterns, cultural affiliations,
distribution of wealth, and cultural landscape.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Virginia R. Busby (Hillside Consulting, LLC) – see [SYM-29] John T. Eddins

Virginia R. Busby (Hillside Consulting, LLC)

A Vital Legacy Enriching Future Generations of Americans: Some Reflections
on Contributions of Stephen R. Potter, PhD.

86
The future of Historical Archaeology, cultural resource management, and the
National Park Service are richer because of the contributions of Stephen R. Potter
including his encyclopedic knowledge, robust research and syntheses, indefatigable
energy, and his ability to partner, share, and support growth of the field, individual
researchers, and public experiences and understandings. Beneficial outcomes of his
NHPA Section 110 management studies along the C&O Canal include his support of
synthetic research and public interpretation and experiences in the development of
a Trail of Native American history in the Middle Potomac, exemplifying best
practices of public outreach and professional partnering. Further, his lifelong
research directly contributes to current efforts to expand our definitions of cultural
landscapes and their management and his detailed historical and archaeological
work has expanded our conceptions of ethnicity, identity, diversity, and the
definition of archaeological sites. His contributions beneficially reverberate well
beyond the Potomac, enriching our nation.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Joshua J. Butchko (Hunter Research, Inc.)

Examining Cemetery Investigations At The First Presbyterian Church Of
Elizabeth And First Reformed Dutch Church of New Brunswick, New Jersey: A
Discussion Of Remembrance and Regulation
Unique circumstances have provided the opportunity to carefully investigate two
historic New Jersey cemeteries as archaeological sites: the First Presbyterian
Church of Elizabeth (founded in 1668) and the First Dutch Reformed Church of New
Brunswick (founded in 1765). In Elizabeth, a grave marker conservation effort
involved excavations that yielded insights into the evolving cultural landscape of
the property. In New Brunswick, a monitoring program employed during new
construction at the existing church exposed evidence for the changing narrative of
cemeteries at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This paper examines
archaeological data at these properties that, because of regulations protecting them,
are not typically open to archaeological investigation. Evaluation of these studies
and supporting research will explain why and how these sites lost or were not given
their due respect at the turn of the 20th century. This paper also explores ways
regulations might be improved moving forward
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Bridget Buxton (University of Rhode Island) – see [SYM-132] Megan Lickliter-Mundon

Stephanie M. Byrd (East Carolina University)

Tides And Times: Highs And Lows Of The Waterfront Wharf At Brunswick
Town
The waterfront area of Brunswick Town, a small but important transatlantic port on
the Cape Fear River, was a major shipping and commercial center for southeastern
North Carolina. The major export of tar, pitch, and turpentine to British controlled
areas helped established this town for naval supplies. In his original investigations

87
of Brunswick Town, Stanley South noted ballast stone piles in the river that might
be evidence of up to five colonial wharves. At one of these locations, river front
erosion from increased modern commercial traffic recently revealed a colonial era
wooden dock that connected to a property historically owned by William Dry II.
This presentation will focus upon the archaeological investigations conducted in
2015 by the East Carolina University Archaeological Field School, specifically on the
construction of this wooden wharf at the point of land connection, and the recovery
of artifacts associated with Brunswick Town’s shipping and commercial enterprise.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

C
Genevieve S. Cabrera (Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research) – see [SYM-120]
Jennifer F. McKinnon

Victoria A. Cacchione (Dickinson College, University of Massachusetts Boston), Maria

Bruno (Dickinson College)
Bunker Hill Farm, Camp Michaux: From Farmhouse to Bathhouse
Isolated in a single location in central Pennsylvania within Michaux State Forrest
rest the remnants of an Early Republic farmstead, a Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC) Camp, a Prisoner of War (POW) Interrogation Center from World War Two
(WWII), and a Church camp. The one common factor throughout each of these
disparate time periods is the farmhouse built circa 1788. This wooden structure
stood until the 1970s when the Church camp ended. Now only the stone foundation
remains along with questions of the structure’s use throughout its history. Through
an analysis of the standing structure and ceramic sherds excavated from 11 test pits
on the farmstead as well as a vast array of historical documents including land
deeds, historic maps, and government documents, this study depicts the change in
the building’s function from a private residence, a tenant farmhouse, to a latrine and
bathhouse for United States soldiers during WWII.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Tiffany C. Cain (University of Pennsylvania), Elias Chi Poot (Ejido of Tihosuco,

Quintana Roo, Mexico), Secundino Cahum Balam (Community of Tihosuco, Quintana
Roo, Mexico)
Public Engagement Is Not Enough – Historical Archaeology’s Future Is in
Collaboration
As a framework, collaborative archaeology forefronts reciprocity and shared
knowledge as primary components of archaeological work. Historical archaeology
has long been concerned with public engagement but continually tends toward the
model of an expert archaeologist beneficently bestowing knowledge about “their
history” on curious or concerned publics rather than toward reciprocal
partnerships. If we are to consider the future of the field, we should be rethinking

88
the role archaeological knowledge in the 21st century plays in structuring
contemporary identities. We present our collaborative heritage project, focused on
19th century Northern Quintana Roo, MX and the impact of the Caste War of
Yucatan, as a case study for doing community-based research. In Mesoamerica
where historical archaeology is still in its infancy, the field is uniquely positioned to
emphasize partnership for the outset. Despite notable criticisms, we maintain that
collaboration must be a precedent for the future of relevant and ethical historical
archaeologies.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

Emily Calhoun (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group) – see [SYM-105a] Kerri S. Barile

Stacey L. Camp (University of Idaho)

Confronting Conflict through Virtual Worlds
Three dimensional virtual worlds present new possibilities and new challenges for
teaching about difficult pasts or “dark heritages.” This paper considers how virtual
environments can be used to explore conflict through user interaction with primary
and secondary data sets. It will present a virtual world prototype of Idaho’s Kooskia
Internment Camp, a World War II Japanese American internment camp that
imprisoned over two hundred Japanese American men. Drawing upon pedagogical
strategies developed by scholars of digital media and education, this prototype
requires that users interact with data sets used by historical archaeologists to
reconstruct and interpret the past; users view documents, artifacts, oral histories,
and photographs to form their own understandings of violence in the past. Through
this exposure to data sets that tell conflicting narratives about Japanese American
internment during WWII, users are also encouraged to think about the difficulties
involved in writing histories of conflict.
[SYM-11a] – Directors Room; Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m

Chris Campbell (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-51] Brian Jordan

Peter B. Campbell (University of Southampton, United Kingdom)

Education in Maritime Archaeology: Universities, Capacity Building, and the
Internet
The field of maritime archaeology exists within a dynamic socio-political world that
constantly changes due to actions of those outside the field, such as legislation,
funding, and public opinion. Education must suit the needs of students who will
work in current and future conditions; however, many field schools and degree
programs operate using paradigms from previous conditions. Registrant responses
on MaritimeArchaeology.com show concern on what is being taught, significant
gaps between education and jobs, and a lack of understanding about the current job
market. This paper examines the current state of maritime archaeology and how
education can shift to suit current and future needs.

89
Drawing on the Illyrian Coastal Exploration Program/Transylvania University
academic fields schools, University of Southampton’s Shipwrecks and Submerged
Worlds massive open online course, and data from MaritimeArchaeology.com’s
registrant information, the author presents findings about how education can better
suit students and benefit the field.
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Renae J. Campbell (University of Idaho)

Identifying Japanese Ceramic Forms and their Use in the American West
Japanese ceramics from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been
recovered from a variety of archaeological contexts throughout Western North
America, but large collections or in-depth analyses of these materials are relatively
rare. As a result, standardized formal, temporal, and functional typologies are only
just emerging and site comparisons are often difficult. This paper presents the
preliminary results of a synthesis of ceramic data from several large collections of
Japanese ceramics from sites occupied between the late 1800s and early 1940s.
This synthesis attempts to identify common forms and wares as well as to better
understand the regional availability, distribution, and use of these materials by
Japanese-American and Japanese-migrant communities in the turn of the century
west.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Kenneth Cannon (Utah State University Archaeological Services), Christopher W.

Merritt (Utah Division of State History)
Life Along the Grade: Archaeology of the Chinese Railroad Builders and
Maintenance Crews in Utah
Between 1867 and 1904, hundreds of Chinese workers lived and labored along the
railroad grade in deeply rural northwestern Utah. Small section houses served as
the only reprieve from the toil of daily labore in the treeless and sun scorched
landscapes of Box Elder County. Archaeological inventory spurred by a National
Park Service Initiative is identifying sites previously unknown to scholars. These
sites are shedding light on the life and experience of the 11-15 Chinese section
crews in this remote part of Utah during the last forty years of the 19th century.
Exclusion Act prejudice and labor succession altered the work crews along the
grade by the early 20th century, but the archaeological legacy of these pioneers
continue to exist.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Frank Cantelas (NOAA) – see [GEN-006] James P. Delgado

Frank J. Cantelas (NOAA), Amy A. Borgens (Texas Historical Commission), Michael L.

Brennan (Ocean Exploration Trust), James P. Delgado (NOAA), Christopher Dostal
(Texas A&M University), Fredrick “Fritz” Hanselmann (Texas State University),

90
Christopher E. Horrell (Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement), Jack Irion
(Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)
The Monterrey Shipwrecks: Current Research Findings
Research on a cluster of shipwrecks known as Monterrey A, B, and C is providing
new information on early 19thcentury regional maritime activity in the Gulf of
Mexico. The shipwrecks are nearly 200 miles off the U.S. coast, yet rest within a few
miles of each other in water over 1,330 meters deep. Although the vessels are quite
different from one another, their close proximity and shared artifact types suggest
they were traveling in consort when a violent event, likely a storm, led to their loss.
The vessels and their contents demonstrate not only regional connections between
Mexico and the United States; there are links to France, the United Kingdom, the
West Indies and possibly other places. This paper presents our current
understanding of these sites within the historical context of trade and conflict
during a time of political and social change in the countries surrounding the Gulf.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Anne-Marie Cantwell (Rutgers University)

Search for a Seamless Narrative: Thoughts on Engaging the General Public
Through Writing and Other Means
Diana diZerega Wall has a distinguished career in Archaeology working as a pioneer
in large-scale urban excavations, as a museum curator, and as a university
professor. In each of these endeavors, she has made it a priority to bring the major
implications of her scholarship, and that of archaeology itself, to a wide array of
general audiences. Much of this has been done by analyzing, with a contemporary
eye, huge amounts of archaeological and historical data, collected for various
reasons and in various ways, and then transforming the results into a compelling
narrative. This paper presents some examples of the ways in which she has
successfully engaged the general public to think about the role that archaeological
research must play in any meaningful discussions about such pressing issues as
urbanization, race, colonialism, and gender.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Patricia Capone (Peabody Museum, Harvard University) – see [SYM-302] Diana Loren

Ulises Cárdenas (Colegio de Antropólogos de Chile) – see [POS-1] Flora Vilches

John W. Cardinal (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, Western Michigan

University), Aaron A. Howard (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, Western
Michigan University), Erika K. Loveland (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project,
Western Michigan University), Michael S. Nassaney (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological
Project, Western Michigan University), James B. Schwaderer (Fort St. Joseph
Archaeological Project, Western Michigan University)
Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project: 2015 Field Season

91
The 2015 field season of the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project marks the 40th
annual archaeological field school hosted by Western Michigan University. Students
enrolled in this RPA certified field school participated in a number of activities
pertaining to public archaeology with a focus on architecture in 18th century New
France. Students participated in fieldwork, lab work, writing blogs and posting to
our social media, an annual public lecture series, public outreach to over 800 school
children on field trips, our archaeology summer camp, and our annual open house.
These outreach efforts give students a greater sense of the nuanced complexity of
archaeology in the modern world and provide opportunities for community
involvement.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Mia L. Carey (University of Florida)

The Search for Yarrow Mamout in Georgetown: A Preliminary Assessment
What happens when a concerned citizen notifies the D.C. City Archaeologist that a
possible historic human burial is threated with disturbance on privately owned
property? This paper outlines the archaeological survey conducted between June
and August 2015 to answer this question. The possible human burial is that of
Yarrow Mamout, a Muslim slave who purchased property at what is now 3324 Dent
Place, NW, in Upper Georgetown in 1800 and lived there until his death in 1823.
Mamout became famous after he sat for two well-known nineteenth century
painters, Charles Wilson Peale and James Alexander Simpson. The search for
Yarrow Mamout's remains, both human and cultural, stems from an obituary
circulated by Peale following Yarrow's death that suggests he was buried in the
backyard where he kneeled for daily prayer. The survey entailed GPR,
geoarchaeology, mechanical testing, and manual excavation of STPs and test units.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jenna K. Carlson (College of William and Mary)

Reimagining Methods in Historical Zooarchaeology: Applying the Pathological
Index (PI) to Historical Assemblages in North America
Since Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, and Lentacker published their ground-breaking
research on the osteological identification of draught cattle, zooarchaeological
studies of traction animals have proliferated. Whereas most of these studies draw
from Old World assemblages, this research applies Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, and
Lentacker’s (1997) methodology for assessing draught cattle to eighteenth-century
assemblages from Drayton Hall, South Carolina, and Oxon Hill Manor, Maryland. In
assessing the pathological manifestations present on complete metapodia and
phalanges from these sites, this research reveals the applicability of Bartosiewicz et
al.’s pathological index (PI) to studies of traction animals and animal husbandry in
historical North American faunal assemblages. This research also tests the newly-
established modified pathological index (mPI) as a means of assessing incomplete
elements for possible pathological signatures of traction, thus allowing for larger

92
sample sizes and the inclusion of more sites into studies of traction animals at
historic North American sites.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Timothy A. Carn (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

Database Creation for the Legacy Collection of Hannastown
The rapid technological advances in digital computing of the preceding fifty years
have allowed for an ever increasing complex analysis of archaeological
assemblages. For those working with legacy collections curated before the advent of
personal computing, the task of digitizing and formatting data into a usable form
while also insuring against the same obsolescence that is being corrected can be
daunting.
The Applied Archaeology program at Indiana University of Pennsylvania takes a
multi-faceted approach to this task with its work with the Hanna’s Town collection,
totaling over one million artifacts. By examining the needs of the modern
researcher, the shortcomings of prior digitization efforts, and future technological
trends, a list of best practices was created. From this list of best practices, a
database and custom entry form were created in Microsoft Access; and procedures
for entry, storing, and archiving data were developed.
[SYM-15] – Directors Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

Jason Carnes (West Virginia State University) – see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton (Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Program) – see [SYM-

118a] Mary L. Farrell

Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton (Cultural Resources Program, Fort Bragg, Department

of the Army), Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing (Independent Scholar)
Cast A'Shore: Researching the Fate of Blackbeard's Crew
In November 1717, at the height of his short-lived career as a notorious pirate,
Blackbeard stole a French prize, the La Concorde de Nante. After taking the ship, he
kidnapped several crewmembers and slaves, crucially needed to continue his
pirating. In June 1718, the ship was run-aground on a sandbar at Topsail Inlet and
life changed once again for the crew and conscripted passengers. As Blackbeard and
a few loyal crewmembers fled the scene on a smaller vessel, the rest were put a-
shore. From there another story unfolded. Documented in British naval accounts,
the climactic death of the famous pirate is well-known. But what happened to these
French and English mariners, and African slaves? How did they survive in the
sparsely populated landscape? Where did they end up and why? This study
examines historical records, local folklore and archaeological findings in an effort to
tell "the rest of the story."
[SYM-47] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

93
Toni L. Carrell (Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research) – see [SYM-120] Jennifer
F. McKinnon

Brandi Carrier (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-51] Brian Jordan

Brandi M. Carrier (US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy

Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs), Antti Pulkkinen (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Community Coordinated Modeling Center,
Space Weather Research Center), Michael Heinz (US Naval Air Warfare Center,
Aircraft Division, Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems Flight Test Branch)
Recognizing Geomagnetic Storms in Marine Magnetometer Data: Toward
Improved Archaeological Resource Identification Practices
Strong magnetic field perturbations resulting from Earth-directed solar events can
adversely affect marine archaeological survey. The immediate onset of geomagnetic
storms and fast compression of the magnetopause create short duration, high
amplitude spikes in Earth’s magnetic field that appear similar to signatures of
archaeological anomalies. Aggressive processing, analysis, and comparison of single
instrument survey and observatory datasets collected during geomagnetic storms
prevented isolation and removal of the onset signature. Of 34 storms analyzed, 100
percent possessed onset signatures that were considered to be misleading,
resulting in possible aliasing of temporal variation (the onset signature) for spatial
variation (archaeological anomalies). Based on a 95% confidence level, it is
estimated that 89.7 to 100 percent of geomagnetic storms will generate signatures
that may be misinterpreted as archaeological sites. Recommendations are made for
methods that may adequately account for geomagnetic storms, allowing for
improved analytical interpretation and thus improved management of
archaeological resources.
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Annie E. Carter (Flinders University)

An Archaeological Examination of Cookware from the Storm Wreck, 8SJ5459
The Storm wreck is an 18th-century Loyalist shipwreck located off St. Augustine,
Florida. The shipwreck excavation has been an ongoing focus of the Lighthouse
Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP) since 2009. An examination of the iron
and copper cookware present on site offers an entryway for the analysis and
interpretation of Loyalist intentions and lifeways. These goods were once part of a
colonial, capitalistic society and were key items for survival in an intermediary and
uncertain time for a refugee population. This allows for a view of cookware as both
economic and social factors in Loyalist lifestyles; on one end, as objects that defined
a sort of comfort and familiarity in the process of creating a home in a highly
stressful time, and on the other as objects of profitability. Assessing the cookware
assemblage addresses these issues and contributes to a narrative of a people largely
forgotten by popular history.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

94
Catherine M. Cartwright (Alexandria Archaeology)
"Making the Inaccessible Accessible: Public Archaeology at a 19th-Century
Bathhouse in Alexandria, Virginia"
This paper examines Alexandria Archaeology’s foray into broadcasting
archaeological excavations and findings through videos and social media. When
excavations began at a well discovered by chance in the basement of a private
residence, city archaeologists took a social media approach to reach and educatate
the public about a site otherwise be inaccessible to them. Video updates of the
excavation posted online allowed followers to witness the process of archaeological
discovery and interpretation, thereby meeting Alexandria Archaeology’s mission of
engaging the public.
The decision to venture into social media outreach was made with little
forethought; as such the results fell short of the initial vision. The experience still
demonstrates the nearly unlimited possibilities for bringing Alexandria’s
archaeological past to a wider audience. Public archaeology has an ethical duty to
provide greater transparency and access to the archaeological process and social
media serves as an effective way to fulfill this obligation.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jose L. Casaban (Texas A&M University)

The Twelve Apostles: Conception, Outfitting, and History of 16th-Century
Spanish Galleons
During the 16th century, Spain created an empire whose territories spanned Europe,
America, and Asia. The most renowned ocean-going vessel employed by the Spanish
during this period was the galleon. However, our knowledge of galleons is limited
due to inaccuracies in their contemporaneous representations and the absence of
archaeological evidence. This paper uses the Twelve Apostles, a series of newly-
designed Spanish galleons built between 1589 and 1591, to bridge the gaps in our
current state of knowledge and to rectify misconceptions about this type of vessel.
The examination of original unpublished documents located in various Spanish
archives, along with archaeological and iconographic evidence, is used to
investigate the conception, outfitting, and history of these galleons. This research
also contributes to the assessment of functional, technological, material, ideological,
economic, and environmental factors in the design and management of these
innovative Spanish ships.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Abigail E. Casavant (University of Rhode Island)

Convicts, Cargo, and Calamity: The Wreck of the Enchantress
From 2010-2015, the University of Rhode Island and St. Mary’s College of California
conducted an underwater archaeology field school in the waters of Bermuda on a
site called the “Iron Plate Wreck.” Aptly named for a large block of sheet iron

95
located at the stern, the wreck’s identity remained a mystery for over 50 years. In
2013, however, historical research provided clues to the identity of the wreck,
revealing it is the Enchantress, an early 19th century British merchant vessel with a
unique past. The Enchantress not only carried cargo when it sank on February 7,
1837, but also the lives of 76 Irish immigrants, all of whom were saved by local
Bermudians and the goodwill of the English government. Before the Enchantress
transported famine-stricken immigrants, the vessel also served as an Australian
convict ship. This paper will examine the wreck's unusual historical background
with support from the archaeological record.
[GEN-007] – Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Jean M. Cascardi (FCPA),

Camp 'a Colchester: Fairfax County, VA
Acquired in 2006 the Old Colchester Park and Preserve is over 145 acres located in
Lorton, Virginia situated on the Occoquan River and is part of the Fairfax County
Park Authority’s system of parks. Archaeological investigations in the park have
revealed foundations contemporary to the Colchester port tobacco town that was in
operation from ca. 1754-1830. Through research and various survey methods the
Colchester Archaeological Research Team (CART) have discovered the presence of
numerous features including a stone foundation at the intersection of Old
Colchester and Furnace roads. A 1781 map of Colchester by Jean-Baptiste
Rochambeau places structures near this intersection and in 2013, a stone
foundation was exposed. But the full extent and size of the building is unknown. The
artifacts recovered suggest the building is a domestic structure concurrent with the
town of Colchester.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Kelli Casias (University of Montana)

Moonshining Women and the Informal Economy in Two Prohibition Era
Montana Towns
One unintended consequence of the Prohibition Era in the U.S. was an unorganized
but national collective social resistance movement based in individual civil
disobedience. Recent research into the town of Anaconda, Montana during alcohol
prohibition has revealed that men and women participated in moonshining
activities. Comparison of male and female offenders in Anaconda indicated that the
informal economy in which alcohol resided, was formalized by city officials as a
legitimate economic strategy for all levels of the town. To expand on the female
narrative, and the historical, socioeconomic context of the area the town of Butte,
Montana will be compared/contrasted to Anaconda to expose differing resistance
tactics and attitudes towards liquor law violations. An interdisciplinary approach,
employing household archaeology and historical documentation will be pursued.
The expectations of such research is two-fold: 1) highlight women’s participation in
clandestine activities, 2) and archaeologically reveal signatures of a social
resistance movement.

96
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Tane Renata Casserley (NOAA)

There And Back Again: The Ironclad Monitor's Tale
Situated just 16 miles off the coast of Cape Hatteras, N.C., NOAA’s Monitor National
Marine Sanctuary protects the shipwreck of the famed Civil War ironclad, USS
Monitor. In 2015, thirteen years after the turret was recovered, NOAA launched an
expedition back to the Monitor to document the site. Using closed circuit
rebreathers, NOAA and its partners are using the latest technology to assess the
ironclad’s current state of preservation. This presentation will highlight NOAA’s
efforts to protect the shipwreck and its history above and below the waves.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Filipe Castro (Texas A&M University)

The Future of Maritime Archaeology
Computers, robots, and the internet are changing maritime archaeology while a
global middle class - the consumers of cultural products - is growing fast, at least in
Asia and the southern hemisphere. In this context archaeology, including maritime
archaeology, appears as a promising field where a young generation of
archaeologists is pushing to include multiple publics and narratives about
archaeological remains. Public archaeology is trying to make sense of archaeological
discoveries and tie them to the present world, in historical perspective, trying to
shed light on present politics, ethical and social questions, or ecological problems.
Archaeological sites are being used as learning environments to provoke critical
thinking and teach a wide range of disciplines to children and young adults.
Community archaeology is engaging local, descendent, or ideologically related
communities in the development of archaeological projects. Developing countries
are claiming their past and challenging the colonialist model of XX century
archaeology.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Paola Ortiz. Castros (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
(U.S.)), Francheska Martinez (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico,
Puerto Rico (U.S.)), Edith Morales (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico,
Puerto Rico (U.S.))
Reassessing the 1898 U.S. assault on Asomante through battlefield archeology
Military confrontations during the first half of August of 1898, between Coamo and
Aibonito, Puerto Rico, were the last known developments of the Spanish-American
War. Historically, this area has been listed as the last battlefield of Spain in America.
There are several factors about these military events, such as scarcity of historical
resources, political conflicts of interest, and the unseemly lack of archeological
research, that have kept them from being defined in the academic literature. Even
so, the confrontation between U.S. and Spanish troops, and Puertorican civilians,

97
has been reported from different vantage points and generated debates and
concerns about the historicity of what took place within this particular sector of the
Cordillera Central. This presentation is aimed at recognizing military key points
through battlefield archaeology, in order to delimit the archaeological site. Research
includes the consultation of historical documents, collection of oral history, as well
as geographic information methods.
[SYM-662] – Committee Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Danielle R. Cathcart (The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.), Heather Olson (The
Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.)
Curating Rhode Island’s History: Lessons in Accountability and the
Rehabilitation of State-owned Collections
As we celebrate the anniversary of the NHPA, many states are now coming to terms
with the immensity of the archaeological collections gathered on their behalf over
the past fifty years. While academics and professionals have become experts at
minimizing the effects of development on buried and extant cultural resources
through archaeological excavation, these endeavors have amassed a staggering
amount of objects and information that too often languishes in deteriorating bags
and boxes—poorly curated, underreported, and orphaned from their associated
documentation. In 2014, the Rhode Island Department of Transportation hired the
Public Archaeology Laboratory to update the curation conditions of over 150
archaeological collections and to create an integrated accessions database that
allows the RIDOT to digitally and physically account for their state-owned
collections. The challenges of such a task can certainly seem monumental; however,
this paper will demonstrate that the results are well worth the effort.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Alexis Catsambis (Naval History & Heritage Command)

Conducting Research on U.S. Navy Ship and Aircraft Wrecks: The Sunken
Military Craft Act and 32 CFR 767
The U.S. Navy has recently sought to advance the management of its sunken military
craft though internal planning initiatives, as well as the promulgation of revised
federal regulations that establish a new permitting program for researchers
wishing to investigate ship and aicraft wrecks under the jurisdiction of the
Department of the Navy.
Following multiple coordination phases within the Department, among federal
agencies, and with members of the public, the revised regulations are now in the
process of taking effect. This presentation will provide an overview of the Sunken
Military Craft Act and seek to address management challenges, the regulatory
process, the new permitting scheme, associated outreach inititiaves, as well as
answer common questions about conducting research on U.S. Navy sunken military
craft.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

98
Wade P. Catts (JMA) – see [SYM-398] Kevin C. Bradley

Wade P. Catts (JMA) – see [SYM-120] Robert Selig

Wade P. Catts (JMA)

"To Drain This Country": Historical Archeology And The Demands Of The War
For Independence In The Route 301 Corridor
The Upper Delmarva Peninsula was a region on the periphery of military activity
during the American Revolution. For a short time in 1777 the area witnessed some
troop movements and experienced the effects of invasion and war. The longer
lasting impact on the region was the constant need for foodstuffs and materiél
required of the fledging American nation. With no strong logistical system, state and
national governments called on their civilian population to fill the void. While the
1777 campaign had a limited effect on the agrarian landscape of New Castle County,
the continuous "draining" by Delaware militia, American, and loyalist forces of the
region’s livestock, agricultural produce, and other items necessary to prosecute the
war had long-term effects. Archeology in the 301 Corridor has recovered artifacts
and features that reflect the demands of war on an agrarian population in an area
removed from direct military conflict.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

William R. Chadwell (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group) – see
[SYM-32] Aaron Hamilton
William J. Chadwick (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) – see [SYM-398] Elisabeth A.
LaVigne

William J. Chadwick (Indiana University of Pennsylvania), Elisabeth LaVigne (JMA, a

CCRG Company)
Regional Synthesis and Best Practices for the Application of Geophysics to
Archaeological Projects in the Middle Atlantic Region.
As geophysical surveys become more common and a standard procedure on
archeological projects within the United States, the question raised is whether or
not the methods and systems being used are appropriate for the questions being
asked by the principal investigators. Therefore, a compilation of geophysical
methods used during archaeological investigations and their results in the Middle
Atlantic region, primarily those used on transportation projects, was conducted as
part of the Route 301 Alternative Mitigation of the Holton-Cann Historic Site,
Delaware for the Delaware Department of Transportation. First, a review the
available reports related to the application of geophysics to archaeological sites in
the Middle Atlantic was conducted. The second task identified which methods
worked where and why based on the available information from the reports. The

99
final task is the development of a synthesis of “best practices” for the application of
geophysics to archaeological projects in Delaware.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Ellen Chapman (College of William and Mary) – see [SYM-169] Jolene L. U. Smith

Ellen L. Chapman (College of William & Mary)

“They Had Perfect Knowledge of…This Offensive Place”: Burial Grounds and
Archaeological Human Remains in Richmond’s Public Discourse
In Richmond, Virginia, racial discrimination is clearly visible in the condition of
historical burial grounds. Efforts to reclaim these sacred sites have generated
controversy surrounding the proposed Revitalize RVA development adjacent to the
city’s oldest cemetery for people of color. Recent outrage, activism, and attempts at
dialogue have also occurred in relation to some archaeological collections of human
remains from Richmond, while other such collections have received comparatively
little attention. This paper will present ethnographic research into the value placed
by city communities on archaeological human remains and burial places through
three case studies: the activism that reclaimed Richmond’s Burial Ground for
Enslaved Africans; The East Marshall Street Well Project, which seeks to redress the
mishandling of dissected human remains recovered from a well containing medical
waste; and the Virginia State Penitentiary site, where construction during the 1990s
uncovered an unanticipated cemetery containing interments and comingled
skeletal deposits.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

James C. Chatters (University of California San Diego) – see [GEN-006] Alberto E. Nava
Blank

James C. Chatters (Applied Paleoscience) – see [GEN-006] Dominique Rissolo

Roberto R. Chavez (Bay Area Underwater Explorers) – see [GEN-006] Alberto E. Nava
Blank

Claudia Chemello (Terra Mare Conservation, LLC), Paul Mardikian (Terra Mare
Conservation, LLC)
Conservation of the First Automobile Torpedo of the United States Navy
In March 2013, U.S. Navy-trained dolphins found a torpedo during a training
session off the coast of San Diego, California. The middle and after body sections of
the torpedo were recovered and identified by the Naval History and Heritage
Command Underwater Archaeology Branch as a Howell torpedo, one of three
known to exist in the world. This presentation describes conservation efforts to
preserve this complex technological object. Partial disassembly of the torpedo
allowed for effective cleaning and stabilization, including removal of the forward

100
bulkhead of the mid section and excavation of 80 lbs. (36 kg) of compacted
sediment that had collected inside. Due to the torpedo’s design, the 131 lb. (59kg)
forged steel flywheel could not be disassembled and was cleaned and stabilized in
situ. This was an extremely difficult task due to severely restricted access to each
side of the flywheel and its complex support structure and gears.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

John M. Chenoweth (University of Michigan-Dearborn)

Spatial Analysis of the Free African Community of Kingstown, Tortola, British
Virgin Islands
Forming a different kind of plantation community, a unique group of African people
who were never enslaved existed in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) i0n the 1830s to
1850s. Captured for slavery in Africa after the British ended the slave trade in 1807,
and after much loss and time, these people were given a plantation on Tortola
where they lived—surrounded at first by enslaved people—in a settlement known
as Kingstown. An 1831 map of their settlement exists, providing insight primarily
into how the British colonial authorities wished them to use their land. Using
ArcGIS, this paper places this map in its 3-dimensional context, quantitatively
explores how the residents would have experienced their land and analyzes the
limits this British Colonial scheme would have placed on the “Kingstown People,”
trying to force them into the role of stereotypical English peasants.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

John F. Cherry (Brown University) – see [POS-1] Brendan Doucet

Sarah J. Chesney (The College of New Jersey), Deirdre A Kelleher (Philadelphia, PA)
A Philadelphia Patchwork: Considering Small-Scale Archaeology in the City of
Brotherly Love
Although many of the most well known archaeological projects undertaken in
Philadelphia have been large-scale CRM projects, university-based research in
urban archaeology also has a long history in the city. Recent archaeological projects
completed at Elfreth’s Alley and The Woodlands reveal the contributions that two
such small-scale academic projects can make to our overall understanding of
Philadelphia’s urban development, and the insights that such projects offer not only
into Philadelphia’s archaeological past, but also suggestions for its future. By
reflecting on different types, models, and scales of archaeological investigations this
paper will underscore the variety and depth of archaeological work conducted in
Philadelphia and its future potential.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Meredith S. Chesson (University of Notre Dame), Sara Morrow (University of Notre

Dame), Erin Gibbons (Registered Archaeologist, Republic of Ireland)

101
Consumerism on the Margins: Shop Ledgers and Materialized Social Status in
Coastal Co. Galway, Ireland.
In contrast to the marginality ascribed to Western Ireland during the 19th and 20th
centuries, islanders’ and coastal mainlanders’ participated in transnational trade
networks expressed through everyday material decision-making, seasonal and
intermittent international interactions, and ideologies of social status. Historically,
coastal communities in Western Ireland have been characterized as marginalized
and geographically isolated from participation in mainstream consumerism and
national and international markets. Archaeological and historic evidence suggests
an alternative narrative of vibrant trade and interconnectivity between islanders
and mainlanders, rural and urban settlements, and national and international trade
networks. By comparing shop ledger entries from the mainland towns of Cleggan
and Clifden, Co. Galway, with archaeological materials from the nearby coastal
islands of Inishark and Inishbofin, this paper investigates perceptions and practice
of central and peripheral consumption trends in relation to social status,
occupation, gender, religion, and nationality in coastal communities.
[SYM-687] – Committee Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Beverly A. Chiarulli (Indiana U of Pennsylvania), Nancy Smith (Allegheny Portage

Railroad NHS), Marion R. Smeltzer (Indiana U of Pennsylvania)
Public Outreach Through Student Training: An Example of a NPS-University
Partnership in Western Pennsylvania
Five National Park Service units located in Western Pennsylvania present the
history of the region from the days of George Washington through the 18th century
industrial period to even more recent events. From 1999 through 2009, a
partnership between the NPS and Indiana University of Pennsylvania provided
opportunities for students to gain field and lab experience working on NPS projects
and conducting research for MA Thesis projects. These opportunities provided the
students with needed pre-professional experience. While public outreach is often
thought to refer to general publics, student training is also an important form of
outreach. The NPS projects provide students with the opportunity to participate in
projects which focus on preservation rather than more typical cultural resource
projects and are able to assist in projects related to heritage tourism, education, and
historic preservation planning.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Robert C. Chidester (The Mannik & Smith Group, Inc.) – see [SYM-180] Maura Johnson

Robert C. Chidester (The Mannik & Smith Group, Inc.), David A. Gadsby (National Park
Service)
Race and Alienation in Baltimore's Hampden
The recent uprising in West Baltimore took place less than two miles from the
neighborhood of Hampden, but, with a few notable exceptions, it made little impact

102
there. Writers and historians have long understood the Baltimore neighborhood of
Hampden to be culturally, geographically, and racially isolated from the city in
which it is embedded. Archaeological investigations performed there have helped to
illustrate how class and power relationships changed over time, ultimately
reinforcing that isolation for white workers in the 19th-century mill town. As it was
incorporated into the city, Hampden became increasingly well known as a white
working-class enclave, inhospitable to outsiders in the increasingly African-
American city. We explore the history of Hampden’s interaction with the
surrounding city, positing that its development, its continued isolation after 1900,
and the alienation of its workforce present a foil against which to examine the
development of neighborhood-based segregation in Baltimore.
[SYM-39] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kim Christensen (University of California Berkeley)

“A Novelist-Gardener”: Masculinity and Illness in Progressive Era California
Warren Cheney (1858-1921) of Berkeley, California lived during the period in
which ideals of Victorian manliness shifted to those of a more brutish masculinity.
Suffering from ill health and neurasthenia for most of his life, he pursued an
“outdoor life” while also participating in the Bay Area literary arts scene,
embodying the tensions and contradictions of shifting gendered behavior ideals.
Historical documents and archaeological excavations undertaken at the Cheney
family home enable us to examine his navigation of changing ideals within the
context of illness, parenting, and white middle-class American identities through
study of the home’s landscape and material culture.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lauren Christian (East Carolina University) – see [POS-4] Hannah Piner

Lauren M. Christian (ECU Maritime Studies)

An Adaptive Legacy: Repurposing Lighthouses from Navigational Aids to
Heritage Tourism Destinations in North Carolina
The lighthouses of North Carolina were originally constructed to aid navigation
through treacherous waterways, but the advancement of modern navigational
equipment has diminished their necessity for that purpose. In 2000, the National
Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act was enacted to see to the transference of
federally owned historic light stations to qualified new stewards. Today, the
National Parks Service, private organizations, and community associations manage
the lighthouses on the Outer Banks. The focus of this study is to analyze the
transition from navigational aids to heritage tourism destinations and the
preservation management strategies for three North Carolina lighthouses as case
studies: Currituck Beach Light Station, Cape Hatteras Light Station, and Bald Head
Island Lighthouse. This research will evaluate the effectiveness of the preservation
of these sites by examining the management actions to date and the values and

103
opinions of the local community members towards these sites as cultural and
historical resources.
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Robert Church (C&C Technologies, Inc.) – see [SYM-94b] Robert Westrick

Robert Church (C & C Technologies, Inc.), Daniel Warren (C & C Technologies, Inc.),
Robert Westrick (C & C Technologies, Inc.)
A Deepwater World War II Battlefield: The German U-boat, U-166, and
Passenger Freighter Robert E. Lee
During World War II, Germany sent their U-boats to the Gulf of Mexico to conduct
warfare on merchant shipping. As a result approximately seventy merchant vessels
were sunk or damaged with only one U-boat lost in the Gulf of Mexico during that
action. The wreck sites of the German U-boat, U-166 and it last victim the passenger
freighter Robert E. Lee were first investigated by archaeologists in 2001. Fourteen
years of historical and archaeological research reveals the intricacies of this
deepwater battlefield.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Craig N. Cipolla (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto)

The Archaeology of Playing Indian: Boy Scout Camps as Colonial Imaginaries
Over the last 20 years archaeologists have come to pay close attention to the
complexities of indigenous agency, cultural continuity and change, and survivance
in colonial contexts. In their focus on materiality and everyday life, in their use of
multiple lines of evidence, and in their connections to contemporary indigenous
communities, archaeologists have the ability to challenge colonial narratives. In
contrast, the ways in which these narratives (e.g., notions of savagery, authenticity,
and vanishing Indians) came to have purchase among non-indigenous publics
remains underexplored in archaeological circles. This paper builds upon Philip
Deloria’s writings on “playing Indian” to consider the ways in which Boy Scout
camps in New England served as colonial imaginaries, influencing specific types of
remembering and forgetting. I use an archaeological lens to examine the ways in
which these imaginaries “re-member” colonial and indigenous history.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Kelly Clark (National Park Service) – see [POS-4] Kimberly I. Robinson

Loren Clark (Panamerican Consultants), Michael Murray (Panamerican Consultants)

Low Water Bankline Survey of the Rice Plantation Landscape
As part of the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project, the Savannah district will
construct a number of mitigation features to compensate for adverse environmental
impacts. Panamerican Consultants conducted both terrestrial and submerged
investigations within the Savannah River estuary. A large component of the overall
project was a low water bankline survey of Steamboat Slough, as well as Middle and

104
Little Back Rivers, which recorded a total of 116 sites. Associated with the rice
plantation landscape of the low country, the majority of the sites represent the
modification of the marsh and riverine landscape for successful rice farming while
several sites represent watercraft used in the day to day operations of the
plantations.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Margaret R. Clark (CH2M HILL)

“Somewhere in No-Man’s Land”: Army Camp Hanford and America’s Defense
Program
For four decades, Hanford reactors produced plutonium, generating the fuel for
America’s first atomic bombs. In 1950, as the Arms Race increased, the Department
of Defense established Anti-Aircraft Artillery sites throughout Hanford to protect
the nation’s top secret nuclear facilities. Under the Army’s command, these AAA
batteries, base camps and battalion headquarters were home to the men that were
“the last defense.” This paper will present the historical artifacts recovered from a
refuse dump associated with Camp Hanford from 1950 to 1959. This collection,
coupled with oral history, provides an opportunity to explore and document
everyday Army life on Hanford during the Korean and Cold War Eras.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

David S. Clarke (Delaware Department of Transportation), Heidi E. Krofft (Delaware

Department of Transportation)
The U.S. Route 301 Archaeology Program in Delaware: Excavations, Historic
Contexts, and Syntheses
The Delaware Department of Transportation is in the midst of its largest public
works project in over 15 years. The U.S. Route 301 project will construct 17 miles of
new highway across the central portion of Delaware. The archaeology program for
Section 106 compliance for this project has utilized the talents of 10 cultural
resource management firms (CRM). To date the CRM firms have identified 66
archaeological sites at the Phase I level, 27 at the Phase II level and 14 were found
eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The eligible sites were
mitigated via traditional data recovery methods or via alternative mitigation efforts.
This paper will highlight the historic archaeology sites from the project as well as
synthesize what has become an amazing case study of a successful Section 106
“Mega Project” between FHWA, DelDOT, the Delaware State Historic Preservation
Office, and 10 CRM firms.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Sarah Stroud Clarke (Drayton Hall Preservation Trust) – see [SYM-208] Ian D.
Simmonds

Sarah Stroud Clarke (Drayton Hall Preservation Trust, Syracuse University), Jon
Marcoux (Salve Regina University)

105
Clusters of Beads: Testing for Time on the Carolina Frontier c.1680-1734
When analyzing archaeological sites with almost continual episodes of occupation,
it is often difficult to discern distinct temporal periods; given this challenge
archaeologists have long relied on a variety of methodological techniques to help
narrow down dates of occupation. In 2012, Jon Marcoux published a new
correspondence analysis study using over 35,000 glass trade beads in Native
American mortuary contexts dated c.1607-1783 with the results indicating four
discrete clusters of time. This paper tests the usefulness of this study on a colonial
period frontier site on the Drayton Hall property outside of Charleston, South
Carolina. The site is known to date to before c.1734 and possibly had at least two
European occupations from 1680-1734. Glass trade beads from in and around
sealed features from this time period are used to determine if it is possible to use
this methodology on individual historic period sites to help define distinct
occupation periods.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Wesley S. Clarke (The Castle Museum)

Preliminary Observations on the Nathaniel Clark Earthenware Pottery at
Marietta, Ohio.
The Nathaniel Clark pottery was established at Marietta, Ohio, in 1808 and is thus
one of the first such operations in the region. Excavations initiated in 2013 have
encountered well-preserved features, and have produced a useful sample of
product and production debris over three field seasons. Concurrent documentary
research is also providing details on the personal and business contexts of the Clark
pottery. The location of this manufactory at a major regional hub provides insight
regarding patterns of commerce and craft during a relatively early developmental
period in the American Midwest.
[SYM-118b] – Executive Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Arthur R Clausnitzer Jr (Memorial University of Newfoundland)

The Archaeology of an Early Resource-Extraction Industry: The Cod Fishery,
1600-1713
As much as popular histories overlook it, the cod fishery of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries brought the first significant numbers of Europeans to North
American shores and provided the earliest colonists in the northeast with an
economic foundation from which to build new societies. As an industry which was
an important staple for two regions the cod fisheries deserve careful study, but it
has only been in the last decades that archaeologists and historians have
undertaken critical studies on the topic, correcting centuries of myth-building and
misconceptions. This paper continues this process by applying a newly-developed
holistic analytical framework to archaeological and historical data from fisheries
sites in Maine and Newfoundland with the intent of understanding the different
processes which drew fishermen to North America, how this industry affected

106
societal development in the colonies, and the factors which led to the differential
development of Newfoundland and New England.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Elizabeth C. Clay (University of Pennsylvania)

Land, Labor, and Memory: Plantation Landscapes in Martinique
Landscapes are shaped by the experiences of people over time, serve to establish
and reinforce social relations, and are spaces within which individuals actively
construct their experiences with each other and with their environment. This paper
focuses on plantation landscapes on the island of Martinique, where the significant
role of the French sugar industry - made possible by slave labor - in the globalizing
Atlantic world is still clearly visible. Plantation sites that have not been lost to
development remain on the landscape as crumbling buildings, small-scale fishing or
agricultural villages established post-emancipation, or are still in use for large-scale
agricultural export production. Using historic maps, satellite imagery and archival
sources, this paper will analyze the physical legacy of the plantation economy in
two distinct regions of Martinique to explore how colonial settlement patterns and
landscape transformations have persisted through time.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
William J. Clayton (National Park Service, Grand Portage National Monument) – see
[SYM-31] Jay T. Sturdevant

Joseph E. Clemens (EAC/A)

Technological Toolkit: Using XRF Analysis to better understand 19th Century
Iron Making and its Implications for the Labor Force
The use of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) as a tool for analyzing archaeological
materials is becoming increasingly common. Recently, various types of iron ore and
iron products produced at furnaces in Maryland and Pennsylvania in the 19th
century were analyzed using XRF measurements. These measurements were
employed to create a representational graph of the elemental composition of iron
artifacts in order to identify a connection between the source material and the iron
product. Documentary research of the local iron ore supplied to the Catoctin and
Cornwall Furnaces coincided with the trace element concentrations identified using
XRF. Research about the types of iron produced at each site led to a better
understanding of the labor involved in the iron making process and the changes in
elemental composition that different production techniques create. Trace elements
observed in the iron samples provided insight into possible health issues that
afflicted the labor force, and surrounding populace.
[SYM-330] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Katherine L Clevenger (East Carolina University)

Investigating The Ancient Port Of Sanitja, Menorca

107
Their strategic location in the Mediterranean caused numerous cultures, empires,
and countries to fight over and conquer the Balearic Islands of modern-day Spain.
In the ancient world, Menorca - the easternmost island of the Balearics - was
influenced or conquered by the Minoans, Carthaginians, Romans, and Vandals,
respectively. Prior to the Romans’ arrival, the native Baleares were known for their
skills with the sling and were hired as mercenaries throughout the Mediterranean.
The Romans, therefore, incorporated the islanders into their garrison during the
Roman occupation. General Quintus Caecailius Metellus, later surnamed Balearicus,
established a fort in 123 B.C., as evidenced by Roman coins found in the remains.
Thirteen ancient shipwrecks have been located in and near the port of Sanitja,
ranging from 400 B.C. to A.D. 400. Underwater survey in Sanitja continues.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Charles R. Cobb (University of Florida)

Flat Ontologies, Identity and Space at Carolina Forts
English forts in the Carolina colony embody the ongoing struggle between the
ambitions of imperial impositions and the aspirations of frontier autonomy. This
tension is acutely reflected in the spatial organization of forts. Whereas colonial
authorities sought to separate Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans through
the formal segregation of the built environment, life on the frontier encouraged a
fluidity in space and identity. The theoretical construct of flat ontologies can be
used to explore how frontier forts were a catalyst for complex and emergent spatial
relations that subverted hierarchical space. Archaeological data from early-
eighteenth century forts on the Carolina frontier exemplify the connective
processes of flat ontologies that blurred space and identity.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Lindsey Cochran (University of Tennessee, Knoxville) – see [SYM-477] David A. Gadsby

Lindsey Cochran (University of Tennessee)

Social Geography of Lowcountry Landscapes
The comparison of patterns of refuse disposal between populations has been a
consistent theme in historical archaeology. The present study acknowledges the
impact of the physical environment and social status in shaping how people created
and used their built landscape. Triangulation of three kinds of data—spatial,
archaeological, and historical—facilitates recognition of the differences or
similarities between groups on Sapelo, Ossabaw, and St. Simon’s Islands in the
Georgia Lowcountry. A series of artifact density maps, generated in R and GIS, are
made for slave and planter groups within sites and are divided into three time
periods: Early Georgia, Antebellum, and Late Antebellum. The goal of this paper is
to identify the relationship between living quarters on the landscape and the
material refuse at both planter and slave spaces to see how and why groups use
space in different ways.

108
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Matthew Cochran (The Ottery Group) - see [SYM-354] Thomas Bodor

Matthew D. Cochran (The Ottery Group) – see [SYM-354] Donald Creveling

Matthew D. Cochran (The Ottery Group)

Building, Dwelling, Thinking: A social geography of a late 17th century
plantation.
In 1712 Richard Jenkins devised his personal estate, located on the Patuxent River
near Benedict, Maryland, to three orphans and a woman that he wasn’t married to.
Valued at just over 96 pounds sterling, Richard Jenkins’ plantation, was excavated
in 2013 by staff from the Ottery Group and the Maryland State Highway
Administration. This paper details the archaeological investigation of the c.1680
through 1713 Jenkins plantation, and seeks to emplace the plantation within a
multi-scalar narrative inspired by recent scholarly work in social geography.
Specific topics to be addressed within this paper include: the geographical and
material setting of a late 17th century plantation likely associated with commercial
trade; the role of a small scale plantation in a developing 17th century social and
commercial economy; and lastly, the role of the Patuxent trade within the broader
English colonial economy.
[SYM-403] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Sara Rivers Cofield (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory) - see [SYM-

354] Caitlin Shaffer

Sara J. Rivers Cofield (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory at JPPM)

Granny’s Panties and Great-Grandpa’s Jock Strap: Reconstructing 200 Years of
Middle-Class Clothing
This paper shares an in-depth comparative study focusing on clothing-related
artifacts recovered at the Houston-LeCompt site as part a Route 301 data recovery
project by Dovetail Cultural Resource Group. The site was occupied in rural
Delaware from the mid-18th century until about 1930, and it is representative of the
evolution of a typical middle-class clothing assemblage. Eighteenth-century artifacts
illustrate specific forms for different garments while a decline in artifacts in the
early 19th century corresponds to the rise of ephemeral styles with less hardware.
As industrialization ratcheted up, artifact quantities increased until the 20th-century
tenant farmers of Houston-LeCompt wore and discarded cheap fasteners and
accessories with relative abandon. Using period portraits, extant clothing, historic
sales catalogs, and assemblages from comparable sites, all artifacts are presented in
a visual context to reconstruct modest wardrobes from undies and jock straps to
outerwear and accessories.

109
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Brennan Collins (Georgia State University) – see [SYM-91] Robert C. Bryant

Jeffrey Collins (National Park Service), Patrice L. Jeppson (Cheyney University of

Pennsylvania), Jed Levin (National Park Service)
All of the Above: Public Archeology and Outreach at Independence National
Historical Park
Public outreach has been part of the archeological research conducted by
Independence National Historical Park since the inception of such studies more fifty
years ago. These early efforts, by pioneers like Paul Schumacher, John Cotter, and
Barbara Liggett at sites like Independence Square and Franklin Court, serve as the
foundation for the park's current program of public archeology. Today, the practice
of archeology in the park both serves and is shaped by diverse and distinct
communities of interest. This paper will review examples of the public's
engagement with three recent park projects: the President's House Site, the James
Oronoco Dexter Site, and the National Constitution Center Site. We will examine
how various communities of activists, artists, academics, and others found meaning
through engagement with archeological products and practice.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Ronald L. Collins (AllStar Ecology, LLC) – see [POS-4] Matthew Victor Weiss

Leah Colombo (SEARCH)

Encounters or Exposures? A Methodical Approach to Coastal Resiliency.
Climate change is unequivocal and recently the federal government has developed
collaborative initiatives between the Departments of the Interior, Department of
Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, NOAA, and the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers to identify natural and historic resources that require conservation and
restoration to ensure they are more resilient to changing climate. Coastal resiliency,
in particular, implies the need to maintain appropriate storm barriers, such as sand
dunes, re-nourished beaches, and hard stabilizing features. These actions will
escalate the amount of offshore dredging, and likely increase impacts to antecedent
land forms with prehistoric sites as well as historic shipwrecks that exist in both
state and federal waters. This paper will discuss methodical approaches for
prehistoric sites and will present significance criteria to ensure compliance with
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and coastal resiliency.
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Elizabeth A. Comer (EAC/Archaeology, Inc.)

Catoctin Furnace: Academic Research Informing Heritage Tourism
For more than 42 years, the Catoctin Furnace Historical Society, Inc. has maintained
heritage programs in the village of Catoctin Furnace. These activities balance the

110
needs of the ongoing village lifestyle with those of the received visitor experience.
Updating traditional seasonal events while adding leisure amenities involves
constantly balancing funding sources and message. However, the tourism
experience must be rooted in solid academic research. Current research on the
African-American Slave Cemetery is examining and testing ancestral origins,
characterizing living conditions, and searching for living descendants. The goal of
this research is to reconstruct the history of the furnace’s laborers and to recognize
their contributions to the success of the ironworking community. A further goal is
to reach out to contemporary African American communities in order to involve
them in the interpretation and presentation of history at Catoctin Furnace, in the
surrounding region, and at other early industrial complexes in America.
[SYM-330] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Margaret A. Comer (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom) – see [SYM-330] Polly

Keeler

Matthew Compton (Southeastern Zooarchaeological Research, LLC)

Animal Husbandry, Hunting, and Fishing on the Lower Cape Fear: Analysis of
Colonial and Civil War Era Animal Remains from Brunswick Town/Fort
Anderson
Recent analyses of animal remains recovered from Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson
provide information about the animal use practices of the site’s colonial and Civil
War occupants. Colonial materials indicate a pattern similar to animal use observed
among eighteenth-century Charleston sites with a heavy reliance on domesticates,
particularly cattle, supplemented by estuarine resources. This Charleston pattern
has been described as “urban” to contrast it with patterns of animal use observed at
outlying or “rural” plantations that exhibit greater use of wild taxa. Intrasite
comparison of two colonial Brunswick Town households suggests some differences
in diet associated with socioeconomic status. In contrast to their colonial
predecessors, the Civil War occupants of Fort Anderson relied heavily on wild
species. The abundance of wild game corroborates contemporary accounts of life at
Fort Anderson which indicate the Confederate soldiers spent time hunting and
fishing in order to combat boredom and hunger while stationed at the Fort.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Marina Congedo (University of Maryland, Baltimore County) – see [GEN-010] Susan B.

Langley

Dave Conlin (NPS Submerged Resources Center) – see [SYM-514] David W. Morgan

David L. Conlin (National Park Service) – see [SYM-514] Jessica Glickman

David L Conlin (US National Park Service -Submerged Resources Center) – see [SYM-
514] Stephen C. Lubkemann

111
Ivor Conolley (Windsor, Jamaica) –see [POS-1] David Burley

Mihai Constantinescu (”Francis I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, Bucharest,

Romania) – see [POS-4] Megan K. Kleeschulte

Mihai Constantinescu (“Francisc I. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology, Bucharest,

Romania) – see [POS-4] Kathleen L. Wheeler

Meagan K. Conway (University of South Carolina)

Meaningful Choices: An Archaeology of Selective Engagement on the 19th
Century Irish Coast
This research explores the nature of marginality on the periphery of the British
Empire. The edges of empires are shifting, culturally-negotiated borders with the
capacity to disclose important information about social networks and cultural
change. Households in these places are subject to transnational processes and make
choices which demonstrate the presence and connections with broader global
networks of economic and social access. This project focuses on the ramifications of
national agendas through adjusted and altered processes on the local scale. It draws
on material culture and architectural remains of several 18th and 19th century
households on two islands, Inishark and Inishbofin, off the western Irish coast in
order to understand this selective engagement in transnational systems and the
specific reactions to prescribed rules and regulations generated from the imperial
epicenter. The archaeological remains reflect these selections and degree of
dedication to national ideologies and reflect shrewd and discerning decision-
making processes.
[SYM-687] – Committee Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Benjamin Cook (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies) – see [SYM-295] Dorian
Burnette

Edward Cook (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) – see [SYM-295] Dorian Burnette

Gregory D. Cook (University of West Florida)

New Developments on the Emanuel Point II Shipwreck Project: Ongoing
Investigations of a Vessel from Luna’s 1559 Fleet
Investigations on the second shipwreck identified as a vessel from Don Tristán de
Luna y Arellano’s 1559 fleet have intensified during the past year due to successful
funding efforts. The site, known as “Emanuel Point II”, is a well-preserved example
of ship architecture related to early Spanish colonization efforts. Archaeologists and
students from the University of West Florida have focused recent excavations on
the vessel’s stern and midships area, and have uncovered new artifacts and
significant areas of ship structure lying outside of the intact hull remains. This
presentation will summarize new findings and outline future research agendas
related to the 1559 fleet.

112
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Leslie Cooper (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.) – see [SYM-202] Elizabeth A.

Bollwerk

Cynthia R. Copeland (New York University) – see [GEN-001] Diana diZerega Wall

Jenna Wallace Coplin (Graduate Center, CUNY)

Thinking About Urban Approaches to Interpreting Class in the 19thC: Labor,
Residence and Economic Choice at Rock Hall, Lawrence, NY.
During the first half of 19th C, dramatic economic changes are evident at the
household level. Straddling the urban-suburban divide, residents of Rock Hall on
the South Shore of Long Island hybridized farming and summer tourism as they
sought to improve their family’s position. A microcosm of economic choices, this
household combined labor and residence in ways that used, and rendered them
beholden to, the urban juggernaut of the City while remaining rooted in a distinct
local economic identity.
Diana Wall’s work has provided historical archaeology multiple pathways to
consider working class households. The results have illuminated “differences in
meaning” for occupants, specifically women, and reconnected the archaeological
process to interpretation. This paper draws on Wall’s body of work in an effort to
highlight urban influences on the local working class and use that light to consider
regional class formation and differences in meaning for residents of Rock Hall.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Gary F. Coppock (Skelly and Loy, Inc.)

19th-Century Innovation at a 21st-Century Industrial Park: Archaeological
Investigations at the Valentine and Company Iron Ore Washing Plant, Centre
County, Pennsylvania
It was during a standard Phase I archaeological survey for a proposed Centre
County industrial park that the buried remains of a 19th-century industrial plant −
the Valentine Iron Ore Washing Plant (36CE526) − were discovered. Subsequent
investigations revealed not only the layout of the facility, but also the important role
that a local ironmaster had on the entire iron industry. In 1815 several Valentine
brothers relocated to Centre County to lease an idle iron furnace. Soon they were
operating a half-dozen ironworks. In 1842 Abraham S. Valentine invented a
machine called the log washer that efficiently separated small fragments of iron ore
from its clay matrix; an invention that revolutionized ore mining and reinvigorated
the late 19th-century iron industry. Thus, it is both ironic, and personally satisfying,
that the creation of a 21st-century industrial park shed light on Valentine’s
innovation, and its important contribution to the 19th-century iron industry.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

113
Noa Corcoran-Tadd (Harvard University), Guido Pezzarossi (Syracuse University)
Between the South Sea and the Mountainous Ridges: Coerced Assemblages
and Biopolitical Ecologies in the Spanish Colonial Americas
Although the historical archaeology of the Spanish colonial world is currently
witnessing an explosion of research in the Americas, the accompanying political
economic framework has tended to remain little interrogated. This paper argues
that Spanish colonial contexts bring into particular relief the entanglements
between ‘core’ capitalist processes like ‘antimarkets’, dispossession, and the
disciplining of labor and dynamic biopolitical ecologies of assemblage, coercion, and
accumulation. This perspective is explored through two archaeological case studies
from Peru and Guatemala, where competing concerns about altitude, climate,
disease, violence, and populations of differentiated laboring bodies (both human
and non-human) came to the fore in unexpected ways. The resulting discussion
challenges the reliance on abstract analytical totalities like ‘capitalism’ and
‘colonialism’ and shifts attention towards the diverse assemblages of actors that
shape and continue to shape the processes central to political economic analyses.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

John Cornelison (National Park Service) – see [SYM-40] Rolando L. Garza

John Cornelison (Southeast Archeological Center) – see [SYM-40] Michael A. Seibert

John Cornelison (National Park Service), Michael Seibert (National Park Service)
Fusing Multiple Remote-Sensing Technologies to Identify the Elusive
Barricade from the 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Horseshoe Bend is the scene of an important and controversial battle that took
place during the Creek Wars of 1813-14. Over 800 Creek warriors were killed
during the battle, the largest number of American Indian deaths from any battle in
United States history. Recent scholarship has shown that this battle and its
aftermath were the end of a 60 year struggle for control of the trans-Appalachian
interior. These conflicts began with the French and Indian War (1754-63) and
continued until the end of the Red Stick War/War of 1812.
In 2006, 2008, and 2013, archeologist from the Southeast Archeological Center built
upon the archaeological legacy of Roy Dickens in examining this pivotal conflict. The
three field seasons used systematic metal detecting, GIS artifact pattern analysis
and historical map comparisons, 3-D topographic modeling, and a range of
geophysical equipment to successfully locate the remains of the Red Stick Barricade.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Javiera Letelier Cosmelli (Alberto Hurtado University, Chile) – see [SYM-59a] Amalia
Nuevo Delaunay

Zev A. Cossin (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)

114
Como la paja del páramo: Everyday Traditions on the Hacienda Guachalá,
Ecuador
The post-independence period (post-1830) of Ecuador and Latin America
presented profound socio-political transformations, catalyzing intense debate over
the meaning of citizenship and equality for marginalized indigenous populations.
Many of these changes manifested on agricultural estates known as haciendas,
which often became spaces of direct political actions such as uprisings led by female
indigenous activists Dolores Cacuango and Tránsito Amanguaña in the Cayambe
area of Ecuador. These leaders fought for basic human rights and dignity for the
dispossessed, working from a notion of indigeneity as a community-grounded and
tradition-based project that disorders taken-for-granted constructs such as the
“nation.” This paper examines archaeological and archival data from the Hacienda
Guachalá, Cayambe, to explore how “tradition” and the past were part of the
materiality of everyday life of both the indigenous and landholding groups after
independence. The material evidence points to the politics of the past in everyday
life on the hacienda.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Jessica Costello (Northeast Museum Services Center) – see [SYM-302] Alicia Paresi

Katelyn M. Coughlan (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation) – see [GEN-005] Crystal L.

Ptacek

Katelyn M. Coughlan (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation)

Teasing Out The Details: Re-examining A 19th-Century Boardinghouse Site In
Lowell, MA
Archaeological sites excavated under Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 provide scholars a wealth of data at their fingertips. Due to
the time and financial constraints of excavation, many collections are initially
analyzed, stored in state and local repositories and forgotten. However, both
academic and cultural resource management (CRM) collections are an invaluable
source of new data. The re-examination of these assemblages can tease out more
detailed or nuanced meaning from the artifacts. This paper focuses on the Jackson
Appleton Middlesex Urban Revitalization and Development Project (JAM), a CRM
site in Lowell, MA. Through the re-analysis of this collection associated with the
Hamilton Manufacturing Company’s boardinghouses, the data provide new insight
into temporal patterns of ceramic usage among 19th-century textile mill workers
further developing our understanding of social class during Lowell’s golden
industrial age.
[SYM-302] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Sarah E. Cowie (University of Nevada-Reno)

Archaeology of Environmental Inequality

115
The relationships between biopolitics and processes of capitalism and
industrialization have come under increasing scrutiny by activists in the
environmental justice movement. Ethnographic studies in modern industrialized
(and industrializing) societies demonstrate marked environmental inequality,
particularly disadvantageous to racialized groups and working-class communities.
These discriminatory practices have resulted in the disempowerment of
marginalized populations, loss of land, contamination of natural resources, and
sickening of human populations. While environmental injustices have been
explored through ethnographic research in recent times and through historical
anthropology, few archaeological studies have addressed this type of
discrimination. This paper explores environmental inequality from an
archaeological perspective, with particular attention to a case study of the 19th-
century company town of Fayette, Michigan. There, working class residents who
were mostly foreign-born experienced environmental discrimination in the form of
an industrial waste dump known as Slag Beach, which was located adjacent to and
within their neighborhood.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

C. Jane Cox (Anne Arundel County, USA)

Interns and Volunteers and 7th graders , Oh My!
What began out of a need for free labor to salvage significant sites threatened by
development over 20 years ago has evolved into a sophisticated web of public
education and community outreach. This wrap-up discussion of the session will
summarize the lessons learned and reflect upon the benefits, and the costs, of
conducting academically-oriented archaeological research alongside avocationalists
and students.
[SYM-139] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Starr N. Cox (St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)

Pew Pew! Small Arms from the Storm Wreck, a Loyalist Evacuation Ship from
the End of the American Revolutionary War.
On or just after 31 December 1782, sixteen ships from a larger fleet evacuating
Charleston, South Carolina wrecked while attempting to enter the St. Augustine
Inlet. One of these sixteen ships, the Storm Wreck, has been the focus of six seasons
of excavation for the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), the
research arm of the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum. The firearms
recovered from the shipwreck include three Brown Bess muskets, two of which
were loaded and in the half cock position, an intact and highly decorated pocket or
Queen Anne’s style boxlock pistol, and the remains of a wooden handle from an
additional small pistol. This paper will discuss the small arms recovered from the
site thus far, conservation challenges, and what these arms mean for the
interpretation of this site.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

116
Pam J. Crabtree (New York University) – see [SYM-68] Claudia Milne

Brian D. Crane (Versar, Inc.), Chris Bowen (Versar, Inc.), Dennis Knepper (Versar, Inc.)
An Archaeological Synthesis of Wells in Delaware: Alternative Mitigation for
the Polk Tenant Site
Versar gathered information on 58 previously excavated wells from across
Delaware including size, shape, depth, the methods and materials of construction,
location, and date among others. Comparison of data from the sample found
patterns in well depth, location, and use of material through time. The results
suggest future avenues of research to explore the ways in which well construction
might relate to occupant ownership status as well as the temporal evolution of
farmsteads. This synthesis facilitates future comparative analysis, identifies gaps in
the archaeological record on wells, and makes management recommendations for
the future excavation of these important features.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

George Cress (AECOM)

The Glassworks of Gunner’s Run: Excavation of Dyottville and Henry Benner’s
Glass Factory, Kensington, Philadelphia
This presentation focuses on the results of archaeological excavation at Dyottville
and Henry Benner’s Glass Factory, both located at the confluence of Gunner’s Run
and the Delaware River. The Dyottville glassworks began as the Kensington Glass
Works in the late 18th century and continued into the early 20th century producing
many well- known glass bottles, flasks, and other glassware distributed widely
throughout the country in the 19th century. The portion of the factory complex that
survived beneath the streets of Kensington was investigated and excavation
exposed foundation remains of three phases of the factory providing insights into
the operation and evolution of this historically significant glass works. The lesser
known Henry Benner’s glass factory dates to ca. 1850 and was located on the
opposite side of Gunner’s Run from Dyottville. Excavation revealed a section of the
factory foundation and glass fragments providing insights into the types of vessels
produced.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Donald K. Creveling (The National-Capital Park and Planning Commission), Matthew

D. Cochran (The Ottery Group)
Peeling Back an Onion: Archaeological and Geophysical Analysis of an 18th
through 20th Century Landscape in Prince George’s County, Maryland
Compton Bassett is a multi-component historic and archaeological site located on
the Patuxent River in Prince George’s County, Maryland. It embodies the evolution
of a plantation landscape that bridges the establishment of large scale slavery in the
early eighteenth century to the formalization of architecture and landscapes from
the mid-eighteenth century though the late nineteenth century. This paper will look

117
at the development of the architecture and landscape of Compton Bassett via
archaeology, geophysical testing, and cultural landscape studies. The results of
archaeological investigations of the extant Federal Period house and yard, various
outbuildings, a late eighteenth century Catholic Chapel, and terraced landscapes,
indicate the creation of a formal plantation landscape over three centuries of
expansion and remodeling rather than as a single construction episode.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Leslie A. Crippen (University of Maryland, College Park)

Finding Our Place: Uncovering Queer Hidden Heritage in the U.S. with the
National Park Service
LGBTQ history can be traced throughout the vast landscape and diverse material
culture of our country, from the tribes of North America, to some of the first-
established European forts, to the civil rights struggles that have helped shape our
modern world. As part of the National Park Service’s LGBTQ Heritage Initiative,
researchers and community members have collaborated to create the Map of Places
with LGBTQ Heritage, a visual representation of archaeological and above ground
sites that contribute to America’s queer history. As an intern working with the Park
Service, I have created an interpretive booklet to help maximize the potential of this
collaborative project. The booklet showcases a diverse sample of the hundreds of
sites that have been identified through the LGBTQ Heritage Initiative. It represents a
two-prong effort to engage an underrepresented public and to support the critical
work of Park Service staff as interpreters of our national heritage.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Kevin Crisman (Texas A&M University)

Lake Champlain Steamboat Archaeology: A 15-minute Primer.
A 120-mile-long ribbon of fresh water between Vermont, New York, and Quebec,
Lake Champlain has long served as a convenient pathway for trade and
communication through the interior of northeastern North America. The lake was at
the forefront of the 19th century’s steam navigation revolution, starting with the
launching of Vermont in 1809 and ending with the retirement of Ticonderoga in the
early 1950s. This paper will briefly examine historical highlights of Champlain’s
steamboat era and summarize the archaeological work carried out in recent
decades to discover and study the remains of paddle-powered watercraft sunk
beneath the lake’s cold waters.
[SYM-892] – Embassy Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Thomas A. Crist (Utica College) – see [POS-4] Megan K. Kleeschulte

Thomas A. Crist (Utica College) – see [POS-4] Kathleen L. Wheeler

Zachary Critchley (Binghamton University) – see [GEN-015] Erin N. Whitson

118
Robert Cromwell (National Park Service) – see [SYM-43] Emily C. Taber

George Crothers (Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky) – see [POS-3] W.

Stephen McBride

Elizabeth A. Crowell (Fairfax County)

Section 106 Contributions to Urban Archaeology: What Was Lost is Now
Found
When improvements were proposed for the Whitehurst Freeway in Washington,
DC, existing conditions would not have recommended this heavily urbanized
project area for a research-oriented archaeological investigation. The area was
traversed by elevated freeway ramps and major roadways. As well, it had been the
site of a 20th century school and 19th and 20th century industrial use. Yet, because of
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, archaeological investigations
led to the discovery of a multicomponent site, which was, arguably, one of the most
important sites discovered in Washington, DC. The site contained intact prehistoric
and historical archaeological remains, including an 18th and 19th century domestic
and industrial sites and prehistoric remains including a late Middle Woodland
cremation burial, which was one of the only intact examples of such a feature.
Without the NHPA, this important information would have likely remained
undiscovered, or worse, been obliterated through highway construction.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Samuel M. Cuellar (Texas A&M University)

Indianola, The Forgotten Gateway to Western Texas: A Proposed Plan of
Archaeological Investigation, Preservation, and Outreach
The port of Indianola once served as the Gulf Coast's western terminus, providing
the shortest overland routes to the Pacific Coast and access to countless European
and American immigrants settling west Texas. By 1871, Indianola was second only
to Galveston in the size and traffic of its port. Success was short lived, however. Two
successive hurricanes in 1875 and 1886 destroyed the city, causing its widescale
distruction and abandonment. Despite a rich, important history, Indianola has not
been the focus of extensive archaeological investigations and little is known outside
the local area of the role it played in shaping a modern western Texas. This paper
presents a plan to determine the archaeological scope of the site, preservation in
the shallow waters of Matagorda Bay, and how Indianola's history and the study of
underwater archaeology can be disseminated to a wider public audience.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Brandy S. Culp (Historic Charleston Foundation) – see [SYM-208] Ian D. Simmonds

Chester Cunanan (AECOM)

The Dyottville Glass Factory: Tracing the Evolution of the Dyottville Glass
Works via Interactive 3D Reconstruction

119
This project focuses on the 3D recreation of the various stages of the Dyottville
Glass Works located between Gunner’s Run and the Delaware River. The Dyottville
Glass Works began in the early 19th century and eventually produced a large variety
of well-known bottles, flasks and other items that were widely used. Working from
a variety of illustrations, photographs and paintings, along with point cloud scans of
the original foundations, we have created an interactive platform that lets users
track and view the evolution of the factory across its multiple incarnations. We
propose a methodology for interactive recreation based on multiple types of data
and a foundation for the use of 3D interactive visualization in future archaeological
projects; demonstrating a possible method for the preservation, exploration and
study of current and future cultural heritage resources.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Camille Czerkowicz (Museum of the City of New York)

Creating A Unified Database Of New York City Artifacts
The Museum of the City of New York and Landmarks Preservation Commission
partnered in 2013 to develop an inventory of archaeological artifacts owned by the
City of New York. At the Museum, we have developed a database that maintains the
hierarchy of Projects, Contexts and Artifacts within each archaeological project,
while also allowing users to search at the individual artifact level. Artifact level
searches allow comparison across all sites within the City’s holdings – opening up
new research possibilities like never before. This paper will discuss the process and
structure of the new database, the process by which it was developed and touch on
some opportunities for research that are newly available.
[SYM-109] – Committee Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

D
Erica A. D'Elia (Fairfax County)
Current Interpretations at the “Cemetery” Site at Old Colchester Park and
Preserve
The Old Colchester Park and Preserve (OCPP), located in southern Fairfax County
along the Occoquan River, was acquired by the Fairfax County Park Authority in
2006. The nearly 145 acres of preserved parkland includes numerous prehistoric
and historic sites spanning 10,000 years of human occupation. Prominent among
these sites is the colonial tobacco port town of Colchester, ca. 1754-1830. Current
excavations are focused on the site immediately adjacent to the cemetery, located
about half a mile from downtown Colchester, where archaeologists have unearthed
the remains of a brick building foundation. The foundation’s location and
morphology have puzzled the research team and several theories as to its function
have been proposed including a church, domestic structure, and industrial building.
In this paper, I will discuss the artifacts recovered from this site and analyze them
in the context of current theories regarding the building’s purpose.

120
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Charles Dagneau (Parks Canada, Canada)

HMS Erebus Artifacts: In-Context finds and Future Potential
The discovery of Sir John Franklin's lost ship HMS Erebus by Parks Canada’s
Underwater Archaeology Team and its partners in September 2014 promises long-
waited answers to the great mystery of the Franklin expedition. The initial
archaeological studies of the site in 2014-2015 clearly demonstrate a great
potential for in-context, intact artifact group discoveries. This paper describes the
artifacts raised so far and some others yet to be mapped and raised, in an effort to
demonstrate the enormous archaeological potential of the site. These include
artifacts such as the latest Arctic-adapted equipment, elements of Royal Navy
uniforms, shipboard equipment and personal belongings. This paper will discuss
the meaning of the finds to date, both as part of the 1845 Franklin expedition and in
the wider context of mid-nineteenth century Arctic exploration by the British Royal
Navy.
[SYM-336] – Blue Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Emily S. Dale (University of Nevada-Reno)

Four Years of Passport in Time: Public Archaeology and Professional
Collaboration in a Nevada Ghost Town
From 2011 to 2014, Dr. Carolyn White and Emily Dale of the University of Nevada-
Reno and Fred Frampton and Eric Dillingham of the USFS collaborated on a series of
Passport in Time projects in the historic mining town of Aurora, Nevada. The
dozens of PIT volunteers who participated throughout the years came from a
variety of backgrounds and for myriad reasons, yet all left with a connection to the
past and an understanding of the importance of protecting America’s archaeological
heritage. By cultivating professional and personal relationships with the volunteers,
both UNR and USFS archaeologists found ways to create meaningful archaeological
interpretations of Aurora and instill a sense of ownership of the archaeological past
in the public. This presentation will address the ways PIT projects can successfully
bridge the gaps between academic archaeology, government archaeology,
descendant communities, and the public at large and create memorable experiences
for all involved.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Stephen A. Damm (National Park Service)

Collections Management at the National Park Service: The Interior Collections
Management System User Satisfaction Survey
The Museum Management Program (MMP) provides national guidance and policy
to the National Park Service (NPS). It also administers the Interior Collections
Management System (ICMS) for the NPS and the Department of the Interior (DOI).
In an effort to look towards the future, the MMP and the Interior Museum Program
(IMP) administered a user satisfaction survey to federal and non-federal users of

121
ICMS. This poster examines the results of this survey and looks for solutions to
common problems, the desire and feasibility of new features such as web platforms
and cloud storage, and explores ways future surveys can better assess the software.
NPS users make up the majority of respondents; their responses are compared to
DOI and non-federal respondents to look for challenges unique to different
environments and common to all users. No personally identifiable information is
included in this poster.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Melanie Damour (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-94b] Patrick

Gensler

Melanie Damour (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Pilar Luna Erreguerena

(Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia), Frederick "Fritz" Hanselman (Texas
State University)
The "Discovery" of the Spanish Sea: First Encounters and Early Impressions
Today, the Gulf of Mexico is known for its abundant marine life, seafood industries,
offshore oil and gas development, and as ground zero for the Deepwater Horizon oil
spill in 2010. To the first Spanish expeditions that “discovered” and explored this
immense water body in the 16th century, the Gulf was an enigmatic sea. Spain’s
earliest attention focused on establishing ports and settlements along the southern
Gulf coast and Caribbean islands to consolidate control in the New World. As the
Spanish mission system expanded throughout what is now the southern U.S., Spain
eventually recognized the importance of maintaining a presence in the northern
Gulf coast to protect its sailing routes from Mexico as well as its missions, cities, and
entrepóts. As such, the Gulf of Mexico became an important linkage between Spain’s
varied interests from the spread of religion to the extraction and transportation of
New World resources and commodities.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Joshua A. Daniel (Daniel Archaeological Consulting), Andy Sherrell (Sherrell Ocean

Services), Ralph Wilbanks (Diversified Wilbanks)
Operation D-Day Mapping Expedition
On 6 June 1944, Allied forces launched the largest amphibious assault in history. In
the first 24 hours, over 5,000 ships and 13,000 aircraft supported 160,000 Allied
troops in their attempt to land on a 50 mile stretch of beach in Normandy. Almost
70 years later, over the course of 27 days in July and August of 2013, a team of
archaeologists, hydrographers, remote-sensing operators, divers, and industry
representatives surveyed over 511 km2 off beaches in Normandy. The team
identified over 350 shipwrecks, tanks, and other debris associated with the beach
landings with the goal of creating the largest and most comprehensive map of the
area. Additionally, the data will assist in the process of nominating the area as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site and provided material for a documentary marking the

122
70th anniversary of the D-Day invasion. This paper will discuss the results of the
2013 survey.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Shanna L. Daniel (Southeastern Archaeological Research (SEARCH) Inc.) – see [SYM-

151b] Kate E. Morrand

Steve Dasovich (Lindenwood University)

Comparative Analysis Of Waterscreening Soil From A French Colonial Living
Floor In St. Charles, Missouri
Excavations collected approximately 14.4 cubic meters of a hard-packed living floor
from a French Colonial outbuilding for waterscreening (from 23SC2101). This
paper will discuss the partial analysis of the materials and information recovered
from this mass soil collection process and draw broad conclusions about the efforts
usefulness.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Bryce A. Davenport (CSRM), Robert W. Wanner (EAC/A)

A Forest for the Trees: Remote sensing applications and historic production at
Cunningham Falls State Park
This paper presents the results of surface analyses conducted at Cunningham Falls
State Park in Frederick County, Maryland using Lidar-derived bare-earth models.
During peak years (approximately 1859-1885) Catoctin Furnace employed over
300 woodcutters in 11,000 acres of company-owned land. Recent Lidar acquisitions
for this area have allowed us to identify historic collier's pits in the hills and
mountains surrounding modern Catoctin Furnace in Cunningham Fall State Park,
opening direct investigation into the pattern of resource acquisition and forest
management during incipient industrialization. Derived surface analyses such as
least cost pathing, in conjunction with archival work and oral histories, elucidates
the evolving relationship between skilled and unskilled workers and management
of the furnace during the nineteenth century at Catoctin Furnace. This investigation
of coal production has the potential to enhance the existing interpretation of
Cunningham Falls State Park, particularly with regard to transportation corridors
and forest dynamics.
[SYM-330] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

James M. Davidson (University of Florida) – see [SYM-31] Sarah E. Miller

James M. Davidson (University of Florida)

Documenting Subfloor Pits in a Slave Cabin at the Bulow Plantation (1821-
1836), Flagler County, Florida

123
In 2014 and 2015, the University of Florida Historical Archaeological Field School
conducted excavations at the Bulow Plantation, a large sugar plantation in East
Florida which was founded in 1821 and destroyed in a fire in 1836, during the
Second Seminole War. Our focus was a single domestic slave cabin of frame
construction with a coquina stone chimney/fireplace. Excavations revealed a
previously unknown architectural detail at the site in the form of a stone lined sub-
floor pit feature or root cellar. Subfloor pits associated with African and African-
American housing and dating from the 17th through the 19th centuries have been
well-documented archaeologically in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and the
Upland South. This stone-lined root cellar complex, containing two discrete sub-
floor pits, represents the only archaeologically known example of this feature form
identified in the state of Florida.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Nicole M. Dávila-Meléndez (University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, Puerto Rico
(U.S.))
The use of photography to contextualize archaeological finds from the
Holocaust
Studying the Holocaust from an archaeological perspective is a relatively new line
of investigation, yet it is very important as many of these camps were hidden by the
Nazis to conceal incriminating evidence. There may be knowledge of them, perhaps
a few documents or survivors, but what happens when they die? What evidence will
we have left concerning their resources, activities, or life conditions? The work
done by archaeologists that study the material culture can help put the pieces
together and reconstruct the life of these people. The goal of this presentation is to
use documentary records, focusing on photography, to contextualize archaeological
finds in order to better understand the life conditions of the people who were
confined in these camps. Which of the surviving artifacts can evidence their way of
life? Archaeology can bring new information concerning the items that were
commonly used, what for, and under which circumstances.
[SYM-662] – Committee Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Gwenyth A. Davis (Delaware Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs/SHPO), Alice H.

Guerrant (Delaware Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs/SHPO), Craig R. Lukezic
(Delaware Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs/SHPO)
US 301 Project Archaeology and Historic Context Development in Delaware
A 2007 study conducted for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
examined cultural resource professionals’ views on the usefulness of historic
contexts, and found that, “…SHPO and state DOT staff rarely use historic contexts to
evaluate the National Register eligibility of properties.” However, Delaware has a
long and well-established practice of encouraging the development – and use – of
historic contexts. The US 301 project archaeological investigations presented an
opportunity to build upon this tradition, developing and refining contexts that will
inform future work. This paper will discuss the collaboration among the DE SHPO,

124
DelDOT, consulting firms and academic researchers in this large scale effort, and
explore how to ensure that this significant body of work remains relevant and
accessible.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Zachary Day (The University of Nebraska-Lincoln) - see [GEN-003] Jeremy C. Brunette

Martin Dean (Tidewater Atlantic Research Inc.) – see [SYM-283] Gordon Watts

Mara A. Deckinga (Texas A&M University)

Arctic Steam: HMS Pioneer and the Technology of the Search for Franklin
In mid-nineteenth century Britain, the dramatic disappearance of Sir John Franklin
and his men led to a large-scale search conducted throughout the Arctic by sailing
ships and steamers. The rescue expeditions, conducted over a twelve-year span,
highlight the shift from reliance on sail to the prevalence of steam during this
period. HMS Pioneer (formerly the merchant Eider), was built as a topsail schooner
with oscillating steam engine, and later outfitted as part of an Arctic squadron. The
vessel was refit with heating apparatus, heating pipes, and other contemporary
developments. By focusing on HMS Pioneer, the technology of Arctic exploration
will be explored as it fits into contemporary shipboard supplies. In addition,
comparisons with earlier efforts, as well as later searchers, highlight the stability of
Arctic adaptations.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Steven L. De Vore (National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center) – see [SYM-
31] Jay T. Sturdevant

John DeBry (Center for Historical Archaeology)

The Fiery Dragon, Investigation of a Pirate Ship in the Indian Ocean
First discovered in 2000, the wreck of the 1721 pirate vessel continues to yield
artifacts that reflect the variety of the ships the pirates preyed upon as well as their
nationalities and ports-of-call.
[SYM-47] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:45 a.m.

Christopher DeCorse (Syracuse University) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C. Lubkemann

Chris DeCorse (Syracuse University) – see [SYM-514] David W. Morgan

J. Eric Deetz (CCR/CCRG)

Pushing the Boundary: The Game of Cricket in a Colonial Context.
By the early nineteenth century the game of cricket had gone through a major
transformation. In the eighteenth century it was it a game played mostly by the
landed gentry with all of the associated drinking and gambling. By 1800 it had

125
become a game played by common people and had come to represent a less
decadent way of life as espoused by idea of Muscular Christianity. The British took
both the game and this ideology with them throughout their colonies. This paper
examines the physical and social landscape of Victorian era cricket in the context of
colonial expansion and how cricket came to be synonymous with the Empire. The
archaeological evidence of sport is understandably scant. To what extent, if at all,
can a single artifact (in this case a cricketer’s belt buckle) represent the story of a
place and time?
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Amalia Nuevo Delaunay (Alberto Hurtado University, Chile), Javiera Letelier Cosmelli
(Alberto Hurtado University, Chile), Rodolfo Quiroz Rojas (Alberto Hurtado University,
Chile)
Smoky places: archaeology of smoking practices on public parks of a capital
city (Santiago, Chile, South America)
Cigarettes are the most numerous, ubiquitous, and tolerated form of trash on the
urban landscape (Graesch & Hartshorn 2014:1). This statement has special meaning
in Chile, leading country in cigarette consumption in the continent and highly
ranked at a global scale. On this basis, it has became a critical public health issue.
Current approaches in the study of this phenomenon are based on interviews, but
no material study has been conducted. Considering the differences between
people´s discourses and actions, along with the abundance and high rate
reproduction of cigarettes in the urban landscape, archaeology may provide an
alternative approach to assess smoking behavior. In this paper we present the
results of an archaeological project targeted on the material dimension of smoking
practices in public parks of Santiago. We discuss how the material information
interplays with that from interviews, socio economic statistics, and the geographical
location of health and educational centers.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Florencio Delgado (Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador) – see [POS-1]

Fernando J. Astudillo

Florencio Delgado (Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador) – see [GEN-015]

Ross W. Jamieson

James P. Delgado (NOAA) – see [SYM-94a] Frank J. Cantelas

James P. Delgado (NOAA) – see [SYM-94a] Pilar Luna Erreguerena

James P. Delgado (NOAA), Kelley Elliott (NOAA), Frank Cantelas (NOAA), Robert
Schwemmer (NOAA)
Initial Deepwater Archaeological Survey and Assessment of the Atomic Target
Vessel US Independence (CVL22)

126
A ‘cruise of opportunity’ provided by The Boeing Company, which wished to
conduct a deepwater survey test of their autonomous underwater vehicle, Echo
Ranger, resulted in the first archaeological survey of the scuttled aircraft carrier,
USS Independence, in the waters of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in
March 2015. While a preliminary effort, and not comprehensive, the survey
confirmed that a feature charted at the location was Independence, and provided
details on the condition of the wreck. At the same time, new information provided
through declassified government reports provide more detail on Independence’s use
as a naval test craft for radiological decontamination as well as its use as a
repository for radioactive materials at the time of its scuttling in 1951. The wreck is
historically significant, but also of archaeological significance as an artifact of the
early years of the atomic age and of the Cold War.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

R. Carl DeMuth (Indiana University – Bloomington) - see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

Robert Carl DeMuth (Indiana University South Bend) – see [SYM-202] Joshua J. Wells

R. Carl DeMuth (Indiana University – Bloomington), Kelsey Noack Myers (Chippewa

Cree Cultural Resource Preservation Department), Joshua J. Wells (Indiana University
South Bend), Stephen J. Yerka (University of Tennessee – Knoxville), David G. Anderson
(University of Tennessee – Knoxville), Eric Kansa (Open Context & UC, Berkeley (D-
Lab)), Sarah W. Kansa (Alexandria Archive Institute)
Building a New Ontology for Historical Archaeology Using the Digital Index of
North American Archaeology
Unlike prehistoric archaeology, there is no general unified system by which
historical archaeological sites are classified. This problem, which is in part due to
recognized biases in the recording of historic archaeological sites, has resulted in
numerous incompatible systems by which various states classify historic sites. This
study demonstrates a first step toward providing historical archaeologists with the
means of creating a more cohesive ontology for historic site reporting. The advent
of the Digital Index of North American Archaeology (DINAA) affords historical
archaeologists an important opportunity to assess how historic site recording is
accomplished at a massive level. This paper uses DINAA to examine the multiple
ways SHPOs across the United States have dealt with historic sites, and explores the
means by which DINAA might be used to create an ontology that integrates with
these legacy systems and is simultaneously more useful to the future of historic
archaeology.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Meagan E. Dennison (University of Tennessee), Eric G. Schweickart (University of

Tennessee)
Turtles in the Tidewater: an Ecological and Social Perspective on Turtle
Consumption in the Antebellum South

127
This presentation considers the foodways of plantation inhabitants in the
antebellum costal South with reference to one particular food resource, the turtle.
Turtle remains represent a small but ubiquitous portion of faunal assemblages
recovered from late 18th and early 19th century sites in the southern states, and
historic documents indicate that antebellum Americans drew upon European,
African, and Native American cooking traditions to create a turtle-based cuisine
which played an important role in establishing social boundaries. We compare
turtle remains from Peachtree, a 19th-century plantation house along the Santee
River in South Carolina, to others in the region, using the geographical, temporal,
and status related patterns in their disposal to evaluate their possible use as food
resources. Moreover, we will compare these patterns with the geographic range and
life cycle of particular turtle species to determine how the consumption of turtles
was influenced by their availability within local environments.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Jamie Devine (University of Denver)

The Children of the Ludlow Massacre: The Impact of Corporate Paternalism
on Immigrant Children in Early 20th Century Colorado Coal Mining
Communities.
Coal Miner’s lives in Southern Colorado were fraught with violence and hardships
during the Coal Wars. The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company attempted to assimilate
ethnically diverse immigrant employees into American society. One of these
methods was to impart American values to the children living in company towns.
Archaeological work was conducted at the coal mining company town of Berwind,
and at the Ludlow Massacre Tent Colony site. Using archaeological evidence and the
historical record this paper explores how the children engaged with both American
and immigrant culture.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Eve H. Dewan (Brown University)

Learning To Live: Gender And Labor At Indian Boarding Schools
In 1879, the first federally funded off-reservation boarding school for Native
American children was opened at the site of a former army barracks in
Pennsylvania. Several additional facilities were soon established throughout the
United States. Guided by official policies of assimilation and goals of fundamentally
transforming the identities of their pupils, these institutions enrolled thousands of
individuals from a multitude of tribal communities, sometimes forcibly. Once at
school, students received lessons in and out of the classroom about how to be ideal
American citizens. Integral to constructions of citizenship are those of gender;
students at these schools were not only trained to become Americans, but to
become American women and men. This instruction was facilitated by the
enforcement of gender-segregated labor practices. Drawing on documentary, oral
historical, and archaeological evidence, this paper reveals differences and internal

128
structural inequalities in the education of students at the Federal Indian Boarding
Schools.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Frederico Dias (M@rBis Project Coordinator/Portuguese Task Group for the Extension
of the Continental Shelf (EMEPC)) – see [GEN-010] Jorge Freire

Katherine Dillon (Binghamton University) – see [SYM-210] Siobhan M. Hart

Tricia Dodds (California State Parks) – see [GEN-006] Denise T. Jaffke

Tricia Dodds (California State Parks)

Diving into the Past: The Corsair at Crystal Cove State Marine Conservation
Area
Crystal Cove State Park is home to many unique cultural resources that tell the
story of California’s fascinating past. Its marine conservation area is no less
extraordinary. In 1949, a Navy F4U Corsair airplane met its watery grave off the
coast of Crystal Cove. Since its rediscovery, this underwater site has been studied
and recorded by California State Parks with the assistance of other institutions. In
2014, the California State Parks Dive Team revisited the Corsair to evaluate its
current physical condition and to make future recommendations on this airplane
wreckage that is a part of California’s military history.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kevin Michael Donaghy (Temple University)

"At this point there was terrible firing, and half of the Englishmen...were slain":
The Rearguard Action at the Battle of Brandywine, 11 September 1777 - A
comparative dialogic of Captain Ewald's battlefield experience as a function of
terrain analysis in battlefield study bridging the semantic and the semiotic of a
battlespace.
Battlefield Archaeology has gained new energy in part due to: advances in remote
sensing and data management, improved access to primary documents and GIS
technologies. A question arises of whether we can improve our battlefield modeling
based on military doctrine and the cognitive perceptions of recording participants.
The pragmatic testimony of Captain Ewald’s diary expresses a crisp attention to
landscape details often overlooked by other participants when describing the
military geography. Can this narrative style of assessment of the experienced
battlefield situation be useful when considering objective battlefield analyses such
as KOCOA and military topography? Ewald’s experiential military narrative will
provide a semiotic basis for design that may encourage a structural approach to
battlefield temporal-spatial reconstructions.
[SYM-398] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m .

Dena Doroszenko (Ontario Heritage Trust) – see [SYM-172] Meagan E. Brooks

129
Dena Doroszenko (Ontario Heritage Trust, Canada)
On Her Majesty's Service: Revisiting Ontario's Parliament Buildings
There have been many meeting places for Ontario's Parliament throughout the
province’s history, including three purpose-built structures prior to the current
Legislative building in Toronto known as Queen’s Park. This paper will address the
archaeological investigations of these buildings since the Ontario Heritage Trust has
recently acquired the archaeological collections. The Trust owns a portion of the
First Parliament site and has interest in conserving in situ and interpreting the
significant archaeological resources located on the site to the highest standards
incorporating modern interpretive solutions. The development of interpretive
resource collections will also be discussed.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Roger Dorr (National Park Service- Tonto National Monument)

The Power of Public Archeology and Prehistoric Technology
Public archeology and prehistoric technology demonstrations are powerful. These
tools serve to connect visitors to archeological sites and artifacts and create the
next generation of stewards. In this presentation, I’ll explore how these methods
have been used to create meaningful connections between visitors and cultural
parks.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Christopher Dostal (Texas A&M University) – see [SYM-94a] Frank J. Cantelas

Christopher Dostal (Texas A&M Univerity)

3D Digitization of Archaeological Artifacts in Conservation
At the Conservation Research Laboratory at Texas A&M University, recent projects
have all implemented some form of 3D modeling of artifacts as part of the
documentation process for either before treatment, after treatment, or both. The
logistics of the implementation of 3D modeling as a standard documentation
technique for every artifact in a collection can be daunting, especially when dealing
with untreated waterlogged artifacts that must remain wet before conservation.
This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of several methods of
digitization, including laser scanning and photogrammetry, as well as the pitfalls a
conservator might encounter when trying to digitize fragile artifacts before they
have been conserved. After the models are completed, the next challenge facing a
conservator is the long term archival storage of digital models, and this and file
format choices will be discussed as well.
[SYM-132] – Capitol Room; Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Brendan Doucet (Wayne State University), Athena I. Zissis (Wayne State University),
John F. Cherry (Brown University), Krysta Ryzewski (Wayne State University)

130
The Ruins of a Plantation-Era Landscape: Using LiDAR and Pedestrian Survey
to Locate Montserrat’s 17th-19th Century Colonial Past.
The Caribbean island of Montserrat’s historic and prehistoric cultural history is
threatened by volcanic activity, modern development, and the natural processes
accompanying mountainous, tropical environments. Survey and Landscape
Archaeology on Montserrat (SLAM) aims to document the nature and location of
archaeological sites to inform our understanding of the island’s colonial landscape.
Because many areas are not easily accessible, SLAM conducted a hybrid survey
process utilizing LiDAR imagery to direct pedestrian survey through fifteen zones
within the Centre Hills. By combining archival investigation with SLAM’s survey
results, this poster explores the topographic and cultural landscapes of two 17th-
19th century sites noteworthy for their standing stone structures, building
foundations, and landscape modifications to discuss what each may suggest about
Montserrat’s historic physical and cultural landscapes.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Matthew Douglass (The University of Nebraska-Lincoln) – see [GEN-003] Jeremy C.

Brunette

Christopher M. Douyard (University of Massachusetts Amherst)

Constructing Privileged Landscapes In 19th Century Southern New England
Alix W. Stanley spent the early 20th century purchasing old family properties in the
‘Stanley Quarter’ section of New Britain, Connecticut. The properties, owned by
Stanley family members from 1644 through the mid-18th century, provided his
ancestors the ability to generate considerable wealth, some of which Alix’s father
used to create the Stanley Tool and Die Company. In 1928, Stanley gifted the 360
acre patchwork, which included his mansion and historic Stanley family homes to
the city for the creation of a public park.
Despite Mr. Stanley’s well-known benevolence, such overt acts of philanthropy have
the ability to mask the contexts of inequality that brought them to fruition. This
research examines the Stanley family’s legacy of agricultural and industrial capital
accumulation, questions what roles the park may have played in the construction
and maintenance of White pubic space in the town, and how it has impacted the
modern city landscape.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturda

Joseph A. Downer (George Washington's Mount Vernon)

Reclaiming Memory of Those Unknown: An Archaeological Study of the
African-American Cemetery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon
This paper discusses the ongoing archaeological survey of the African-American
Cemetery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Ultimately, this project was
designed to bring about a better understanding of this space on the plantation
landscape and to honor those unknown who call this spot their final resting place.
Through the use of this space, it is believed that a portion of Mount Vernon’s

131
enslaved population was able to culturally resist their imposed social position
through the reinforcement their human identities, as expressed in communal
gatherings and the practice of funerary rites. This project seeks to rediscover the
locations of these long-forgotten burial plots, and by extension reveal the
organization, layout, demographic make-up, and boundaries of the site. With this
information, we can begin to study the ways in which this spot of land was
transformed by Mount Vernon’s enslaved population into a sacred place endowed
with exclusive and nuanced meaning.
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Daniel Druckenbrod (Rider University) – see [SYM-295] Eric Proebsting

Ricardo T. Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique) – see [SYM-514]

Stephen C. Lubkemann

Ricardo Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University) – see [SYM-514] Jonathan Sharfman

Ricardo T. Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University), Yolanda Pinto Duarte (Eduardo

Mondlane University), Stephen C Lubkemann (George Washington University)
Inhambane/Inhafoco and Mozambique Ilha/Mossuril: Maritime
Archaeological Approaches toTwo Mozambican Slaving Landscapes
This paper reports on the ongoing integrated maritime and terrestrial
archaeological investigation of two prominent slaving landscapes that represent
different experiences in Mozambique’s millennium- long experience of being
shaped by Indian Ocean, intra-African, and Transatlantic slave trades. Mozambique
Island developed in part around slaving (to the Levante) in the 9th century, and
rose to become an epicenter of slaving across the Atlantic as well starting in the late
18th century. In contrast Inhambane, in the south remained an insignificant port --
until rising to prominence during the late Trans-Atlantic trade’s shift to East African
sources in the 19th century. We discuss their ongoing comparative investigations,
the archaeological logic and methodlogical implications of denoting these as
“slaving landscapes” and of pursuing connections to broader “global slavescapes”,
and the challenges of public and policy engagement with respect to slave trade
heritage.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Yolanda Pinto Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University) – see [SYM-514] Jaco J. Boshoff

Yolanda Pinto Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University) – see [SYM-514] Ricardo T.

Duarte

Yolanda P. Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique) – see [SYM-514]

Stephen C. Lubkemann

Justin Dunnavant (University of Florida)

132
African Americans and NAGPRA: The Call for an African American Graves
Protection and Repatriation Act
Increasing urbanization and gentrification have led to the rapid development of
some of America's largest cities. As urban space becomes more scarce, African
American heritage sites face increasing threats from developers and city planners
alike. In light the 50th anniversary of the National Heritage Preservation Act and
more than 25 years after the passage of NAGPRA, this paper highlights the
disparities and challenges associated with preserving African American heritage
sites in the USA. Additionally, this paper explores the potential for the creation of an
African American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (AAGPRA) to assist in the
designation and preservation of African American heritage sites and material
culture with a special focus on African American cemeteries and burial remains.
[SYM-384] – Diplomat Room, Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

James C. Dunnigan (Western Michigan University)

Beyond the Walls: An Examination of Michilimackinac's Extramural
Settlement
Since 1959 the continuous archaeological investigations at Fort Michilimackinac
have shaped our understanding of colonial life in the Great Lakes. The fort served as
the center of a vast, multicultural trade network. While the Fort’s interior continues
to be vigorously excavated, little attention has been given to the larger village that
emerged outside the Fort’s walls in the latter half of the eighteenth century.
Summer excavations from 1970-1973, conducted by Lyle Stone, attempted to
explore this settlement, and uncovered three rowhouses. However, no thorough
analysis of these homes has been undertaken. Nor has any comparative analysis has
been implemented to examine the complexity of life outside the walls. I aim to
explore what the external village may have looked like in terms of community,
architecture, and materiality. I further intend to examine the similarities and
differences between domestic life inside and outside the walls of Fort
Michilimackinac.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Patrick Durst (Illinois State Archaeological Survey), Dwayne Scheid (Illinois State
Archaeological Survey)
Understanding Rural and Urban Privy Vaults: An Overview of their Utilization
and Morphological Transformation Through Time.
Until the advent and widespread adoption of modern plumbing, the privy vault
played nearly as important a role to permanent occupation as would a sustainable
water source. This paper will examine the various construction methods employed
while investigating the rationale behind changes in morphology. Special focus will
be given to privies within the urban setting of turn of the century East St. Louis,
Illinois and comparisons will be made between privy vaults found in various St.
Louis, Missouri and Southern Illinois Archaeological contexts.
[SYM-129] Committee Room; Thursday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.]

133
Emma Dwyer (University of Leicester, United Kingdom)
Parochialism the Eldonian Way: Maintaining Local Ties and Manifestations of
‘Home’.
Mark Crinson writes of the city as a physical landscape and a collection of objects
and practices that both enable recollections of the past, and embody the past
through traces of the city’s sequential building and rebuilding. The homes of the
people of Vauxhall, an inner-city district of Liverpool, were demolished and rebuilt
in successive waves of ‘slum’ clearance during the 20th century, the latest
manifestation of the area’s working-class housing being shaped by residents
themselves – a community-designed estate, the Eldonian Village. Through waves of
regeneration, a palimpsest has persevered – of churches and canals, schools and
pubs – by which residents orientate themselves, as well as attaching older values to
newer buildings.
This paper will look at how Vauxhall’s residents’ problematic relationship with
their environment has been encapsulated in what they themselves have termed
‘parochialism’ – not just a restrictive, narrow mind-set, but also positive
expressions of pride in one’s local area.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kelsey Dwyer (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Lynn Harris

Kelsey K. Dwyer (East Carolina University) – see [POS-4] Bryan S. Rose

Kelsey K. Dwyer (East Carolina University)

Black Female Slave in the Caribbean: An Archaeological Observation on
Culture
The relationships between white men and black female slaves resulted in the
formation of new ethnic identitites and social structures associated with their
mixed-heritage or "mulatto" children. Sources like artwork and ethno-historical
accounts of mulatto children in areas of the Caribbean and the role of African female
slaves lend unique insights into social dynamics and cultural markers of modern
populations. This paper examines the historical narratives and archaeological
findings of black female slaves from 1700 through 1886 in order to lend to the
holistic identity of African female slaves. Furthermore, it explores the
underrepresented gendered perspective and artifact assemblages, research
questions regarding the overall impact of female slaves on the Trans Atlantic Slave
Trade which can further assist in the interpretation of the material culture of slave
vessels.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

134
 E
Justin P. Ebersole (National Park Service) – see [SYM-28b] Darlene E. Hassler

Christopher R. Eck (FirstNet)

“The Thieves Who Stole 11 Mountain Howitzers … Were Tried in U.S. Court”:
The Story of the First Federal Cultural Resources Protection Law and the First
Federal Prosecution of a Cultural Resources Crime.
As we prepare to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the NHPA, it is worth
remembering that a nearly forgotten federal law established the first federal
battlefield parks a mere 25 years after the end of the Civil War and placed federal
authority and protection over cultural resources – the “Act to establish a National
Military Park at the Battlefield of Chickamauga” of 1890 and the subsequent related
statutes, such as the Military Parks Act of 1897.
This paper explores this law, its early protection of cultural resources and its
provisions protecting battlefields from looting—“relic collecting”—including
criminal prosecution and fines. Also, it discusses the first known prosecution of
looting at a federal Civil War battlefield park, several years before the passage of the
Antiquities Act and the implications of this legislation and case for subsequent
historical archaeological resources planning, policy, decision making, and education
influencing the future of archaeological stewardship.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

John T. Eddins (ACHP), Virginia R. Busby (Hillside Consulting, LLC)

Connecting Section 106 and The National Historic Preservation Act to People:
Creative Mitigation in the Public Interest
Reflecting on NHPA 50 years after its passage, it is its public relevance, engagement,
and inclusiveness that increasingly enable it to protect the valued heritage of our
diverse peoples. Implemented wisely, with broad stakeholder involvement, and
integrated with environmental considerations, NHPA, Section 106 in particular, can
directly support future economic, cultural, and environmental sustainability. From
its beginnings NHPA provided flexibility that we have gradually grown more
comfortable in utilizing. At the end of a Section 106 review, the resolution of
adverse effects to historic properties through creative mitigation relevant to the
public interest has the potential to engage a more diverse group of stakeholders and
to build a stronger support base for historic preservation. This paper explores the
increasing possibilities for and utilization of creative mitigation in the Section 106
process including those that meaningfully consider social, economic, cultural, and
environmental contexts.

135
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ana F. Edwards (Defenders for Freedom, Justice & Equality)

Reclaiming the Landscapes of Black History in Shockoe Bottom 1695 > 1865 >
2015
The Shockoe Bottom historic district in Richmond, Virginia holds an invisible 320-
year old story of Black life in Virginia that coincided with and contributed to
Richmond's origins and development - from 250+ years as a slave society to the end
of slavery through Jim Crow and the civil rights era. The community-based struggle
to reclaim the Black history of Shockoe Bottom sought first to assert the right to
learn more about their history in Richmond but was later forced to focus on
protecting the land from destruction by development and continued devaluation of
the Black history that was acknowledged to exist there. This paper will present
Shockoe Bottom as a case study for community efforts to prioritize the right of
marginalized peoples to reclaim lost histories and commemorate them through
physical and scholarly research accompanying public engagement and
memorialization.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Tom Edwards (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group) – see [SYM-32]
Gregory Roach

Ywone D. Edwards-Ingram (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

African American Burials and Memorials in Colonial Williamsburg
This paper discusses archaeological findings within Colonial Williamsburg and
explores factors that have influenced ways of knowing about eighteenth-century
burial sites of African-descendant individuals and groups in Williamsburg, Virginia.
While the emphasis is on the colonial era, some attention is given to the nineteenth
century and the more visible commemorations of the dead relating to this period.
The aim is to discuss burials and commemorative practices of enslaved and free
blacks and highlight the complexities of representing the past in the historic
landscape of this reconstructed-colonial capital town.
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Jenifer Eggleston (National Park Service) – see [POS-4] Kimberly I. Robinson

Justin Eichelberger (Oregon State University)

The Negotiation of Class, Rank and Authority within U. S. Army Commissioned
Officers: Examples from Fort Yamhill and Fort Hoskins, Oregon, 1856-1866.
As part of the Federal policy toward colonizing the West Fort Yamhill and Fort
Hoskins, 1856-1866, were established to guard the Oregon Coast Reservation and
served as post-graduate schools for several officers who became high ranking
generals during the American Civil War. During their service these men, often
affluent and well educated, held the highest social, economic and military ranks at

136
these frontier military posts. This paper examines the material culture excavated
from six of the commissioned officer’s houses at these posts. These archaeological
assemblages vary in terms of artifact quality, quantity and variety that correlate
with differences in military rank and suggests that although these officers were
united by notions of class, status and authority they were competitive individuals
that were interested in displaying, affirming and advancing their individual military,
social and economic position within the military hierarchy through conspicuous
consumption and other ritualized behaviors.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Katrina C. L. Eichner (University of California Berkeley) – see [SYM-488] David G. Hyde

Katrina C. L. Eichner (University of California Berkeley)

Identities in Flux at an American Frontier Fort: A Study of 19th Century Army
Laundresses at Fort Davis, Texas
As spaces of translation, frontiers and boundaries are the ideal location to study
personhood and identity as inhabitants of these landscapes constantly experience
and actively negotiate between the multiple live realities that are shaped by often
conflicting ideologies. I propose the use of third-space as a framework for
understanding the fragmentation and fluidity of experience in the American frontier
during the 19th century. Using materials related daily life at a multi-ethnoracial,
western military fort in Fort Davis, Texas, I aim to show how army laundresses
acted as cultural brokers, navigating often contentious social and physical
landscapes. With their identity as citizens, Texans, women, care-takers, and
racialized individuals constantly in flux, these women balanced their relationship
with one another, the civilian community, and their military colleagues as a way of
redefining and creating new personhoods and identities that were defined by their
living on a geographic and cultural boundary.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Sunday Eiselt (Southern Methodist University)

Vecino Archaeology and the Politics of Play
Francis Swadesh identified an 18th century vecino cultural pattern, which after
American occupation, retracted into the isolated hills and tributary valleys of the
northern Rio Grande. This paper investigates the impacts of the American invasion
on vecino culture through a consideration of children’s artifacts and fantasy play. As
children were gradually excluded from the workforce and drawn into the home,
they were simultaneously pulled into an expanding commercial market and public
educational realm. Elders today observe that this historical process has
disenfranchised local youth from traditional village life in the St Francis of Assisi
Parish, New Mexico.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Jenifer C. Elam. RPA (The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.)

137
The House of the Good Shepherd: A Late Nineteenth Century Orphanage on
the Banks of the Hudson River
In 1866, Reverend Ebenezer Gay became the guardian of six orphaned children. The
home he would make for these children and many others, known as the House of
the Good Shepherd in Tomkins Cove, New York, was a self-sufficient, working farm
that taught the children hard work and responsibility and also acted as the hub of
Reverend Gay’s mission work in the community. While some of the site’s
architectural history is still extant, much of its archaeology is obscured by the
structural debris left on site after the buildings were demolished; however, the
surviving documentary record is rich in detail of the lifeways of the orphans and
Reverend Gay and will be further examined as one of the primary components of
the alternative mitigation data recovery for this rare site in New York: a privately-
owned orphanage.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Samantha Ellens (Wayne State University) – see [POS-5] Susan Villerot

Samantha Ellens (Wayne State University, Detroit)

Remedy and Poison: Examining a Detroit Household’s Consumption of
Proprietary Medicine at the Turn of the 20th Century
Analysis of a medicine bottle assemblage excavated from a former Detroit
household in Roosevelt Park acts as a starting point for discussing the material and
social world of health and hygiene, and the dual role that patent medicine played in
the lives of people at the turn of the 20th-century as both a remedy and poison.
Drawing upon the history of pharmacy, a combination of artifact-based analysis and
archival documentary evidence reveals patterns of medicinal consumption for the
property’s itinerant residents, spanning an occupational period between 1890 and
the demolition of the home in 1906. This initial examination of pharmaceutical
products traces the decline in patent medicine consumption amongst a subset of
Detroit’s Corktown inhabitants, and documents a shift wherein local proprietary
medicines gradually became overshadowed by the developing move towards
industrialized medicine by large corporations.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Daniel T. Elliott (LAMAR Institute) – see [SYM-120] Rita F. Elliott

Daniel T. Elliott (Lamar Institute) – see [SYM-118a] Carl Steen

Daniel T. Elliott (The LAMAR Institute), Rita F. Elliott (The LAMAR Institute)
You Say You Want a Revolution: Eighteenth Century Conflict Archaeology in
the Savannah River Watershed of Georgia and South Carolina
Revolution came with a vengeance to colonial Georgia and South Carolina by the
late 1770s. This poster explores revolutionary events at Savannah, New Ebenezer,
Brier Creek, Carr’s Fort, and Kettle Creek in Georgia, and Purysburg in South

138
Carolina. Since 2001 several entities have completed battlefield archaeology studies
in the Savannah River watershed of Georgia and South Carolina. This includes
investigations by the LAMAR Institute, Coastal Heritage Society, and Cypress
Cultural Consultants. This work followed National Park Service methods developed
by the American Battlefield Protection Program. Archaeologists delineated the
battlefields and also located and documented British headquarter complexes at
Savannah and New Ebenezer, and Continental Army headquarters complexes at
New Ebenezer and Purysburg sites. These studies provide important baseline
information and have helped develop a historical context for Revolutionary War
studies in southeastern North America.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Kelley Elliott (NOAA) – see [GEN-006] James P. Delgado

Rita F. Elliott (The LAMAR Institute) – see [POS-3] Daniel T. Elliott

Rita F. Elliott (The LAMAR Institute) – see [SYM-118a] Carl Steen

Rita F. Elliott (LAMAR Institute), Daniel T. Elliott (LAMAR Institute)

How Many Lead Balls Does It Take to Make a Battlefield? And Other Questions
that Keep Conflict Archaeologists Up at Night
Explore nine conflict archaeology projects funded through the American Battlefield
Protection Program that have created myth-busting, fact-finding, context-
developing, landscape-defining, community-collaborating results! The LAMAR
Institute’s work on these projects in Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina
encompassed Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Civil War, and other conflict
archaeology sites. Project areas lay in rural, suburban, and urban areas. Presenters
examine the tangible successes of the project, such as systematic metal detector
survey of four square miles only to discover the site on the final day of field work;
collaborating with collectors to discover that a formerly obscure battle retreat was
actually a significant defensive action of the battle; successfully creating video
documentaries for the public; using archaeological evidence to revise battlefield
mythology intended for interpretative signage; and illuminating little-known
regional history. As important, this paper examines project disappointments and
the future of field of conflict archaeology and the American Battlefield Protection
Program.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Gary D. Ellis (Gulf Archaeology Research Institute) – see [SYM-120] Michelle D. Sivilich

Meredith A.B. Ellis (Syracuse University)

Categorizing and Analyzing Age: Historical Bioarchaeology and Childhood
While bioarchaeologists are able to estimate age from the remains of children into
narrow ranges, they often avoid dividing childhood into categories based on these

139
age estimates. Children then end up lumped under just a few categories, or even a
single category, “child.” While this is prudent in cases where chronological and
cultural age cannot necessarily be matched, historical bioarchaeology gives us a
unique opportunity to examine historical records and further refine how we
categorize, and analyze, the remains of children. Drawing from my research with
the children’s remains from the early 19th century Spring Street Presbyterian
Church in New York City, in this paper I will illustrate how using a combination of
skeletal indicators, historical records, and census data can produce age categories
for analysis at a particular site. I will then share some ways the results of these
categorizations can illuminate the variety and plurality of childhood experiences.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Leigh Anne Ellison (Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University) – see [SYM-
202] Francis P. McManamon

Leigh Anne Ellison (The Center for Digital Antiquity), Francis P. McManamon (The
Center for Digital Antiquity), Jodi Reeves Flores (The Center for Digital Antiquity)
Success Stories: the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR) for Research,
Education, Public Outreach, and Innovation
More public agencies, researchers and other managers of archaeological data are
preserving their information in digital repositories and there is an exciting future
for research, education, public outreach, and innovation. There is a wealth of
primary data and interpretive reports already available in tDAR for reuse in
research and education. Researchers can quickly track down digital copies of
reports and grey literature for background surveys and comparative analyses.
Students can locate primary data for problem sets and course projects.
Archaeologists can enhance the public dissemination of appropriate archaeological
content while still protecting confidential information. tDAR allows for the
innovative reuse of archaeological data through an integration tool that combines
data collected by researchers using different terminologies and varying levels of
analytical granularity into single tables using a system of ontologies. Specific
successful examples of each of these tDAR user communities will be highlighted in
this paper.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Matthew T. Elverson (Office of Historic Preservation, City of San Antonio)

Archaeology in San Antonio: An Auspicious Paradigm for the Protection of
Cultural Resources
The City of San Antonio’s Unified Development Code (UDC) contains some of the
strongest preservation ordinances in the country for the protection of
archaeological resources. In accordance with the UDC, the Office of Historic
Preservation (OHP) conducts an archaeological review of new development in the
city, specifically within one of the city’s 27 local historic districts, locally designated
landmark properties, public property, within the river improvement overlay

140
district. Private development city-wide, including all new plats, master
development plans, and planned unit developments are also reviewed. If a project
likely contains archaeological resources, the city ordinance allows for the OHP to
require an archaeological investigation of a property. The UDC’s dictate for
archaeology reviews provides a successful model for the incorporation of
archaeology as a valued agency in the development process, and for the
preservation and protection of San Antonio’s diverse cultural heritage.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Frederick Engle (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group) – see [SYM-32]
Gregory Roach

Pilar Luna Erreguerena (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) – see [SYM-

94a] Melanie Damour

Pilar Luna Erreguerena (INAH), see [GEN-006] Alberto E. Nava Blank

Pilar Luna Erreguerena (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia) – see [GEN-

006] Dominique Rissolo

Pilar Luna Erreguerena (INAH, Mexico), James P. Delgado (NOAA)

The U.S. Naval Brig Somers: A Mexican War Shipwreck of 1846
The brig Somers gained fame in the United States as the setting of a notorious
mutiny in 1842 that directly inspired the writing of Herman Melville’s Billy Budd.
The vessel was subsequently lost while on blockade duty off Veracruz during the
war between the United States and Mexico in 1846. Rediscovered in 1986, the
wreck was an untouched archaeological resource. It also served as the means for a
pioneering international collaboration between the two former combatants in the
management and study of the wreck. This was the first time such a project,
potentially sensitive, brought the representative nations together to
archaeologically focus on a shipwreck from a past war. Two field projects, in 1990
and 1999, were a collaboration of the National Park Service and the Instituto
Nacional de Antropología e Historia. This paper summarizes the history, discovery,
diplomatic initiatives, and the current status of this unique Gulf shipwreck.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Chris T. Espenshade (Commonwealth Cultural Resources Group, Inc.)

Movement of Potters and Traditions: A View from Washington County,
Virginia
The nineteenth-century potters of southwestern Virginia came from diverse,
geographic sources. These individuals brought with them extra-local traditions of
pottery decoration and kiln technology. The origins and interactions of Washington
County potters will be delineated as case studies of how potters moved across the

141
countryside. Individual potter histories will presented as illustrative of the general
trend of movement of potters out of Pennsylvania, Delaware, eastern Maryland, and
New York into western Virginia and Tennessee.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Nicole Estey (Northeast Museum Services Center) – see [SYM-302] Alicia Paresi

Amanda M. Evans (Tesla Offshore, LLC) – see [SYM-94b] Matthew E. Keith

Amanda M. Evans (Tesla Offshore, LLC) – see [SYM-94a] Justin A. Parkoff

Katherine Evans (UMass Boston)

The Community of Chase Home: Institutional and Material Components of
Children’s Lived Spaces in Victorian Portsmouth
The Chase Home for Children opened in 1883, housed in an immigrant-rich
neighborhood of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Home accepted children,
“without distinction of race, creed, or color*” who needed temporary or long-term
care and housing. Chase Home was guided by tenants of the Progressive Era and
supported solely by the local community, at a time before state welfare was
available. In contrast to single religious denomination orphanages typical in
Victorian America, or strict reformatory orphanages in England, Chase Home
accepted a diversity of children who were clothed, fed, and entertained by all
segments of Portsmouth society. Excavations of a multi-hole privy, kitchen ell, and
back yard of the Home reveal the material culture and spatial thumbprint of the
children’s activities, while the annual reports further reveal the donated goods and
services offered by the community. Combined, these sources help recreate the
everyday lives of children in Victorian New England.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

142
 F
Erik R. Farrell (North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources)
Balancing with Guns: Establishing an Integrated Conservation Priority for
Artillery from Site 31CR314, Queen Anne’s Revenge (1718)
Among the artifacts from the wreck of Queen Anne’s Revenge (QAR), the artillery
represents a particularly evocative and informative subset. Conserving a cannon
protects the object, reveals archaeological information, and allows for impressive
museum displays for public education. However, the conservation of an individual
cannon represents one of the largest single-object expenditures of time and
materials of any subset of QAR artifacts. These expenditures must be prioritized
within the ongoing conservation of thousands of conglomerate concretions
containing hundreds of thousands of individual objects. To this end, conservators,
archaeologists and museum staff associated with the QAR project were surveyed
regarding their preferences for ongoing cannon conservation. The results of this
survey have been used to determine a priority order for the conservation of QAR
cannon, and the placement of cannon within the overall conservation priorities.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Mary L. Farrell (Westmoore Pottery), Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton (Fort Bragg

Cultural Resources Program)
Slipped, Salted and Glazed: An Overview of North Carolina’s Pottery from
1750-1850
Not long ago, Pennsylvania potter, Jack Troy declared “if North America has a
‘pottery state’ it must be North Carolina, as there is probably no other state with
such a highly developed pottery consciousness,” – and he is right! North Carolina’s
pottery heritage is unique in many ways: it is the most southern state with a well-
developed earthenware tradition (ca. 1750s); it is the most northern state with an
alkaline-glazed stoneware tradition, in addition to its salt-glaze; its early potters
used a variety of kiln types (updraft, downdraft, crossdraft) in a variety of shapes
(round, square, rectangular) burning earthenware and stoneware; it is known for
its abundant clays, strong family networks (or clay clans), its survival and
resurgence of the craft, and diversity of its continuous heritage. While this overview
highlights pottery from one century, let it be said that the potters’ wheels in North
Carolina have never stopped turning.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kristen R. Fellows (North Dakota State University)

Homosocial Bonding in the Brothel: Analyzing Space and Material Culture
through Documents
Brothel madams were often responsible for managing their establishments and the
women who lived and worked in them. Unsurprisingly, “female boarding houses,”

143
the euphemism often used for such sites on historic maps, have typically been
gendered as female spaces. On the other hand, saloons tend to be thought of as male
spaces despite the presence of prostitution in most of these businesses. This paper
will begin to argue that a rethinking of space and gender in regards to brothels will
provide greater insight into social relations of the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. Although women seemingly dominated brothels, much of the
function of these spaces centered on the homosocial bonding between the male
clientele. A probate inventory and building permit from the Crystal Palace, a brothel
in Fargo, North Dakota, will allow for an examination of gender in this brothel via
the material culture and use of space.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher Fennell (University of Illinois)

Commemorating African America and Confronting White Privilege: 100 Years
of National Challenges
African-American history, shaped by the impacts of Anglo-American slavery and racism,
has been celebrated in paradoxical ways by the National Park Service (NPS) and
operations of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The racism that confronted
African Americans was carved into the archaeological record across the scales of artifacts
and symbolic expressions, to segregated residence and work spaces, to the entire erasure
of communities. In the United States, the vast majority of archaeology projects related to
past African-American communities are conducted in cultural resource management
(CRM) settings, facilitated by the NHPA's framework. This tendency reflects the higher
frequency with which sites of African-American heritage are impacted by disturbance
due to new construction projects and resultant analysis through CRM protocols. Today’s
racial dynamics both create and expose many archaeology sites. Archaeology can provide
tangible evidence of racism’s impacts on past communities erased from the landscape,
and can reveal evidence of past vitalities that aid heritage claims of present African-
American communities combating urban blight and redevelopment schemes. The NPS
has contributed significantly to these efforts, researching and managing numerous sites.
The NPS also confronts the challenge of commemorating the histories of African
Americans for which aspects of intangible heritage are paramount.
[PLENARY] – Blue Room; Wednesday, 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.

Nicole Ferguson (Cockpit Country Local Forest Management Committee) see [GEN-
013] David Ingleman

Sara C. Ferland (Arizona Department of Transportation)

Historical Infrastructure: Recording and Evaluating the Signficance of Linear
Sites
Railroads, roads, canals, and utility lines are becoming an increasingly common type
of historical site in Arizona. Such components of historical infrastructure are
important because of their role in the settlement and development of the state.
However, project-based archaeological survey often results in these sites being
recorded in piecemeal fashion, and their significance evaluated by segments within

144
a given project area rather than the resource as a whole. This session will focus on
evaluating the importance of linear sites as a component of a larger landscape, and
offer examples of how we in Arizona have learned to apply evaluation criteria to
determine significance without the time and expense of recording the entire
resource.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Juliana Fernandez (Presidio Trust) – see [SYM-191] Montserrat A. Osterlye

Garrett R. Fesler (Alexandria Archaeology), Paul Nasca (Curator of Archaeology,

Delaware Historical and Cultural Affairs)
Shields’s Folly: A Tavern and Bathhouse in Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia
Alexandria Archaeology recently completed excavation of a 12 ft. deep well feature
located in the basement of a historic building in the Old Town section of Alexandria,
Virginia. The artifacts recovered from the well indicate that it was filled ca. 1820,
when Thomas Shields operated the property as a tavern and bathhouse. Shields
most likely dug the well in order to draw water directly from the premises instead
of hauling water from a public pump down the street. Alas, the story does not have a
happy ending. Shields’s well never reached water. He soon went bankrupt, due in
part to bad timing (the War of 1812 and global economic turmoil), but also because
of his inability to convince enough Alexandrians that a warm bath was worth 50
cents. Our work on “Shields’s folly” has prompted us to think about concepts of
hygiene and cleanliness in early nineteenth-century Alexandria.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Garrett R. Fesler (Alexandria Archaeology)

Junk Drawers and Spirit Caches: Alternative Interpretations of Archaeological
Assemblages at Sites Occupied by Enslaved Africans
In this paper I examine how archaeologists make sense of the archaeological record
at sites occupied by enslaved Africans in the Chesapeake region during the
antebellum period. In particular, I offer an alternative explanation for some
assemblages of artifacts that are routinely interpreted as African Diasporic spirit
caches. In addition to sharing similar cultural belief systems, enslaved Africans
experienced comparable levels of privation. Poverty may have motivated some
enslaved Africans to squirrel away items—things broken, lost, discarded, or natural
curiosities—that the master class considered worthless. This penchant to possess
seemingly valueless objects that might later come in handy or gain value is not
unlike the function of the modern junk drawer, a place to keep items that may
eventually become useful. I attempt to untangle the mundane from the meaningful
at quartering sites, suggesting that some artifact assemblages interpreted as spirit
caches may be masquerading as junk drawers.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

António Fialho (Municipal Council of Cascais) – see [GEN-010] Jorge Freire

145
Shawn F. Fields (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Terrance Martin (Illinois
State Museum), Dennis Naglich (Illinois State Museum)
Showing Your Work: The Role Of Public Archaeology In The Campaign To Save
The ISM
The summer of 2015 could mark a monumental shift in archaeological and
academic research in the state of Illinois. State budget cuts threaten to close the
Illinois State Museum (ISM) by the end of the summer. Immediate consequences of
this closure include the loss of hundreds of jobs and reduced curation of millions of
artifacts. With this looming threat, supporters of the museum are campaigning to
prevent its closing. This paper examines how the media campaign to save the ISM
uses archaeology as a rhetorical tool to show the continued importance of the ISM.
This threat of closure and the subsequent reactive campaign tie into larger issues
that the discipline currently and will face. An archaeology that engages with present
as well as past relationships with artifacts found on sites is a core issue for the
discipline and promises a more fruitful dialogue with diverse audiences and
stakeholders.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Judith A. Finot (Lindenwood University) – see [GEN-004] Jordan L. Schaefer

Lisa E. Fischer (Jamestown Rediscovery)

Presenting Data to the Public: Approaches for Contextualizing Archaeological
Information for a Non-Specialist Audience
Disseminating archaeological findings to the public is an important part of the
discipline’s mission. However raw archaeological data are often difficult for a non-
specialist audience to interpret. Including a mediating layer of information that
helps the reader to understand the data can provide needed contextual information
when presenting archaeological findings for a public audience. Developing and
maintaining this additional interpretive content, however, can be difficult,
especially for multi-year and large-scale excavations. This paper will explore
approaches, such as 3D modeling, for helping to contextualize archaeological data
for a public audience. It will also discuss the challenges for managing, presenting,
and maintaining large complex datasets.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

William L. Fleming (East Carolina University)

Reconstruction of the Pillar Dollar Wreck, BIscayne National Park, Florida
The PIllar Dollar wreck is well-known to treasure salvors and looters, but has only
recently been investigated in an archaeological sense. East Carolina University's
Program in Maritime Studies conducted an excavation of the site for the Program's
2014 Fall Field School in September. With the knowledge garnered from that
project, as well as previous condition reports and treasure salvor guides, this
project aims to reconstruct the vessel and learn about its origins and use. The final

146
result will be two models representing the ship, one as it may have looked in the
mid-eighteenth century, and one as it remains today,
[SYM-132] – Capitol Room; Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jodi Reeves Flores (The Center for Digital Antiquity) – see [SYM-91] Leigh Anne Ellison

Jodi Reeves Flores (Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University) – see [SYM-
202] Francis P. McManamon

Kevin R. Fogle (University of South Carolina)

Between Ideals and Reality: The Modernization of Southern Agriculture -
1830 to 1865
An agricultural reform movement took rise in the late antebellum period aimed at
modernizing the southern plantation system. Productivity of once prosperous
farmland in many southern communities was gradually failing due to soil
degradation from intensive cash crop cultivation. Drawing on Enlightenment
principles and scientific farming innovations such as crop rotation, fertilization, and
soil chemistry, this modern agricultural discourse attempted to control and
maximize the efficiency of the entire plantation system from the land and the crops
to the enslaved labor that powered it. Using archaeological and historical data, this
paper looks at the potential implementation of labor reform principles on a single
19th century cotton plantation and the complex influence these reforms may have
had upon the enslaved community.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Kelly N. Fong (California State University, Northridge)

Decolonizing the Persuasive Power of Paradigms and Discourse
The historical archaeologies of the Chinese Diaspora has made progress departing
from its assimilation/acculturation roots. There remains, however, much room for
future growth, particularly from a critical Ethnic Studies/Asian American Studies
standpoint. This paper utilizes an interdisciplinary perspective to consider how
increased self-reflexivity along with critical interrogation and consciousness must
be integral to how we approach our work on racialized communities. We must
question the persuasive power of paradigms that otherwise bind us to dominant
discourse about who we are studying, and work towards decolonizing this field that
has historically been a tool of the colonizer to study the Other. Moreover, we must
consider the role of power, politics, and communities in our research: whose
histories are we, as archaeologists, in a position of power and privilege to tell; who
are our stakeholders; and how can we truly make our research community-oriented
and community-collaborative.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ben Ford (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) – see [SYM-40] Mike Whitehead

147
Ben L. Ford (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)
Hanna’s Town: The Site, Its History, and Its Archaeology
Hanna’s Town, the first English court west of the Allegheny Mountains, was an
important political and economic center in western Pennsylvania from 1769 until it
was burned by a party of Seneca and English in 1782. After its destruction, the site
was farmed for 150 years before it was acquired by Westmoreland County and
placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Over the past four decades a
variety of professional, academic, and amateur archaeologists have excavated the
site, generating approximately 1,000,000 artifacts and tens of linear feet of notes
and records. Since 2011, students and faculty from Indiana University of
Pennsylvania have worked to convert these data to digital formats and to begin
analyzing the existing collection.
[SYM-15] – Directors Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

Benjamin P. Ford (Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC)

The Landscape of Slavery within Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village: The
Pavilion VI Garden
Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village was built, operated and maintained on the
labor of enslaved African Americans. The University of Virginia's unique built
environment, the context of slavery within larger central Virginia, and the
responsibilities of the white faculty and staff who supervised the operation of the
educational institution created a context for slavery unlike other academic
institutions. This paper will focus on the landscape of slavery in the nineteenth-
century University of Virginia gardens. Many of us today know the University
gardens as contemplative retreats. However within five years of opening, these
enclosed spaces were transformed into the living and work places for free and
enslaved African Americans. Analysis will review recent research within the
Pavilion VI garden and the identification of a second quarter of the nineteenth-
century 'office' supporting the resident of the Pavilion.
[SYM-37] – Congressional B; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Maxwell M. Forton (Binghamton University)

Buttoning Up at the Biry House A Study of Clothing Fasteners of a Descendant
Alsatian Household
Excavations at the Biry house of Castroville, Texas yielded a large assemblage of
buttons, which may be studied to yield a better understanding of the lives of
Alsatian immigrants within the community. Buttons represent a class of material
objects that are simultaneously intimate and utilitarian in nature. While buttons are
used on a daily basis, we remain largely aloof to these small, discrete fasteners in
our lives. This paper represents an exercise in discerning the information that
buttons and other clothing fasteners might yield on the lives of past peoples and the
communities they created and lived in. As buttons are the “fossils” of the clothing
world, (preserving while the rest of the garment decays), we might call upon them
to reveal the clothing choices of the Biry household. From this understanding,

148
themes of economic selection, negotiations of identity, and the personal history of
the Biry family might be addressed.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Thomas H. Foster (University of Tulsa) – see [SYM-384] Alicia D. Odewale

Maddy E. Fowler (Flinders University, Australia)

Addressing Neglected Narratives Through The Maritime Cultural Landscape
Of Point Pearce Aboriginal Mission/Burgiyana, South Australia
This paper presents results of research based upon an oral history, archaeological
and archival case study of the maritime activities at Point Pearce Aboriginal
Mission/Burgiyana in South Australia—the traditional land of the Narungga people.
Point Pearce was established in 1868 and has been self-managed by the community
since 1966, forming the historical time period for this study; however the research
also draws on pre-contact knowledges. This case study was used to assess whether
the maritime cultural landscape framework, a Western concept developed in the
maritime archaeology sub-discipline, is applicable to Indigenous missions. The
results of research at Point Pearce/Burgiyana found that care must be taken when
applying maritime archaeological theories and associated attitudes to Indigenous
archaeology (‘with, for and by’ Indigenous peoples). However, the application of a
Western framework did contribute towards the decolonisation of maritime
archaeology by accommodating the beliefs, knowledges and lived experiences of
Indigenous peoples.
[SYM-171] – Embassy Room; Friday, 10:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Rachael E. Fowler (CHRS, Inc.), Kenneth J. Basalik (CHRS, Inc.)

“Material Culture Studies as an Alternative Mitigation: an Example from the
US Route 301 Project” by Rachael E. Fowler and Kenneth J. Basalik, Ph.D.
Additional archaeological fieldwork is not always the most cost effective means of
mitigating project impacts to archaeological sites. DELDOT in conjunction with the
Delaware SHPO has recently developed a series of alternative mitigations for
projects on the US Route 301 Project. One of these alternative mitigations involves
material culture studies. The material culture studies are unusual in that they
address the material culture from numerous historic archaeological sites
investigated during the US Route 301 Project rather than focusing on the remains of
a single site. The added spatial breadth of the study is anticipated to provide a
detailed look at these two categories of artifacts within the context of Northern
Delaware in the 18th and early 19th centuries. This paper discusses the studies being
prepared that examine gun flints and buttons recovered during the US Route 301
Project excavations.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Kara D. Fox (NOAA)

149
ANCHOR Program: Promoting Sustainable Diving on our Nation's Underwater
Cultural Heritage
This year, Monitor National Marine Sanctuary introduced a new partnership
initiative called the ANCHOR program (representing Appreciating the Nation’s
Cultural Heritage and Ocean Resources). ANCHOR was developed with the intent of
promoting responsible and sustainable diving on North Carolina’s underwater
cultural heritage sites. This program, originally established as the “Blue Star”
program by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, is meant to form active
partnerships with dive operators, educate the diving community about shipwreck
preservation, and support maritime heritage tourism for local economies. This
presentation will outline the purpose of ANCHOR, the progression of the program,
and the results of ANCHOR to-date.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Katrina M. Foxton (University of York, United Kingdom)

Communicating Local: The Role Of Mediated Documents In The Articulation Of
Values Within The City Of York
Managing the historic environments of cities is a task that continually concerns
local authorities and citizens. Currently in the UK, ‘Local Plans’ for the development
of cities form as documents which guide archaeologists and developers forward in
the ongoing rendering of urban fabrics. On the other hand, ‘Neighbourhood Plans’
written by community groups create palpable statements of ownership for local
areas and heritage. Arguably, the city’s fabric is woven not only by building
materials but by medias and documents which transfer values, information and
priorities across multi-localities (Marcus 1995). Any aspirations towards the
inclusive practice of city-shaping surely must take account of those who do not use
the technology of documentation as part of their daily lives. Hence, this
presentation considers the medium of paper (both analogue and digital) in the city
of York as a material with agency, one which constructs the practices of city-
shapers and potentially excludes others.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland College Park)

Divided: Material Landscapes of Labor in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore City
and County, Maryland
Like the strikes of the late nineteenth century, especially the Great Railroad Strike
of 1877, tensions arising from chronic inequality and marginalization once again led
to protests and demonstrations in Baltimore in April 2015. Areas of Baltimore
remain alienated along racial and class lines that serve a capitalist process driven
by the maximization of profit. This paper examines how this same process resulted
in the stratification of immigrant and African American communities in Baltimore
City and County during the second half of the nineteenth century. Archaeological
research has the ability to document how these divisions were materialized and

150
reinforced through the landscape and everyday objects and thus, offers an avenue
for understanding and addressing current narratives.
[SYM-39] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Tiago M. Fraga (TMF UNI, Portugal), George Schwarz (INA, USA), Stephen Lubkemann
(George Washington University)
The Influence of the Slave Trade on Atlantic Shipbuilding
Although the history and archaeology of slavery has been well researched,
relatively few studies have focused on the design, construction, and use of slave
ships. The slave trade introduced new social elements and cultural exchange and
created networks of global communication which, after the abolition of slavery,
grew into complex international trade systems. The study of slave ships allows us to
not only better understand the mechanisms behind this social phenomena, but also
brings to light a lesser understood part of our maritime past. Although the slave
trade initially used standard exploratory and cargo vessels, it quickly developed
into a highly specialized trade system that required purpose-built ships designed to
carry living cargo along predetermined trade routes. This presentation explores the
questions that can be answered in nautical archaeology by studying the
development of slave ships from late medieval to modern/industrial era slaving
voyages.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Pierre Francus (National Institute for Scientific Research (INRS)) – see [GEN-020]
Huguette Lamontagne

Muhammad Fraser-Rahim (Howard University)

Spiritual Wayfarers and Enslaved African Muslims: New insights into Yarrow
Mamout, Muslim Slaves and American Pluralism
This paper will examine the encounter between Africa, Islam and American history
in the antebellum period of the U.S from first hand accounts of enslaved Africans.
Yarrow Mamout was a Muslim Fulani enslaved in 1752, and manumitted in 1796.
He purchased property in Georgetown in 1800, and there is currently an
archaeological investigation on his former property. Using original Arabic
documents, this research explores the spirituality, literacy and religious tolerance of
enslaved African Muslims in order to understand Yarrow’s plight. Arabic
documentary sources also provide new interpretations of common religious
symbolism, iconography, and American/Islamic visual motifs whose Arabic roots
have gone unnoticed.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Melissa C. Frederick (Illinois State University)

The Measure of Meaning: Identity and Change among Two Contact-Period
Cherokee Site Bead Assemblages

151
Archaeologists have studied bone, shell, and glass beads for several decades, in
search of their meaning among Native American cultures. The significance of these
small artifacts among the Cherokee is evident in their mythology, personal
adornment, and rituals. Thus, they represent an integral part of Cherokee cultural
identity. Previous archaeological research at 40GN9, linked to the sixteenth-century
Cherokee town of Canasoga located in Tennessee, demonstrated the predominantly
shell beads there remained largely standardized in shape and size with bore hole
size and outer diameter changing at a consistent rate (Rich 2013). This study
employs these same variables as well as color at Nvnvnyi (30SW3), an early Qualla
phase (A.D. 1450-1650) site of the historic Cherokee occupation of western North
Carolina, to investigate how Cherokee bead preferences and expression of cultural
identity changed throughout time in response to European contact.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Chelsea R. Freeland (University of Montana)

A Model for Analyzing Ship and Cargo Abandonment Using Economic and
Utilitarian Values
The Civil War shipwreck Modern Greece serves as an example in the development of
a theoretical model to analyze value as a means of interpreting shipwreck and cargo
abandonment. This model outlines a set of multiple hypotheses to test the economic
and utilitarian values associated with the abandonment of a large volume of
blockade-runner cargo from this vessel. This project identifies the possibilities for
expanding this theoretical framework to address the abandonment of shipwrecks,
cargos, and other maritime sites. Is this framework necessary on newer sites with
better historical records? Does it work on older sites where records are unavailable
or nonexistent?
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Chris W. Freeman (Geodynamics) – see [GEN-011] Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing

Mark A. Freeman (University of Tennessee)

Mind The Gap: Issues In The Dissemination Of Digital Archaeological Data
Recent research into the dissemination of digital archaeological data in Virginia
suggests that effective access is complicated by issues of licensing, citation,
permanence, context, and data interoperability. Additionally much of the data
remains digitally inaccessible, suggesting both a digital curation problem, and also
the concept of a data gap – a difference between interest in other people’s data, and
a willingness to make data available. Further support for this data gap, seen in many
disciplines, is provided by the 2014 SHA survey of members. This paper will explore
the barriers to effective digital archeological data dissemination, and suggest ways
the situation could be improved.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

152
Jorge Freire (Portuguese Centre for Global History (CHAM-FCSH-UNL/UAç)), Jorge
Russo (CINAV-Portuguese Navy Research Centre), Augusto Salgado (CINAV-
Portuguese Navy Research Centre), António Fialho (Municipal Council of Cascais),
Frederico Dias (M@rBis Project Coordinator/Portuguese Task Group for the Extension
of the Continental Shelf (EMEPC))
The bio-sedimentation as monitor element of underwater archaeological sites
of Cascais Sea (Portugal). The case of Patrão Lopes military ship.
The archaeological interpretations of the role that environment plays in the nature
of the anthropogenic occupations on the coast, are currentely a thorough line of
analysis on the Underwater Archaeological Chart of the Municipality of Cascais
(ProCASC ).The main focus of our research have been divided into two categories
that have direct impact on archaeological sites: a concern about the change in the
coastal environment driven by man or nature, and, processes of adaptation and
management of these changes.
In May 2015, during the Portuguese Task Group for the Extension of the Continental
Shelf (EMEPC)- M@rbis Campaign, it was developed a multidisciplinary work, in
order to collect the bio-sedimentary potential of some of the archaeological sites of
Cascais Sea. One of them was the military ship Patrão Lopes. The present
communication, aims to discuss the results and the potential of historical
archeology, as underwater sites formation and dynamics, and, as a marker of
biological monitoring.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Mitchell Freitas (East Carolina University) – see [POS-4] Hannah Piner

Ian Fricker (Veterans Curation Program, St. Louis, MO) – see [GEN-017] Cori Rich

Cara M. Frissell (CUNY Graduate Center)

The New York City Archaeology Repository: the Van Cortlandt Collection
The New York City Archaeology Repository houses public archaeological collections
from the city, revealing the material culture of the city’s history. Using a case study,
this poster explores expanding access to the archaeological data of New York City.
In 1991 and 1992, Professor H. Arthur Bankoff, Chair of the Anthropology and
Archaeology Departments at Brooklyn College, led excavations of Van Cortlandt
Park. The toothbrushes, chamber pots and medicine bottles recovered from the
mansion and estate at Van Cortlandt Park give insight into the mundane daily
practices that constructed the home of one of New York City’s most elite families.
This collection highlights the ways in which New Yorkers used their everyday items
to define and project their class and gender identity in their emerging metropolitan
environment.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Joel T. Fry (Bartram's Garden / John Bartram Association)

Archaeology at Bartram’s Garden 1975-Present.

153
Bartram’s Garden, an historic garden and house protected by the City of
Philadelphia since 1891, saw little interpretation or visitation for almost a century.
The current revival of the site can be credited to intervention by NPS historians,
archaeologists, and landscape architects beginning in the 1950s.
Professional preservation and conservation advice was coincident with
documentary and biographical rediscovery of the Bartrams — particularly the 1955
rediscovery of William Bartram’s sketch of the garden layout in 1758. Bartram’s
Garden was listed as a NHL beginning in 1960, and the park size has substantially
increased in recent years.
Familiar names in Philadelphia preservation and archaeology played a role in
reviving Bartram’s Garden from 1975 to the present. A complex site with many
phases of occupation from the prehistoric archaic to the post-industrial —
archaeology has been a consistent component in planning, interpretation, and
restoration work at Bartram’s Garden since the 1970s.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lori Frye (GAI Consultants, Inc.), Edward Salo (Arkansas State University), Benjamin
Resnick (GAI Consultants, Inc.)
The Ongoing Battle of Ewa Plain, Hawaii: Resurrection of a Lost Battlefield
The Battle of Ewa Plain began in the morning of December 7, 1941 and was part of
the larger surprise attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on United States military
forces stationed at Pearl Harbor. Home to the former Marine Corps Air Station
(MCAS), Ewa, and several plantation villages, this area was subjected to waves of
strafing by Japanese aircraft. Working closely with local preservationists, a National
Register nomination was prepared for the battlefield including a somewhat novel
KOCOA analysis of aerial combat. Local community involvement was critical to the
success of the project along with the completion of extensive archival research,
informant interviews, a pedestrian reconnaissance, and a geophysical survey. As a
result of this study, Ewa Plain Battlefield was determined eligible for listing in the
National Register of Historic Places at the national level of significance under
Criteria A and D.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Nathan W. Fulmer (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology

Maritime Research Division), Jessica Irwin (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology
and Anthropology Maritime Research Division)
The South Carolina Underwater Antiquities Act: Mandated management of
submerged archaeological resources and avocational collection in the
Palmetto State
For over 40 years, SCIAA’s Maritime Research Division has championed efforts to
preserve and protect South Carolina's maritime archaeological heritage through
research, management, and public education and outreach. The state's Hobby Diver
License Program is a unique partnership between researchers and divers that

154
combines management of underwater sites and submerged cultural material
through licensing with a robust public education and outreach component. In
addition to outlining the MRD’s current role in managing the Hobby Diver License
Program, this paper will detail a number of program initiatives that have been
implemented in recent years, including the development of field training programs
and workshops, volunteer coordination, and public engagement via a growing
online and social media presence.
[GEN-007] – Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

G
David A. Gadsby (National Park Service) – see [SYM-39] Robert C. Chidester

David A. Gadsby (National Park Service), Lindsey Cochran (University of Tennessee,

Knoxville)
Mapping Near-Historical Climate Impacts to Coastal Sites
Historical archaeologists examine material culture dating to the industrial period,
which spawned human-induced climate change. We are uniquely positioned to
examine changes through the material record. Additionally archeologists have been
making and recording observations about the condition of sites for many years.
Archeologists in the National Park Service (NPS) have, in doing so, inadvertently left
their own record of climate change effects. These observations are stored in NPS’s
Archaeological Sites Management Information System (ASMIS).

The most important contribution we can make to climate change adaptation is to

use our data to understand the causes, directions, and ongoing dynamics of climate
change impacts. We disseminate results of a study of site condition data from
several U.S. National Parks, and provide recommendations for future study. We
consider how park planners and managers might use these data to prioritize and
preserve cultural resources in the face of rising sea levels.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Laura J. Galke (George Washington Foundation)

Artifacts of Agency, Status, and Empowerment: Colonoware, Crystals, Wig Hair
Curlers
Section 110 archaeological investigations at Manassas National Battlefield Park
(MANA) sparked breakthroughs in the recognition of quartz crystal caches and the
meaning of colonoware: contributions which continue to shape historical
archaeology. These categories of material culture have become emblems for
spirited discussions about the dimensions of meaning, identity, and agency. The
corpus of work from MANA continues to influence and contribute to understanding
multivariate dimensions of meanings embedded within material culture, illustrated

155
by one of the tools of enslavement at the mid-eighteenth century home of George
Washington: wig hair curlers. Used to maintain the wigs so essential to a
gentleman’s identity, wig hair curlers were employed by enslaved valets to bolster
their masters’ status. Curlers embody complex expressions of status, identity, and
meaning.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Michael J. Gall (RGA, Inc.) – see [SYM-105a] Ilene B. Grossman-Bailey

Michael J. Gall (RGA, Inc.)

Aiding Archaeological Site Interpretation through Soil Geochemistry
This paper synthesizes the results of 45 soil geochemical studies undertaken on
historic archaeological sites in Delaware since the 1990s that utilized weak acid
extraction methods. Analysis was completed as part of an alternative mitigation
survey for Delaware’s U.S. Route 301 project. The data reveals the importance of
soil geochemistry in site and feature interpretation, site boundary delineation,
archaeological site prospection, and spatial use analysis within sites. Soil
geochemistry aids in the identification of ephemeral structures and myriad yard use
areas that may not be reflected by artifact distribution patterns and features alone.
The study highlights the crucial role of combining multi-element analysis and other
soil attribute data to cost efficiently aid in archaeological site interpretation. Key
element attributes of various feature types, appropriate sampling methodology, and
analyses will be presented.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Jillian Galle (Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.) – see [SYM-202] Elizabeth A. Bollwerk

Jillian E. Galle (The Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery,

Monticello)
New Methods for Comparing Consumer Behavior across Space and Time in the
Early Modern Atlantic World
Unlike primary sources, archaeological assemblages can be used to estimate per-
capita discard rates that reveal the flow of goods through time and the complexity
of purchasing patterns on a range of sites. In addition to filling these gaps, the
archaeological record provides data on individuals and groups not represented in
probate inventories and wills, two document types most often used to track
consumer habits on both the small and large scale. Unfortunately measuring and
comparing consumption rates using archaeological data are complex tasks.There
are myriad challenges inherent in large-scale comparative archaeological analyses.
This paper discusses which analytical tools can best uncover consumption trends at
sites with very different depositional and excavation histories. In doing so I
demonstrate how sample sizes, both in terms of the number of assemblages
available and the quantity of artifacts in each assemblage, can impact the results.
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

156
Mark F. Gardiner (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom)
Social and Economic Responses to Sixteenth-Century Trade in North Atlantic
Islands
During the sixteenth century Iceland, the Faroes, Shetland and the Gaelic areas of
Ireland were drawn into the networks of trade emanating from England and
Germany. In each case preserved fish caught in the North Atlantic were exchanged
for consumer goods. The response in each of these islands to this emerging trade
was different, though we can also identify many common factors. The comparative
study of these provide us with a variety of ways in which the economics, politics
and government influenced the formation of systems of exchange. Such systems
existed without the use of any coinage and largely without any pre-existing trading
infrastructure. This was a comparatively brief episode of negotiated trade and
social relations worked out on the ground between the incoming merchants and
fishermen.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

A. Dudley Gardner (Western Archaeological Anthropological Research Institute),

William Gardner (Yale University)
Nineteenth Century Homesteads in Wyoming and Montana and a comparison
to Mongolian “Homesteads” on the Russian Mongolian Border.
In north central Mongolia the Buryats (Buriad) herders build log cabins for homes.
While different from nineteenth century log cabins built in the American West,
there are similarities. As part of our analysis we noted that the proximity of houses
to corrals in both northern Mongolia, Montana, and Wyoming are similar enough to
one another that choices on how to utilize space in herding cultures may be based
on economic and environmental considerations that are informed by cultural
preferences but are primarily driven by animal needs instead of cultural mandates.
In this paper we will focus on how construction and use of wooden structures lead
to a distinct material culture foot print that reflects the economics of herding and
the environment the herders lived in.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Gavin Gardner (National Park Service) – see [POS-4] Kimberly I. Robinson

William Gardner (Yale University) – see [GEN-004] A. Dudley Gardner

Paul Gardullo (Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African American History

and Culture) – see [SYM-514] David W. Morgan

Paul Gardullo (Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of African American History

and Culture) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C Lubkemann

Jessie Garland (Underground Overground Archaeology Ltd., New Zealand)

157
Forming The Footprint Of A City: 19th Century Consumerism And Material
Identity In Christchurch, New Zealand
The volume of archaeological work undertaken in Christchurch, New Zealand, since
the 2011 earthquake has uncovered a vast quantity of material culture related to
the 19th century settlement and development of the city. The challenge of
interpreting this material has revealed several unique opportunities to examine
questions of consumption and agency in the formation of the city’s material
identity. In particular, the city-wide scale of archaeological excavation in
combination with a site by site process of investigation allows us to examine these
questions at both an individual level and within the context of a homogenised urban
material culture. This, in turn, has implications for our understanding of the
relationship between the material identity of Christchurch and the wider national
and global context in which it was established.
[SYM-59b] – Congressional B; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Thomas Garlinghouse (Albion Environmental, Inc.) – see [SYM-295] Linda J. Hylkema

Cristina Garrido (Universidad de Tarapacá, Chile) – see [POS-1] Flora Vilches

Patrick H. Garrow (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.)

The Fallacy of Whiteware
The term “whiteware” is used in historical archaeology to denote refined ceramics
with a whiter and denser body than pearlware that generally postdates ca. 1830.
Some researchers restrict the use of the term to all later nineteenth century refined
ceramics but ironstone and porcelain, while far too many in our field use the term
to describe virtually all refined ceramics made after ca. 1830. This paper suggests
that the use of the term “whiteware” has made dating sites or components after ca.
1830 very problematic, and presents an alternative method of analysis that allows
for much better temporal control.
[SYM-118b] – Executive Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Jack A. Gary (Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest)

Thomas Jefferson’s Acquisition of Transfer Printed Ceramics for Poplar Forest
Archaeological research at Poplar Forest, Thomas Jefferson’s retreat home in
Bedford County Virginia, has revealed numerous transfer printed pearlware
patterns on ceramic vessels interpreted as being owned by Jefferson. Despite their
mass produced nature, the imagery on these ceramics connects very closely to the
aesthetics he tried to achieve in the design of the house and landscape. Did Jefferson
or a member of his household, seek out specific patterns through specialized
merchants or was the availability and range of options after the War of 1812 so
widespread that transfer prints fitting his tastes could be acquired with ease
through local sources? This paper will examine the ceramic consumption patterns
of Thomas Jefferson and the members of his extended household by combining
expense account data with archaeologically recovered transfer printed ceramics.

158
Data from minimum vessel counts suggests multiple avenues through which
consumers in the Jefferson household acquired ceramic vessels.
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Rolando Garza (National Park Service) – see [GEN-013] Russell K. Skowronek

Rolando Garza (Southeast Archeological Center) – see [SYM-40] Michael A. Seibert

Rolando L. Garza (National Park Service), John Cornelison (National Park Service),
Michael Seibert (National Park Service)
On the Banks Opposite of Matamoros: Using Modern Archeological
Techniques to Understand and Manage the Opening Battles of the U.S.-
Mexican War 1846-1848
In the spring of 1846 General Zachary Taylor led half of the U.S. Army to the
northern banks of the Rio Grande to occupy the territory claimed by both Mexico
and the recently annexed state of Texas. This show of force was intended to
pressure Mexico into peacefully releasing these lands to the United States. However,
by early May Taylor’s troops would defeat the Mexican Army at the battles of Palo
Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and the Siege of Fort Brown and occupy Matamoros. These
opening battles would set the tone for the two-year conflict that would end with U.S.
occupation of the Mexican capital and the ceding of over half of the Mexican
national territory to the United States. Over the past decade the National Park
Service has utilized geo-archeological and geophysical archeological techniques to
provide critical information for the understanding, management, and preservation
of the opening battles.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé (University of Montreal, Canada)

The 18th Century Shipbuilding French Industry : New Perspective on
Conception and Construction
The Machault, a French frigate, sank in Chaleur Bay, Québec, in the context of the
Seven Years War, in 1760. Built in Bayonne, the archaeological analysis of the
frigate gave us a unique vision of the 18th century shipbuilding industry. Coming
from a privation shipyard next to the Arsenal of Bayonne, the Machault lay amidst a
clash between regional shipbuilding traditions and the globalisation of naval
techniques in Europe.
The study of the ship’s structural remains provides a unique view of the
shipbuilding conception and construction techniques in the region. We transcended
the historical sources, beyond the treatise of Duhamel du Monceau or Ollivier, to
offer a new vision of the 18th century with an archaeological approach which
integrates the steps of conception and construction of ships.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Donald Gaylord (Washington and Lee University)

159
Enslavement at Liberty Hall: Archaeology, History, and Silence at an 18th-
Century College Campus and Ante-Bellum Slave Plantation in Virginia
Liberty Hall Academy, the forerunner of Washington and Lee University, operated
outside of Lexington, Virginia from 1782 until 1803. When fire consumed the
institution’s academic building, the school relocated a half-mile closer to town.
Following the move, Andrew Alexander and Samuel McDowell Reid, wealthy local
residents and trustees of the school, operated their family farms at the site.
Alexander owned between twelve and twenty-four slaves, and on the eve of the
American Civil War, Reid owned sixty-one slaves. For over half a century, enslaved
people lived and worked in the buildings erected by Liberty Hall Academy, yet
generations of archaeological and historical research here make scant reference to
slavery. Based on recent excavations and further archival research, this paper seeks
to remember John Anderson, an enslaved blacksmith, and his peers whose labor
formed the foundation of the workforce at this plantation, which these later owners
called, ironically, Liberty Hall Farm.
[SYM-37] – Congressional B; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Robert L. Gearhart (Surveying And Mapping, LLC (SAM)) – see [SYM-94b] Sara G.
Laurence

Clarence R. Geier (James Madison University)

Historical Archaeology And The Battle Of Cedar Creek
On October 19, 1864 the massive Union encampment of General Philip Sheridan’s
Army of the Shenandoah underwent a surprise attack by the Confederate Army of
the Valley commanded by Gen. Jubal Early. What was an initial Confederate success
became an overwhelming Union victory which resulted in Union control of the
agricultural wealth of the Shenandoah Valley through the remainder of the war.
Diverse projects in historical archaeology have been conducted across lands
included in the Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park in Frederick
County, Virginia. The cumulative result has been a significant understanding of the
natural, cultural and military landscapes over which the October 19, 1864 battle
was fought. This paper summarizes that work and presents and overview of the
findings.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Patrick Gensler (Independent Researcher), Melanie Damour (Bureau of Ocean Energy

Management)
From "Splinter Fleet" to Easy Street: One Vessel's Journey as a World War I
Subchaser and Pleasure Craft
Though maintaining a neutral stance in the early part of World War I, German U-
boat attacks in American waters in 1916 spurred the U.S. Navy to develop a
specialized fleet of anti-submarine watercraft. Dubbed “subchasers,” these small but
remarkably long-range ships played an important role as a deterrent to the U-boat
incursion. Purpose-built subchasers were primarily wooden-hulled; however, steel-

160
hulled vessels were donated to the war effort due to wartime shortages. One such
vessel, SC-144, was a steam-propelled pleasure yacht likely donated to the U.S. Navy
for conversion. After the war ended, the vessel was decommissioned and re-
purposed once again as a pleasure craft named Dispatch. After sinking in 1928 near
the St. Marks Lighthouse in Florida, the wreck was salvaged for scrap during World
War II. Vessels such as SC-144/Dispatch demonstrate how wartime innovations are
made in response to new threats and the efforts to repurpose these valuable ships
post-war.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Kristin A. Gensmer (Centennial Archaeology LLC; Colorado State University), Mary Van
Buren (Colorado State University)
Painted Women and Patrons: Appearance and the Construction of Gender and
Class Identity in the Red Light District of Ouray, Colorado.
Appearance-related artifacts from the Vanoli Block (5OR30), a late 19th and early
20th century sporting complex in the mining town of Ouray, Colorado, indicate that
both the women working in the cribs and their patrons projected a working-class
appearance. An examination of artifacts through the lenses of performance and
practice theory is supplemented with historical data regarding class, gender, and
costume, and suggests that the sartorial choices made by these women and men
emerged from the complex political and class relationships found in Western
Mining towns. This thoroughly working-class appearance stands in contrast to both
the stereotypical image of the prostitute derived from the upper-class madams and
brothel workers of the era and to previous research related to prostitution and
brothel assemblages, which emphasizes emulation of middle and upper-class
fashions that do not appear to have been embraced by the lower-class women and
men of the Vanoli Block.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Austin J. George (Western Michigan University), Erika K. Loveland (Western Michigan

University)
First Person Archaeology: Exploring Fort St. Joseph through Go-Pro Footage
The public seldom understands the complexity of what archaeology is and the many
activities that archaeologists conduct in the course of site investigations. The Fort
St. Joseph Archaeological Project examines an eighteenth-century mission, garrison,
and trading post in present-day Niles, Michigan, ensuring that the community’s
education and involvement remain the primary goals. Throughout the 2015 field
season, we filmed hours of point-of-view footage using a Go-Pro camera to show the
ways in which we work and involve the community. The footage was then complied
to promote archaeology to a younger audience by catching their attention in new
and exciting ways. The use of a Go-Pro gives the viewer a first person look into how
archaeologists and community members experience the site of Fort St. Joseph.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

161
Diane F. George (CUNY Graduate Center)
‘Success to America.’ The Role of British Creamware in the Production of
American National Identity.
Excavations at New York City’s South Street Seaport uncovered an early nineteenth
century deposit within the foundation of a small building on the property of a
wealthy merchant. Among the artifacts in the deposit was a creamware plate that
paid homage to the “sacred” memory of George Washington. Along with this solemn
memorial, the imagery on the plate included a neoclassic goddess waving an olive
branch towards a mercantile ship on the horizon. Despite the irony, British potters
produced many patriotic-themed designs for the American market. This paper
examines the use of such imagery by elite merchants in New York to construct a
national identity while simultaneously reproducing social divisions within the
nation. It draws from Diana Wall’s extensive work on New York City and her
groundbreaking examination of the role of consumer ceramic choices in forming
multiple layers of identity.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Juliette J. Gerhardt (JMA)

Slipware Philadelphia Style: Case Study from Recent Excavations at the
Museum of the American Revolution Site
Slipware ceramics have been unearthed in large quantities at archaeological sites
around Philadelphia, most recently, at the site of the future Museum of the
American Revolution at the corner of 3rd and Chesnut Streets in Old City. What is
known as the Philadelphia style was a mixing of two European traditions of slip
decoration brought across the Atlantic with the earliest settlers: first English and
then German. While many of the slip trailed designs appear similar, they vary in
simple ways that make them individually unique. It is clear that these wares were
produced in large quantities and that the potters were deliberately and repeatedly
using particular patterns. This paper examines the frequency, range and variation of
the patterns on this site’s slipware dishes to determine how far it might be possible
to establish a chronological sequencing to the designs which, in turn, could shed
light on the potters themselves.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Mark Giambastiani (ASM Affiliates) – see [GEN-014] Shannon S. Mahoney

James G. Gibb (Gibb Archaeological Consulting), Sarah N. Janesko (Gibb

Archaeological Consulting)
Archaeological Considerations In The Study Of The Anthropocene
The Anthropocene epoch, garnering the interest of geologists and environmental
scientists for the past decade, has now entered the archaeological lexicon. As in
other disciplines, questions remain about what Anthropocene means and when it
began, as well as how it differs from the Holocene. This presentation explores some
of these issues and offers a ground-up approach by which conventional approaches

162
in archaeology might be adapted to a reassessment of the human experience and
the role of humanity in this newly defined geological epoch.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Erin Gibbons (Registered Archaeologist, Republic of Ireland) – see [SYM-687] Meredith

S. Chesson

Kevin S. Gibbons (University of Maryland)

Icelandic Agricultural Heritage and Environmental Adaptation: Osteometrical
and Genetic Markers of Livestock Improvement
In the early settlement of Iceland, Scandinavian pioneers brought their social
knowledge alongside herds of livestock to the untamed island and in turn initiated a
millennium-long tradition of livestock husbandry and survivorship in a harsh and
unpredictable environment. Decades of integrated historical ecological research
across Iceland allows for an exploration of the complex human ecodynamics of this
marginal European outpost in the North Atlantic. Comparative osteometrical data
from multiple sites from Iceland’s settlement to the modern period suggest that
Icelandic livestock were subjected to breeding improvements during the late
medieval period – before the conventional initiation of these practices during the
Second Agricultural Revolution on continental Europe. These osteometrical data
have the potential to be coupled with ancient genetic material retrieved from faunal
remains to begin untangling the social, environmental, and ecological processes that
shaped agricultural heritage and resource management practices through time.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Kevin A. Gidusko (Florida Public Archaeology Network), Patrisha L. Meyers (Brevard

Museum of History and Natural Science)
African-American In-Ground Vaults: An Investigation Into Differential Burial
Practices Identified Through A Public Archaeology Initiative
Historic cemeteries are some of the most threatened cultural resources in the state
of Florida; of these, historic African-American cemeteries are most at risk. Subject
to neglect, rapid urbanization, and the loss of community remembrance, these sites
are in need of immediate preservation efforts. This paper discusses investigations
into these sites through the work of the Florida Historic Cemeteries Recording
Project (FLHCRP), a volunteer-driven effort overseen by the Florida Public
Archaeology Network. Data collected are allowing us to investigate the pronounced
predilection for surface-level vaulted interments in African-American cemeteries in
many parts of Florida. This interment choice is in marked contrast to coeval White
cemeteries. Our preliminary investigation into interment style focuses on the
possibility of cultural continuity surrounding burial customs borne to the Americas
during the era of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Erica K. Gifford (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.)

163
The Undine, A Tea Clipper in the Savannah River
The Savannah District is proposing to expand the Savannah Harbor navigation
channel. Diving investigations identified the remains of the Undine, a historically
significant tea clipper built in Sutherland, England by the shipbuilder William Pile.
In a class with other famous Clippers like the Flying Cloud and the Cutty Sark, the
Undine represents the evolution apex of the sailing merchantman, and is in the class
of the most significant clippers, those built specifically for the China Tea or Opium
trade that encompassed global trade routes and economies. This paper will explore
the history of the vessel from construction to sinking.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kiley A. Gilbert (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center)

Spatial Context and Farm Types of Anne Arundel County Maryland, 1850-1880
Between 1850 and 1880, the First Election District of Anne Arundel County,
Maryland hosted a variety of farm types and farm sizes. K-means cluster analysis of
agricultural census data identified farm types over this forty-year period. The
findings serve as a basis for understanding the archaeology of two farms on the
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center campus and assessing the effects of
late 19th-century land management strategies on local ecosystems.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Calvin J. Gillett (Western Michigan University)

Looted Delights: An Investigation of Integrity at a Looted Lumber Camp
Archaeologists have long bemoaned the effects looting has on archaeological sites,
declaring that once a site has been looted it no longer holds the integrity necessary
for study. This maybe too hasty of an assumption, under the right conditions, a
great deal can be learned from a looted site. Coalwood, a former lumber town in
Michigan’s Upper Peninsula provides an optimal case study to evaluate the effects
of looting. As the victim of heavy looting activity since the 1960’s and with a short
occupation, Coalwood is the perfect case study for an evaluation of the impacts of
looting. The looting activity at Coalwood is so intense it can be detected on Google
Earth satellite images. Demonstration of what looting does to site integrity is
accomplished through comparative analysis of two loci containing separate
contexts. Patterns of subsistence and activity areas can still be identified, even after
50+ years of looting.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Mikaela Girard (University of Maryland) – [GEN-019] V. Camille Westmont

Jessica Glickman (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology),

David L. Conlin (National Park Service)
The Maritime Archaeology of Slave Ships: Overview, Assessment and
Prospectus

164
In one of the most consequential historical processes in global history, over a period
of approximately 300 years, more than 12 million enslaved persons were stolen
from their homelands in Africa and forcibly placed in the new world. The maritime
technology utilized for this shameful trade developed rapidly driven by market
forces, while the physical characteristics of ships designed to transport slaves
changed over time due to economic, cultural and historical constraints.
This presentation will provide a brief overview of wrecks know, or thought to have
been involved it the slave trade, discuss what might archaeologically define a slave
ship and then situate this discussion into the larger program of study currently
being done by an international consortium of scholars.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Jeffrey B. Glover (Georgia State University) – see [SYM-91] Robert C. Bryant

Jayne S. Godfrey (University of West Florida)

Muscogee Wharf: Archaeological Investigation of an Enduring Pensacola
Landmark.
Built in the 1880s to load Alabama coal onto ships for export, Muscogee Wharf has
functioned as an important landmark along the Pensacola waterfront through
present day. The wharf saw its fair share of damage from numerous hurricanes as
well as various fires. The Louisville& Nashville Railroad (L&N) ceased operations in
the 1950s due to significant fire damage. Although the wharf functioned through
the 1970s as a dock for barges and tugboats, the remaining structure was left to
deteriorate; however, portions of the original Muscogee Wharf remain. The
concrete structure has since become a popular fishing spot for Pensacola locals and
a visible landmark. This poster examines the various techniques used to collect data
from a site with remaining superstructure as well as what can be determined from a
site that has withstood more than a century of existence in Pensacola history.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Simon H. Goldstone (East Carolina University)

Headstone Material and Cultural Expression: An Archaeological Examination
of North Carolina Grave Markers
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a shift from marble headstones to granite
has been observed across the United States and in parts of Canada, as well. The goal
of this study is to determine when this shift in headstone material occurred in North
Carolina, and what factors contributed to this transition. Another objective is to
determine how this shift impacted the expression of cultural meaning in North
Carolina cemeteries. By examining how the shift from marble to granite caused
changes to headstone morphology and style, this project will show how
memorialization of individuals is influenced by headstone manufacturing processes.
Ultimately, this study illustrates the effects of industrialization on the North
Carolina cultural landscape as manifested in the state’s cemeteries by analyzing the
means of production and the expression of ideology.

165
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Jasmine N. Gollup (Anne Arundel County, Maryland, USA), Jim Bogert (Anne Arundel
County, Maryland, USA)
Educating The Masses: The Role Of Volunteers And Interns In The
Archaeological Process
Archaeology has always been, and will always be, a discipline that easily enchants
and captivates the general public. The Anne Arundel County (AA County)
Archaeology program has created a successful method of benefiting from this
interest, turning ephemeral public interest into active and serious participation. Our
volunteer program welcomes all interested persons into both the lab and field
environment, producing a cadre of skilled volunteers, an invaluable group that uses
abilities gained in previous employment combined with their newfound knowledge
of archaeology to aid professional archaeologists at every level of the archaeological
process. Our internship program takes this method a step farther, exposing
students ranging from high-schoolers to post-doctorates to every aspect of the field
and lab process. Through focused volunteer and intern training programs as well as
hands-on experience and individualized attention, the AA County Archaeology
program successfully makes archaeology accessible to the general public.
[SYM-139] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Kerry S. Gonzalez (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group) – see [SYM-105a] Kerri S. Barile

Kerry Gonzalez (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group), Michelle Salvato (Dovetail

Cultural Resource Group)
Inexpensive X-rays, Invaluable Information: A Case Study from Two Data
Recoveries.
In the spring and fall of 2012 Dovetail Cultural Resource Group conducted data
recoveries on two historic sites associated with the Route 301 project in Delaware.
Both sites had soil conditions resulting in heavily corroded metals, which were
found in abundance. X-radiography was needed to identify indeterminate artifacts
and prioritize conservation needs. The resulting x-rays allowed for accurate
catalogs, thereby aiding in site interpretation and resulting in a better
understanding of the sites. Since x-ray is very affordable, why aren’t more
archaeologists using this technology for identification as well as an aid in sampling
collections? This paper highlights the use and importance of x-ray as a tool for
archaeologists who want to accurately catalog artifacts, prioritize conservation, and
responsibly sample metals without losing information.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Edward Gonzalez-Tennant (University of Florida)

An American Dilemma: The Archaeology of Race Riots Past, Present, and
Future

166
At the center of Myrdal’s An American Dilemma is the understanding that cycles of
violence continue to oppress African Americans. His dilemma refers to the
inconsistency between this cycle and the national ethos of upward social mobility.
The situation remains unchanged for many minorities today. This paper charts how
this cycle of violence has transformed through time by drawing upon the author’s
ongoing work in Rosewood, Florida and elsewhere. Although an archaeology of
American race riots remains in its infancy, such a project holds great promise for
illuminating the causes and consequences of racial violence in the nation’s past,
present, and future. Theoretical insights from critical race theory (CRT) further
illuminate the complex ways interpersonal violence, institutional racism, and
symbolic thought interrelate through time to disenfranchise minorities. The paper
concludes by discussing innovative ways new technologies can support the public
intellectual goals of historical archaeology and work to combat racism.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Meg Gorsline (The Graduate Center, City University of New York)

Communities in Conflict: Racialized Violence During Gradual Emancipation on
Long Island
From New Amsterdam to Seneca Village, Diana diZerega Wall has examined the
often-conflicting interactions of communities living in close relation. In the early
nineteenth century, the nearly 30-year process of Gradual Emancipation slowly
dismantled the system of slavery in New York State, but it also created the
conditions for the perpetuation of inequality among closely intertwined peoples:
the black and white inhabitants of eastern Long Island. Inspired by Wall’s ability to
uncover the multiple ways socially disadvantaged people negotiated power
imbalances and her subtle appeal for us to consider present disparities in light of
historically rooted ones, this paper draws on a free black site and a slaveholding
white household site to ask how systemic racialized violence was used by whites to
erode black advances and to maintain white supremacy – and how black
communities and households found the means of self-determination in spite of this
violence.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Charlotte E. A. Goudge (University of Bristol, United Kingdom)

Liquid Power: An archaeological excavation of an Antiguan rum distillery.
Rum was an important social and economic catalyst during the 17th-20th centuries,
impacting all strata of society from the lowest slaves to the highest echelons of
British society. During the 18th and 19th centuries rum developed from a waste
product into highly desirable merchandise that was used as a social lubrication to
ease tension while buying and selling slaves. This paper will discuss the
archaeological excavations undertaken at the Betty’s Hope rum distillery in Antigua,
one of the major plantations of the historic era, and its impact on major production
and consumption themes within the micro and macro aspects of the Atlantic slave
trade.

167
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

D. Rae Gould (Nipmuc Nation/Advisory Council on Historic Preservation)

Understanding And Interpreting Indigenous Places And Landscapes
Since the earliest encounters of Native Americans and Europeans, places and
landscapes with thousands of years of use and history in the “New World” have
been renamed, depleted of resources, appropriated and stolen. Despite almost 500
years of contact, colonialism and repression by European settlers and their
descendants, Native tribes continue to define places on the landscape in terms of
tribal understandings, meanings and uses. This paper addresses the topic of place
and landscape interpretation through three cases studies of National Register
landmarks and historic places: a small Indian reservation and historic homestead in
southern New England, the Bighorn Medicine Wheel in Wyoming, and immigrant
trails in the West. Archaeologists and those working in the field of historic
preservation can benefit from more inclusive interpretations and understandings of
tribal sites and places, TCPs and cultural landscapes encountered during cultural
resource or academic projects.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Lotte E Govaerts (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Smithsonian Institution)

Using the Products of Yesterday's Stewardship to Tackle Today's Questions in
Historical Archaeology: Insights from the River Basin Surveys Collections
Many current practices in American archaeology arose from the mid-20th century
River Basin Surveys (RBS). These surveys were part of the Inter-Agency Salvage
Program, an unprecedentedly large effort to investigate archaeological sites
threatened by extensive dam-building projects. RBS researchers studied mostly
prehistoric sites, but the work was also a turning point for historical archaeology,
especially of the Great Plains and the American West in general. The research
priorities of the RBS teams were often different from the questions that are of
interest to present-day historical archaeologists. However, reexamination of
documents, publications, and artifact collections associated with the RBS allow us to
answer contemporary questions about sites that have long been destroyed. In this
paper I examine RBS research design and findings, and elaborate on how those
formed the basis for my own research of sites excavated along the Upper Missouri
River by RBS crews.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Sarah A. Grady (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center)

Erosion and Sedimentation at a 19th-century Farmstead
The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center located in Edgewater, MD is a
2,650 acre campus consisting mostly of eroded farmland. This paper focuses on the
complex erosional processes occurring at a historic farmstead located on campus,
Sellman's Connection (18AN1431: 1729-1917) by looking at key excavation units

168
along with soil borings that identify the source of eroded material and its final
resting place.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Amber J. Grafft-Weiss (University of Florida)

Public vs. Private in the Domestic Spaces of the Enslaved: Yards and their Uses
at Kingsley Plantation, Jacksonville, Florida, 1814-1860
Kingsley Plantation, a Second Spanish Period site located on Fort George Island in
Jacksonville, Florida, has seen various excavations over the course of the past six
decades. In addition to an intensive focus on the interiors of slave cabins, the
investigation of which allows interpretation of private and personal spaces, yards
around the cabins have been examined in order to better understand those areas
that operate as both personal and public. Yards provided the settings for activities
tied to personal, family, and even community life, where mundane and religious
practices may have occurred not only in view of or collaboration with neighbors,
but also potentially within sight of the plantation’s owner. This paper interprets the
yards at Kingsley Plantation through examination of material culture recovered
from excavation of the area around cabin West 15, particularly in comparison with
that cabin’s interior and yards investigated at other plantations.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jeremy Green (Western Australian Museum) – see [SYM-171] Alistair G. Paterson

Kirsten A. Green (University of Montana) – see [SYM-105a] Ashley H. McKeown

Matthew C. Greer (Montpelier Foundation)

Many Remedies to Choose From: Social Relationships and Healing in an
Enslaved Community
When enslaved individuals fell ill, a plethora of cures were available from various
sources. For instance, a planter could have a local doctor treat an enslaved woman,
or she could treat herself through the use of medicines she purchased or plants she
gathered. Whatever choice she made, however, did not occur in a vacuum. Rather,
the social connections and relationships that structured her daily life shaped the
way in which she sought to heal herself. So far, unfortunately, the interaction
between the social worlds of enslaved individuals and the remedies they sought to
cure themselves has remained poorly understood. By looking at the recovered
medicine bottles and floral remains from the homes of Montpelier’s early 19th
century enslaved community, along with the plantation’s 1816-1819 medical
accounts, this paper will explore the connection between social relationships and
healing in the Antebellum South.
[SYM-292] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Daniel Griffin (University of Minnesota) – see [SYM-295] Dorian Burnette

169
Nicole Bucchino Grinnan (Florida Public Archaeology Network, University of West
Florida), Della Scott-Ireton (Florida Public Archaeology Network, University of West
Florida)
Diving into the PAST: Developing a Public Engagement Program for
Pensacola’s Emanuel Point Shipwrecks
Remnants of Spain’s failed attempt to settle modern-day Pensacola in 1559, the
Emanuel Point shipwrecks are legacies of Florida’s long colonial history.
Community interest in the sites has been profound since the discovery of the
Emanuel Point I wreck in 1992, but challenging dive conditions have limited
opportunities for public access. After award of a grant to explore Emanuel Point II
in 2014, the University of West Florida (UWF) Division of Anthropology and
Archaeology began considering new avenues for providing public engagement. This
paper explores the development of the “PAST (Public Archaeological Shipwreck
Tours)” diving program. PAST allows UWF and Florida Public Archaeology Network
archaeologists to offer local recreational divers an opportunity to learn more about
the Emanuel Point shipwrecks and participate in guided dive tours of the sites.
Reflections on the program include a discussion of the successes of initial PAST
events, participant feedback, and plans for the future.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Nicole Grinnan (Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN)), Charles F. Lawson

(National Park Service, Biscayne National Park)
Partnering for Public Education and the Development of an Avocational
Maritime Archeological Corps in Biscayne National Park
In August 2015, the Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) and Biscayne
National Park collaborated to provide a Submerged Sites Education and
Archaeological Stewardship (SSEAS) program in Biscayne National Park for local
recreational divers. The SSEAS program is intended to train recreational divers in
the methods of non-disturbance archaeological recording in order to provide them
with the skills to independently and responsibly perform tasks associated with
monitoring and protecting submerged historic sites in Biscayne National Park (and
elsewhere), as well as to locate, report locations to land managers, and record
undiscovered sites. This paper reflects on the successes of the partnership between
FPAN and Biscayne National Park, the efficacy of the 2015 SSEAS program, and
avenues for future SSEAS programs to assist the National Park Service in managing
submerged cultural resources.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

William A. Griswold (National Park Service, Northeast Region Archeology Program)

The River Overlook Fortifications on Bemus Heights at Saratoga NHP
The fortification of Bemus Heights at Saratoga by the Americans during the
Revolutionary War was engineered by Thaddeus Kosciuszko, a Polish military
engineer who had taken up the American cause at the beginning of the

170
Revolutionary War. Kosciusko designed the fortifications on Bemus Heights at the
River Overlook to oppose the British plan to advance to Albany along the River
Road. In 2009, a geophysical study was conducted on one of the River Fortification
elements in Kosciusko’s defense system. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and
Resistivity were used at the site of the South Redoubt in an attempt to discern what
may be left of the fortification element. The results of the geophysical assessment in
conjunction with the archeological excavations done on the other river overlook
defenses indicate the soundness of Kosciusko’s design.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Grace L. Gronniger (Missouri State University)

The Use of X-Ray Fluorescence to Determine the Composition of American
Glassware Artifacts: Analytical Methods and Chronological Insights
The compositional analysis of American glass has untapped potential to shed light
on the chronologies of historical archaeological deposits. This is due to a 1864
patent, which introduced the use of soda-lime glass to U.S. pressed glass
manufacturers. By 1880, soda-lime glass displaced lead glass in this industry.
Therefore, pressed glass tableware produced before 1864 contains lead, whereas
pressed glass tableware produced after ca. 1879 largely lacks lead. This study
demonstrates the use of compositional analysis to clarify the chronologies of
pressed glass tableware assemblages. The method is explained, including the
rationale for using XRF rather than other less reliable composition identification
methods. The use of this method to date archaeological assemblages from several
historic features in St. Louis, Missouri, is then reported. The results indicate that the
XRF analysis of pressed glass artifacts is a relatively low-cost and effective method
of refining the chronologies of American historical archaeological deposits.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Ilene B. Grossman-Bailey (RGA, Inc.), Michael J. Gall (RGA, Inc.), Adam Heinrich (RGA,
Inc.), Philip A. Hayden (RGA, Inc.)
The Black and White of It: Rural Tenant and African American Enslaved and
Free Worker Life at the Rumsey/Polk Tenant/Prehistoric site
Rich and provocative data on 1740s to 1850s tenant occupations were revealed by
Phase II and III archaeological investigations at Locus 1 of the Rumsey/Polk
Tenant/Prehistoric site. Documentary research, the recovery of 42,996 historic
artifacts, and the discovery of 622 features, provided a rare glimpse into the lives of
free and enslaved African American workers and white tenants living side-by-side
in the racially charged atmosphere of 18th- and 19th-century Delaware. Artifacts like
wolf bones, fish remains, tobacco seeds, a pewter spoon, and a presidential
campaign pipe, along with subfloor pits and cellars helped weave the story of the
lives and experiences of white tenants and their African American workers on a
tenant farm in the Chesapeake Watershed.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

171
Alice H. Guerrant (Delaware Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs/SHPO) – see
[SYM-105b] Gwenyth A. Davis

Jean-Sébastien Guibert (Université des Antilles, Martinique (France))

Results From The First Excavation On The Saintes Bay’s Shipwreck,
Guadeloupe, FWI
This paper presents results from the first excavations on the Saintes Bay’s wreck.
The site was discovered in the 1990’s but no archaeological survey or excavation
took place apart from a DRASSM expertise in 2002. Known by several divers the site
was partially looted but has not been totally destroyed. The wreck may be Anemone
a French schooner built in 1823 in Bayonne and used as a custom ship in
Guadeloupe. Anemone patrolled the coast in order to prevent illegal trade, in
particular the slave trade, outlawed officially since 1817. The ship was lost in the
September 1824 huricane while moored. The archaeological project which took
place in July 2015 surveyed the site and discreet trenches were excavated in order
to identify both shipwreck material culture and ship structure and compare this
with archival records, particularly with regard to accounts of its loss, ship plans,
construction details.
[GEN-007] – Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Elizabeth Gurin (Brown University) – see [POS-1] Miriam A. W. Rothenberg

Tom Gwaltney (National Park Service) – see [SYM-40] Stephen R. Potter

H
Stephanie Hacker (University of Tennessee)
The Shift From Tobacco To Wheat Farming: Using Macrobotanical Analysis To
Interpret How Changes In Agricultural Practices Impacted The Daily Activities
Of Monticello’s Enslaved Field Laborers.
In 1997 Site 8 was uncovered at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello through excavations
conducted by the staff of the Monticello Department of Archaeology and students in
the Monticello-University of Virginia Archaeological Field School. Six features
identified as either storage pits or cellars provide evidence of four buildings that
once stood to house enslaved field hands between c. 1770 and c. 1800. This
occupation is contemporaneous with the period in which Thomas Jefferson shifted
Monticello’s agricultural practices from slash and burn tobacco farming to wheat
farming in 1793, resulting in significant changes to both the landscape and daily
labor practices. Macrobotanical analysis from Site 8 is ongoing to enhance our
understanding of how Monticello’s changing agricultural landscape impacted the
daily activities and choices of the enslaved field laborers. The preliminary

172
macrobotanical data suggests the shift from tobacco to wheat agriculture resulted
in an increased utilization of wild edible plants.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Jay Haigler (Diving With a Purpose) – see [GEN-011] Matthew S. Lawrence

Jay V. Haigler (Diving With a Purpose, National Association of Black Scuba Divers
Foundation, National Association of Black Scuba Divers), Kamau Sadiki (Diving With
a Purpose, National Association of Black Scuba Divers Foundation, National
Association of Black Scuba Divers)
Using Scientific Diving as a Tool to Tell the Story of Human History: Bringing
the São José Paquete de Africa Into Memory.
Scientific diving is a powerful tool that can be used to tell the story of human history
and cultural behavior. On December 3, 1794, the São José Paquete de Africa, a
Portuguese ship transporting over 500 captured Africans, left Mozambique, on the
east coast Africa, for what was to be a 7,000 mile voyage to Maranhao, Brazil, and
the sugar plantations. The ship was scheduled to deliver the enslaved Africans in
February, 1795, some four months later. However, the journey lasted only 24 days.
Buffeted by strong winds, the ship rounded the treacherous Cape of Good Hope and
came apart violently on two reefs not far from Cape Town, South Africa. The São
José Paquete de Africa represents one of the earliest, “experimental voyages” from
East Africa to the Americas that eventually led to the shift that brought East Africa
into the Transatlantic slave trade to an unprecedented level.
[SYM-384] – Diplomat Room, Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Carl Halbirt (City of St. Augustine, Florida) – see [GEN-003] Kathryn Ness

Andrew Hall (Texas Historical Commission), J. Barto Arnold (Institute of Nautical

Archeology)
Bold Rascals: The Archaeology of Blockade Running in the Western Gulf
Archaeological study and historical research have combined to present a detailed
picture of blockade running in the western Gulf of Mexico during the American Civil
War. From the beginning of the conflict until weeks after Appomattox, the
Confederate coastline west of the Mississippi was a hive of blockade-running
activity, first with sailing vessels and later with steamships. The wrecks of the
paddle steamers Will o’ the Wisp, Acadia, and Denbigh, all dating from the final
months of the war, have yielded a detailed picture of the runners’ cargoes and
technologies, while exhaustive archival research has revealed business patterns and
tactics used by both blockade-running ships and the Union blockaders that set out
to capture them.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Valerie M. J. Hall (Independent Researcher)

173
“. . . conforme your selves to the Customes of our Countrey . . .”:
Acknowledging the Contributions of Indigenous Women in Maryland’s
Colonial Society
Subtypological analysis of historic-period indigenous ceramics indicates changes in
Maryland Indian women’s pottery over the course of the seventeenth century may
have helped normalize the selection and adaptation of aspects of English material
culture, while preserving family- and clan-based cultural traditions. Previous
research, hypothesizing that native-made items including ceramics were
purchased/traded for and used by English colonists, elucidates a shift in surface
treatments while pottery-creation processes involving choices in tempering
materials and clay sources remained consistent throughout the century. This
implies maintenance of matrilineal traditions in the face of English encroachment
on both territory and cultural norms. As gender is enacted through external
interactions with material culture, changes in surface decoration as
performed/created by indigenous women may reflect shifting boundaries and
changing perceptions of self and kin, even as meanings shifted within the new
colonial context. New research confirms the many contributions of indigenous
women to Early British American society.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Stephanie Hallinan (University of Massachusetts Boston)

Exploring the Environmental Conditions of 17th Century Spanish Ranches in
New Mexico
In the early 17th century Spanish colonists came to New Mexico seeking agricultural
opportunities to gain wealth and status. Obtaining access to environmental
resources proved to be difficult due to a harsh climate and a large population of
indigenous people occupying the best agricultural land. Little is known about the
colonists that settled on the rural landscapes since nearly all documentary evidence
and structural evidence was destroyed in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, and few
archaeological sites have been uncovered. This paper uses spatial analysis to
explore the environmental factors that influenced the location of known 17th
century Spanish ranches and Pueblo villages using slope and environmental data
revealed on a 19th-century land survey map as variables to provide a better
understanding of how the Spanish were settling this portion of the New Mexican
landscape.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

George N. Hambrecht (University of Maryland College Park)

aDNA in Historical Archaeology As A Tool For The Mitigation Of Climate
Change Hazards
The study of aDNA has become a highly productive avenue of study in Archaeolgoy,
though perhaps less so in Historical Archaeology. This paper discusses a project in
which aDNA from historic sites is being used to address many important issues
typically approached by Historical Archaeology. Yet this project goes further in two

174
specific ways. First this project intends to map and when possible isolate genetic
variation that has been lost in modern day domesitc animals but that can still be
found in the zooarchaeological record. This will help identify vulnerabilities in
modern domestic populations. Second, where possible, and when beneficial, this
project will supply genetic material that can be used to reintroduce traits into
modern domestic animal populations that have been sourced from historical
zooarchaeological collections. Identiifying traits that will assist in domestic animals'
adaptation to changing climates is one of the highest priorities of this project.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Aaron Hamilton (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group) – see [SYM-32]
Gregory Roach

Aaron Hamilton (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group),

William R. Chadwell (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group)
Community Archaeology in Action: The Partnership Between NOAA’s Monitor
National Marine Sanctuary and the Battle of the Atlantic Research and
Expedition Group
In the three-plus years of its existence, the Battle of the Atlantic Research and
Expedition Group has been engaged in a mutually-beneficial partnership with
NOAA’s Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. The Group, which is a part of the
Institute of Maritime History, a 501(c)3 educational nonprofit corporation, is made
up nearly exclusively of avocational archaeologists and historians all of whom are
sport, or recreational, scuba divers. Yet since its founding in late 2012, it has
conducted or contributed to three maritime archaeological surveys, conducted
original historical research which has added to our understanding of the Battle of
the Atlantic, and researched a previously-unidentified wreck off the North Carolina
Outer Banks. This paper will provide an overview of the Group, its’ code of ethics,
major successes and the challenges it has faced in its development.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Rosemary M. Hammack (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Globalizing Lifeways: An Analysis of Local and Imported Ceramics at an Aku
Site in Banjul, The Gambia.
Following the 1807 British abolition of the slave trade, the West African coast saw
the rise of a new phenomenon: the liberation of captive Africans found aboard
illegal slaving ships and their resettlement in Sierra Leone and The Gambia. This
diaspora group became known as the Liberated Africans, and eventually
transformed into the creole ethnic group known as the Aku in The Gambia. After its
establishment in 1816 Bathurst (now Bathurst) welcomed the Liberated Africans as
a source of low-paid labor. Many of the Aku went on to hold positions of
prominence in the colony. During the summer of 2014 as part of the Banjul Heritage
Project, excavations were carried out at a property belonging to one of the more
influential Aku families in the 19th century. This poster focuses on the influence of

175
globalization on Aku lifeways, evidenced by the imported and local ceramics
recovered from the site.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Don Hann (Malheur National Forest)

Using GIS and Lidar to Re-imagine Historic Immigrant Chinese Placer Mining
Landscapes
The Kam Wah Chung building is a National Historic Landmark with a trove of
artifacts and documents recovered from the historic “Chinatown” in John Day,
Oregon. Interpretation of the site has been hampered by loss of associated
immigrant Chinese gold mining remains due to later development. Recent work in
the neighboring Malheur National Forest has identified an extensive placer mining
complex with associated Chinese artifacts and features. The mining complex was
located using lidar and GIS modeling coupled with field inspection. Lidar based
mapping has proven useful in documenting the techniques used by Chinese miners
to recover gold from shallow deposits over extensive areas. A partnership has been
formed between the Kam Wah Chung State Heritage Site, Southern Oregon
University Laboratory of Archaeology and the Forest Service to share resources to
study and interpret the broader patterns of immigrant Chinese mining and
associated sites in Oregon.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Frederick "Fritz" Hanselman (Texas State University) – see [SYM-94a] Melanie

Damour

Fredrick “Fritz” Hanselmann (Texas State University) – see [SYM-94a] Frank J.

Cantelas

Frederick H. Hanselmann (Texas State University) – see [SYM-47] Tomas Mendizabal

Frederick H. Hanselmann (Texas State University), Charles D. Beeker (Indiana

University)
The Wreck of the Quedagh Merchant: Identification and Affiliation of Captain
Kidd’s Lost Ship
The shipwreck of the Quedagh Merchant is an archaeological site that brings to life
one of the most romanticized activities in modern popular culture: piracy. Little
specific evidence of pirates and their actions exists in the archaeological record and,
oftentimes, it is difficult to distinguish the identification and function of certain
artifacts and features from being piratical or simply commonplace. In fact, finding a
site and making the connection to piracy can often be a difficult assertion. Captain
Qilliam Kidd abandoned the Quedagh Merchant off of the southeastern coast of
Hispaniola in 1699. The investigation and study of the ship’s remains include the

176
interpretation of the features of hull construction, wood sample analysis, and
analysis of sampled ballast stones, the results of which indicate the site being
identified as the same ship Kidd abandoned over 300 years ago.
[SYM-47] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Meredith Hardy (NPS Southeast Archeological Center) – see [SYM-514] David W.

Morgan

Meredith D. Hardy (National Park Service)

Is 50 the New 25? The NHPA and the Southeast Archeological Center at 50:
Reflections on Learning, Inclusion, and Stewardship
Sharing a birth year with the NHPA, the National Park Service’s Southeast
Archeological Center has served as steward to the cultural resources and
archeological heritage for the national park units across the southeastern United
States. For 50 years SEAC has overseen and conducted the majority of NHPA-related
activities in these parks, provided training and education to both NPS staff and the
public. This paper examines the roles SEAC has played in resource stewardship,
protection, and education and how these roles have changed over time, reflecting a
continuing maturation of understanding of significance, inclusion, and diversity of
our nation’s heritage.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Meredith D. Hardy (National Park Service), David M Morgan (National Park Service)
African American Diaspora Archaeology and the National Park Service:
Reflections on the Past and Goals for the Future
For 50 years archeologists from the National Park Service’s Southeast Archeological
Center have actively worked to uncover, preserve, and interpret African American
archeological heritage in our National Parks. SEAC’s work has spanned from the
Stafford slave village at Cumberland Island National Seashore to the William
Johnson House in Natchez, Mississippi, from the lands owned by a free woman
creole of color in Natchitoches, Louisiana to the waters off the cays and harbors in
St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. In commemoration of SEAC’s 50th anniversary, and of
the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service’s efforts to “preserve unimpaired
the …cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment,
education, and inspiration of this and future generations,” this paper will highlight
our efforts to discover, interpret, and preserve these significant sites and stories of
African American heritage.
[SYM-384] – Diplomat Room, Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Elizabeth Harman (University of Idaho) – see [SYM-34] Kristine Madsen

Lynn Harris (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Jeremy Borrelli

177
Lynn Harris (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Hannah Piner

Lynn Harris (East Carolina University), Kelsey Dwyer (East Carolina University)
Folklore, Fishing Art, and Free Divers: The Cahuita Community
Cahuita, a small Afro Caribbean town in southern Costa Rica, boasts a vibrant
community of painters, musicians and fishermen. The plethora of colorful murals on
buildings, stone statues, lyrics and sounds of calypso and reggae music, small
fishing boats and folklore expand the maritime historical narrative. Themes include
dramatic stories about shipwrecks and survivors, nature conservation debates,
earthquakes, local wildlife, and fishing adventures. The ECU maritime studies team
will present an inventory of this data set with the intent of illuminating the broader
maritime cultural themes of the region. An important part of the study is the fishing
community with expertise in snorkel tourism, boatbuilding, and lobster diving.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Matthew Harris (AECOM) – see [SYM-120] Robert Selig

Noel Harris (Middle Tennessee State University)

Marked on the Landscape: The African American Experience at Clover Bottom
Plantation
This paper presents a study of Clover Bottom’s extant outbuildings and historic
dwellings in relation to excavated artifact concentrations and architectural features
in order to expand our understanding of the plantation landscape from the
perspective of its African American majority. Vernacular architectural research
presents clues to dates of construction and shifting building functions over time.
Informed by primary descriptions of the property, the study of spatial relationships
and lines of sight among standing outbuildings and archaeological evidence may
reveal activity areas and communal gathering spaces within the plantation’s
landscape which reflect opportunities for surveillance or privacy, leisure, and
community resistance to slaveholders and overseers.
[SYM-874] – Senate Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.

Ryan P. Harris (Parks Canada)

All was left in complete order: a first look at the wreck of HMS Erebus
From the outset, remote-sensing data clearly indicated that the wreck of HMS
Erebus survived in remarkably sound condition, a fact later borne out by first-hand
diver inspection. This owes to the relatively benign physical environment in which
the wreck is situated, its rather atypical site formation history, as well as the
elaborate measures taken by Master Shipwrights of the Royal Navy Dockyards to
fortify Erebus for Arctic Service. This paper will provide an overview, both
internally and externally, of the largely intact hull structure and associated ship’s
fittings, highlighting various adaptations particular to polar navigation. Most

178
conspicuous is the novel provision for a retractable 2-bladed screw propeller, the
earliest application of this nascent technology to polar exploration.
[SYM-336] – Blue Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Siobhan M. Hart (Binghamton University), Katherine Dillon (Binghamton University)

Object Entanglements in the Connecticut River Valley
We examine the material residues of 17th century Pocumtuck Indians to understand
their long-term entanglements with others: kith and kin, ally and adversary, Native
and non-Native. The Pocumtuck resided in New England’s middle Connecticut River
Valley and were enmeshed in the Euro-Native exchange networks made possible by
the river, its smaller tributaries, and well established trail networks linking Native
and non-Native communities in all directions. We consider objects of copper alloy,
stone, clay, glass, and shell recovered from feature deposits at a Pocumtuck site in
Deerfield, Massachusetts. We focus on the acquisition, production, circulation, and
deposition of these objects to understand the long-term networks that were
maintained and reworked over several decades of occupation. We build on recent
ethnohistoric and archaeological research to further counter the prevailing notions
that (1) 17th century Pocumtuck were the same as their pre-contact ancestors; and
(2) that they disappeared mid-century.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Hannah E. Harvey (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

Glass, Floods, and "Gov'ment Work": Exploring Industrial Heritage in
Blairsville, Southwestern Pennsylvania
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, western Pennsylvania was a leading
center in American plate glass manufacture. One of the region’s smaller plants was
run by the Columbia Plate Glass Company, which operated in Blairsville from 1903
to 1935. During this time, the glass factory provided a major boost to the local
economy and supported a community of workers’ housing. Shortly after the
factory’s abandonment, the United States Army Corps of Engineers purchased the
site as part of a regional flood control program, and the land has been protected
from further development. The site offers an opportunity for research that
integrates both the technological and social aspects of industry. More specifically,
the factory’s importance is linked with technological change, trends in labor
movements, and our understanding of the modern post-industrial landscape. This
poster focuses on the site’s history, current research goals and methodology, and
preliminary findings.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Darlene E. Hassler (National Park Service), Justin P. Ebersole (National Park Service)
Somewhere Between a Savannah River Broadspear and a Model 1855 Rifle:
An Archeological Legacy and Recent Research at the Site of the Harpers Ferry
Armory

179
Harpers Ferry is fortunate to have a rich history of nearly 60 years of professional
archeological endeavors. Over half of that has been under the tenure of Regional
Chief Archeologist Dr. Stephen Potter. His relentless enthusiasm and support, as
well as encyclopedic knowledge, were pivotal in driving new research within the
park. Recently, the focus has been on the Armory site. While the Armory is best
known for its history of firearm technology, the archeological investigation revealed
a multi-component site including prehistory; a period for which little is known at
Harpers Ferry. This presentation highlights the diverse archeological findings at the
Armory, focusing on the most recent discovery of the earliest occupation levels. The
findings are significant in their own right, but when taken holistically, represent the
latest effort to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the past at Harpers
Ferry and within the wider Potomac River Valley.
[SYM-28b] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m.

D. Brad Hatch (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group), Danae Peckler (Dovetail Cultural
Resource Group), Joe Blondino (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group)
Smoking Hams and Pumping Hickory: The Armstrong-Rogers Site in New
Castle County, Delaware
From the beginning, initial studies at the Armstrong-Rogers site left more questions
than answers. Located within the floodplain of Drawyers Creek just north of
Middletown, Delaware, survey and testing efforts uncovered the partial remains of
a stone foundation and many eighteenth- and nineteenth-century artifacts. Was this
the home built by the Armstrong family in the 1730s? An 1820s building occupied
by James Rogers? Or something entirely different? The answer, in the end, is a little
of all three. Over the course of two months, Dovetail archaeologists used a variety of
techniques to reveal details on the historic layout of this land. While we discovered
that the main house site had been destroyed in the mid-twentieth century, a host of
historic work yard features remained intact, and careful excavation revealed
exciting details about the daily operation of this central Delaware farmstead.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Kathleen Hauther (University of Tennessee, Knoxville) – see [SYM-105a] Ashley H.

McKeown

Meredith M. Hawkins Trautt (Archaeological Research Center of St. Louis, Inc.)

Preliminary Results of the Madam Haycraft Site (23SL2334), City of St. Louis,
Missouri
During improvements to the Poplar Street Bridge in the City of St. Louis, Missouri,
the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) uncovered the Madam
Haycraft (23SL2334) and Louis Beaudoin sites in 2012. The Archaeological
Research Center of St. Louis, Inc. excavated portions of the Madam Haycraft site in
the winter of 2013/2014, which included features associated with a mid-19th
century oyster bar and a domestic building. Although archaeological investigations

180
continue to be conducted at this site, preliminary results from this initial
examination will be presented.
[SYM-129] Committee Room; Thursday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Trica Oshant Hawkins (Environmental Education Exchange) – see [SYM-31] Barnet

Pavao-Zuckerman

Philip A. Hayden (RGA, Inc.) – see [SYM-105a] Ilene Grossman-Bailey

Kat Hayes (University of Minnesota)

What This Fort Stands For: conflicting memory at Bdote/Historic Fort Snelling
For Dakota people, there is no more painful and conflicted a site of memory in
Minnesota than Historic Fort Snelling (HFS). Built on sacred grounds and used as a
prison camp following the 1862 U.S.-Dakota War, this historic property has until
recently been represented in a highly selective fashion, suppressing Dakota and
others' memory. In this paper I trace some of the specific processes of forgetting at
HFS, and why those processes are now failing through rising historical pluralism.
Yet commemorative pluralism itself may also be seen as forgetting, as long as the
fort remains at its center.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Raymond L. Hayes (Institute of Maritime Archaeology) – see [GEN-010] Susan B.

Langley

Maureen Hays (College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina) – see [GEN-004]

Kimberly Pyszka

Scott K. Hays-Strom (New Mexico State University)

Using Formation Process Models Of Educational Institutions At Lake Valley
Mining District, New Mexico To Create Public Archaeology Progams
This paper will use two principle models of site formation processes to understand
an emerging field of institutional archaeology that of school house archaeology. By
using the mining community of Lake Valley, Sierra County, New Mexico, these two
models can compare and contrast the social strata and life-cycle of two school
houses that shows the history of the community from founding to the closing of the
town in 1954. The existing archaeology and features of will be compared and
contrasted by using the one-room schoolhouse formation model created by April
Beisaw with the LaMotte Schiffer model of cultural and non-cultural formation
process to understand and interpret the life history in Lake Valley. The findings
from this model will then be applied to public/collaborative archaeology and
presented in a new permanent exhibit. This research is important rural education in
New Mexico and broaden the field of Institutional Archaeology.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

181
Christine H. Heacock (The Montpelier Foundation)
Beyond the Patriarchy: A Feminine Examination of Montpelier's Shifting
Landscape
The physical landscape at James Madison's Montpelier underwent drastic changes
between the mansion's original construction in 1764 and the end of Madison's life
in 1836. These modifications paralleled Madison's rise in social status and increase
of political power. This paper seeks to examine the ways in which a male's upward
trajectory in the public sphere and subsequent changes to his home led to feminine
renegotiations of place in a continually modified space. This paper utilizes
archaeological evidence, historical documents, and landscape modifications to give
the perspective of women, both free and enslaved, on the Piedmont plantation.
[SYM-292] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee)

Commoditization, Consumption and Interpretive Complexity: The Contingent
Role of Cowries in the Early Modern World
The commoditization of cowrie shells in the 17th and 18th centuries was central to
the economics of the consumer revolution of the early modern world. Cowries
drove the Africa trade that cemented economic relationships between rulers,
investors, merchants, and planters in Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. From
their origins in the Pacific, to the markets of India, from Europe to West Africa, and
from West Africa to the New World, cowries played a central role as both
commodities and consumer goods in their own right. Using an object biography
approach, I will use documentary evidence and shells excavated from
archaeological sites to trace the complex web of global and local interactions that
formed around the distribution of two species of Indo-Pacific snail shells, Monetaria
moneta and Monetaria annulus.
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sarah C. Heffner (PAR Environmental Services, Inc.)

Taking Time to Relax: Leisure Activities of Chinese Railroad Workers
Chinese who worked on the transcontinental railroads often endured long hours of
dangerous, backbreaking work. A typical work week lasted from Monday to
Saturday, sunrise to sunset. Sundays were spent washing and mending clothes and
participating in leisure activities. Railroad workers carried few belongings with
them as they had to be able to quickly pack up camp and move to the next
construction stop. This paper explores how Chinese railroad workers entertained
themselves with few material possessions and how the recreational activities that
they engaged in differ from those of their fellow countrymen and women living in
urban Chinatowns. In addition, this paper examines evidence of other recreational
activities and hobbies such as hunting and fishing, that Chinese railroad workers
may have been partaking in.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

182
Adam Heinrich (RGA, Inc.) – see [SYM-105a] Ilene B. Grossman-Bailey

Michael Heinz (US Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Air Traffic Control and
Landing Systems Flight Test Branch) – see [GEN-012] Brandi M. Carrier

Brenda Hornsby Heindl (Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts)

Defying Isolation: Pre-Civil War American Pottery Production and Marketing
Important to the study of historic pottery is removing notions of contemporary
craft and dated research on potters both rural and urban being secluded to local
markets. If archaeology is evidence of anything, it is evidence that potters were not
isolated, even for the early vestiges of production in America. Kiln sites are also
evidence of potters' interests and capability of making large quantities of pottery
for a broad market, as well as often making both earthenware and stoneware in one
kiln. Through the lens of a contemporary potter and material culturalist, this paper
will combine research on pre-1860 American kilns and kiln technology, production,
and marketing.
[SYM-118b] – Executive Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Adam R. Heinrich (Monmouth University)

Zooarchaeological Insights from Upper Delaware
Analyses of faunal assemblages dating from the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries are able to show how domestic livestock and wild fauna were managed,
collected, and consumed by colonial and post-colonial New Castle County, Delaware
farmers and their laborers. Animal species, their numbers, and butchery marks on
their bones reveal identities, possible coping strategies and/or cuisine in rural
Delaware. These faunal remains are also able to provide some data that can allow
archaeologists to identify changes in husbandry practices in this very dynamic
period.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Graham J. Henderson (Middle Tennessee State University)

Questions Answered and the Way Forward: Results of the 2015 Clover Bottom
Field Season and the New Questions Generated.
During June and July of 2015, a historical archaeological field school from Middle
Tennessee State University’s Public History Program conducted a survey and
assessment of Clover Bottom plantation (40DDV186) in Nashville, Tennessee. This
excavation looked to bring forth new material evidence for the experiences of the
property’s majority of enslaved and emancipated residents. This paper presents the
results of topographic and shovel-test surveys and test excavations as they relate to
ongoing documentary, cartographic, and architectural research into Clover
Bottom’s history. Finally this paper considers new questions for future research.

183
[SYM-874] – Senate Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.

Samantha J. Henderson (Fort Monroe Authority)

Roots in the Community: A Macrobotanical Analysis of Enslaved African-
American Households at James Madison's Montpelier
In 2008, the archaeology department at James Madison’s Montpelier began a multi-
year project that sought to understand the community dynamics between enslaved
workers at the plantation in the early 19th century. This study excavated and
analyzed four sites: South Yard, Stable Quarter, Field Quarter, and Tobacco Barn
Quarter. Each of these sites represents a different community of enslaved workers,
from those who worked in the mansion to field hands. This paper will compare the
macrobotanical remains from these four sites, showing possible similarities and
differences in subsistence strategies of the people living at these quarters. The plant
remains recovered suggest that the enslaved community utilized resources across
many seperate spaces, as defined by the Madisons, and created a place to find foods,
fuels, and medicines utilized by members of the entire enslaved community.
[SYM-292] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Shea Henry (Simon Fraser University, Canada) – see [POS-1] David Burley

Shea Henry (Simon Fraser University, Canada)

Zooarchaeological Evidence of Dietary Impacts from Contact at Maima,
Jamaica
Recent field research at the Taino village of Maima on the north coast of Jamaica has
revealed a complex late prehistoric and contact era village settlement. Occupied
during the late prehistoric era, Maima was impacted by Columbus and his crew
when they were stranded on the island for a year in 1503. After that initial contact,
the villagers were forced into labour at the nearby Spanish settlement of Sevilla la
Nueva. Faunal evidence, including shell and vertebrate bone, show that the impact
of contact and colonization was swift and with severe consequences for the Maima
villagers. Few European domesticates and little change in subsistence strategies
through time reveal that, for the Maima villagers, the time between Spanish contact
and the abandonment of their village was sudden and complete.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Kaeleigh Herstad (Indiana University)

The Archaeology of Urban Blight
This presentation explores the reconfiguration of urban landscapes in
postindustrial cities by discussing how materials removed from blighted
neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio, are reused and resold as
tangible heritage (in the form of furniture or personal accessories), often in
different parts of the same city. Mapping the transfer and reuse of building
materials reveals patterns of urban change and (re)development over time and

184
provides insight into regional understandings of how blight and its removal figure
into narratives about urban "regeneration."
Using data from ethnographic interviews and analysis of marketing and media
coverage, I argue that the process of reclamation transforms urban blight from
something threatening and pathologized—an aggressive "cancer" that can take over
an entire city—to something that residents can wear and incorporate (in a
contained, sanitized way) into their homes and/or wardrobes.
[SYM-59b] – Congressional B; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Michael Hess (University of California, San Diego), Vid Petrovic (University of

California, San Diego), Dominique Rissolo (University of California, San Diego), Falko
Kuester (University of California, San Diego)
Multimodal Diagnosis of Historic Baptistery di San Giovanni in Florence, Italy
Historical structures can pose great challenges when attempting to uncover their
past and preserve their future. Centuries of damages induced by continued use,
settling and natural disasters have impacted these structures, each of which have
the potential to hinder their response to future events. This paper presents a
methodological approach that utilizes technologies like laser scanning,
photogrammetry, thermal imaging and ground penetrating radar in order to
generate a holistic, layered model that documents every aspect of the structure's
geometry, appearance, material properties, and construction. Work performed at
the Baptistery di San Giovanni in Florence, Italy is presented here as a case study of
the proposed methodology. Capturing the most accurate record of the existing state
of health is crucial in order to help domain experts understand the structure’s past
and start to plan for its future.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Cayla L. Hill (Oregon State University)

An Archaeological Exploration of St. Joseph’s College, the First Catholic
Boarding School for Boys within the Oregon Territory
St. Joseph’s College was located within St. Paul, Oregon, the first Roman Catholic
mission in the Pacific Northwest. It was established in 1839 by Father Francois
Blanchet, four years after the French-Canadian settlers in the area had requested
the presence of a Catholic priest. On October 17, 1843, St. Joseph’s College was
officially dedicated, becoming the first Catholic boarding school for boys within the
Oregon Territory. The school eventually closed in June 1849 due to the mass exodus
of settlers to the California gold fields. This paper discusses the results of my
Master's thesis at Oregon State University, which reanalyzed both the historical and
archaeological record associated with the site in order to better understand the
daily experiences and activities of the Catholic priests and students as well as the
significance of the overall institution, St. Joseph’s College, during a pivotal period of
development within the Oregon Territory.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

185
Bert Ho (Submerged Resources Center, U.S. National Park Service), Larry Murphy
(Submerged Resources Center, U.S. National Park Service)
Within These Walls and Beyond: How the NHPA Saved and Continues to
Protect Dry Tortugas National Park
Dry Tortugas National Park lies approximately 70 miles to the west of Key West in
the direct path of the Florida Straits, as the western most terminus of the Florida
Keys. Having been desginated initially as a National Monument in 1935, it wasn't
until the establishment of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 that it
truly saw protection from treasure hunters in the pristine reefs, and in a ironic
twist, also from the then director of the National Park Service. Shipwrecks and
material culture from centuries of maritime activity have created a park that is rich
in submerged cultural resources, and this paper will discuss first the NHPA's direct
effect on both terrestrial and underwater sites at the park, and also remark on the
47 years of archeological study since 1969 and what is to come in the near future.
[SYM-51] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Christina J. Hodge (Stanford University Archaeology Collections) – see [SYM-302]

Diana Loren

Christina J. Hodge (Stanford University Archaeology Collections)

Masculine Mis/apprehensions: Race, Place, and Gender at Harvard’s Colonial
Indian College
This paper considers intersecting identities of gender, race, religion, age, and status
in early America, centering on the colonial Harvard Indian College—a highly
charged masculine setting in the 17th-century Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Institutional structures and the material culture of daily life constrained
masculinity for Native American and English members of the early Harvard
community while establishing education as a trope of patriarchal power. Young
men adopted intensely religious lives under constant scrutiny, participating in
unequal relations of intellectual and cultural exchange. Anglo-American
misapprehensions of, and apprehensions about, indigenous genders complicated
these relations. In this context, discourses of association, surveillance, and desire
prove especially pertinent. Encounters were racialized, gendered, and contested.
These tensions must be incorporated into our understandings of colonial New
England.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

William N. Hoffman (The Mariners' Museum)

Bring History Alive: Creating a Replica Worthington Steam Pump from USS
Monitor
USS Monitor conservation staff are often asked, “What was the goal for recovering
artifacts from the ironclad’s wreck site?” The answer is to use the artifacts as
mediums to tell the stories of the ship and crew. Two Worthington steam pumps

186
recovered in 2001 are good examples of this concept. Both pumps are complex
machines which led to extensive research to understand how they operated and
physically changed during burial to be able to safely conserve them. As the
conservation of the pumps progressed, discussion on display also began. How do
we covey the grandeur of live moving steam engines which are now too fragile to
operate? This led to an ambitious project to create an operational replica of the
pumps using the information gathered during conservation.This paper will provide
an overview of the reproduction process and describe the outreach potential of a
project of this scale.
[SYM-208] – Committee Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Nicholas Honerkamp (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga)

Identifying “Missing” Slave Cabins On Low Country Georgia Plantations
Historical archaeologists are familiar with the tensions that exist between
documentary, oral history, and archaeological data. On many coastal Georgia
plantations, a clear expression of such tension is seen in the documented presence
of large slave populations that lived and worked on plantations and the typically
miniscule number of cabins in which the slaves presumably resided, as indicated by
historic maps or from in situ structural remains. Typically this dramatic
discrepancy is simply ignored, and a minimalist cabin frequency is assumed, no
matter the demographic and temporal conundrums this approach entails. Enslaved
families had to live somewhere though time and space. This paper offers
suggestions about where their elusive cabins may be located, and how they can be
identified by archaeologists.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Mark Hoock (American University)

Macho and Moral: An Archaeological Investigation of Masculine Behaviors on
Apple Island, Michigan.
It is not remarkable to say that the separation between city and country has become
a normalized binary. For years, scholars have discussed how capitalism has framed
urban and rural spaces, including desires to leave urban areas for some
approximation of a sentimental bucolic paradise. However, investigating the rural
and urban separation and “back to the land” movements within capitalism reveals
other interesting social phenomena. Archaeological investigations of a vacation
retreat owned by members from Detroit’s late 19th century elite social class has
yielded data illuminating their contributions to normative views of masculinity
promoted within a romanticized vacation space removed from their daily urban
existence. The performances of these individuals within their vacation refuge
supported the demarcation between urban and rural, while simultaneously
perpetuated a connection between a “normalized” masculinity and morality that
accompanied leaving the city, even though their economic success within the city
permitted their rustic retreat.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

187
Suzanne Findlen Hood (Colonial Williamsburg) – see [SYM-208] Ian D. Simmonds

Johns W. Hopkins (Baltimore Heritage, Inc.)

Making it Matter -- Public Archeology and Outreach to Diverse Communities
in Baltimore
To celebrate the bicentennial of the War of 1812, Baltimore Heritage in 2014
undertook an archeology project to document the defensive works erected to repel
the British invasion in what is today a well used public park, and to engage park
users, school kids, and nearby residents about the history of the battlefield-turned-
park. The neighborhoods surrounding the project site are dense and racially
diverse: roughly a third each of African American, Hispanic, and Caucasion. The
year-long engagement effort started with a full commitment to outreach from every
project member, from remote sensing specialists and lead archeologists to
nonprofit partners and community groups. Festival days, scholarly talks, archeology
show-and-tells, interpreters and bilingual project information in print and online,
and lots of evening and weekend work led to thousands of visitors, hundreds of
hands-on volunteers, help from 900 public school children, and a changed
perception of the importance of the park.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Audrey J. Horning (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom)

Minding the Gaps: Exploring the intersection of political economies, colonial
ideologies, and cultural practices in early modern Ireland.
Examinations of the imposition of colonial ideologies actualised through the
mechanism of plantation, or enforced settlement, in Ireland often highlight
plantation as a stark process that was founded upon, and thus fully accommodated
to, a fully-fledged version of mercantile capitalism. Yet on the ground, engagements
between peoples reveal that ideologies were incompletely applied, plantation plans
seldom realised, and new economic formulations incompletely rendered. On close
examination, seemingly incompatible economic structures (Gaelic, Old English, and
incoming plantation) emerge as capable of mutation and accommodation, thus
forcing a reconsideration of the rigid interpretations of the rise of capitalism in the
early modern Atlantic that has typified scholarship in historical archaeology. In this
paper, I examine the gaps between rhetoric and reality, and contemplate how a
more nuanced consideration of the intersections of culturally disparate political
economies can yield a deeper understanding of colonial encounters and colonial
settings.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher E. Horrell (Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement) – see [SYM-

94a] Frank J. Cantelas

188
Christopher E. Horrell (BSEE)
19th Century Workhorses: The Examination of a Centerboard Schooner off
Dog Island, Florida.
Between 2001 and 2003, the Dog and St. George Islands Shipwreck Survey, a
research project conducted by the Florida State University Program in Underwater
Archaeology, investigated a mid-to-late 19th century wooden-hulled centerboard
schooner. This site, while integral to instructing students on the various
methodologies and techniques utilized to conduct archaeological investigations
underwater, provides a glimpse into the Gulf of Mexico’s maritime history and
culture. To date, the shipwreck remains unidentified, yet the information obtained
by studying the vessel’s construction, associated material culture, and site
formation processes suggests that there is much to learn about these workhorses of
the Gulf. Their presence alone as symbols of the various types of labor and industry
that existed in the 19th century Gulf of Mexico can further inform our
understanding of this period, shedding light on variation within the archaeological
assemblage and human behavior.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Timothy J. Horsley (Horsley Archaeological Prospection, LLC, Department of

Anthropology, Northern Illinois University)
Going Over Old Ground: developing effective geophysical survey
methodologies for Maryland’s archaeological sites
As geophysical techniques become more frequently integrated into archaeological
investigations in Maryland, methodologies are being refined, and their potential is
becoming better understood across the discipline. Many factors affect the successful
outcome of these non-invasive surveys, including the specific natural conditions
and archaeological features at a site, but also careful selection of appropriate
techniques and data collection strategies. This presentation will review a variety of
geophysical surveys from the last 8 years in Maryland, illustrating ways in which
these methods are enhancing how we conduct archaeology and manage cultural
resources. These case studies demonstrate the potential of geophysical survey for
going well beyond simply locating anomalies for subsequent excavation. Detailed
maps of buried remains are helping us to define site extent, examine the spatial
arrangement of features, and interpret site function, thereby assisting in ongoing
research and management.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Elizabeth A. Horton (Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, National Park Service)
In the Crossfire of Canons: A Study of Status, Space, and Interaction at Mid-
19th Century Vancouver Barracks, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site,
Washington
The U.S. Army’s Fort Vancouver in southwest Washington served as the
headquarters for the U.S. Army’s Pacific Northwest exploration and campaigns from
1849 to World War II. During the mid-19th century, members of the military

189
community operated within a rigid social climate with firm cultural expectations
and rules of behavior that articulated with Victorian notions of gentility.
Excavations of residential areas occupied by junior officers, non-commissioned
officers, laundresses, and enlisted soldiers provided an opportunity to explore the
daily lifeways within military communities on the frontier. This paper examines
how the military system reproduced and reinforced culturally idealized class and
gender roles through multiple nested levels of constructed space. Acting as
metaphors, objects, such as buildings, foods, and personal items, facilitated this
process through non-verbal distribution of symbolically encoded information that
simultaneously embodied and transmitted military ideology and Victorian idealized
gender roles.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Aaron A. Howard (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, Western Michigan

University) – see [POS-3] John W. Cardinal

Aaron J. Howe (Western Michigan University), LouAnn Wurst (Michigan Technical

University)
Land, Lumber and Labor
Coalwood, a cordwood camp in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, provides an ideal
setting to talk about internally related aspects of capitalist production from the
vantage points of land, lumber, and labor. The cordwood produced at Coalwood
from 1900-1912 was used to fuel pig iron furnaces owned by the Cleveland Cliffs
Iron Company. Comparison of company reports, censuses, and local historical
information suggest a dramatic change in the organization of production at
Coalwood that coincides with the environmental consequences of diminishing
timber resources. This paper examines the relationship between the environment,
organization of production, and capitalism by exploring the material remains of
Coalwood residents’ everyday life. Settlement of the area is linked to natural
resources and their depletion had profound impacts on labor formation. By viewing
the material remains as evidence of the social relations of production we tie the
routines of daily life to larger processes of capital accumulation.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Joe Hoyt (NOAA) – see [SYM-32] Gregory Roach

Joseph C. Hoyt (NOAA), Nathan Richards (Coastal Studies Institute)

NAS Initiatives in North Carolina and Virginia
In 2012, NOAA’s Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, East Carolina University, and
the UNC-Coastal Studies Institute began a collaborative effort to offer NAS training to
community members throughout North Carolina and Virginia. Since then the initiative
further opened to additional partners from state agencies, not-for-profit
organizations, and dive shops and an expanded offering of courses spanning from
introductory courses to Part 3 modules (and standalone projects) are now offered.

190
This presentation will outline the goals, scope, projects, and future activities of NAS in
North Carolina and Virginia.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Meagan Huff (National Park Service) – see [SYM-31] Douglas C. Wilson

Robert Hunter (Ceramics in America)

Ceramic Research is Alive and Well
Ceramic research continues to be a mainstay of historical archaeology endeavors. In
spite of years of the so-called quantitative approaches to ceramic analyses including
mean dating, South’s pattern analysis, and most recently the DAACS’s recording
methodology, the basics of identifying specific potters and their products is alive
and well. Writing the story of American ceramics is a regional undertaking. It
requires historical research, excavation, material science, study of antique objects,
and comparative research with museum curators, auction houses, collectors, and
advocational “diggers”. Social media has revitalized these tasks and it’s an exciting
time for those who are writing the history of American ceramics.
[SYM-118b] – Executive Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Stance Hurst (Museum of Texas Tech University), Dallas C. Ward (Museum of Texas
Tech University), Eileen Johnson (Museum of Texas Tech University)
Landscape Perspective on Cowboy Life and Ranching Along the Southern High
Plains Eastern Escarpment of Northwestern Texas
Cattle ranching is an important part of the heritage of many former frontier regions,
yet are informed primarily by a few first-hand accounts and biographies of
successful ranches or famous cattlemen. Examining the relationship between
ranching-related material culture recovered archaeologically and the landscape is a
first step towards constructing a landscape view of ranching heritage that is missing
within the present literature. Research at Macy Locality 16 (~1890-1920), located
near a freshwater spring and overlooks a creek, has revealed the remains of a corral
and chuck wagon with related camping activities. The position of the camp on the
landscape in relation to other ranching-related landscape furniture indicates the
site functioned as a round-up camp. Clusters of over 300 cartridges indicate
shooting firearms and perhaps shooting competitions was an important activity at
round-up camps. This type of recreational activity is not well documented in the
historic literature.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Guilliam Hurte Sr. (Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA) – see [GEN-017] Cori
Rich

Karen A. Hutchins-Keim (EBI Consulting)

191
An Archaeology of Homeplace at the Parting Ways, an African-American
Settlement in Plymouth, Massachusetts
The paper will explore how the African-American residents of a late 18th- and 19th-
century community called Parting Ways in Plymouth, Massachusetts constructed a
homeplace in the years following their emancipation from slavery. Beyond their
importance to household productivity, daily practices—for example, cooking, eating
meals, taking tea, and household chores—constituted social interactions and
exchanges between individuals that fostered a sense of security and strengthened
the bonds of family, friendship, and community, and were the means through which
the homeplace was built and given meaning to those who experienced it. This paper
presents an archaeology of the homeplace at Parting Ways that links these
quotidian practices to the creation of meaningful spaces for individual families and
the local African-American community.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David G. Hyde (University of California Berkeley), Katrina C. L. Eichner (University of

California Berkeley)
Playing with Gender: Considerations of Intersecting Identities Expressed
through Childhood Materials at Fort Davis, Texas
Too often, children are made invisible in the archaeological record. However, as a
site of experimentation and play where multiple interrelated subjectivities are in
constant negotiation, childhood is the foundation for identity construction. Using an
assemblages of children’s toys and personal items from 19th and 20th century Fort
Davis, Texas , we posit that childhood is a reflection of larger social dynamics.
Employing the materials of daily life, we will focus on how children’s negotiations of
gendered, ethnoracial, and classed identity allowed for the navigation of a highly
masculinized and socially volatile frontier military landscape.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Linda J. Hylkema (Santa Clara University), Sara Peelo (Albion Environmental, Inc.),
Eric Wohlgemuth (Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.), Thomas
Garlinghouse (Albion Environmental, Inc.), Cristie Boone (Ichthyofaunal Analysis)
Looking Beyond the Colonial/Indigenous Foods Dichotomy: Recent Insights
into Identity Formation via Communal Foodways from Mission Santa Clara de
Asís.
The Spanish Colonial mission complexes (churches, quadrangles, and outlying
buildings and structures) brought about new order on native landscapes with the
introduction of European urban planning. As a result, many researchers maintain
that Old World plants and animals rapidly supplanted and displaced many types of
native species, and they often define “wild” foods as supplemental to agricultural
foods. Additionally, many scholars continue to support the notion that agriculture is
an active practice of food production in contrast to the passive and marginalized
state of hunters and gatherers. Using recent archaeological data from Mission Santa
Clara, we argue that it is beneficial to think about all foods on equal grounds as

192
possible resources available to a population. Instead of assuming superiority of
colonial foods over traditional ones, we seek to understand how native peoples may
have incorporated Spanish grains, fruits, vegetables and livestock into existing yet
dynamic indigenous foodways.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Marika Hyttinen (University of Oulu, Finland), Titta Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu,

Finland)
The Pitch Tar Mills in the Gulf of Bothnia’s Early Modern Coastal Towns,
Northern Finland
During the 18th and early 19th centuries, every coastal town in northern Finland’s
Gulf of Bothnia had their own pitch tar mills. The pitch was produced from boiling
tar and used as creosote to make wooden sailing ships watertight. The global need
for pitch and tar made these products an important export product for early
modern Swedish trade. The pitch tar mills were often located near towns on the
mainland’s coast or on offshore islands nearby. Since 1640 in the town of Oulu, for
instance, the pitch boilery was located across the water from the urban area on
Pikisaari Island. In the 1720s the maritime toll was moved to Pikisaari that resulted
the island became a more integral part of the town. In this presentation we will
discuss how the changing mill locations reveal negotiations of power and control
among key players in the industry.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

I
Mary Elizabeth Ibarrola (University of Florida)
The Life Cycle of a Slave Cabin: Results of the 2014 and 2015 University of
Florida Historical Archaeological Field Schools at Bulow Plantation, Flagler
County, Florida
Bulow Plantation (8FL7) in Flagler County, Florida, occupied for only fourteen
years, provides a narrow window into the life of enslaved African Americans living
and working on an East Florida sugar plantation. In the 2014 and 2015 field
seasons, the University of Florida conducted excavations focusing on a single
domestic slave cabin and the surrounding yard. Results from these excavations will
be presented with a particular focus on the life cycle of the cabin, from its
construction in 1821 to its destruction by fire in 1836. The application of these
results to visitor experiences at the site will also be discussed.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

193
Abiye E. Ichaba (Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria, Nigeria)
The Decline of the Traditional Iron Working Industry in the Abuja Area of
Central Nigeria: The Role of British Colonial Policies. c. 1800-1960
By the beginning of the 19th century iron working played important roles in the
economic and socio-cultural ways of the inhabitants of Abuja. The traditionally
produced iron tools and implements provided the much needed tools for
agriculture, warfare, trade, inter-group relations, control of the environment, and
other socio-cultural developments. By c. 1800 A.D., British colonial interests in the
area had increased, just like other parts of Nigeria. This paper explores the decline
of the traditional iron working industry in this part of Nigeria as a result of British
colonial policies on mining, solid minerals, forestry, and recycling of imported iron
scraps from Europe to Nigeria. It clearly demonstrates how British colonial policies
contributed to the decline of some traditional industries in this part of Africa,
specifically the iron working industry.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Yoshifumi Ikeda (University of the Ryukus, Japan), Randall Sasaki (Kyushu National
Museum, Japan)
Discovery and future of the lost fleet of the Mongol Empire
The story of Kamikaze, or the legendary storm that destroyed the ill-fated fleet of
Khublai Khan off Japan, is a well known story in history. It is recorded that more
than three thousands vessels were lost. The search for the lost fleet took decades
while only small hull fragments and scatters of artifacts were found. In 2015, finally
a well-preservd vessel was discovered at Takashim Island in Nagasaki Prefecture.
Unfortunately, the large majority of Japanese archaeologists had not realize the
importance of an underwater archaeological site until now. The Japanese agency for
cultural affairs is conducting studies onhow other countries are managing their
underwater cultural heritage and on how the vessel should be protected. This paper
illustrates the brief history of the struggles to find the lost fleet as well as the
current status of how the nation is dealing with this new interests in managing
underwater cultural heritage.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David Ingleman (University of California, Santa Cruz), Nicole Ferguson (Cockpit

Country Local Forest Management Committee), Michael Shaw (Cockpit Country Local
Forest Management Committee)
Partnering for Heritage Preservation in Flagstaff, Jamaica
In 2015, archaeologists and community members in Flagstaff, Jamaica cooperatively
excavated the site of a 19th-century British married soldier’s quarters, located in
the former Maroon Town Barracks. Little is known about the identities of the
soldiers who occupied these structures, and even less is known about the identities
of their wives and families. The excavations sought to understand how the site’s
former inhabitants enacted and contested their ethnic and gender identities

194
through the use of material culture. The excavation,which was performed to
mitigate impacts to the site, by the proposed Flagstaff Community Centre, was
sponsored by local community organizations, supported by an international
coalition, and open to the public. This paper will introduce the community of
Flagstaff, the history of the site, the processes of coalition building, creative
fundraising, and participatory excavation and analysis, as well as summarize
preliminary results.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Jack Irion (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-94a] Frank J. Cantelas

Jack B. Irion (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-94b] Dave Ball

Jack B. Irion (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Gulf of Mexico Region), Dave Ball
(Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS Region)
"A Stronghold Of Rebellion:" Confederate Defense Of The Central Gulf Coast
During The Civil War
When the South seceded from the Union in 1861, cotton was the currency they
believed would fuel the war effort and bring Britain as an ally to the Southern cause.
Maintenance of two of the critical ports of the antebellum cotton trade, New
Orleans, Louisiana, and Mobile, Alabama was key to the Confederacy's survival and
ultimately to its failure. Archaeological investigations at the site of the river
defenses in the Mississippi River delta confirmed historical accounts leading to the
fall of New Orleans early in the war while others have shed light on the elaborate
fortifications of Mobile, which were considered an engineering marvel subsequently
studied in military academies in the U.S. and Europe. This paper examines the
impact of the fall of New Orleans on the defense of Mobile and the strategy that lead
to the collapse of both.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Jessica Irwin (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Maritime
Research Division) – see [GEN-007] Nathan W. Fulmer

Nicole M. Isenbarger (Archaeological Research Collective, Inc.)

Plants, People, And Pottery: Looking At The Personal Agriculture Of The
Enslaved In South Carolina.
The wealth of the Southern states was built upon the free labor of enslaved Africans
toiling in the agricultural fields of their masters’ staple crops. In the Lowcountry of
South Carolina the enslaved worked within the task system, which allotted them
“free time” to then work to supplement the meager rations they were given.
Research into the diets and spirituality of enslaved Africans can lend insight into the
foods they purchased, grew, and foraged – personal agriculture in the face of
plantation crop production. It is within these supplemental foods that they gained
sustenance and possibly even some solace from their daily drudgery. This paper
will discuss the evidence of these foods using historical documents, as well as lipid,

195
pollen, and ethnobotanical evidence from African-American contexts in South
Carolina. A focus on these non-industrial agricultural endeavors lends another facet
to their daily struggles and personal preferences.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

J
Michael Jacobson (Public Archaeology Facility-Binghamton University), Nina Versaggi
(Public Archaeology Facility-Binghamton University)
Mapping the Path to Preservation: Integrating community and research at the
Newtown and Chemung Battlefields
The inclusion of community is vital for the protection of historic sites. However,
issues related to present day property rights, economic development, and historic
struggles can present obstacles for integrating communities into a preservation
project. The Revolutionary War’s Sullivan-Clinton campaign involves a complex
history centered on the violent conflict between Haudenosaunee (Iroquois),
Delaware, and Continental forces. Historic tensions between the Haudenosaunee
and the American and New York State governments are often traced back to this
campaign. Since 2008, Binghamton University’s Public Archaeology Facility (PAF)
has conducted an archeological preservation project on the campaign’s two major
battles, Newtown and Chemung. This paper presents the steps used in moving
beyond research to community engagement. Using innovative techniques for
research analysis and the presentation of results, PAF has developed new methods
of community engagement that help to integrate the various community views and
interests related to the histories and landscapes of these battlefields.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Denise T. Jaffke (California State Parks), Tricia Dodds (California State Parks),
Lake Tahoe Maritime Heritage Trail
Lake Tahoe is the third deepest lake in North America. On its southwest shore is
Emerald Bay, a fjord embayment that has long been recognized for its spectacular
natural beauty and as one of the most photographed places on earth. Just offshore
of the historic site of Emerald Bay Resort are the remains of the “Mini-fleet.” These
ten small craft, representing a variety of vessel form and function, operated on
Emerald Bay from 1890-1940 for recreation. The Mini-fleet represents 90 percent
of the styles of boats used for leisure and work on Lake Tahoe, and the vessels are
one of the largest examples of early 20th century small boats known to exist in situ.
California State Parks is in the process of establishing an underwater maritime
heritage trail to highlight and interpret the Mini-fleet, which represents an
important period in Lake Tahoe’s history and for American leisure boating in
general.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

196
Larry James (Brockington and Associates), Ralph Bailey (Brockington and Associates),
Charles Philips (Brockington and Associates)
“A melancholy scene of abandonment, desolation, and ruin:”The
Archaeological Record of the Upper Ashley River Region of South Carolina
The Upper Ashley River region of South Carolina is characterized by cypress
swamps that form a relatively straight, narrow river that flows unimpeded to
Charleston. This landscape provided the ideal location for early estates of the
planter elite in the eighteenth century. These Carolinians developed the rice and
indigo plantation culture of the Lowcountry. The region became the crossroads of
many historical events including the development of rice cultivation, Native
American trade and uprisings, slave rebellions, and the civil unrest related to the
American Revolution. By the 1840s, however, these once grand estates were in
decline, described by one observer as a scene of melancholy abandonment. In this
paper we will explore this history through archaeological research,highlighting a
watershed that includes a Historic District, a National Scenic and Historic Byway, a
State Scenic River, a National Historic Landmark, a National Trust property, and
dozens of sites, ruins, buildings, and cemeteries.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Stephen James (Panamerican Consultants), Gordon Watts (Tidewater Atlantic

Research)
Preliminary Results Of The Data Recovery Project of the CSS Georgia
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District, in partnership with the
Georgia Ports Authority, is proposing to expand the Savannah Harbor navigation
channel on the Savannah River. As designed, the Savannah Harbor Expansion
Project (SHEP) will consist of deepening and widening various portions of the
harbor. Previous surveys identified the remains of the CSS Georgia, a Civil War
ironclad-ram within the Area of Potential Effect, and as proposed, the SHEP would
adversely affect this National Register of Historic Places listed site. In 2015, and
under contract to the Savannah District, the remains of the CSS Georgia were fully
archaeologically documented and systematically recovered by Panamerican
Consultants in concert with the US Navy, Supervisor of Salvage and the U.S. Navy’s
Mobile Diving Salvage Unit 2. This paper will present the preliminary results of this
recent Data Recovery Project.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ross W. Jamieson (Simon Fraser University, Canada) – see [POS-1] Fernando J.

Astudillo

Ross W. Jamieson (Simon Fraser University, Canada), Fernando Astudillo (Simon

Fraser University, Canada), Florencio Delgado (Universidad San Francisco de Quito,
Ecuador), Peter W. Stahl (University of Victoria, Canada)

197
Champagne and Angostura Bitters: Entertaining at a Galapagos Sugar
Plantation, 1880-1904
From 1880 to 1904 Manuel J. Cobos ran the El Progreso Plantation in the highlands
of San Cristóbal in the Galapagos Islands. This operation focused on sugar, cattle,
coffee, and fruit production, exploiting the labour of convicted prisoners and
indentured peons from mainland Ecuador. Excavation of the household midden in
2014 and 2015 demonstrates that Cobos imported a variety of goods that tied this
remote location in Pacific South America to a global supply chain of luxury
consumer products from Europe and beyond. Visiting scientific expeditions
remarked on the lavish nature of Cobos’ hospitality, made more remarkable by the
remoteness of the agricultural village, and his eventual death at the hands of his
own workers in 1904.
[GEN-015] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Sarah N. Janesko (Gibb Archaeological Consulting) – see [GEN-008] James G. Gibb

Sarah N. Janesko (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center)

Remembering the Tenant Farmers: A comparison of two late 19th-century
tenant farm dwellings in Maryland.
This paper compares two late nineteenth-to early twentieth-century African
American tenant farm sites located on the Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center (SERC) campus in Edgewater, Maryland. I used historical population and
agricultural census data to provide context for initial field findings, and used these
contextualized findings to formulate questions about changing social and
agricultural practices after emancipation.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Meta F. Janowitz (AECOM) – see [SYM-104] Rebecca L. White

Meta F. Janowitz (AECOM)

American Stoneware, What it Looks Like from an 18th Century Point of View
Salt-glazed stoneware vessels and sherds found on 19th century sites are generally
assumed to be of North American manufacture, unless they are highly decorated,
but sherds from 18th century sites are usually identified as German made. American
potters, however, made highly decorated vessels in the German style beginning in
the early 18th century and many vessels attributed to Europe were made in New
York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania. These vessels can be identified by their pastes
and other characteristics, including their decorations and their chemical
compositions.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ranjith M. Jayasena (The City of Amsterdam, Netherlands)

198
The Privy of ‘ Our Lord in the Attic’, The Archaeology of an 18th-century
Artifact Assemblage in Amsterdam
Cesspits are a typical urban phenomenon and in Amsterdam these were usually
brick structures beneath a latrine house. In addition to their primary sanitary
function, they also became repositories for household waste, resulting in a record of
domestic artifacts as well as faunal and botanical debris. Six decades of archaeology
in Amsterdam have revealed over 300 cesspits, opening a window on the material
culture and diet of the city’s population from the 14th-century onwards. This paper
will focus on a cesspit found during renovation of the Museum ‘Our Lord in the
Attic’ and excavated in 2013 by the Amsterdam office for Monuments and
Archaeology. In the 17th- and 18th century this building had a beer house on the
ground and a clandestine Catholic church upstairs. The archaeological assemblage
from the building’s cesspit includes more than 3,000 largely-complete objects of
ceramics and glass from c. 1675-1750.
[SYM-102] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 3:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Richard W. Jefferies (University of Kentucky) – see [GEN-013] Christopher R. Moore

Patrice L. Jeppson (Cheyney University of Pennsylvania) – see [SYM-31] Jeffrey Collins

Patrice L Jeppson (Cheyney University of Pennsylvania)

Considering the Possibilities of an 'Urban Public Archaeology': The Findings of
a 60-Year Retrospective of Public Archaeology in the City of Philadelphia
In practice, and in scholarly debate, historical archaeologists pursue urban
archaeology either as the archaeology ‘of cities’ or as archaeology that is done ‘in
cities’. Likewise, in practice and scholarly debate, there is variation and divergence
in the definitions and terminologies related to what 'Public Archaeology' is and
what it does. Drawing on the dynamic, diverse, innovative, and usually long history
of public outreach and engagement in the city of Philadelphia, this talk -- part of a
symposium on Urban Archaeology in Philadelphia – considers some new questions:
Is there such as thing as an Urban Public Archaeology? If yes, what is it, and how
and why is it different from public archaeology undertaken in a non-urban setting?
Are there urban public archaeology methodologies? This retrospective ends with a
renewed call to action for Philadelphia area archaeologists operating publicly as
part of, or digging into, the city's urban condition.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jim Jobling (Texas A&M University)

Why we conserve artifacts, the CSS Georgia Story.
As part of the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project, the USACE, Savannah District,
tasked Panamerican Consultants with archaeologically recording and systematically
recovering the artifacts from the wreck of the CSS Georgia. More than 125 tons of
material was recovered, which created a few interesting challenges for the field

199
crew and the Conservation Research Lab. What artifacts does one conserve, and
what do we document and rebury. This paper presents a number of ways that a
well-equipped facility can help the field archaeologist, in documenting and
recording a large artifact assemblage.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Eileen Johnson (Museum of Texas Tech University) – see [GEN-005] Stance Hurst

Eric D. Johnson (Harvard University), Douglas J. Bolender (University of Massachusetts

Boston)
The Archaeology of Rural Proletarianization in Early Modern Iceland
Categories such as capitalism, feudalism, peasantry and proletariat obscure more
than they elucidate in Early Modern Iceland. The millennium-long occupation of
farms in Skagafjörður, Northern Iceland reveals that during the initial settlement of
Iceland in the late ninth century, land was freely available, but by the late
seventeenth century over 95% of all farming properties were owned by landlords
who frequently renegotiated tenant leases. In many ways these insecure tenants
resemble capitalist wage laborers more than traditional medieval peasants. We
invoke Lenin’s concept of the “rural proletariat” and David Harvey's notion of
"accumulation by dispossession" to examine similarities between the political
economies of Early Modern Iceland and agrarian capitalism. For each supposedly
“capitalist” and “non-capitalist” regime, an essential strategy for reproducing
inequalities is the maintenance of “proletarian” forms of unequal property rights
augmented by the mobility of a labor force produced by dispossession and
monopolization of productive capital.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Matthew H. Johnson (Northwestern University)

Colonialism and the 'Personality of Britain'
Where did ‘colonialism’ come from? Clearly, and at once, colonialism is a set of
practices that can be traced back to the ancient and medieval worlds. However, also
and at the same time, it is an analytical term which, if used loosely, holds the danger
of uncritically back-projecting a 19th century model of colonial worlds into earlier
centuries. How to map patterns of colonial practice before they were colonial?
This paper tries to engage with this difficult issue through a comparative political
ecology of the British Isles. It goes back to quite simple and traditional ways of
mapping variation through distribution and environment, for example Cyril Fox’s
Highland and Lowland Zones. It asks about the relationship between different kinds
of landscape, different social forms, and different cultural identities. Rather than
seeking abstract origins, it looks at how practices later labelled as ‘colonial’
emerged from an intersection of concrete material practices.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

200
Maura Johnson (The Mannik & Smith Group, Inc.), Robert C. Chidester (The Mannik &
Smith Group, Inc.)
The Deep History of a Modern Phenomenon: An Archaeological Perspective
on Corporate Agriculture in Northwest Ohio
Yard signs proclaiming, "Family Farms Not Factory Farms!" are a common site
along rural highways in the Midwest. These signs are a direct response to the
tremendous growth of corporate agriculture during the second half of the 20th
century and the concomitant decline of the traditional farming model in which a
single family owns and operates a productive, commercial farm. While most lay
people likely assume that "factory farms" are a fairly recent economic phenomenon,
in reality land consolidation and corporate approaches to agricultural production
have a long history that stretches back to the late 19th century in the Midwest. A
recent cultural resources survey of the Howard Farms property in Lucas County,
Ohio documented an early example of corporate agriculture in this region. This
survey provides a starting point for the development of a research design focused
on the transition from family-owned farms to corporate agricultural enterprises.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Sarah Johnson (Graduate Student, University of Massachusetts Boston; Massachusetts

Archaeology Education Consortium), Joseph Bagley (City Archaeologist, Boston;
Massachusetts Archaeology Education Consortium)
Extreme Public Archaeology : Excavating the 1645 Boston Latin School
Campus Along Boston's Freedom Trail
Boston is a city celebrated for its history. With millions of heritage tourists bringing
billions of dollars to the city annually, it is significant and rare for Boston to add
additional attractions to its assemblage of historic sites along and around its famous
Freedom Trail. In the summer of 2015, a team of volunteers excavated one of the
"lost" Freedom Trail sites, the 1645 Boston Latin School campus, exposing and
expanding the sites history to visitors and residents alike. This paper presents the
results of this very public urban archaeological excavation, and discusses the trials
and successes of a popular social media campaign, open sites, and urban
preservation conditions.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Janene W. Johnston (University of West Florida, Florida Public Archaeology Network)

A Civil War Battlefield: Conflict Archaeology at Natural Bridge, Florida
The Civil War Battle of Natural Bridge was fought within miles of Tallahassee,
Florida, in March of 1865. Much of the site is now the Natural Bridge Battlefield
Historic State Park and a metal detector survey was conducted of previously
unsurveyed portions of the state-owned land, supplementing work previously done.
KOCOA analysis and the survey results provides a new landscape-based
interpretation of the placement of the battle events, which will be utilized in future
interpretation of this public heritage site. The crew for this project consisted of a
wide range of volunteers and community stakeholders including students, members

201
of Florida State Park Service, the local archaeological society, and Civil War
reenactors. In addition to the research, the engagement of these participants in the
field-work, at a time when Civil War symbols such as the monuments on the site are
under scrutiny, provided yet another value of this project.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Ashley Jones (The Walhain-Saint-Paul Project) – see [GEN-005] Dana E. Best-Mizsak

Doug Jones (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) – see [SYM-51] Brian Jordan

Doug Jones (BOEM)

The History and Archaeological Investigations of Nineteenth Century Gunboat
USS Castine
The USS Castine was emblematic of the New Navy’s transformation from wood to
steel vessels in the late nineteenth century, and of the evolving use of a vessel over
time. During a 29-year service career spanning the Spanish American War and
World War I, the unheralded gunboat proved to be an indispensable workhorse as a
blockader, coastal combat vessel, training ship, submarine tender, U-boat chaser,
and globetrotting reminder of the long reach of American naval power. Following
the end of its military service Castine had a brief second career in the Gulf of Mexico
commercial fishing industry, before sinking off the coast of Louisiana. Though
Castine’s notable military career was international in nature, it stands as an
example of the widely varied archaeological site types contained within the Gulf of
Mexico’s waters.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

John G. Jones (Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd.) – see [SYM-295] Beatrix Arendt

S. Ryan Jones (West Virginia State University, see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

Sharyn Jones (Northern Kentucky University) – see [SYM-384] Peggy Brunache

Thomas E. Jones (Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd.)

A Different Breed: Historical Archaeology in Arizona
Arizona is renowned for the well-preserved cultural remains of its prehistoric
indigenous peoples. Cultural Resource Management companies have identified
thousands of archaeological sites over the last 50 years. However, during this time,
a growing number of historical archaeological sites have also been documented,
including linear sites; waste-pile sites; homestead, farming, and ranching sites; and
mines. Unfortunately, many archaeologists schooled and trained in prehistoric
archaeology, are not familiar with strategies for recording, researching, and
evaluating historical sites under multiple criteria. A group of like-minded historical

202
archaeologists have organized the Historical Archaeology Advisory Committee,
under the direction of the Arizona SHPO, to provide guidance for the treatment of
historical sites to CRMs, as well as state and federal agencies operating across
Arizona. This session will provide a synopsis of the committtee's efforts to ensure
that historical sites in Arizona are sufficiently evaluated for significance under all
criteria.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Brian Jordan (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), David Ball (Bureau of Ocean
Energy Management), Chris Campbell (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management),
Brandi Carrier (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Doug Jones (Bureau of Ocean
Energy Management)
The National Historic Preservation Act on the Outer Continental Shelf:
Challenges and Advances in the Stewardship of Submerged Maritime Heritage
Resources
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, within the U.S.
Department of the Interior, is environmentally responsible development of energy
resources on the outer continental shelf (OCS). The OCS includes some 1.76 billion
acres of submerged Federal lands and many types of historic properties. The
activities that BOEM regulates on the OCS extend beyond this jurisdiction to include
vast onshore and offshore Areas of Potential Effect. This paper will examine how
BOEM archaeologists have overcome challenges – both internal and external – to
the application of NHPA to activities regulated on the OCS, and how they are
advancing the science of marine archaeology and the art of stewardship within the
limits of the agency’s mission. It also will highlight how creative approaches and
fundamental interagency coordination efforts are fulfilling the intent of NHPA in
this frontier region.
[SYM-51] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Kurt A. Jordan (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY)

Neither Contact nor Colonial: Seneca Iroquois Local Political Economies,
1675-1754
Fine-grained attention to the material conditions of indigenous daily lives over time
reveals myriad changes completely incapable of being explained by models such as
"traditional sameness" or "acculturative change." Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) sites
were occupied for only 15-40 years before planned abandonment, so examining a
sequence of these sites provides an excellent way to look at change over time. This
paper examines local dynamics at three Seneca sites, illustrating strategic Seneca
engagements with dynamic local and regional conditions over time. Seneca
practices 150 years after the first recorded "contacts" promoted a supple form of
social autonomy, navigating the opportunities and challenges arising from
engagements with European colonists and other indigenous groups.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

203
Roberto E. Junco (SAS/ INAH, Mexico), Flor Trejo (SAS/ INAH, Mexico)
"The 2012 Field Season of the 1630-31 New Spain Fleet Archaeological Project
in the Gulf of Mexico"
The 2012 Field season of the 1630-31 New Spain Fleet Project of the Subdirección
de Arqueología Subacuática INAH, has been a success and represents a leap in many
regards from previous seasons. The project started in the year 1995 and has had
many people involved throughout the years implementing diverse search methods
and surveys. In the case of the 2012 field season, success came from a thoroughly
thought methodological process to present a search area in the Gulf of Mexico
where the Admiral ship of the 1630-1631 New Spain Fleet, the Nuestra Señora del
Juncal galleon sank. In this paper we will show the approaches previously used in
the location of the Nuestra Señora del Juncal shipwreck, our current approach, as
well as the way the search was planned and how this has evolved into a much more
complex process.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

K
Bruce Kaiser (Southeast Archeological Center) – see [SYM-40] Michael A. Seibert

Mara Kaktins (The George Washington Foundation)

A Wealth Of Data From The Lives Of The Poor – Wringing All The Information
Out Of A Historic Archaeological Site
When presented with the opportunity to fully excavate a site or feature, especially
in an area of such historic importance as Philadelphia, there is an obligation to
maximize the amount of information you can extract from the dirt. Preservation
conditions within a privy associated with the First Philadelphia City Almshouse
were excellent, warranting a careful methodological approach to recover as much
data as possible. The anaerobic contexts within the water-logged feature yielded
thousands of seeds, insect remains, fish bones and scales, eggshells, textiles, wood
and leather fragments, and even microscopic evidence of human tissue and blood
cells. This paper will discuss the techniques utilized during this excavation which
resulted in massive amounts of data recovered on a shoestring budget.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Titta Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu, Finland) – see [SYM-184] Marika Hyttinen

Titta Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu, Finland) – see [SYM-70] Timo Ylimaunu

Titta L. S. Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu, Finland), Terhi T. Tanska (University of

Oulu, Finland)

204
Sacred, Forgotten and Remembered – Forgotten Sacred Places in Northern
Ostrobothnia, Finland
In this paper we discuss how sacred places in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland lost
their sacred meanings. Churches and graveyards in the early 17th century town of
Oulu and 14th to early 17th century rural Ii were destroyed, forgotten and eventually
turned into part of secular residential areas. Consequently the social memory of
these places changes over time, becoming forgotten, then erroneously remembered,
and finally rediscovered and brought to public attention by archaeologists.
Archaeological material, cartographical sources, and oral and written traditions are
used as source material to reveal the changes in social memory of the places.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Matthew A. Kalos (Temple University)

Archaeology at Paoli Battlefield: Expanding the Interpretations of Conflict
On evening of September 20, 1777, and into the morning hours of September 21,
British Major General Charles Gray led an elite force of British soldiers on a
nighttime bayonet raid on American General Anthony Wayne’s encamped troops.
The bloody attack enraged the Patriots, and the battle became engrained in
American ideology as the Paoli Massacre. Although the battle was brief, its national
and local importance extends for over 225 years. Today, archaeology at the Paoli
Battlefield seeks to uncover not only details of the battle, but also how the battle
influenced and continues to impact the surrounding community. This paper seeks
to explore the role archaeology takes in expanding the analysis of conflict sites from
narrow explanations of a single event to the incorporation of holistic
interpretations of the broader social and cultural landscapes in order to understand
the lasting impacts of warfare.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Matthew A. Kalos (Temple University)

Interpreting Communities in Conflict: Utilizing Captain Johann Ewald’s
Journal as a Lens to Analyze the Paoli Battlefield
Upon arriving at Head of Elk, Maryland, General William Howe led his British and
Hessian forces on a march through the Mid-Atlantic colonies on a quest to capture
Philadelphia. Hessian jaeger Captain Johann Ewald documented the march, the
engagements, and the litany of individuals he encountered during the Philadelphia
Campaign. Utilizing his journal as a unit of analysis, this paper seeks to understand
the diversity of individuals and groups that played a role in the Philadelphia
Campaign. Although Ewald was not present at the Battle of Paoli, his journal
provides insights that can aid how researchers can interpret the archaeological
remains of the battle. Moreover, Ewald’s writings provide a greater context for
understanding how warfare does not simply affect the combatants, but also those
who live in the surrounding communities, as seen at the Battle of Paoli.
[SYM-398] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m .

205
April E. Kamp-Whittaker (Arizona State University)
Developing Personhood: The discourse, experience, and material culture of
children’s play activities in a WWII Japanese American Internment Camp
Recent studies apply the concept of “personhood” to the archaeological record as
part of the continuing attempt to understand the complexities of past societies by
moving away from gross categories and instead examining socially constructed
roles. This paper explores the application of “personhood” as a way to transcend a
broadly defined focus on “children” or “childhood.” Such generalizing terms can
obscure the impact of gender, age, and other social or economic variables on
children’s interactions and appearance in the archaeological record. Research from
Amache, a WWII Japanese Internment Camp, is used to look at social expectations of
play activities and locations based on age and gender and correlate these to the
existing archival and archaeological record. The ability to differentiate gender and
age categories from material objects has broad implications for our interpretation
of the archaeological record and methods for defining the terms children and
childhood.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Eric Kansa (Indiana University South Bend) – see [SYM-202] Joshua J. Wells

Eric Kansa (Open Context & UC, Berkeley (D-Lab)) – see [GEN-008] R. Carl DeMuth

Sarah W. Kansa (Alexandria Archive Institute) – see [GEN-008] R. Carl DeMuth

Sarah W. Kansa (Indiana University South Bend) – [SYM-202] Joshua J. Wells

Paul N. Kardulias (College of Wooster)

Historic Cemeteries of Wayne County, Ohio: Sources of Local Identity
The Program in Archaeology at the College of Wooster has collaborated for over a
decade with the Wayne County Cemetery Preservation Society (WCCPS) in an effort
to help the group meet two primary goals: (1) to record all historical cemeteries in
Wayne County, Ohio, including those with no visible grave markers; (2) to educate
the public about the importance of cemeteries as monuments of family, local, and
regional history. The joint research provides the WCCPS with a foundation of
information that both concentrates the collective memory of the community
members in one accessible format and supplements their efforts by providing
additional data for public forums where members discuss their work with the
community. When combined with extant information about notable individuals,
including the Seville Giants, buried in some of the cemeteries in the county, the
work helps to foster a stronger sense of local identity.
[POS-2} – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Greg Katz (The Louis Berger Group) – see [SYM-39] Emily R. Walter

206
Gregory M. Katz (The Louis Berger Group, Inc., Council for Maryland Archeology)
Potomac Portage: Great Falls National Park and the Potomac Divide
Dr. Stephen Potter has a long-standing interest in Great Falls Park, a unit of the
George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP), in Virginia. The park is located in
the Potomac Gorge, a rocky area where rapids divide the upper and lower Potomac
River valley. Breathtaking in its beauty, Great Falls was also an important feature of
the Native American and Colonial era landscapes. The falls were able to be crossed,
but not without difficulty and danger. Native American petroglyphs are
concentrated in Great Falls, attesting to the importance or significance of the area.
There were several Colonial ventures in Great Falls, including an early canal. Dr.
Potter was drawn to the rich history of the park, and its interpretive potential, and
was instrumental in having an archaeological overview and assessment conducted.
The work is being done as a multi-year project and is currently ongoing.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kira Kaufmann (Commonwealth Cultural Resources Group)

Using Mobile Sonar and 3D Animated Web Modeling for Public Outreach and
Management of Historic Shipwrecks in Lake Michigan
In 2015, the Indiana Lake Michigan Coastal Management Program expanded efforts
to connect the public with historical archaeology and better manage submerged
cultural resources. For the first time in the Great Lakes region, a mobile sonar
survey was conducted in combination with a diver-directed sonar survey to collect
three-dimensional data for four shipwrecks. The resulting compilation of remote
sensing technology and 3D animated web modeling provides new information about
previously unrecognized site limits, site conditions and an avenue for the public to
visit places such as these shipwrecks that they would not have an opportunity to see
otherwise.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sarah Kautz (University of Chicago)

Asian Export Porcelain at the New York City Archaeological Repository
This paper explores how a detailed analysis of Asian export porcelain at the New
York City Archaeological Repository may enrich our understanding of the city's
archaeology. For example, dates based on stylistic and technical characteristics of
Asian export porcelain may refine the dating of archaeological contexts based on
other lines of evidence. New York City's development as a global entrepot may also
be further elucidated by identifying and comparing the points of origin and
maritime shipping routes for different varieties of export porcelain within the
collections. Moreover, analysis of material from archaeological contexts may also
complement and expand the superb research of decorative art specialists on the
changing role of Asian export porcelain in the social and commercial lives of New
Yorkers.
[SYM-109] – Committee Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

207
Jacob S. Kayen (Columbia University)
Encountering Mannahatta: The Archaeological Search For New York's Past
Considering the archaeological process within the City of New York and comparing
two excavations from lower Manhattan landfill sites excavated thirty years apart,
this paper analyzes how New York archaeology is carried out in practice, how the
process has changed over time, and the capacity for the vast accumulation of
material to (re)instantiate contemporary understandings of the past. How does
archaeological research reflect a sociocultural disposition of the present? The
dominant narrative of the past is experienced within the presences and absences of
the archaeological endeavor. Overall, this is an examination of the present as it is
entangled in the political exploit of uncovering the past through definition and
manipulation of the rhetoric that describes it. At the crux of this argument are the
questions of how the past is constructed and maintained in the present and how an
institutionalized archaeology characterizes its function, purpose, effectiveness, and
themes of research.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Katelyn Kean (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Interpretaions of Slavery throughout the Middle Atlantic Region
This poster presents the findings of an evaluation of the ways in which museums
interpret and present slavery throughout Maryland and Virginia to the public. By
comparing the various themes amplified when presenting slavery in a museum
setting today, aspects of slavery the public is able to understand after visiting are
assessed. To gauge this, a survey was administered to visitors at each of the
following sites: Mount Vernon, Colonial Williamsburg, Monticello, Montpellier, and
Sotterley Plantation. The survey polled visitors’ demographics and understanding
of the exhibits surrounding slavery and the artifacts used in exhibits. Interviews
with guides and other related professionals were conducted. In addition,
participant observation was conducted during slavery specific tours at each of the
museums. This exercise will offer a greater understanding of the most effective
methods used to present slavery. It will also critique the current interpretations
used to present slavery throughout the Middle Atlantic.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Madeline Bourque Kearin (Brown University)

Excavating Personhood in the 19th-Century Graveyard
The St. George’s/St. Mark's Cemetery in Mount Kisco, NY, offers an ideal site in
which to investigate the construction of 19th-century middle-class personhood.
Previous studies have generally conceptualized the gravestone either as a passive
reflection of social realities or as a site of the momentary suspension of social
difference. The proposed study will marshal historical and archaeological evidence
in demonstrating how gravestones functioned as active participants in the
articulation of identities and accordingly, in the negotiation of power. The
gravestone represents a crucial player in the performance of middle-class habitus.

208
Though tied to larger historical movements, the construction of the American
middle class took place within the realm of everyday material practice, in which the
gravestone constituted an instrument for the enactment of embodied dispositions.
By revealing the contingencies surrounding the formation of middle-class
personhood, this study will denaturalize the categories that organize both historical
and present-day social realities.
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Polly Keeler (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom), Margaret A. Comer

(University of Cambridge, United Kingdom)
Heritage Across Time and Space: A Transatlantic Conversation between
Catoctin Furnace and Ironbridge Gorge
It seems obvious to say that an industrial heritage site should have strong ties to all
of its communities, past and present alike, but how can each best be represented
and included in all aspects of site planning and interpretation? The village of
Catoctin Furnace enjoys a strong level of community support; current residents
actively participate in a wide variety of archaeological and living history events. The
planned museum, however, with its added emphasis on past worker communities,
mandates a review of community heritage best practices. In this paper, we will
analyze the United Kingdom’s Ironbridge Gorge, a World Heritage Site that is a
groundbreaking example of intertwined community and industrial heritage. How
have different community heritages impacted planning and changing
interpretations at Ironbridge Gorge, and what lessons from its challenges and
successes can be extrapolated to Catoctin Furnace and to community, industrial,
and labor heritage sites writ large?
[SYM-330] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Alexander Keim (National Park Service) – see [SYM-83] Jed Levin

Alexander D. Keim (National Park Service)

Sex Workers in the City: Presentation and Interaction in 19th-century
Boston’s Urban Landscape
Historical and archaeological analysis of sex work in the 19th-century tends to focus
on what happens inside brothels. What happens when sex workers venture out into
the city in the course of their daily lives? In this paper I examine the historical and
archaeological evidence recovered from the mid-19th century 27-29 Endicott Street
brothel located in the North End neighborhood of Boston, MA, and consider where
in the urban landscape the residents of the brothel—Madame, servant, sex worker
and child—would have traveled on a routine basis, and the options they had in
dressing and adorning themselves in public. Using Symbolic Interactionism to
understand how personal appearance, social behavior, and the landscape work
together to ensure successful social interaction, I consider how the tactical choices
made by these women contributed to the social construction of the meanings and
boundaries of urban landscapes.

209
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Matthew E. Keith (Tesla Offshore, LLC) – see [SYM-94a] Justin A. Parkoff

Matthew E. Keith (Tesla Offshore, LLC), Amanda M. Evans (Tesla Offshore, LLC), Eric
Swanson (Fugro GeoServices, Inc.)
World War II Shipping in the Gulf of Mexico and the Impact of the German U-
boat Threat: the Archaeological Evidence
An estimated 56 commercial vessels were sunk by German U-boats in the Gulf of
Mexico during targeted campaigns conducted between 1941 and 1943. In the years
since, an estimated 14 of these wrecks have been located and identified with a high
degree of confidence. A number of these sites have undergone varying levels of
archaeological analysis, although very few have been scientifically excavated,
resulting in little related material culture. This paper will review the archaeological
evidence offered by World War II-era casualties in the Gulf of Mexico, and explore
valuable information provided by the archaeological record regarding efforts made
to evade and counter the German threat.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Connie Kelleher (Underwater Archaeology Unit, National Monuments Service,

Ireland), Fionnbarr Moore (Underwater Archaeology Unit, National Monuments
Service, Ireland), Karl Brady (Underwater Archaeology Unit, National Monuments
Service, Ireland)
La Juliana 1588 – Recent investigation by the Underwater Archaeology Unit,
National Monuments Service at the site of one of the 1588 Spanish Armada
shipwrecks.
Following recent extreme weather events, one of the three Spanish Armada ships
lost off the Sligo coast in Ireland in 1588 has again been revealed. The remains of La
Juliana, the only Catalan ship of the three, is currently exposed.
The State Underwater Archaeology Unit of the National Monuments Service (NMS)
has been carrying out detailed recording, excavation and recovery of material
throughout the summer to map the current site and protect vulnerable artefacts
lying on the seabed. Several bronze guns, carraige wheels and other material has
been recovered to undergo conservation.
This paper will present the results from this work so far, including highlighting the
collaborative nature of the project, where the NMS, in partnership with the National
Museum of Ireland and in cooperation with the local Armada interest group and
Sligo Sub Aqua club are working together to protect and preserve the site.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Connie Kelleher (Underwater Archaeology Unit, National Monuments Service, Ireland)

Pirates, Pepper and Prostitutes – illicit trade in goods and pleasure in 17th-
century West Cork.

210
The southern coast of Ireland in the early-17th century enjoyed a booming trade in
exotic goods like pepper, cinnamon and other spices. This was underscored by an
even brisker trade in pleasures of the flesh where the women in the pirates’ lives
ran successful businesses of their own, providing safe houses, taverns, inns and
brothels that tapped into the business of plunder.
This was a time and place when illicit activity was the norm, when ships bringing
plundered goods operated openly and those on shore waited for their men and
crews to return.
While the local landscape holds some evidence for piratical and smuggling activity,
identifying other trades, like that of prostitution, or trade goods themselves,
continues to be a challenge. Studies like this need history as a guide but it is
archaeology that will provide the tangible link to this clandestine past.
[SYM-47] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Deirdre A Kelleher (Philadelphia, PA) – see [SYM-83] Sarah J. Chesney

Jessica Keller (NPS Submerged Resources Center) – see [SYM-514] David W. Morgan

Jessica A. Keller (National Park Service), Dan Ott (National Park Service)
Ruins of a Forgotten Highway: The impacts of improvements by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers on the St. Croix Riverway after 100 years.
A number of organizations within the National Park Service collaborated in the St.
Croix National Scenic Riverway to document the extensive United States Army
Corps of Engineers "improvements" along the lower river below St. Croix Falls.
From 1879 to 1900 the Corps built 3.6 miles of wing dams, closing dams, jetties,
revetments, and shoreline rip-rap to regulate the river and make it a predictable
commercial highway for steamboats and log drives. Through discovery and
documentation of the remnants and extent of these cultural resources, this 2015
study provides an opportunity to share this story with the public and provoke
visitors' appreciation of the complexity of past and present human interaction with
"nature." The findings will be used in concert with historical research as the basis
for a National Register nomination of the structures as a nationally significant
historic district, and become integrated into the Park’s planning documentation and
interpretive program.
[SYM-51] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

John M. Kelly (The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.)

Landscape Transformation and Use at the Harrison Gray Otis House in
Boston's West End
The Harrison Gray Otis House, owned and managed by Historic New England, was
built in Boston’s West End in 1796, and is significant for being the only surviving
free-standing, late eighteenth century mansion in the city. PAL recently completed
excavations in the extant yard space for the Otis House and 14 and 16 Lynde Street,

211
formerly the site of two circa 1840 townhouses. The feature complex uncovered
during fieldwork illustrates the increasing complexity and fragmentation of the
West End as it transitioned from an elite enclave in the late eighteenth century to a
densely populated, largely immigrant and working-class neighborhood beginning in
the mid nineteenth century to the twentieth century. The features and recovered
artifacts also illustrate how the residents of the Otis House and Lynde Street
properties understood and negotiated issues such as privacy and domestic space
within the larger context of the rapid urbanization of Boston’s West End.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Carolyn Kennedy (Texas A&M University)

Shelburne Shipyard Steamboat Graveyard: Results of the 2015 field season
using traditional and new recording techniques.
A team of nautical archaeologists from Texas A&M University, the Institute of
Nautical Archaeology and the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum returned to
Shelburne Shipyard in June 2015 to continue examining Wreck 2, a steamboat
wreck from the early 1800s. Wreck 2 was surveyed during a preliminary
investigation of four steamboat hulls in June 2014 and determined to be the oldest
of the four. The 2015 team recorded Wreck 2 using both traditional archaeological
methods and photogrammetric recording. Results revealed heavy construction
methods which appear to be representative of earlier construction methods. By
combining the two types of recording techniques, archaeologists recovered a
significant amount of data from a large wreck site in a small amount of time. This
paper will reveal the results of the 2015 field season, with emphasis on how
photogrammetry complemented traditional recording methods.
[SYM-892] – Embassy Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Ryan Kennedy (Indiana University)

Tastes for New and Old: Fish Consumption in the Market Street Chinatown
The Market Street Chinatown was a bustling Chinese community in nineteenth-
century San Jose, California, and its residents mixed the traditional and novel
throughout their lives. This is especially the case in food practices, where Market
Street’s residents consumed Chinese foods alongside new ingredients from North
America. In this paper, I explore how fish consumption among Market Street’s
residents was driven by notions of taste in nineteenth-century Southern China,
where fish played a prominent role in cuisine. I examine how Southern Chinese food
ideals were transplanted to North America, both through the importation of dried
fish products and the treatment of local fish with Southern Chinese cooking
methods. However, I also highlight how Market Street’s residents creatively
balanced these ideals with the constraints and opportunities presented by life in
California. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates the hybridity inherent in immigrant
life through the lens of fish consumption in the Market Street Chinatown.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

212
Kimberly P. Kenyon (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources)
Prioritizing the Concretions from Queen Anne’s Revenge for Conservation: A
Case Study in Managing a Large Collection
In the ongoing excavation of archaeological site 31CR314 (Blackbeard’s flagship
Queen Anne’s Revenge), approximately 3,000 concretions have been raised as of Fall
2014. With a plan for complete recovery, and considering that an estimated 60% of
the site has been excavated so far, over 5,000 concretions could eventually be
recovered. With the substantial amount of conservation to be done and only 2 full-
time conservators, a plan for how to proceed through the collection was needed.
Over the course of six months, x-ray films for each of the 2,704 concretions having
already been x-rayed were examined. A priority system for the purposes of
progressing conservation was determined based on what each concretion contains,
taking into account urgent treatment needs, as well as feedback from project
archaeologists and North Carolina Maritime Museum staff. This paper discusses the
process by which priority was assigned and comments on the progress of the
collection.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Molly H. Kerr (George Washington's Mount Vernon), Esther C. White (George

Washington's Mount Vernon)
Looking for Data in All the Right Places: Recreating the Enslaved Community
at Mount Vernon
At his death in 1799, George Washington recorded 318 enslaved people at Mount
Vernon. This number does not reflect the numbers of individuals who worked the
property during the entire tenure of the Washington family from 1735 – 1858, and
it does not begin to address individuals enslaved on the numerous properties
owned by Washington or the vast acreage he administered on behalf of the Custis
family. To better understand the lives of all those enslaved individuals, Mount
Vernon’s digital humanities program designed a unique database to capture the
events of their daily lives. This database is successfully compiling, deduping, and
organizing references from ledgers, diaries, work reports, etc., to provide a means
to quantitatively analyze these textual references. This paper explores the overall
Slavery Database and focuses on issues of data entry, data manipulation, and the
complexity of working with text as data.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Rachael Ruth Merton Kiddey (University of York, United Kingdom)

At Home in the City: reflections on theoretical and methodological approaches
to contemporary homeless heritage
The Homeless Heritage project (2009-2013) was a collaborative public archaeology
project that sought to document contemporary homelessness from the perspective
of homeless people in two British cities, Bristol and York. This paper draws on case
studies from the Homeless Heritage project and expands upon a paper given at SHA
2013 (Leicester) when fieldwork was in its concluding phase. Three years on, this

213
paper reflects upon the theoretical and methodological challenges that were
present and explores some of the ways in which these were met. Importantly, the
paper argues that the city represents a critical space in which to conduct
archaeological research into how competing publics are materially constituted and
how differences are expressed and may be interpreted. It is suggested that, as
populated places, archaeological research in the contemporary city must be located
firmly within anthropological discourse which attends to ethical implications.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lindsay Kiel (University of Idaho)

The complexities of Spanish Mission Diets: An analysis of Faunal Remains
from Mission Santa Clara de Asís
The neophyte housing complex of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, one of the five
Spanish missions established in the San Francisco Bay region during the California
Mission Period, was excavated between 2012 and 2014. Excavations unearthed
numerous refuse pits that contained a variety of faunal remains. Feature 157 was
made up of three distinct multi-use pit sub-features that contained the remains of a
variety of fauna. The assemblage dates to approximately 1777-1837 and contains
several thousand bones. The fauna recovered from this feature highlights the
complexity of feeding the mission’s residents illustrating consumption of both
domesticated animals (provided by the Spanish Padres) and wild fauna, gathered
by Mission Indians.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Susan Kilgore (Valley City State University, Department of Science) – see [SYM-31] Jay
T. Sturdevant

Abigail K. Kindler (Lindenwood University)

Socioeconomic Status of a Self-Sufficient 19th Century Homestead
In the summer of 2011, Lindenwood University began excavating in the Femme
Osage Creek Valley in St. Charles County, Missouri. Near to the Historic Nathaniel
Boone Home, a hidden 19th century homestead site has been found with the
remains of numerous buildings, as well as a two-lane drive. The property also
includes a stone well, middens, and evidence of domesticated plants. One of the
main hypotheses of this site is the possibility of the self-sufficiency of the
homestead. This would not have been an uncommon occurrence in the time period,
and is supported by the presence of these features as well as artifact analysis. This
paper will discuss the evidence for such self-sufficiency as well as the
socioeconomic class of the homestead. With the results of this study, new
information will be revealed and a springboard for future research will be made.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

214
Commemorative Hauntings: Race, Ghosts, And Material Culture At A Civil War
Prison Camp
Ghosts and other spectral forms have a history of use as literary devices for safely
‘remembering’ particularly traumatic events. Beyond the literary, in the everyday,
lived world of the vernacular, ghost stories can also reveal trauma—what
geographer Steve Pile refers to as a “fractured emotional geography cut across by
shards of pain, loss, and injustice.” Like ruins, ghosts and other haunted places are
often about coming to terms with grief and with loss. Nowhere is that more true
than at Point Lookout, the now-state-owned site of a Civil War-era POW camp for
Confederate war prisoners. This paper explores how race, ghosts, and the ruins of
the prison camp intersect in a landscape now focused on water-based recreational
activity. At Point Lookout, ghosts have come to serve a commemorative function,
keeping the forces of the modern world at bay.
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Nathaniel R. King (East Carolina University, Program in Maritime Studies)

An Examination Of Sanitation And Hygiene Habit Artifacts Found aboard Vasa:
Health, Sanitation, and Life At Sea In Seventeenth-Century Sweden
Vasa was a 64-gun Swedish warship in the service of King Gustav II Adolf . The
vessel sank on its maiden voyage in 1628, taking at least 16 of the approximately
150 persons on board to the depths of Stockholm Harbor (Vasamuseet 2013; Vasa I
2006:36-55). Amongst the cannon, figureheads, and skeletons are a collection of
artifacts that can tell us how the crew lived, not just while aboard Vasa, but also
ashore. These artifacts include chamber pots, glass bottles, and other assorted
health and sanitation artifacts. This project seeks to examine the sanitation and
hygiene artifacts recovered from Vasa and place them into the larger background of
sanitary practices in Europe in the seventeenth century.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Leslie B. Kirchler-Owen (Ecology and Environment, Inc.)

Lessons Learned: When the Public Speaks Out
Public involvement is a critical aspect of Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act (NHPA) evaluations, yet many times consultation with the public
is treated as an afterthought. Achieving consensus and ensuring stakeholders are
afforded the opportunity to provide meaningful input requires adequate time and
resources. The lack of an effective program may create risk to achieving project
goals.
So, how does one engage the public? How can valuable input be solicited? Who are
the stakeholders that should be reached? When has "enough" been done?
The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of strategies to engage the
public and to include them in important decision-making processes for Section 106
evaluations. In-person and remote strategies will be discussed that can be tailored

215
to projects of all sizes and geographic locations. Connections to other
laws/regulations and planning projects also will be reviewed.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

Matthew Kirk (Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc.)

Blood-Residue Analysis of Musket Balls from Sackets Harbor Battlefield of the
War of 1812: Results and Implications
In the early morning of May 29, 1813, British and Canadian provincial troops
launched an amphibious assault on the American shipbuilding facility and
fortifications at Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario in northern New York. An ABPP
grant sponsored a wide-scale metal-detecting survey of the battelfield and detailed
artifact analysis of the resulting assemblage. Besides shedding new light on the
battle’s controversial narrative, the study also subjected musket balls to blood-
residue analysis to assist with site interpretation. This presentation reviews the
results of that analysis and explores how it might change the discussion of relic
collecting, site preservation and commemoration of historic battlefields. It will also
explore other emerging technologies and their implications for the study of fields of
conflict.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Megan K. Kleeschulte (Monmouth University), Kathleen L. Wheeler (Independent

Archaeological Consulting, LLC), Mihai Constantinescu (”Francis I. Rainer" Institute of
Anthropology, Bucharest, Romania), Thomas A. Crist (Utica College)
"Evidence of Perimortem Trauma and Taphonomic Damage in a WWI Soldier
from Romania"
The remains of a World War I soldier recovered at the Comana Monastery in
southern Romania provide a case study emphasizing how careful documentation of
the archaeological context and effective communication between archaeologists
and forensic anthropologists improve the accuracy of distinguishing perimortem
trauma from postmortem taphonomic damage. Killed in battle, this soldier’s
skeleton presented evidence of sharp force trauma, blast fractures, and postmortem
damage from a mass burial and subsequent archaeological excavation.
Collaborative analysis using photographs of the excavation together with current
forensic anthropological methods proved essential in determining the sequence of
perimortem injuries and establishing the most likely cause of the soldier’s death.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Terry H. Klein (SRI Foundation)

The 50th Anniversary of the National Historic Preservation Act: A Look Forward
As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the National Historic Preservation Act, and look
back over the last 50 years, we can be proud of many accomplishments. Thousands of
historic properties have been saved, rehabilitated, or reused to meet modern needs and to
enhance the livability of countless communities. Many historical archaeological sites
have been preserved for the future, or studied through a wide range of archaeological data

216
recovery programs, revealing new and exciting views and understandings of our
collective past. But during the past 50 years, we have also experienced several attempts to
weaken or dismantle the preservation goals of the Act. For example, we fought and won
against the forces that tried to eliminate the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,
the primary agency responsible for overseeing implementation of the Section 106 of the
Act. We also defeated several attempts to drastically reduce the scope of Section 106
requirements. So, what can we expect in the future, especially during the next few years?
Is the National Historic Preservation Act safe from future tampering, or is it in danger?
What can we expect going forward, based on our experiences in 2015, with one party
controlling both houses of Congress? What may happen if both Congress and the White
House are controlled by this one party after the 2016 presidential elections? And how can
we, as a discipline, defend and protect this critical piece of legislation, which serves as
the keystone to our nation’s historic preservation efforts?
[PLENARY] – Blue Room; Wednesday, 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.

Dennis Knepper (Versar, Inc.) – see [SYM-105b] Brian D. Crane

Dennis Knepper (Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)) – see [GEN-
007] James A. Smailes

Geri Knight-Iske (Stantec Consulting Services Inc.) – see [SYM-204] Paul P. Kreisa

Geri Knight-Iske (Stantec Consulting, Inc.) – see [SYM-204] Nancy L. Powell

Geri J. Knight-Iske (Stantec Consulting, Inc.), Paul Kreisa (Stantec Consulting, Inc.),
Nancy Powell (Stantec Consulting, Inc.)
Landscape Archaeology at St. Elizabeths Hospital West Campus
St. Elizabeths Hospital was championed by Dorthea Dix as a model hospital for the
treatment of the mentally ill. One of the tenants of the moral treatment philosophy,
the guiding principle of the initial 40 years of hospital operations, was that access to
calm, natural or park-like settings was essential to patients’ recovery. However, as a
former plantation and as a working farm through the 1880s, a tension emerged
between principles and practicalities. GIS-based modelling and 10 years of
archaeological investigations have revealed the history by which this former
plantation was remade in the image of a bucolic semi-rural park, and the steps
successive administrators implemented to cope with population increase, space
constraints, and the natural tendencies of the landform. The St. Elizabeths
landscape was not static and evolved into the current form as these cultural and
natural factors vied for dominance in the administrator’s decision-making process.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

John J. Knoerl (The Museum of Underwater Archaeology), T. Kurt Knoerl (The Museum
of Underwater Archaeology)
New Life for Old Fur Trade Data: Asking New Questions of the 1974 Atlas of
Canada Posts of the Canadian Fur Trade Map.

217
A detailed map entitled “Posts of the Canadian Fur Trade” was included in the
fourth edition of the Atlas of Canada. Over 800 fur trade locations spanning the
years 1600-1800 were noted on the map along with the company affiliation, and
duration of operation. A quick glance at the map shows how this important aspect
of the French and British colonial economies spanned the continent’s northern
regions and consequently its aboriginal inhabitants. Forty-one years later little is
known about the map's origins in terms of its sources or authors. This paper
examines the research potential for pulling this data set into a modern GIS system
in order to ask new questions that could not be applied to the paper version of the
map. In this way the efforts put into creating such a detailed and useful map can
once again to contribute to the study of the Canadian fur trade.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

T. Kurt Knoerl (The Museum of Underwater Archaeology) – see [GEN-008] John J.

Knoerl

Alice Knowles (Portland State University, Oregon) – see [SYM-43] Emily C. Taber

Andrew J. Koh (Brandeis University) – see [GEN-005] Travis G. Parno

Dana D. Kollmann (Towson University)

The Bioarchaeology of the Columbian Harmony Cemetery Collection
(51NE049), Washington, D.C.
Archaeological investigations on a portion of the Columbian Harmony Cemetery in
Washington, D.C. resulted in the identification of 231 grave features, many of which
had been disturbed by a cemetery relocation project that took place in 1960.
Information obtained from skeletal and dental analyses have provided information
on 19th and early 20th century patterns of burial, postmortem treatment (i.e.,
embalming and autopsy) of human remains, and antemortem intervention to
remedy medical and dental trauma and pathology.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Zada Komara (University of Kentucky)

Appalachian Metropolis: Rural and Urban Identities at Company Coal Mining
Towns
Appalachia’s historic company coal towns were unique urban spaces: company-
built extraction settlements, which consolidated diverse working families. Coal
mining is integral to Appalachia’s regional identity, yet company towns are seen as
transient, quasi-urban phenomena on a fundamentally rural landscape. This paper
aims to: 1.) illuminate Appalachian cities and challenge the construction of
Appalachia as a rural region, 2.) complicate the city/country dichotomy and place
company coal towns as both rural and urban, and 3.) demonstrate how coal town
archaeology annihilates persistent stereotypes via urban consumer goods, which
illustrate how local market interactions firmly entrenched Appalachia in the global

218
world. Archaeologically ‘globalizing’ Appalachia challenges pervasive discourse that
has “othered” the region for 150 years, portraying an homogenous, isolated,
backward region and people. Examples discuss oral history and trash dump
excavations at Jenkins, Kentucky, a former early 21st century model company coal
town once called the “New York City of the mountains.”
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

AnneMarie Kooistra (Bethel University)

The Enterprising Career of Tom Savage in Los Angeles’ Red-Light District,
1870-1909
In 1909, the “closure” of Los Angeles’s “tenderloin” represented the influence of
progressive reform ending an era of the “tacit acceptance” of municipal red-light
districts nationally. Existing scholarship has focused on progressive reformers who
helped launch the new policy, but there has been scant examination of the male
subculture that helped transform the business of prostitution even as the era of
regulation came to a close. This paper examines Tom Savage, a saloon-owner, prize-
fighter, politician, and brothel owner to shed light on the what would be the decline
of the “independent” madam in the business and the tendency for prostitutes’
profits to flow into the hands of men. Securing political alliances, formalizing the
business of prostitution, investing in prostitution that catered to the “masses”
rather than the “classes,” Savage was a pioneer in the kinds of practices that would
persist in Los Angeles’s vice business well into the twentieth century.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Mark Kostro (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

“For the instruction of Negro Children in the Principles of the Christian
religion”: The Bray School Archaeological Project at the College of William
and Mary.
In 1760, backed by Benjamin Franklin and the College of William and Mary’s faculty,
the London based philanthropy known as the Associates of Dr. Bray founded a
unique school in Williamsburg, Virginia “for the instruction of Negro Children in the
Principles of the Christian religion.” Students, male and female, enslaved and free,
attended the school where they were taught Anglican catechism in addition to
reading, writing and possibly sewing. As the stated objective of the Bray School was
primarily an ecclesiastical one, the school survived in Williamsburg for fourteen
years in spite the periodic objections of some local slave owners. This paper
reviews the recently completed archaeological investigations of the school site,
which identified outbuilding foundations for a trio of Bray School outbuildings, as
well as material evidence of the students’ lives and perhaps even the school’s
curriculum.
[SYM-37] – Congressional B; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Timothy A. Kotlensky (The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.)

219
Don’t Let it Die: Reinvestigating the 1948 Donora Smog Tragedy through an
Archaeological Approach
In October 1948, 19 residents of the Pennsylvania town of Donora died due to
industrial air pollution. Another fifty residents would die over the following weeks
and several hundred more would battle lung ailments for the remainder of their
lives. This particular air pollution – a combination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and fluorine – originated from a smelting plant situated within U.S. Steel’s
Donora Zinc Works that made zinc used in galvanizing steel wire products. This
paper aims to identify the industrial origins and human impacts of this tragedy
through an archaeological approach supported by period maps, photographs,
findings of investigations, and testimonies previously gathered from survivors.
Further, through GIS, the progression of the smog can be retraced from its source
through nearby neighborhoods. This approach permits an understanding of the
built environment and landscape – much of which remains intact – that contributed
to the Donora smog tragedy.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Sara Kovalaskas (Southeast Archeological Center) – see [SYM-40] Michael A. Seibert

Lisa Kraus (MES & SHA), Jason Shellenhamer (RK&K)

Herring Run: A Community Based Archaeology Project in Northeast Baltimore
The Herring Run Archaeology Project is a low-cost, community-based archaeology
program that runs almost entirely through volunteer efforts. This paper will
present the results of our first year of research and fieldwork, the successes and
failures of the project, and the need for new models for public archaeology in
Baltimore City. We'll also discuss the ways in which the seeds of the modern
neighborhoods that surround Herring Run Park were planted in its earliest
European- and African-American settlements.
[SYM-39] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lisa Kraus (MES and SHA), Jason Shellenhamer (RK&K)

Rhyolite, Charcoal and Whiskey: The Archaeology of Catoctin Mountain Park
Catoctin Mountain has always been a challenging landscape, but one that rewards
perseverance. Native Americans negotiated its rocky slopes in search of rhyolite for
stone tools, and hunted and camped along the freshwater streams and springs.
Workers from the nearby Catoctin Iron Furnace burned its ample timber for
charcoal to fuel the ironworks. Innovative farmers and homebuilders created flat
terraces for their houses and gardens on the mountainside. During the Prohibition
era, some of the largest bootlegging operations in the country were based on high-
volume stills operating near streams in nooks and crannies of the rugged Catoctin
Mountains, like the Blue Blazes Still, which was famously raided in 1929. Dr.
Potter's interest in Catoctin was rewarded with the discovery of 119 new
archaeological sites, which have helped to illuminate the history and prehistory of
the park and the region as a whole.

220
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Paul P. Kreisa (Stantec Consulting, Inc.) – see [SYM-204] Nancy L. Powell

Paul Kreisa (Stantec Consulting, Inc.) – see [SYM-204] Geri J. Knight-Iske

Paul P. Kreisa (Stantec Consulting Services Inc.), Nancy Powell (Stantec Consulting
Services Inc.), Geri Knight-Iske (Stantec Consulting Services Inc.)
In Search Of....The Lost Kilns Of St. Elizabeths Hospital
St. Elizabeths Hospital was championed by Dorthea Dix during the 1840s-50s as a
model hospital for the treatment of the mentally ill. Starting in 2005, Stantec has
conducted archaeological investigations at the Department of Homeland Security’s
new home on the Hospital’s West Campus. One of the persistent questions we are
asked is: “Where were the kilns?” Annual progress reports to Congress mention the
presence of “kilns” but give no clue as to their number, location, or nature. Various
field techniques, including GPR and magnetometry, have enabled us to identify at
least 10 clamp kilns or related features. In this paper we examine the nature and
location of the kilns in relation to the original hospital buildings and their
construction sequence to create a chronology of kiln use and abandonment. In so
doing, we attempt to gain insights into the tempo and nature of large scale
construction projects during the 1850s.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Heidi E. Krofft (Delaware Department of Transportation) – see [SYM-105a] David S.

Clarke

Heidi E. Krofft (Delaware Department of Transportation), Jason P. Shellenhamer

(RK&K)
African American Life in Central Delaware, 1770-1940: Archaeology
Combined with Documentary Research
The historic farm site of Samuel Dale, an AME minister and leader in the African
American community around Middletown, Delaware, was identified and evaluated
for the U.S. Route 301 project. The site was determined eligible, however, it was
decided that a traditional data-recovery would not yield the greatest mitigation
benefit. Instead, a historic context detailing the African-American community in St.
Georges Hundred from 1770-1940 was prepared to mitigate the impacts to the site.
The documentary research provided information on several themes including
demography and household structure, community, work life, and social conditions.
The context also provided a synthesis of previously identified African American
sites in the area and potential research questions for future studies. This paper will
highlight the challenges encountered in identifying and interpreting the African
American experience in the historical and archaeological record and how in-depth
documentary research can contribute to a more meaningful interpretation of the
archaeological record.

221
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

David S. Krop (The Mariners' Museum)

Conserving and Interpreting USS Monitor: Connecting the Past, Present, and
Future
NOAA’s Monitor Collection, consisting of over 200 tons of artifacts recovered from
the wreck site of the famed Civil War ironclad, is the focus of the world’s largest
marine archaeological metals conservation project at The Mariners’ Museum in
Newport News, Virginia. But the Monitor Collection represents farm more than a
series of advanced conservation challenges; it embodies a physical connection
between America’s 19th-century history, technology, and culture, our modern
efforts to conserve and exhibit this rich material culture, and the boundless
possibilities for future use and interpretation of the Collection.
This paper will explore ongoing efforts by The Mariners’ Museum and NOAA to
utilize the Monitor Collection to establish and strengthen connections between
people and their historical resources, advance educational initiatives, preserve and
conserve archaeological materials, and use innovative methods to attract new
generations of archaeologists, conservators, and historians.
[SYM-208] – Committee Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Hadley F. Kruczek-Aaron (SUNY Potsdam)

Wood Work: Excavating the Wilderness Economy of New York’s Adirondack
Mountains
At the end of the 19th century, New York's legislature responded to the clarion call
of conservationists concerned for the state's diminishing timber resources and
threatened watershed by creating the Adirondack Forest Preserve, which kept
millions of acres of public land in northern New York "forever wild." At the same
time, the Adirondack logging industry witnessed tremendous growth on account of
expanded railroad networks and paper industry innovations that opened up new
areas of private land to exploitation. In this paper, I will explore how these changes
were lived at one remote homestead in the High Peaks wilderness. The emphasis
will be on the strategies of production and consumption that one family of small-
scale loggers employed as they negotiated pressures from the state, industry, and
an unforgiving natural environment. The period before and after 1903, when a
catastrophic forest fire destroyed their homestead and 14,000 acres, will be
highlighted.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Bradley A. Krueger (AECOM), Robert S. Neyland (Naval History and Heritage

Command, Underwater Archaeology Branch), Julie M. Schablitsky (Maryland State
Highway Administration)
Scorpion’s Last Sting: The Investigation of a War of 1812 Shipwreck in the
Patuxent River, Maryland

222
In 2010 and 2011, the Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA), the
Underwater Archaeology Branch (UAB) of the Naval History and Heritage Command
(NHHC), and the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) investigated a War of 1812
shipwreck (site 18PR226) in Prince George’s County, Maryland. The wreck, a
relatively intact fully-decked vessel, is believed to have served in the Chesapeake
Flotilla, a small fleet of gunboats and support craft commanded by Commodore
Joshua Barney during the defense of Washington, D.C. Over the course of two field
seasons, investigators were able to determine the dimensions and orientation of the
wreck, conduct limited excavation to observe the state of preservation and
construction details, and collect diagnostic artifacts for study and conservation.
Initially thought to be Barney’s flagship USS Scorpion, this paper discusses the
results of the project and offers alternate possibilities for vessel identification.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Falko Kuester (University of California, San Diego) – see [GEN-008] Michael Hess

Angelika R. Kuettner (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

Breaking News: Mended Ceramics in Historical Context
Coupled with inventories, receipts, account books, trade cards, and newspaper
advertisements, archaeology broadens the interpretation and understanding of an
object’s value and worth in the period in which it was made and used. Evidence of
mended ceramics in the archaeological collections at Colonial Williamsburg and in
other collections provides a means to assist in the identification, dating, and
contextual understanding of repairs made to ceramic objects of a variety of
materials. Questions to consider are: “How did the ceramic object break?” “Who
broke it?” “Why was it or was it not repaired?” “If it was repaired, who repaired the
object and how?” With focus on 18th- and early 19th-century America, these
questions will be addressed in order to place broken and mended ceramics in
historical context.
[SYM-208] – Committee Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ian Kuijt (University of Notre Dame) – see [SYM-687] Nicholas P. Ames

Ian Kuijt (University of Notre Dame) – see [SYM-687] Sara Morrow

Ian Kuijt (University of Notre Dame) – see [SYM-687] Katherine E. Shakour

Ian Kuijt (University of Notre Dame)

Villages on the Edge of the Edge: Reflections on the Changing Economics of
Irish Coastal Communities
Island village communities are both physically detached from, and connected with,
mainland urban and foreign economic communities. In the context of 19th to 20th
century Irish fishing communities, landlords owned entire islands and ran them as

223
economic enterprises. On the Connemara islands of Inishark, Inishbofin, and
Inishturk, tenants often lived in close physical proximity to each other, in villages of
a hundred or more people, paying rent to the landlord in exchange for use of stone
houses, farming fields and fishing rights. While providing families with a
subsistence foundation of plentiful fish and good soil for potatoes and other crops,
the economics of island life were tethered to and connected with Transatlantic
economies, and the shifting markets related to kelp, fish, and Basking shark. These
villages, connected to the engine of mainland or foreign economies yet, existing in
remote costal areas, were on the edge of the edge.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Thomas Kutys (AECOM)

"The Clear Grit of the Old District": Fire Company-Related Artifacts from
Fishtown, Philadelphia
Recent archaeological excavations conducted for PennDOT under Interstate 95 in
the Fishtown section of Philadelphia have produced a number of artifacts related to
the volunteer fire companies that once existed in the neighborhood. Between 1736
and 1857, over 150 volunteer companies came into existence across the city, and
two of those were once situated within the current project area. With the creation
of the paid Philadelphia Fire Department in 1871, the era of the volunteer
companies passed into history. The fire company-related artifacts recovered from
Fishtown will be presented, as well as the stories of the local companies likely
associated with them and their significance to the neighborhood.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

L
Donald La Barre (Flinders University, South Australia, Australia)
The Gilchrist Fleet Survey Report: Identifying the Archaeological Significance
of Abandoned Vessels in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
This paper reports on the preliminary findings of the Gilchrist Fleet Survey Project
fieldwork conducted by NOAA Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, State of

224
Michigan Department of History, Arts, and Libraries, and Flinders University in the
summer of 2015. The goal of the project is to survey the North Point shoreline of
Isaacson Bay for historic sunken vessels once owned by the Gilchrist
Transportation Company of Alpena, Michigan. Three already located economically
abandoned Gilchrist ships lying abandoned within the protection of Thunder Bay
National Marine Sanctuary are tentatively identified as Knight Templar, Light Guard,
and S.H. Lathrop. Now lying between 7–10 feet of water, these ships are the physical
remains of a White Pine Era (1840–1900) where lumber was the catalyst for
economic growth and expansion of transnational trading routes that drew
entrepreneurs, like Frank W. Gilchrist, to the Great Lakes in search of a prosperous
future.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sarah J. La Fevre (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

Digital Historic Preservation: Recording and Interpreting the Patterson-
Altman’s Mill with 3-D Scanning
The purpose of this study is to compare the traditional recording as conducted by
the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) with modern 3-D scanning,
focusing on the Patterson-Altman Mill located in Saltsburg, PA. The Patterson-
Altman Mill was originally built in 1912 and recorded by HAER in 1987 (HAER No.
PA-110), and is currently featured on the Preservation Pennsylvania at Risk
2013/14 and Preservation National 2014 list. This study will use the image data
collected from a 3- D Leica Scan Station C10 to determine if the use of the 3-D
scanner is more effective than the methods previously used by HAER. This study
will endeavor to record the entirety of the building to create a record of the mill in
case the building is not restored. It will also analyze the mill’s current state and its
historical integrity to determine how the milling process occurred during its time of
operation.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kelly Ladd-Kostro (Colonial Williamsburg) – see [SYM-208] Ian D. Simmonds

Don Lafrenier (Michigan Technological University) – see [GEN-009] Daniel J. Trepal

Matthew R. Laird (James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.)

Archaeology and Public Memory at the Lumpkin’s Slave Jail Site
The discovery and excavation of the Lumpkin’s Slave Jail Site (44HE1053) in
Richmond, Virginia, between 2006 and 2009 garnered more media and public
attention than any other archaeological project in the city’s history. Spearheaded by
the Richmond City Council’s Slave Trail Commission, the investigations revealed the
remarkably well-preserved remains of the slave-trading complex operated by
Robert Lumpkin from the 1840s through the fall of Richmond in 1865, and which
later served as the site of the Colver Institute, the forerunner of today’s historically
black Virginia Union University. Clearly, the popular understanding of this place

225
transcends the scholarly analysis of a specific cultural landscape of urban captivity.
And the site—with its complex historical legacy—continues to be a touchstone in
the impassioned debate over the role of race, public memory, and preservation in
the contested Shockoe Bottom neighborhood, the notorious former slave-trading
district lately targeted for redevelopment.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Huguette Lamontagne (Laval University, Canada), Allison Bain (Laval University,

Canada), Pierre Francus (National Institute for Scientific Research (INRS)), Geneviève
Treyvaud (National Institute for Scientific Research (INRS))
Pottery and Potters in Quebec City in the 17th Century: An Archaeometric
Study of Local Ceramic Production
In Quebec City, the local earthenware ceramic industry began around 1636 with the
production of both bricks and pottery. While post excavation visual examination
and comparison with established earthenware typologies often suggest European
productions, we propose a microscopic examination using archaeometric analyses
in order to identify the presence of local wares. A collection of 52 earthenware
sherds from four sites in the region was selected for analysis. Tomodensitometry
(CT-scanning) and thin section analyses were undertaken and the resulting data
were subject to statistical analysis. This presentation will discuss the
micromorphological examination of the ceramic pastes, and the use of CT scanning
in the study of ceramics, and how the results of these methods can be combined
with the use of statistics. Our results suggest that the local industry was more
important than initially imagined.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David B. Landon (University of Massachusetts Boston) - see [GEN-016] Courtney M.

Williams

David B. Landon (Fiske Center, UMass Boston), Christa M. Beranek (Fiske Center,
UMass Boston), Kellie J. Bowers (Fiske Center, UMass Boston), Justin A. Warrenfeltz
(Fiske Center, UMass Boston)
Plymouth Colony Archaeological Survey: Results of 2015 Excavations on
Burial Hil
In 2015 the University of Massachusetts Boston’s undertook a second season of
fieldwork along the eastern side of Burial Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Excavations targeted a strip of land in the gap between a series of 19th-century
buildings and historic burials within the cemetery. Two areas uncovered preserved
early deposits. In one of these an intact Native American component of the site was
identified, while in the other several colonial era features were discovered and
documented. The colonial component of the site included a small trench feature that
appears to date to the early 17th century, based on both stratigraphic position and
artifact content. The earliest colonial artifacts identified include pipes and casement
window glass fragments. The 2015 results are discussed in the context of the

226
ongoing project’s goals to contribute to the scholarly understanding of the
Plymouth Colony for the 400th anniversary in 2020.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Susan B. Langley (Maryland Historical Trust), Raymond L. Hayes (Institute of

Maritime Archaeology), Laszlo Takacs (University of Maryland, Baltimore County),
Marina Congedo (University of Maryland, Baltimore County)
Flint Ballast, Rocky Connections With Europe
On the East Coast of North America, nodules of flint often are encountered in ballast
piles. Many archaeologists assert an ability to identify visually when these are of
European origin. While, anecdotally, this appears to be generally true, most
archaeologists cannot articulate the specific factors they employ in making the
identification. This project, which builds on Barbara Luedtke’s 1992 work, examines
geological terminology, tests the visual identification assertion, and employs XRF
and SEM analyses to determine if it is possible to derive a means of accurately
making these identifications.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Arthur J. Lapre (National Park Service) – see [POS-4] Kimberly I. Robinson

Cheryl Janifer LaRoche (University of Maryland)

From Community Significance to National Importance: The National Park Service
and African American Historic Sites
In 1943, the George Washington Carver National Monument was declared a unit of the
National Park Service. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African
American and the first dedicated to a non-President. President Roosevelt dedicated
$30,000 to the monument. In the intervening years, the Park Service has added dozens of
historically significant units with African American components, or African American
sites that range from National Monuments, to National Historic Sites, to National Parks.
A number of these sites also had an archaeological component and their importance was
first defined by local citizens. This paper will explore the process of significance building
both within the National Park Service and within the field of archaeology. How does a
site move from local importance to national significance and what can we learn from the
process?
[PLENARY] – Blue Room; Wednesday, 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.

Ryan Lash (Northwestern University)

Creative Continuity:Tradition and Community Reproduction on the Margins of
Western Ireland
Local pilgrimage or an turas traditions in western Ireland provide a valuable
opportunity to critique and nuance the common association of geographically
marginal communities with cultural stasis. Emerging archaeological evidence
suggests that modern pilgrims not only re-used older monuments, but also
reproduced certain patterns of movement and memory initially developed for

227
monastic liturgies in the early medieval period (c. 400-1100 CE). Such apparent
long-term continuities of practice evoke colonial and nationalist perspectives that
attributed western Ireland’s ‘timelessness’ to its geographic, ecological, or
genealogical marginality. Using archaeological, folkloric, and ethnographic evidence
from the cult of Saint Leo on the island of Inishark, this paper will explore how
people creatively adapted and maintained the infrastructure of early medieval
ritual as they confronted the shifting constraints and affordances of island life
during the 18th-20th century. This long-term perspective reveals the dynamism of
tradition and its capacity to sustain community relations in marginal settings.
[SYM-687] – Committee Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sara G. Laurence (Cox|McLain Environmental Consulting, Inc.), Amy A. Borgens (Texas

Historical Commission), Robert L. Gearhart (Surveying And Mapping, LLC (SAM))
Texas’ White Elephant Fleet
As part of its effort in World War I, the United States and its Emergency Fleet
Corporation (EFC) began an aggressive shipbuilding campaign to counter the
merchant shipping losses from Germany’s submarine warfare. Over 100 wooden
ships were contracted in the Gulf District (the Gulf Coast west of New Orleans).
Construction of these vessels was far slower than anticipated, and when the war
suddenly ended, the country was left with a surplus of both complete and
incomplete wooden ships. The EFC attempted to sell off the surplus vessels, but the
fate of most was to be salvaged, burned, wrecked, and/or abandoned. Dozens of
these vessels remain in the murky waters of Texas and Louisiana to tell the story of
a seemingly failed attempt to revive the lost art of wooden shipbuilding.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Elisabeth LaVigne (JMA, a CCRG Company) – see [SYM-105b] William J. Chadwick

Elisabeth LaVigne (JMA) – see [SYM-398] Kevin C. Bradley

Elisabeth A. LaVigne (JMA, a CCRG Company), William J. Chadwick (Indiana University

of Pennsylvania),
"The Brandywine Creek has two branches which are very good for crossing” :
The search for Trimble’s Ford
On the morning of 11 September 1777, Hessian Captain Johan Ewald was leading an
advance force ahead of the Crown Forces column that outflanked the American
position along Brandywine Creek. The precise location of Trimble’s Ford, where the
Crown Forces ultimately crossed the west branch of the Brandywine, and the road
system that was traveled by the Crown Forces to reach the ford was the subject of a
multi-faceted study. Geophysical investigation utilizing ground-penetrating radar
(GPR) and geomorphic investigation through soil coring, combined with the
examination of topographic data, historical cartography, and historical land records
has resulted in the determination of the ford's location and the route of the Crown
Forces advance. The results of the combined lines of inquiry provide a remarkable

228
view of the landscape of the eighteenth-century Brandywine Valley and how terrain
plays such a significant role in battlefield decisions the and resulting outcomes of
those choices.
[SYM-398] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m .

Matthew S. Lawrence (Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, NOAA), Jay Haigler

(Diving With a Purpose)
Elbow Reef’s Landscape of Salvage
Jutting into the Gulf Stream, Elbow Reef has claimed numerous vessels, particularly
steamships, over the last 150 years. Today, these shipwrecks attract hundreds of
divers and snorkelers visiting the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Archaeological research
has revealed the histories of several Elbow Reef shipwrecks, but time has shrouded
the identities of others until recently. The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
(ONMS) is partnering with Diving With a Purpose (DWP) to reveal the history of
this treacherous reef. Identifying and mapping previously unnamed shipwrecks lost
on the reef has allowed archaeologists to investigate the activities of salvagers
working to recover machinery and cargo. Furthermore, comparison of similar
archaeological sites within a distinct geographic area has revealed new stories of
the highly-skilled Florida Keys wreckers.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Charles F. Lawson (National Park Service, Biscayne National Park) – see [SYM-31]
Nicole Grinnan

Charles Lawson (National Park Service) – see [SYM-51] Melissa Price

Jonathan M. Leader (SCIAA, University of South Carolina, Columbia), Steven D. Smith

(SCIAA, University of South Carolina, Columbia), James B. Legg (SCIAA, University of
South Carolina, Columbia)
Geophysical Investigation at Fort Motte: Delineating the Fort and Searching
for the Sap.
Investigation of the Revolutionary War site of Fort Motte (38CL1) has been ongoing
since 2004. In the 2015 field season volunteers and the summer archaeological field
school assisted the work by analyzing 9200 sq meters of the roughly 13 acres of the
primary battlefield site by dual gradiometer. Eventually the entire 13 acres will be
analyzed. This paper presents the findings to date with special attention to the
fortification, plantation house and sap.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Stephanie E. Lechert (SWCA Environmental Consultants)

What Have We Here?: Discovery at the UTA District Depot Project in Salt Lake
City, Utah

229
In July 2014, the construction of the Utah Transit Authority’s Depot District Service
Center project in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, uncovered foundations and
associated cultural materials from the historic Denver & Rio Grande Western
Railroad train maintenance facilities (42SL718). Initially, the foundations provided
far more questions about how the rail facility evolved than they answered.
Subsequent monitoring and archaeological data recovery uncovered several
incarnations of the rail facility, dating between the early 1900s and the mid-1950s.
Site 42SL718 presents the development of several different iterations of
transportation infrastructure all in one place. Archival research and archaeological
data provide a look at site reuse and raise important issues to consider for locations
with purported demolished structures.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Lori Lee (Flagler College)

Gender and Health Consumerism among Enslaved Virginians
This paper explores health consumerism of enslaved laborers in antebellum central
Virginia. Health consumerism incorporates the modern sense of patients’
involvement in their own health care decisions and the degree of access enslaved
African Americans had to resources that shaped their health and well-being
experiences. To emphasize the multilayered nature of health and illness, this
analysis engages Margaret Lock and Nancy Scheper-Hughes “three bodies model.”
The three elements comprising this model consist of 1. The individual body—the
physical body and personal experience of the body, including the mind; 2. The social
body— the body as it is socially represented in various symbolic and metaphorical
forms; and 3) the body politic—regulation, surveillance, and control of bodies (both
individual and collective) in reproduction and sexuality, work and leisure, and
sickness.
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Charles H. Leedecker (Pensioner)

A Silk Purse from a Sow’s Ear: The History and Archeology of the Monumental
Core in Washington, DC
The Monumental Core in the District of Columbia contains some of the nation’s
most iconic landscapes, landmarks and memorials. The modern landscape bears
little resemblance to the natural environment or the nineteenth-century city. For
thousands of years, Native Americans camped along the bank of a tidal creek. After
the City of Washington was established in 1790, the creek was transformed first
into a canal, then a foul sewer that carried the city’s waste into the Potomac River.
Areas of open water and lowlying creek banks were filled during the nineteenth
century, mostly related to efforts to maintain navigation on the Potomac River. The
public lands are a now premier tourist destination and stage for countless
celebrations and demonstrations, but the history of the landscape is little known. A
series of archaeological investigations on these lands have brought much of this
forgotten history to light.

230
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

William B. Lees (University of West Florida)

Closing the Loop: The Civil War Battle of Honey Springs, Creek Nation, 1863
The Oklahoma Historical Society conducted metal detector survey of the Civil War
Battle of Honey Springs, Creek Nation (Oklahoma) in the 1990s. A variety of papers
between 1995 and 2002 reported on different aspects of this research, but I present
a comprehensive archaeological treatment of the battle here for the first time.
Results show the battle to have been a series of three engagements over several
miles, with a distinctly different signature at each of the three conflict locations.
This mid-war, far west battle shows reliance on munitions and weapons
increasingly seen as obsolete in Eastern theaters, and perhaps also including use of
traditional Native American weapons. Examination of the placement of artifacts
allows a useful reconciliation of the battle events with the modern landscape and
insight into the level of tactical engagement by US and Confederate forces during
the initial battle.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

James B. Legg (SCIAA, University of South Carolina, Columbia) – see [GEN-009]

Jonathan M. Leader

Michael Lenert (A.D. Marble & Company, Pennsylvania), Brooke Blades (A.D. Marble &
Company, Pennsylvania)
US Route 301 Predictive Modeling
Survey along the US Route 301 corridor was guided by a 2006 predictive model.
The effort was informed by previous modeling efforts in Delaware and by earlier
models primarily prehistoric in focus.The historic component identified margins
adjacent to older roadways as having at least medium potential for sites and
isolated house locations shown on nineteenth-century maps as high potential
locations. Sites dating to the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were at
times encountered in medium and high zones. Earlier colonial sites adjacent to
several unimproved and abandoned paths and "cart roads" often fell in low
potential zones. Smaller nineteenth-century tenant houses and “house-garden”
structures that were not identified on historic maps were equally invisible. One
conclusion is the utilization of more complete historic data in model construction.
Less obvious lessons include the need to engage in probability sampling and
reversal of testing intensities by placing more—not fewer—tests in “low potential”
zones.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Steve Lenik (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Jesuit Mission Economics and Plantations in the Caribbean

231
A central objective of the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, that emerged soon
after the order’s founding in 1540 was to send out missionaries to establish and
maintain communities of indigenous converts to Christianity. The mission emerged
as a common institutionalized form to carry out this proselytizing, and has provided
a useful analytical unit for archaeological research. However, the Jesuits
operationalized other modes of colonization in the Americas including ranches,
parishes, and schools, as well as plantations where mission work focused on
enslaved Africans. This paper examines the material record of Jesuit plantations in
the Caribbean within the wider context of mission economics. This investigates if
and how specific Jesuit patterns might be reflected in material culture from
plantations, despite the accommodation permitted for the Jesuits, urging them to
“be all things to all men,” which might obscure existing models once these were
manifested in local contexts.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Jed Levin (National Park Service) – see [SYM-31] Jeffrey Collins

Jed Levin (National Park Service), Deborah Miller (AECOM), Alexander Keim (National
Park Service)
Sixty Years of Archeology in Independence National Historical Park: Learning
from the Past, Digging for the Future
Beginning in the early 1950’s archeologists began sifting the soil beneath
Independence National Historical Park in an effort to help inform and guide the
development of a new national park. Over the course of subsequent decades the
formative work of Paul Schumacher, Barbara Liggett, and John Cotter, among
others, shaped the park’s physical appearance, as well as the interpretive
experience, for generations of visitors. In the process, these pioneers and their work
played a key role in the birth of urban archeology. This paper will review these
groundbreaking efforts, as well as work undertaken since 2000. While these recent
projects have drawn heavily on earlier work, current archeological efforts in the
park have often been driven by an engaged public and have led the park beyond
traditional interpretations toward new, previously untold, stories and themes.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Aaron M. Levinthal (Maryland State Highway Administration)

A 19th Century Military Landscape in Southern Maryland
The Maryland State Highway Administration's recent archaeological investigations
in Charles County have helped to increase the understanding of a landscape that
directly contributed to events that shaped a developing nation. The discovery and
study of several War of 1812 and Civil War sites and loci, all within close proximity
of one another, the port town of Benedict, and major waterborne and overland
transportation corridors, has provided insights on choices made by 19th century

232
military commanders and enlisted men when confronted with a Chesapeake
landscape.
[SYM-403] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Carolyn Lewis (University of Indianapolis)

A Tale Of Two Ditches: Conserving Historic Features On Sapelo Island Georgia
Last summer the Sapelo Island Cultural Resource Survey (SICRS) investigated the
north end of Sapelo Island for archaeological sites that are threatened by both
nature and man. This area was inhabited by native peoples from the Late Archaic
Period (5000-3000 BP) up until the Spanish Mission Period. Later european
settlement divided the island up into plantations and estates, two of which occupied
the north end of the island until the Civil War. In the 1920’s Sapelo became a private
retreat for a series of wealthy families. The last owner, R.J Reynolds dynamited two
ditches across the north end of the island to drain the low lying interior. Georgia’s
DNR, the current owners of the north end, plan to refill these ditches in order to
return the island to a more natural state. This paper examines the implications of
backfilling the two drainage ditches that run across Sapelo Island’s north end.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Quentin P. Lewis (Durham University, United Kingdom)

Memories of the Yeoman: the Moralized materiality of farming in the memory
of rural New England
This paper focuses on the role of materiality and spatiality in the making of rural
New England--a “historic place” with powerful resonances to the cultural identity of
the United States. Rural New England was the site of 19th century historic
preservation movements that sought to reclaim important objects and landscapes
from material and social disintegration. Farming was integral to this construction,
and the figure of the Yeoman was a frequently deployed categorical subjectivity,
whose behaviors were structured and conditioned by material things. “Yeoman” is a
term with discursive resonances receding back to medieval England, and these
resonances were continually recontextualized to suit a dynamic and unstable 19th
century. I examine the moralized ideology of the Yeoman and contrast that ideology
with the actual material culture of 19th century farmers, as a way to explore how
the memory was hardened into objective historical narrative.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Megan Lickliter-Mundon (Texas A&M University) – see [SYM-151b] Michael L. Brennan

Megan Lickliter-Mundon (Texas A&M University), Bridget Buxton (University of Rhode

Island)
ROV-Based 3D Modeling Efforts on a Submerged WWII Aircraft for Museum
Display

233
In 1944, factory workers and community members from Tulsa, OK bought war
bonds to finance the last B-24 Liberator built by the Tulsa Douglas Aircraft plant.
They named her, wrote signatures and messages on her fuselage, and sent her to
Europe with a part Tulsa crew. She went down off the coast of Croatia after a
bombing mission but was never forgotten as a WWII community icon.
Archaeologists are now in the process of preserving the cultural heritage and
physical remains of the site, as well providing the Tulsa community with tangible
materials for a museum display of ‘their’ aircraft. Diver-based methods of producing
a 3D site map were difficult to follow due to the 130 foot depth, so ROV technology
was used to assist divers in acquiring imagery. This presentation will discuss the
methodology used with ROV-based mapping of archaeological sites and the
importance of 3D modeling aircraft in-situ.
[SYM-132] – Capitol Room; Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

William B. Liebeknecht (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group)

18th Century Stoneware From New Jersey
The origins of the New Jersey stoneware industry -- and perhaps even the American
stoneware industry -- seem to lie in the late 17th century with an awareness that
high-grade clays suitable for making dense, hard, durable pottery were present in
the South Amboy area of Middlesex County in the Province of East Jersey. As early
as 1685-86, there are indications in the court records of Burlington County in West
Jersey that such clays were known to early settlers. This clay source was
presumably the well-known Morgan bank, a vast expanse of high quality stoneware
clay exposed along both the south shore of Raritan Bay and the Cheesequake Creek
The clay mined from this area fueled the colonial American stoneware industry up
and down the east coast for more than a century. A total of nine stoneware
manufactories are known to have operated in New Jersey during the 18th century.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

William B. Liebeknecht (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group)

Data Recovery at the Elkins A & B Site [7NC-G-174] A unique look at two
adjacent single-occupation 18th century farmsteads
The Elkins A & B site has produced some of the most interesting data seen along the
U.S. Route 301 corridor. The site represents two very different sites from two
different periods in the 18th century. Elkins B, the earlier of the two , was occupied
from around 1720 to circa 1740 on property owned by John Greenwater Jr. This site
had array of interesting items, such as a set of red-bodied earthenware vessels
thought to have been manufactured in Philadelphia by the Hillegas brothers,
numerous Robert Tippet pipes, and consumed faunal remains including freshwater
mussels and horse. Elkins A site dates from circa 1740 to circa 1770 on land owned
by John McCoole, who owned nine slaves. Features from this farmstead site include
a stone-lined cellar, a dam and an out-kitchen. An unrelated earlier feature from the
site has been interpreted as a wolf-trap pit circa 1670s.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

234
Matthew Liebmann (Harvard University)
Colonowares and Colono-kachinas in the Spanish-American Borderlands:
Appropriation and Authenticity in Pueblo Material Culture, 1600-1950
Following the Spanish colonization of New Mexico, Pueblo peoples began to adopt
various technologies, cultural practices, and beliefs introduced to them by their
colonial overlords. This tradition continues today, with contemporary
appropriations of “foreign” elements into “traditional” Pueblo practices. How
should we as historical archaeologists interpret this appropriation of outside
influences and material culture? This paper explores the phenomenon of post-
colonial difference through case studies of “non-traditional” twentieth-century
kachina dolls and seventeenth-century Pueblo-Spanish colonowares.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Dessa E. Lightfoot (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, College of William and Mary) –

see [POS-5] Stephen C. Atkins

Dessa E. Lightfoot (College of William and Mary)

Reimagining Methods in Historical Zooarchaeology: Getting to the Meat of the
Matter-Identifying Butchery Goals and Reconstructing Meat Cuts from
Eighteenth Century Colonial Virginia
Faunal remains from archaeological sites are only the byproduct of meals,
discarded after the meat has been stripped from them. A detailed butchery analysis
is one way of thinking of bones as vehicles for meat, making it possible to link what
was removed for consumption with what is found archaeologically. Seeking to
reconstruct meat cuts is another way to get at not just what species or how much
people were eating, but how that meat was conceived of, prepared, and served.
Butchery analysis and meat cut reconstructions can help bridge the gap between
the archaeological record, documentary sources, and the meals people sat down to
each day. What and how people ate in the eighteenth-century Anglo-American
world was more than the result of preference, social context, or environment; it is a
concrete demonstration of how individuals made choices, communicated
information, and reflected and affected their cultures.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Katlyn R. Likely (Lindenwood University)

An Analysis of Cut Glass Collected from an Excavation of Lindenwood
University’s Former Garbage Dump
In the 1800s, Lindenwood University, located in St. Charles, Missouri previously
offered secondary education primarily to women. During this time, the university
disposed of garbage from the college in a garbage dump behind the student
residency where it was later burned. An excavation of the former garbage dump
from provides an insight of the lifestyle of university students during the 1800s,

235
including goods and products that the students used. The excavation and surface
collections continue to reveal artifacts ranging from construction materials and
schooling equipment to household goods, including a plentiful amount of glass. The
glass artifact collection consists of glass bottles, jars, and fragments of glass of a
variety of shapes, colors, and purposes. This presentation exhibits an analysis
specifically on the cut glass collected by archaeology majors from Lindenwood
University.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Meredith B. Linn (Barnard College)

Examining Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in Nineteenth-Century New York City
through Patent Medicines
Patent medicines were immensely popular in the 19th century. They promised
astounding cures, were unregulated and relatively inexpensive, and permitted
individuals to self-medicate without an interfering physician. Archaeologists have
often begun their interpretations of these curious commodities with the premises
that they were lesser quality alternatives to physicians’ prescriptions and thus more
appealing to poorer alienated groups (who used them passively as advertised) than
to the native-born middle class. Inspired by Diana diZerega Wall’s important body
of comparative work using material culture to examine gender, class, and ethnicity
in 19th-century New York City, this paper uses patent medicines similarly and
focuses most on comparisons between working-class Irish immigrants and middle-
class native-born Americans. This paper shows that patent medicine consumption
was often a reasonable option that cross-cut class and ethnicity, and that different
groups preferred different types or brands of patent medicines that reveal their
divergent agency, circumstances, and worldviews.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sanna M. Lipkin (University of Oulu, Finland), Erika Ruhl (University at Buffalo), Saara
Tuovinen (University of Oulu, Finland)
Mourning for children in northern Finland – Funerary attire in the 17th–18th
century contexts
This paper examines commemorating children in premodern northern
Finland. The hypothesis is that high child mortality (forty percent died before
the age of four) affected the ways in which children were commemorated and
how childhood was perceived. The primary question is, how mourning is
visible in the coffin textiles and accessories? These materials have been
unearthed both in town and rural cemeteries, while some of the clothes are
dressed on mummified deceased below church floors. The contrast between
burials of children and adults provides an avenue for exploring the mourning
rituals related to children. Research indicates that children received more
elaborate textiles and accessories than adults. This is probably due to a local
habit, in which the making of funerary adornments for children was a social

236
event arranged by a virgin godmother. Mourning rituals offer a possibility to
examine the status of children, and how relatives managed the child deaths.
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Barbara Little (National Park Service)

The Color of Context: 100 Years of Intertwining Archaeology and Public Policy
As we enter this anniversary year for the National Park Service and the landmark
legislation of the modern historic preservation movement in the US, it’s worth a look
back to consider historic contexts in 1916 and in 1966. Where did these cultural
institutions come from? Archaeology was instrumental early in federal preservation,
being not only integral to the Antiquities Act of 1906 but also in the development of NPS
as the park system expanded geographically and in conceptual scope. Historical
archaeology has flourished within the vibrant CRM industry created by the National
Historic Preservation Act. Enormous changes have occurred over the last century and
half century to change the parks, historic preservation, and the larger context for our
work. A world war and its aftermath, political witch hunts, economic busts and booms,
redlining, the Great Society, demographic transformations, struggles for civil rights,
changes in civic life and the relationships between citizens and the federal government
and much more have had their effects. Within this context, I will examine some key flash
points where the trajectory of historical archaeology changed and will consider some
implications for the future.
[PLENARY] – Blue Room; Wednesday, 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.

Ricardo Borrero Londoño (Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática (SAS) - Instituto

Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Mexico; Fundación Terra Firme,
Colombia)
Wooden History of “The Highwayman” - Wreckage and Discovery of the
Lumber Schooner Oliver J. Olson (1900 -1911)
Careened to starboard prow remains were uncovered by the landslide of a dune
during the hurricanes Mary and Norbert at Cabo Falso, Lower California in August of
2014. Main deposit encompasses floor timbers, ribs, beams, planking, iron
fasteners, a capstan, a dead eye, a cleat, a hatchway and steam donkey pinions.
Machinery inscriptions, wood taxonomy, architectonical characteristics, site
location and documentary sources research, drove to identify the wreck as the four-
masted schooner Oliver J Olson, built in Aberdeen, Washington by J. Lindstrom in
1900. The sailing-vessel was transporting lumber between Grays Harbord and
Guaymas as it was caught by a hurricane that broke its yards off and drove it
ashore. Besides, ongoing research highlights the importance of lighthouses and Dog
Hole Ports in lumber trade at the North American Pacific, while revealing idyllic
stories about Captain Stream and his wife and the partnership between the ship’s
owners, Olson and Mahoney.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Julissa A. Collazo López (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Puerto Rico
(U.S.))

237
"Archaeology of Mercantilism: An Analysis of Vessels and Passengers in
Puerto Rico, 1510-1545"
This paper presents the preliminary findings of a research project that uses the
registries of vessels(Relación de Navíos) from the Royal Treasury of Puerto Rico to
study the quantity of people that arrived to the island during the first half of the
16th century, at the height of the Spanish colonization. The main objective of this
research is to quantify the passengers and vessels that arrived at the two main
ports in Puerto Rico: San Juan and San Germán. The incorporation of this
documentary data is being used as a new approach to understand early colonial
development and transplantation of the Spanish European system to the Caribbean
by comparing and contrasting the information regarding the entry of vessels with
the quantity of people. How can this information, focusing on ethnicity, profession,
and gender help us understand the early conquest in Puerto Rico from an
archaeological perspective?
[SYM-662] – Committee Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Diana Loren (Peabody Museum, Harvard University), Christina Hodge (Stanford

University Archaeology Collections) Patricia Capone (Peabody Museum, Harvard
University)
“To Advance Learning and Perpetuate it to Posterity”: New Narratives from
the Harvard Yard Archaeological Collections
Several systematic excavations have been carried out in Harvard Yard since the late
1970s, focusing on different locations, including the Old College, Holden Chapel,
and, most recently, the Indian College. These projects have produced significant
collections that exist in a variety of forms and conditions. Despite challenges, with
attention, these finds can provide a rich, robust data set. New perspectives and
analyses are enhancing our understandings of life at the college as it transitioned
from the multi-cultural, Puritan institution established in 1636 to a contemporary,
humanistic institution of higher education. Archaeology provides critical
opportunities to remember, critique, and edit Harvard’s established narrative for a
variety of stakeholders. This paper summarizes the material and documentary
archive that is being interrogated to bring forth new understandings of life at early
Harvard while also forwarding recent initiatives of stakeholder engagement and
public archaeology.
[SYM-302] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Marc Lorenc (University of Massachusetts Amherst)

Discourse and Narrative Production at Historic Sites: The Role of
Documentary Archaeology in Addressing Structural and Symbolic Violence
Expanding on conversations occurring in 19th century African American print
culture studies, this paper explores the relationship of documentary archaeology to
African American print materiality, black nationalism, and collective memory.
Conceptualizing print material as mnemonic devices, the paper explores how print
culture creates an imagined collectivity through the broad circulation of

238
representational media. Specifically, this paper examines how these mnemonic
devices, in relationship to place and practice, shape particular subjectivities through
the transmission of collective memory both in the past and the present. Such an
approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how the archive shapes and limits
the formation and promotion of certain historical narratives and subjectivities at
historic sites. This paper summarizes recent efforts towards increasing public
awareness of the Dr. James Still Historic Office and Homestead in Medford, NJ,
demonstrating how documentary archaeology can play a fundamental role in
challenging structural and symbolic violence at multi-scalar level.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Jordon D. Loucks (University at Albany)

American Made: The Development of Ethnic Identities, Racism, and Economic
Growth of the Young American Republic
Ethnic identification in the archaeological record is fraught with pitfalls. The
application of ethnic divisions on populations that helped construct the industrial
arteries of New York State are a popular lens to view history through. The
immigrant populations that gave life and limb to construct the Erie Canal and the
New York Railroad system paved the way for the development of the industrial
Northeast. This study hopes to evaluate the efficacy of ethnic identification of the
archaeological record in the context of 19th century industrial construction by using
sites along the canals and railroads of New York State. Through material, landscape,
and statistical analysis, the production of economic developments that follow the
successful construction of industrial arteries provide the cultural environment of
New York with the possibility of cultural identification linked to the racist actions
and attitudes of Victorian idealism and the Nativist ideal.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Erika K. Loveland (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, Western Michigan

University) – see [POS-3] John W. Cardinal

Erika K. Loveland (Western Michigan University) – see [GEN-013] Austin J. George

Erika K. Loveland (Western Michigan University)

Fireplaces and Foundations: Architecture at Fort St. Joseph
Fort St. Joseph was an eighteenth-century mission, garrison, and trading post
located along the St. Joseph River in present-day Niles, Michigan. Architectural
elements discovered through excavation over the past decade at the fort provide
insights on the techniques and materials used in the construction of associated
buildings. Historic documents reveal little information on the fort’s built
environment, highlighting the importance of archaeological evidence. This
architectural analysis relies on data from features, nails, window glass, and other
associated material remains. As buildings and other areas of occupation are
expressions of individual preferences and identity, this analysis allows for

239
interpretations of the vernacular architecture and cultural landscape at an
important frontier outpost on the edge of empire.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

David Lowe (National Park Service) – see [SYM-120] Philip Shiman

Christopher Lowman (UC Berkeley)

Community Networks at the Stanford Arboretum Chinese Workers’ Quarters
The historical response and endurance of Chinese diaspora communities in
California, living with legally reified racism, is a critical component of
understanding the economic and social impacts of immigration restriction. Between
1876 and 1925, the Chinese employees at the Stanford Stock Farm and Stanford
University impacted the development of agriculture and infrastructure through
their labor and entrepreneurship as farm workers, in construction, as gardeners,
and as domestic workers. Over that time, they experienced hostility and political
pressure as exclusion increased and anti-Chinese demonstrations increased.
Archaeological work can provide a perspective on how they persevered: how daily
activities were organized to cope with their conditions and how social connections
through trade and movement were maintained. This paper is an analysis of
materials recovered from the Chinese employees’ living quarters in the Stanford
Arboretum during non-archaeological ground disturbance in the 1980s, and
suggests how archaeological work can add to these findings.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Stephen Lubkemann (George Washington University) – see [SYM-514] David W.

Morgan

Stephen C. Lubkemann (George Washington University) – see [SYM-514] Jaco J. Boshoff

Stephen C Lubkemann (George Washington University) - see [SYM-514] Ricardo T.

Duarte

Stephen Lubkemann (George Washington University) – see [SYM-514] Tiago M. Fraga

Stephen C. Lubkemann (George Washington University), Jaco Boshoff (IZIKO Museums

of South Africa), David L Conlin (US National Park Service -Submerged Resources
Center), David Morgan (US National Park Service-SEAC), Jonathan Sharfman (ACHA
African Center for Heritage Activities), Christopher DeCorse (Syracuse University),
Ricardo T. Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique), Yolanda P. Duarte
(Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique), Justine Benanty (George Washington
University), Michael Smith (University of Newcastle, UK), Ibrahima Thiaw (Cheikh
Diop University), Paul Gardullo (Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of African
American History and Culture) , Meredith Hardy Morgan (US National Park Service-
SEAC)

240
The Slave Wrecks Project: An Agenda, An Approach for the Maritime
Archaeology of the Slave Trade
This presentation draws upon our research worldwide—and the Sao Jose
investigation in particular--to discuss the Slave Wrecks Project’s emerging
signature approach to the maritime archaeology of the slave trade. Slaver
shipwrecks serve as points of entrée for broader multi-disciplinary, multi-country,
collaborative investigations of African-sourced slave trades and enslavement
experiences – aiming to incorporate archaeological, archival, and ethno-historical
investigation of related sites/landscapes and populations at points of origin,
destinations, and other locations in a shipwrecks’ social event trajectory. Research
and public engagement mutually inform each other in an approach that seeks
effective and meaningful processes for engaging with multiple, heterogeneous,
stakeholder communities worldwide. Our conclusions offer an agenda for rendering
the maritime archaeology of the slave trade relevant to the investigation,
interpretation, and preservation of the past, and consider how maritime
archaeology may benefit from greater attention to arguably the most globally
consequential seaborne processes in human history.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Michael Lucas (New York State Museum), Kristin O'Connell (New York State Museum),
Susan Winchell-Sweeney (New York State Museum)
Mapping the Archaeology of Slavery in the Hudson River Valley
Recent archaeological research is producing an ever expanding literature on the
material conditions of slavery in the north, particularly as it existed in New York
City and Long Island. As a result, archaeologists and historians now recognize that
the built environment of slavery assumed many forms in the northeast, including
plantations. Yet, a rigorous archaeological scholarship in the upper Hudson valley is
lagging. Archaeologists at the New York State Museum began a project in 2015
entitled the Archaeology of Slavery in the Hudson River Valley to address this
disparity. The project has the broad goal of exploring the material evidence of
slavery as it existed along the Hudson River from New York to Albany during the
seventeenth through early nineteenth centuries. This poster presents an
introduction to the project and preliminary spatial data on slavery in the vicinity of
Albany.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Brittany N. Lucero (California State University Channel Islands) – see [GEN-004]

Courtney H. Buchanan

Jade W. Luiz (Boston University)

Ghosts in the Archives: Using Archaeology to Return Life to Historical
Prostitutes
Studies in historical prostitution are uniquely poised to demonstrate the
importance of partnership between historians and archaeologists. Sites of

241
prostitution may be present in the historical literature; however, the transience of
the women employed at these sites means that they often leave ephemeral traces in
the written record. Though typically unable to illustrate individual actors within
these sites, archaeology can help to reanimate the everyday lives of women in sex
work. Using the 27/29 Endicott Street site In Boston’s North End, this paper aims to
explore alternative methods, such as archaeology of the senses and sexuality, for
expanding collaboration between historical and archaeological methods.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Craig R. Lukezic (Delaware Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs/SHPO) – see [SYM-
105b] Gwenyth A. Davis

Meredith P. Luze (The Montpelier Foundation), Matthew B. Reeves (The Montpelier

Foundation), Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation)
LEARNing with Archaeology at James Madison’s Montpelier: Engaging with the
Public and Descendants through Immersive Archaeological Programs
At James Madison’s Montpelier, the LEARN program (Locate, Excavate, Analyze,
Reconstruct, and Network) provides visitors with an immersive, hands-on
experience in the archaeological process. The week-long LEARN expedition
programs for metal detecting, excavation, laboratory analysis, and log cabin
reconstruction offer participants an in-depth view of how Montpelier examines,
interprets, and preserves its archaeological heritage. This paper examines the
efficacy of these programs in communicating the methodologies and relevancy of
archaeology to members of the public with no prior archaeological experience. This
paper particularly examines an excavation expedition held from April 12-17, 2015
for descendants of enslaved people and the dynamic created through collaboration
between archaeologists and descendants with a keen interest in their history.
During the course of the excavation, on-site interviews, roundtable discussion, and
a groundbreaking ceremony, archaeology proved to be a catalyst for revealing and
creating memories and for broader conversations about heritage and reclaiming the
past.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45

Andrew D. W. Lydecker (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.)

Use Of Electronic Diver Positioning In A Challenging Marine Archaeological
Environment
An important consideration in the excavation of an archaeological site is spatial
control. Establishing provenience is particularly challenging in a harsh environment
such as the Savannah River, where black water, high current, limited dive windows,
safety constraints, and limited budgets do not allow traditional archaeological
methods to achieve success in a project with the scope of the excavation and
recovery of the CSS Georgia. The nature of the Savannah River environment dictates
a more high tech approach which makes certain compromises in order to achieve
the desired result within a reasonable time window. This paper will discuss various

242
methods of underwater positioning, their potential for use in a harsh environment
such as that found in the Savannah River, and the solution employed during the
excavation and recovery of the CSS Georgia.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

M
Kevin C. MacDonald (University College London) – [GEN-001] Clete Rooney

Jessica Striebel MacLean (Boston University)

Making Whiteness: White Creole Masculinity at the 18th-Cenutry Little Bay
Plantation, Montserrat, West Indies
At the close of the 18th century, a planter’s dwelling overlooking the Caribbean Sea
on the northwest coast of Montserrat was destroyed by fire, and never reoccupied.
Archaeological excavations yielded an intimate portrait of the domesticity of British
Empire materialized in fragments of everyday life. Ownership of Little Bay
Plantation transferred through three generations of unmarried male relations, one
of who inhabited the dwelling at its burning. As a white Montserratian-born
colonial, or white Creole, the resident planter illustrated the relational and
intersectional aspects of race and gender situated simultaneously in the 18th-
century metropolitan masculine culture of taste and sensibility, and in the mastery
and control of the plantation enslaved. This paper will examine the intersecting yet
conflicting aspects of white Creole masculinity that was less about making English-
ness than making whiteness reinforcing of racial hierarchy, and marked by a
disjuncture between English material culture and Creole social practice.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Amber M. Madrid (California State University Los Angeles) – see [GEN-004] Courtney
H. Buchanan

Kristine Madsen (University of Idaho), Elizabeth Harman (University of Idaho), Ray

von Wandruszka (University of Idaho), Chelsea Rose (Southern Oregon University)
Artifacts From The Chinese Quarter Of Jacksonville, OR – The Chemical Story
Analytical chemistry is a valuable tool in the identification of historical artifacts for
which visual inspection is inconclusive. This is often the case with bottles and jars
holding unknown materials, especially when the containers themselves provide
little or no evidence. Several of the artifacts recovered from the historical Chinese
Quarter of Jacksonville, OR, were of this type. They included a variety of medicine
bottles and vials with contents that could only be identified through chemical
analysis. Containers with remnants of household products and art materials also
presented interesting identification challenges. A particular problem came to light
when the contents of a vessel were entirely at odds with its original purpose and

243
both chemical sleuthing and a knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine were
required to identify the material.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Theodor M. Maghrak (The Graduate Center, CUNY)

Huguenot Heritage: Revisiting Curated Collections in NYC
Previously excavated and curated collections are often seen as unworthy of serious
scholarly attention. The drive to produce using entirely “new” excavations, artifacts,
and data sets underlies and reinforces this pattern. This paper discusses two major
components of using decades-old collections: research and responsibility. It first
summarizes recent research demonstrating the accretion of class identity among
French Huguenots in early 18th-century New York City. It then moves on to offer
fruitful directions for using curated collections while engaging with the ethical
responsibilities researchers are faced with as they encounter the collection as an
artifact in and of itself, having endured years of institution-based taphonomy. Far
from offering a de facto resolution, this paper works to address key concerns about
curated collections that might otherwise deter new researchers.
[SYM-302] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Shannon S. Mahoney (ASM Affiliates), Mark Giambastiani (ASM Affiliates)

Logan City, Nevada: Excavation of an 1860s Mining Camp
In July 2015, ASM Affiliates Inc. (ASM) conducted an excavation of an 1860s mining
camp at Logan City, Lincoln County, Nevada. In 1864, Mormons, miners, and the
military had moved into, what is now, Southeastern Nevada, in a quest for land,
water, and silver. Native Americans resisted these efforts and briefly expelled
miners from Logan City; however, the miners returned and established a
substantial camp surrounding Logan Spring. During an extensive survey in 2013
and 2014, ASM archaeologists recorded what appeared to be foundations of Native
American structures among the Euro-American structures at Logan City. ASM
created a research design to address questions about the settlement through
excavation and archival research with funds from the BLM's Lincoln County
Archaeological Initiative. One of our primary objectives was to determine if Native
Americans and miners were living side-by-side at Logan City before the settlement
was largely abandoned in 1869.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

David L. Maki (Archaeo-Physics, LLC) – see [SYM-43] Sigrid Arnott

LisaMarie Malischke (University of Alabama)

Asking New Questions of Old Collections, The Future of Curated Assemblages.
Part of the future of Historical Archaeology is the re-examination of existing
collections by applying new research questions. An example of this is Fort St. Pierre
(1719-1729), where a productive fourth year of excavations in the 1970s went

244
unpublished. In re-examining the whole artifact assemblage with its associated
architectural features, I gathered new information regarding daily life at the fort.
Using an ethnohistorical approach I constructed the political situation that
surrounded the fort and its inhabitants and led to its subsequent destruction. By
asking new questions of an old collection, curated assemblages can yield previously
unconsidered results and take historical archaeology in new directions.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Magda Mankel (University of Maryland)

Gauging Latino Interest in Historic Places and Cultural Heritage: A Case Study
of the Juan Bautista de Anza Historic Trail, Tucson, Arizona.
Given the rising number of Hispanics living in the United States, it is important that
the National Park Service (NPS) explore the ways Hispanic individuals understand
and use national parks, historic places and historic trails. Exploring Latino
perspectives is key if NPS is to collaborate with Latino communities, preserve the
meanings and stories attached to historic places, and ensure that historic places
remain relevant and accessible to present and future generations. Drawing from
literature concerning applied anthropology and critical heritage studies, this paper
uses focus group discussions with Latinos living in Tucson, Arizona to explore how
these individuals understand and use national parks, Hispanic heritage, and the
Juan Bautista de Anza Historic Trail. This paper posits that these focus group
discussions add to a dialogue concerning American Latino heritage by identifying
site and heritage components that make historic places more relevant, accessible,
and representative of Latino communities.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Rachel W. Manning (University at Albany)

We Might Be Mad Here: An Archaeological Investigation of Institutional Life in
the Northeast
The establishment of almshouses in the United States provided a way for states to
offer housing to their poor and destitute populations. Throughout the 20th century,
most of these establishments changed their function, with many of them morphing
into asylums for the mentally insane. Grave assemblages have been collected
through archaeological excavations, typically when significant changes are expected
to be made to what was once property of the almshouse. This study compares the
artifact assemblages of three contemporaneous almshouses: the Oneida and
Onondaga County Almshouses of New York State and the Uxbridge Almshouse of
Massachusetts. While the associated artifacts are fairly similar in type and quantity,
a significantly higher quantity of white celluloid buttons found only with the Oneida
assemblage may indicate that these graves were not associated with the almshouse,
but rather were from a period when the building was used as a state insane asylum.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

245
Mary Kate Mansius (St. Mary's College of Maryland) – see [SYM-202] Gregory Brown

Joshua L. Marano (National Park Service)

Shipwrecks Of The Florida Keys, Salvage, And The Conservation Movement
The National Historic Landmarks Program is an initiative administered by the
National Park Service to identify national significant historic places that possess
exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United
States. While there are currently more than 2,500 historic properties throughout
the country bearing this distinction, only a small percentage include maritime
cultural heritage and only seven include shipwrecks. While many individual
National Historic Landmarks exemplify the various interactions between human
beings and the sea, none of the individual properties previously designated as
National Historic Landmarks are reflective of the larger, multicomponent maritime
cultural landscape. This paper discusses the development of a theme study and
preparation of a National Historic Landmark nomination for a Maritime Cultural
Landscape identified within Biscayne National Park in Homestead, Florida.
[SYM-51] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Joshua L. Marano (National Park Service), Lee Pape (University of Southampton)

They Came From The Sea: The Anthropogenic Study Of The Cuban Migrant
Craft La Esperanza, The Normalization Of U.S.-Cuba Relations, And The
Potential For Future Research
Since the fall of the Batista regime during the Cuban Revolution of 1959 more than
one million Cubans have fled the country seeking protection and opportunities as
political refugees. While many of these refugees traveled to the United States by
more traditional means, many others desperate to flee the nation took to sea in
improvised watercraft to attempt to cross the Straits of Florida. These craft, which
greatly vary in size, construction, and technology are often found cast ashore and
abandoned along the beaches throughout the Florida Keys. The potential
normalization of political relations between the two countries could end this
exodus and thus the presence of these crafts which help provide some of the only
tangible evidence of this journey, and reflect the cultural values of their users and
hold significant potential for future study.
[GEN-007] – Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Jon Marcoux (Salve Regina University) – see [GEN-020] Sarah Stroud Clarke

Paul Mardikian (Terra Mare Conservation, LLC) – see [SYM-151b] Claudia Chemello

Paul Mardikian (Terra Mare Conservation LLC)

Deconcreting the Hunley: Revealing the Surface of the Submarine for the First
Time

246
Deconcretion of the exterior of the H.L. Hunley submarine is in full swing with more
than 1250 lbs. of marine deposits and corrosion removed. This presentation will
provide an overview of the recent progress by conservators at the Warren Lasch
Conservation Center in North Charleston, SC. After a brief review of the project's
major milestones, emphasis will be placed on the technical challenges of the
deconcretion work including the lab setting requirements, the deconcretion plan,
techniques of deconcretion and corrosion mitigation. The presentation will also
discuss what deconcretion has revealed about the cast and wrought iron features of
the hull such as the bow, stern, propeller and conning towers; the technical
interpretation of some of the findings including damage to the hull such as
deformation, erosion, fractures, impact or inherent material defects.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Patricia G. Markert (Binghamton University)

Historic Sites and Possible Worlds: Narrative-Building at Two Sites of African
American History
Kate Gregory and Andrea Witcomb refer to the narratives of place and history that
are created when people visit heritage sites as “possible worlds” – the mental and
physical spaces where history is then grappled with, conceptualized, and
understood. This paper considers two sites of African American history where
archaeology has been conducted over the past five years, Timbuctoo, NJ and the
Sellman Tenant House at SERC in Edgewater, MD, and explores the way narratives
around these historic sites are created and understood by different stakeholders.
Further, it questions how places are able to tell their own stories, and how
archaeology can lend to a more inclusive narrative-building at historic sites as they
are visited by the public.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David M. Markus (University of Florida)

Transgressions and Atonements: The Mosaic of Frontier Jewish Domestic
Religious Practice in the 19th Century
The Block Family Farmstead in Washington, Arkansas represents the first Jewish
immigrant family to the state and is the most extensively excavated Jewish Diaspora
site in North America, dating to the first half of the 19th Century. The site gives
unique insight into the domestic practices of a Jewish family in absence of an
ecclesiastical support network or coreligionist community. In particular, a pit
feature adjacent to the home may indicate the manner in which the Block family
transgressed against the tenents of their faith, as well as providing evidence to
suggest that they attempted to atone for, or mitigate these unintentional lapses in
faithful observance, while masking the more orthodox elements of their religion
from their non-Jewish neighbors. The seemingly innocuous pit feature at the Block
home provides the material evidence to explain the complicated mosaic of practice
required of frontier Jews for their religious, social and economic survival.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

247
Elizabeth Martin (CUNY, City University of New York)
Defining Historical Archaeology in New York City: New Terms, New
Archaeology
Historical Archaeology was in its early stages as Diana diZerega Wall and her
cohort, lead by Bert Salwen at NYU, began to excavate in New York City. Here I will
discuss how the use terms like gender, class, and race were revolutionary at the
time and how they have allowed us to investigate further subtleties such as the
dialectic relationship between insider and outsider communities. Wall and her
cohort have taught us to work with local descendant communities, bridged the gap
between academia and CRM, and maintained rigorous field methodology. I will ask
Wall and her contemporaries about the work others in their department were doing
and how and why the urban archaeologists found a way to see outside the box. This
paper will honor their contributions to the field of historical archaeology in New
York City and surrounding regions. We could not have gotten here without them.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Juan Martin (Universidad del Norte, República de Colombia) – see [SYM-47] Tomas
Mendizabal

Terrance Martin (Illinois State Museum) - see [SYM-191] Shawn F. Fields

Francheska Martinez (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
(U.S.)) – see [SYM-662] Paola Ortiz. Castros

Sara F. Mascia (Historical Perspectives, Inc.)

Experience Counts: Solutions Historical Archaeologists Can Provide in
Response to Climate Change
For well over a century Historical Archaeologists have been faced with the
persistent problem of losing archaeological sites to development. Recently, another
challenge has come to the forefront – how these sites are being adversely affected
by climate change. Many of the problems encountered were the result of either
increased coastal flooding or flooding in areas where former watercourses have
been diverted, altered, or filled to accommodate development. In the last decade,
requests for assistance with the creation of historic site preservation plans, that
specifically provide appropriate preparations to prevent impacts related to
fluctuating climate conditions, have increased. As practitioners of a discipline that
has always worked to identify threats and establish appropriate mitigation plans,
historical archaeologists are in a unique position to work with community planners,
government agencies and property owners to provide solutions and insight into the
preservation of climate-endangered archaeological and historic resources in the
coming decades.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

248
Alicia Massey (SEARCH)
The Sunken Military Craft Inventory: Navy Sinking Exercise (SINKEX) Vessels
and the Challenge of Dynamic Research
The new Sunken Military Craft Act regulations encouraged a reexamination of the
Sunken Military Craft Inventory (SMCI). SMCI research is a dynamic process that
continues to expand the management of sunken military craft overtime. The SMCI
was challenged on 7 July 2014 when Nautilus Live discovered the USS Peterson
(DD-969) in the Gulf of Mexico. The USS Peterson was a Navy sinking exercise
(SINKEX) vessel that was intentionally sunk on 16 February 2004. This discovery
prompted detailed research into the SINKEX program, which from 1999 to present
has been simultaneously monitored by the Navy and the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). The research revealed that less standardized SINKEX events began as
far back as the early 20th century. Currently, the findings feature a collection of one
hundred forty-four SINKEX vessels within the SMCI. As new research discoveries
occur, the SMCI continues to develop and influence the management of sunken
military craft.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Laura E. Masur (Boston University)

Reimagining Methods in Historical Zooarchaeology: Methods and Themes in
Recent Literature
This poster exhibits a survey of recent (2000-2015) literature on historical
zooarchaeology in eastern North America. Emphasizing studies of colonialism and
cultural mixture, this survey evaluates ways that historical archaeologists use
zooarchaeological data to investigate topics such as human impacts on
environments, economic strategies, and the expression of social identities. By
focusing on trends in analytical methods and the research questions posed by
archaeologists, this survey demonstrates the complex relationship among
quantification methods, the subject of research, and theoretical orientation. Results
indicate persistent problems and inconsistencies in the ways that historical
zooarchaeologists quantify and report data, which lead to difficulties when
comparing datasets and, in some cases, substantiating research conclusions. Many
recent publications, however, demonstrate an excellent balance between thorough
methodology and methodological reporting, the use of multiple quantification
techniques, and insightful interpretations of data.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

David J. Mather (Minnesota Historical Society)

More than the Fort: Recognizing Expanded Significance of the Fort Snelling
National Register and National Historic Landmark Districts
Fort Snelling, built in 1820 at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi
rivers, was the first National Historic Landmark designated in Minnesota, and
among the state’s first listings in the National Register. The site of the frontier fort

249
was the focus of a grassroots historic preservation effort in the 1950s, leading to
large-scale archaeological excavation and reconstruction. Historical designations
and programming have focused on the fort’s military history, extending from the
frontier period through World War II, although the historic district boundaries are
much larger. Updated National Register documentation will also recognize at least
6,000 years of American Indian history, including the tragic juxtaposition of Dakota
Bdote origin story and the nearby site of the internment camp that preceded the
Dakota exile from Minnesota in 1862. The historical archaeology of enslaved
African Americans is also recognized, with a Criterion B evaluation for association
with Dred and Harriet Scott.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Nicole M. Mathwich (University of Arizona)

Wild animal use and landscape interpretations at Pimeria Alta Spanish
colonial sites
European livestock accompanied the foundation of Spanish missions and presidios
in the arid Pimeria Alta, altering the local landscape and native society. Livestock
connected desert farmers to distant colonial markets and providing a new source of
protein and grease, but also required new economic, social, and spatial
arrangements, potentially affecting the availability of wild animals in native
communities near Spanish colonial sites . This paper surveys wild animal presence
and diversity at three mission sites and one presidio site for comparison, gathered
from recent zooarchaeological data and published sources. In zooarchaeological
assemblages, domestic livestock had the highest biomass estimates, however the
presence, diversity, and importance of wild animals varied greatly from site to site.
This paper explores historical and zooarchaeological evidence to examine the
possibilities and limitations of mission sites as proxies for native landscape use and
agency in the mission complex.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Hugh B. Matternes (New South Associates, Inc.)

Upland Box Tombs: Southern Variants on a Popular Nineteenth Century Grave
Cover
Box tombs (aka False Crypts) are a common grave cover in late eighteenth and
nineteenth century cemeteries. In areas above the fall line in Georgia, South
Carolina, and Alabama, local granites and similar igneo-metamorphic stone were
used to form rectangular surface chambers approximating the shape and
dimensions of their more formally milled counterparts. While frequently observed,
very little is known about the form. Variants include the slot-and-tab and tombs
made from milled stone panels and fieldstones. When collapsed, box tomb
components can be confused for pavements or ledger stones. Milled panels can be
identified as their interiors are frequently hammer-dressed with cut or smoothed
margins to allow intersecting panels to fit against one another. Capstones may be
hammer-dressed, polished (usually with an inscription) or gabled. This review of

250
encountered forms provides a foundation for field identification in southern
cemeteries, particularly where collapsed and damaged forms may be encountered.
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Chrisopher Matthews (Montclair State University)

An Unconventional Archaeology: Reflections on How History Controls the Past
The 50th anniversary of the NHPA is a moment to celebrate and reflect. Because of the
Act we have more context and memory in hand as we attempt to navigate the
complexities of everyday life that come with a fast moving modernity. Yet, we also gain
from including a critical analysis of the way these contexts are built. This paper reflects
on how history itself is produced and how the NHPA both enables and constrains our
engagement with the past. I argue that the NHPA has created a range of unintended
consequences delimiting what and how the past becomes the history. Drawing on my
collaboration with the mixed heritage Native and African American community in
Setauket, New York I illustrate some of these effects. In this case, a historic minority
community struggles not only to preserve their community in the face of modernity (i.e.,
gentrification) but also to have a past that is recognizable as history (1) because of their
interest in having control of the narratives that depict their community and (2) because of
their recent emergence as a community situates them outside of typical the NHPA
definitions of significance. In response, our collaboration pursues an “unconventional”
archaeology that not only documents and interprets the multiples records of the past but
identifies how these produce a counter narrative to the mainstream history encapsulated
in the NHPA.
[PLENARY] – Blue Room; Wednesday, 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.

Christopher N. Matthews (Montclair State University)

Vectors of Privilege: The Material Culture of White Flight
The achievement gap, “failing” schools, re-segregation and blight, while often seen
as problems and signs of people of color in the US, are better understood as the
results of modern efforts to enforce white privilege. Thus, as historical research on
the building and renewal of American cities proceeds, we need to pay attention to
how policies and practices supporting racial advantage were put in place and made
material on the landscape. The urban and suburban northeast is an especially good
place to study this issue since the relationship between cities and suburbs and even
between suburbs themselves has been especially conflicted. One aspect of this
conflict has been the process of white flight from the cities after WWII. This paper
will examine the material culture of white flight in northern New Jersey with a
special focus on the impact of Interstate 280 in Orange, NJ.
[SYM-11a] – Directors Room; Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m

Lisa R. Matthies-Barnes (University of Florida)

Dentistry as Social Discourse: Aspects of Oral Health and Consumer Choice
using a Bioarchaeological Perspective
This study examines the presence (or absence) of professional dental restorative
work in the form of fillings, crowns, bridges, or even full sets of dentures, using an

251
integrative biocultural approach. The dataset is derived from an intensive survey of
historic cemeteries subjected to bioarchaeological analyses, and include differences
in geography (urban versus rural), gender, race/ethnicity, age, and commensurate
socioeconomic levels. Since restorative dental work was both expensive and
considered extravagant by many in the 19th and early 20th centuries, its presence
within a given population can act as a signifier to individual consumer choice,
greater economic mobilities, or offer insight into the contrast between urban and
rural landscapes in the era of emerging urbanism within American society.
Significant variability within and between these skeletal populations—which
represent distinct social divisions and diverse geographies – offer great insight into
these vanished communities which span the antebellum era to the Great
Depression.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Nicole O. Mauro (University of West Florida) – see [SYM-383] Hunter W. Whitehead

Laura McAtackney (University College Dublin, Ireland)

Gendering the Post-Conflict City: Memory, Memorialisation and
Commemoration in Belfast
Belfast has become synonymous with the study of insidious, civil conflict; especially
how ethnic, political and religious divisions are materialized and reproduced in the
contemporary city. The impact of focusing on segregation and sectarianism has
dominated our understandings of the fractured city leaving the issue of gender
sidelined. This paper aims to examine the contemporary city through the lens of
competing placemaking strategies: the official implanting of contemporary art and
the unofficial creation of Troubles memorials. It argues that whilst they reveal
different conceptions of the various pasts of Belfast, and how they materialize in the
present, one needs to explicitly analyze how gender is incorporated (or absented) in
this context. Through using the often-ignored vector of gender this paper reveals
how different attempts to construct meaning in the post-conflict city often bypass,
forget or obfuscate the historical and contemporary roles and experiences of
women in the city.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

John H. McBride (Brigham Young University) – see [GEN-009] Ryan W. Saltzgiver

Kevin A. McBride (University of Connecticut)

Seventeenth Century Battlefields in Colonial New England
The National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program has provided
funding to research and document several battlefields associated with the Pequot
War (1636-1637) and King Philip's War (1675-1676) in southern New England.
These battlefield surveys have yielded hundreds of battle-related objects including
weapons, projectiles, equipment, and personal items associated with the Colonial
and Native American combatants. These battlefield surveys have also provided

252
significant information on weapons, tactics, technology of the combatants as well as
evidence for evolving Native American social, political, and military compelxity.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Kim A. McBride (Kentucky Archaeological Survey, University of Kentucky) – see [POS-

3] W. Stephen McBride

W. Stephen McBride (Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, Jessamine County,
Kentucky), Kim A. McBride (Kentucky Archaeological Survey, University of Kentucky),
Philip B. Mink (Kentucky Archaeological Survey, University of Kentucky), George
Crothers (Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky)
William Berkley, Civil War Sutler: Archaeological Investigations
Sutler stores were a common component of large Civil War era camps. At Camp
Nelson, a large Union Civil War Depot in Jessamine County, Kentucky, several stores
are listed in official records. The store run by William Berkley has been the site of
archaeological investigation for the last few years. New work at the site has greatly
expanded our understanding of the breadth of goods sold, including the
international original of many goods. These excavations have also enhanced our
interpretations of the store’s physical configuration. Recent geophysical survey
efforts have resulted in the location of a stone lined pit feature adjacent to the store.
This feature is likely an outdoor cooking oven, suggesting the store may have
prepared food for the soldiers as well as sold ready to consume goods such as
canned sardines and bottled soda water.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Jennifer McCann (Northeast Museum Services Center) – see [SYM-91] Alicia Paresi

Christopher McCarron (Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. (SEARCH))

Household Artifacts from the Storm Wreck
When Loyalist families evacuated Charleston, South Carolina in December 1782,
they carried with them all they could bring from their homes. Domestic artifacts
recovered from the Storm Wreck include pewter spoons and plates, a glass stopper,
ceramics associated with tea consumption, a variety of iron and copper cookware,
fireplace hardware, clothing irons, straight pins, padlocks and keys, furniture
hardware, a candlestick, and a door lock stripped from an abandoned home,
wrapped in course cloth with its key for transport. These artifacts can give us a
general idea of what typical British colonial subjects from a variety of social
backgrounds used in their everyday lives, and what items were deemed critical for
survival and for attempting to cultivate a sense of normalcy in what were certainly
not normal times for these Loyalists forced to flee their homes and start new lives in
an unfamiliar colony.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Tom McCulloch (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation)

253
Changing conceptions of significance, importance, and value—moving beyond
the “research exception” in Section 106 archaeology
Until the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation revised its regulations
implementing Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act in 2000, an
undertaking that would destroy all or parts of a National Register listed or eligible
archaeological site could be considered to not adversely affect the site if data
recovery was carried out beforehand. This in spite of the fact that generally only a
small percentage of the site was usually excavated, and the rest subsequently
destroyed. This paper discusses why the “research exception” was created, and
examines the evolving legal and cultural environment that led to changes in the
regulations whereby federal actions that impact archaeological properties, as well
as data recovery itself, are deemed to have an adverse effect on the historic
property.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Olivia A. McDaniel (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program)

Archaeology for the Masses: Presenting the Storm Wreck through Public
Archaeology
The Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program’s (LAMP) position as the research
arm of the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum in St. Augustine, Florida,
creates the perfect opportunity to extend St. Augustine’s underwater archaeology
into the public eye through a series of on-site public archaeology programs. Since
the 2009 discovery of the Storm Wreck, a 1782 British Loyalist wreck off the coast
of St. Augustine, museum archaeology and education staff have developed a number
of programs to present not only the history, research, and conservation performed
on Storm Wreck and its artifacts, but also St. Augustine’s broader maritime history
and underwater archaeological resources to museum guests. This presentation will
discuss these programs and their success at bringing the shipwreck to the public at
the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

H. Gregory McDonald (National Park Service) – see [GEN-006] Dominique Rissolo

Allison Manfra McGovern (The Graduate Center, CUNY/Farmingdale State College) –

see [SYM-11b] Mark S. Tweedie

Allison Manfra McGovern (The Graduate Center, CUNY/Farmingdale State College)

“Old” Collections, New Narrative: Rethinking the Native Past through
Archaeological Collections from Eastern Long Island.
This paper highlights the value of existing museum and contract archaeology
collections to new directions in archaeological research. Renewed attention to “old”
data sets serves to decolonize archaeology and to challenge existing narratives with
new questions. The collections discussed in this paper all come from eastern Long
Island, New York. I draw attention to how narratives of Native American cultural

254
loss and disappearance are constructed locally through archaeological heritage, and
I present a new narrative of Native survivance based on the results of contract
archaeology in the region. This work is influenced by Diana Wall’s encouragement,
as well as her interests in colonialism, race, class-formation, and archaeological
heritage.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Michael McGurk (California State University Channel Islands) – see [GEN-004]

Courtney H Buchanan

Jim McKee (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources)

Reaching for the Channel, Part 3
The preservation and exploration of William Dry’s wharf and the entire Brunswick
Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site waterfront would not be possible without
the involvement of many different organizations and entities. What started as an
archaeological project has evolved into one of the largest and most innovative
shoreline stabilization projects in the nation. Archaeologists from the NC
Department of Cultural Resources, United States Army Corps of Engineers, East
Carolina University, Wake Technical Community College, and from the private
sector have all been involved in the exploration and conservation of artifacts
associated with Dry’s Wharf and two others that have been located on the
waterfront. In addition, assistance from various educational and environmental
entities have made this an exciting project.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ashley H. McKeown (Texas State University, San Marcos), Meradeth H. Snow

(University of Montana), Rosanne Bongiovanni (University of South Florida), Kirsten A.
Green (University of Montana), Kathleen Hauther (University of Tennessee, Knoxville),
Rachel Summers-Wilson (University of Montana)
Bioarchaeology of Burials Associated with the Elkins Site (7NC-G-174)
Bioarchaeological interpretations of five burials from a small family cemetery likely
associated with one of the domestic structures at the Elkins Site integrate
information from in situ data collection and standard laboratory assessment, as well
as DNA and stable isotope analysis. Four of the burials (two adult males and two
adult females) were tightly clustered and the fifth burial (a male infant) was
spatially separated within the cemetery. Despite craniofacial morphology that could
be mistaken as indicating African ancestry, all individuals had European maternal
ancestry as revealed by mtDNA. The craniofacial morphology observed is often
found among early Colonial Europeans in North America. Additionally, mtDNA
analysis revealed that one of the adult males (60+ years of age) shared a maternal
relationship with the infant whose sex was determined via DNA analysis.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Jennifer F McKinnon (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-171] Ivor Mollema

255
Jennifer F. McKinnon (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-51] Melissa Price

Jennifer F. McKinnon (East Carolina University, Ships of Exploration and Discovery

Research), Toni L. Carrell (Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research), Genevieve S.
Cabrera (Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research)
WWII-Related Caves, Community Archaeology and Public Service
Announcements: A Community Approach to Raising Awareness and
Protecting Caves
A recent ABPP-funded project explored community consensus building for the
protection of WWII-related caves on the island of Saipan in the Commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands. The project utilized radio and television public
service announcements for the purpose of sharing a local message of protection and
preservation of caves with the island community. This paper outlines the process of
community engagement and involvement, recording privately owned WWII cave
sites, developing a preservation plan and making and airing public service
announcements as a model for a successful community archaeology approach.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Justine W. McKnight
New Perspectives on Human-Plant Histories in Delaware: Acheobotanical
Data from the Route 301 Mega Project.
This paper will focus on the interpretation a large flotation-derived floral dataset
produced from seven archaeological mitigations accomplished under the Route 301
Mega Project. A diverse range of features (wells, cellars, smokehouses, root cellars,
middens, kilns, slave quarters) were sampled from a variety of domestic,
agricultural and small-scale industrial contexts that comprised the social landscape
of rural Delaware during the 1700’s and 1800’s. The collective floral data make a
valuable contribution to the project’s research themes of site economy, tenancy, and
slavery in the post-colonial landscape. The project affords a unique opportunity to
explore a wide range of people-plant relationships at a series of diverse but closely
tied historic sites. In addition to generating a powerful regional dataset, the
archeobotanical studies were significantly enhanced by close collaborative and
coordinated research involving multiple CRM firms and government agencies.
[SYM-105b] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Matthew McKnight (Maryland Historical Trust)

The Maryland Archaeological Synthesis Project: One State’s Solution to
Archaeology’s Crushing Gray Literature Problem
Since passage of the National Historic Preservation Act a growing body of valuable
data has been generated by state agencies, CRM professionals, and preservation
officers. Unfortunately, this data is usually trapped in an archaic paper-based
format, restricted geographically to a single state archive. All too often the data is

256
brought to light only to be “reburied” in the SHPO’s library where it may be largely
inaccessible to researchers scattered throughout the country. This paper describes
how the Maryland Historical Trust is addressing this problem through the
establishment of a secure, online, searchable catalog of raw data and CRM reports.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Francis P. McManamon (The Center for Digital Antiquity) – see [SYM-91] Leigh Anne
Ellison

Francis P. McManamon (Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University), Leigh
Anne Ellison (Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University), Jodi Reeves Flores
(Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University)
Good Digital Curation: Sharing and Preserving Archaeological Data as Part of
Your Regular Workflow
Archaeology is awash in digital data collected as part of surveys, excavations,
laboratory analyses, and comparative studies. Sophisticated statistical analyses,
spatial studies, contextual comparisons, a variety of scanning technologies, and
other contemporary methods and techniques both use and generate complex and
detailed digital archaeological data. Digital data are easier to duplicate, reanalyze,
share, and preserve if they are curated properly. However, digital data curation
differs in important ways from the curation of physical collections. The Center for
Digital Antiquity maintains tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record), which
specializes in digital data curation. We will review digital curation methods and
techniques, including the means of sustaining long-term access and preservation of
data. Illustrations will describe how archaeological data curated in tDAR are
available for research, information management, and public outreach.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Kristen L. McMasters (American Battlefield Protection Program – NPS)

Understanding the Battlefield Terrain: Components of the Battlefield
Archeological Landscape
Since its inception, the ABPP has made over 559 planning grants with over $18
million available to preservation professionals for the long term care of battlefield
resources. Approximately 40% of those funds have driven both underwater and
terrestrial archeological projects since 1996. The vast majority of those battlefield
projects have centered on resource identification, inventory, assessment and setting
boundaries for aggressive resource protection. A system of identification of the
military terrain has been established by the ABPP for battlefield identification of
arcehological resources, landscape organization and historical documentation
understanding. This system, referred to as KOCOA, was first developed by the
military and can be applied to historical engagements through time. This paper will
highlight some of the ABPP's reserach in battlefield archeology, the organizing
concepts of KOCOA and how they are used by the ABPP and throughout the Nation.

257
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Lauren K. McMillan (University of Mary Washington) – see [SYM-30] Douglas W.

Sanford

Lauren K. McMillan (University of Mary Washington)

Illicit Trade and the Rise of a Capitalistic Culture in the 17th-century Potomac
River Valley: An Analysis of Imported Clay Tobacco Pipes.
Scholars disagree about the impact of English mercantilist and Dutch free trade
policies on the development of the 17th-century British colonies in the mid-Atlantic
region and many argue that because the Dutch were rarely mentioned in the
records of Virginia or Maryland after 1660 and the passage of the Navigation Acts,
Dutch merchants were absence from the colonies. However, my research, which
draws on a close reading of the archaeological and historic record focusing on trade
patterns, indicates that colonists in the Chesapeake adopted Dutch ideas about free
trade and individualism, and continued to purchase goods from the Netherlands
illicitly into the early 18th century. Specifically, I examine the presence and
frequency of English and Dutch tobacco pipes on sites in the Potomac River Valley
from 1630 to 1730 and trace the persistence of trade relations between English
settlers and Dutch merchants over the course of the long 17th century.
[SYM-69] Directors Room: Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kalen McNabb (Alabama; Meadors, Inc., Charleston, South Carolina) – see [GEN-004]
Kimberly Pyszka

Brian J. McNamara (Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. (SEARCH))

Gone for a Soldier: An Archaeological Signature of a Military Presence aboard
the Storm Wreck
Six seasons of excavation have yielded numerous artifacts from the Storm Wreck,
site 8SJ 8459, a ship that wrecked off St. Augustine on 31 December 1782 as part of
the Loyalist evacuation fleet from Charleston, South Carolina. Many of these
artifacts reflect the presence of military personnel amongst the ship’s passenger
grouping. These include Brown Bess muskets and diagnostic regimental uniform
buttons, which spurred archival research in England and Scotland that has led to a
better understanding of which British Army regiments were in and evacuated from
Charleston on the December 1782 fleet. This paper will discuss a number of these
artifacts and how they fit within the greater context of the Loyalist evacuation,
ultimately leading to the identification of the Storm Wreck as one of sixteen vessels
reported lost during that event.
[SYM-780a] – Empire Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Robert McQueen (Summit Envirosolutions, Inc.)

A Look At Violence In A Western Mining District

258
Mining districts are inherently violent places. Deaths, accidents, and injuries are
topics that appear liberally in historic literature; period newspapers almost
gleefully reported on deaths caused by accidents and foul play. Suicide, however,
was a form of death often accompanied by stigma, and frequently reported with
overtones of pity. Rarely does violence manifest itself in the archaeological record.
This paper discusses the unexpected discovery of a Depression-era suicide in a
central Nevada mining camp. It will look at death in the camp in general, as well as
the circumstances of his death compared to miners’ suicides from earlier and later
eras. The analysis shows a disturbing trend toward suicide in miner’s lives.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Corey D. McQuinn (New South Associates)

Exploring Cultural Resource Management’s Contribution to Historical
Archaeology, 1967–2014
Since the signing of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966, the Society for
Historical Archaeology and the cultural resource management (CRM) industry have
grown along parallel, but slightly different, paths. While CRM archaeologists make
up more than half of the SHA’s membership, and the industry arguably generates
more raw archaeological data each year than any other sector of the discipline, its
representation in the journal is disproportionately low. This study presents the
results of a bibliometric analysis of the journal and examines some of the trends,
both temporal and thematic, of CRM publication. The results of the study identify
some surprising trends in thematic focus, symposia involvement, and publication
rates. While anecdotal evidence suggests a marginal role for CRM in the discipline’s
theoretical growth, this analysis demonstrates how the industry contributes to the
advancement of archaeology in unique ways.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Bernard K. Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory)

Slavery, Race, and the Making of a University in the Capital of the Confederacy
In 1994, comingled human remains were accidentally discovered during
construction at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) campus of Virginia
Commonwealth University (VCU). The association of these remains with MCV
should not have been unexpected. Found in an abandoned well and dating to the
first half of the 19th century, these human remains from people of African descent
bear grim witness to the desecration of interred individuals in a bid to advance
medical knowledge—knowledge that largely benefited the white population in the
capital of the Confederacy. Controversy over race and the history of enslavement
also dogged the Monroe Park Campus of VCU, where a parking lot potentially sat
atop “Burial Ground for Negroes,” both free and enslaved. This presentation
explores issues of how slavery, race, and the material past are considered today at
VCU within the broader landscape of enslavement that characterized pre-
Emancipation Richmond.
[SYM-37] – Congressional B; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

259
Leonor Medeiros (FCSH-UNL, Portugal)
Archaeological Practice as Science Communication
For long archaeology has relied on its inherited connections with pop culture and
images of adventure and discovery, but as generations pass archaeology has to
make a renewed effort to capture the public’s attention and interest. This situation
is not exclusive to archaeology and has resulted in a strong investment in science
communication in Europe, but our field has remained quite unrepresented on its
developments.
Through my experience as national winner of the science competition Famelab,
organizer of the Portuguese Festival of Archaeology, and member of the stand-up
comedy science group Cientistas de Pé, I’ll present on how the union between the
practice of archaeology and the science communication approach can open new
ways to raise the profile of archaeology in society. This is done not only through
adapting the jargon but also by finding ways to make the information meaningful to
the audience and reinforcing the idea of experience.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Chuck T. Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, St. Augustine, Florida)

– see [SYM-383] Nicholas C. Budsberg

Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine

Lighthouse & Museum) – see [SYM-780a] Molly L. Trivelpiece

Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine

Lighthouse & Maritime Museum) - see [SYM-780a] Carolane Veilleux

Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine

Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)
Bang Bang! Cannons, Carronades, and the Gun Carriage from the Storm Wreck
The Storm Wreck, one of sixteen Loyalist refugee ships from Charleston lost on the
St. Augustine Bar on 31 December 1782, has been excavated for six seasons, 2010-
2015. In December 2010, a pile of four 4-pdr cannons and two 9-pdr carronades
was encountered on the wreck site, where they were seemingly jettisoned in an
attempt to refloat the ship after it grounded. Two of these guns were raised in 2011
for conservation and display. The carronade, whose serial number has been found
in Carron Company records, was dated 1780 and is believed to be the second oldest
specimen to have survived anywhere in the world. During the 2015 season, another
long gun was unexpectedly encountered, about 12 m away from the main cannon
pile. It was still attached to the partially preserved remains of its gun carriage. This
paper presents an overview of these seven guns and the carriage.
[SYM-780a] – Empire Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

James Meierhoff (University of Illinois at Chicago)

260
No Direction Home; Refining the Date of Occupation at Tikal’s 19th Century
Refugee Village.
In the latter half of the 19th Century, the ancient Maya ruined city Tikal was briefly
reoccupied. The frontier village was established some time before 1875, and had a
maximum population of 15 households comprised of at least three distinct Maya
speaking groups. However, the site was again abandoned when archaeologists
visited Tikal in 1881. Most of the inhabitants were reportedly said to be Yucatec
refugees fleeing the violence and upheavals of the Caste War of Yucatan (1847-
1901) that raged for over 50 years. However, similar conflicts with English
woodcutters in British Honduras also caused displacements, as many of the Yucatec
refugees’ initial settlements there were destroyed by British Troops. Was Tikal
reoccupied by Maya refugees fleeing British violence? Ongoing artifact analysis
from the 2014 field season, as well as previously excavated material and
documentary evidence will attempt to refine the occupation sequence at the
historic Tikal village.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Jamie M. Meinsen (SUNY New Paltz)

Ceramics and the Study of Ethnicity: A Case Study from Schoharie County, New
York
Excavation of the Pethick Site in Schoharie County, New York first began in the
summer of 2004 with a field school organized by the New York State Museum
Cultural Research Survey Program and the University at Albany. The resulting
research has largely been dominated by the study of prehistoric ceramics and stone
tools. Like the Native Americans, early European settlers in the Schoharie Valley
were draw to the Pethick Site’s proximity to the Schoharie Creek, which is one of
the major tributaries of the Mohawk River. Until this point in time, relatively little
research had been done on the Pethick Site’s historical inhabitants. Using the
Pethick Site’s collection of historic ceramic sherds as a data sample, this research
investigates any connection between material culture and the ethnicity/nationality
of the historical occupation of the site. This leads to a larger discussion about the
practices in historical archaeology used to study ethnicity.
[SYM-118b] – Executive Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Vincent H. Melomo (William Peace University), Thomas E. Beaman. Jr. (Wake

Technical Community College)
“…in a shanty I have constructed of planks, logs, and sand:” Final
Interpretations for the “Peace-ful” Investigations of Temporary Civil War
Barracks at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site
Constructed in 1862 over the ruins of the Colonial port of Brunswick, Fort Anderson
was part of the Confederate coastal defense network designed to protect
Wilmington, North Carolina. Early archaeological work in the 1950s documented
the presence of Civil War-era chimney falls comprised of recycled colonial bricks

261
and ballast stones in an undeveloped, wooded area of the public historic site.
Archaeological investigations undertaken within this area by the 2009 and 2011
William Peace University archaeological field schools were designed to provide
interpretive data for the site’s Civil War sesquicentennial commemorations. This
presentation details the interpretive results of these architectural and
archaeological features as rudimentary barracks quickly constructed by
Confederate forces in January 1865, hastily abandoned in February, immediately
reoccupied briefly by Federal troops, and possibly then by formerly enslaved
African-American refugees. In particular, it explores the promise and challenge of
identifying particular barracks design and specific personnel associated with them.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Tomas Mendizabal (Patronato Panamá Viejo, República de Panamá), Frederick H.

Hanselmann (Texas State University), Juan Martin (Universidad del Norte, República
de Colombia)
Plundering the Spanish Main: Henry Morgan’s Raid on Panama
Sorting through myth and popular perception in order arrive at truth and historical
veracity is one of the most intriguing aspects of historical archaeology. Featured in a
variety of media, and, of course, the iconic rum, Henry Morgan lives on in modern
popular culture. Yet through the little historical documentation and archaeological
evidence that exists, much can be learned about his exploits that led to the creation
of his fame and legend. The Spanish Main, or the continental Spanish colonies in the
western hemisphere, were rich in natural resources, especially gold and silver, and
Panama was one of the most crucial waypoints in the shipment of these precious
metals. Morgan’s final and most famous victory would occur with the sack of
Panama City in 1671. Both terrestrial and underwater archaeological efforts seek to
piece together evidence of his ultimate victory, one that would cement his name in
history.
[SYM-47] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Marco Meniketti (San Jose State University)

Environmental Change and Capitalism: Profit and Exploitation of the Natural
World in Colonial Context
The emergence of capitalism was a driving force in colonial Caribbean development.
The institutionalization of slavery, which sustained the economy was but one
manifestation of the phenomenon. Environmental exploitation and degradation was
another. The Caribbean is a patchwork of non-native plants, damaged ecosystems,
transplanted cultures, syncretic identities, and subaltern economic systems, all of
which are a legacy of policies that co-evolved with the emergence of mature
capitalism as an integrated social system. While planters were broadly aware of
environmental problems wrought by the plantation system, negligible effort was
expended to introduce sustainable practices, which eventually undercut
productivity just as global economic competition intensified. This lack of insight
may be explained in the context of plantations as extractive industries, where

262
environment, labor, and sustainability are sacrificed to the immediacy of profits.
This paper offers a brief synthesis that explores environmental changes resulting
from unfettered agro-industrialism, drawing on examples from several islands.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Christopher W. Merritt (Utah Division of State History) – see [SYM-34] Kenneth

Cannon

Karen B. Metheny (Boston University)

The Duality of Maize: Lessons in a Contextual Archaeology of Foodways
Historical archaeologists specialize in the evidence of daily life, including foodways,
yet archaeological interpretations of food practices are often based upon the
uncritical use of food histories. Archaeologists who are methodologically precise
when investigating the physical evidence of foodways are often less exacting when
using the secondary literature to interpret these remains. This practice poses
interpretive perils for the unwary archaeologist, however. An examination of the
role of maize in colonial New England shows that assumptions about grain
hierarchies, poverty foods, and cultural preferences permeate food histories. It is
only through a contextual archaeology of foodways and a critical reading of both
primary sources and the secondary literature that archaeologists will be able to
recognize the diversity of practices and the array of cultural meanings expressed
through foods such as maize, whether in the context of cultural encounters, displays
of status, ideologies of health or morality, or negotiations of identity.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Patrisha L. Meyers (Brevard Museum of History and Natural Science) – see [SYM-
170b] Kevin A. Gidusko

Cassandra Michaud (Montgomery Parks)

Revisiting Josiah Henson's Role in Maryland History.
Long overshadowed by and conflated with the fictional story of Uncle Tom's Cabin,
the life of Josiah Henson is revisited at the location he was enslaved in suburban
Maryland. Archaeological research on the former plantation has uncovered traces of
life on the farm and the 19th century landscape. This work provides part of the
framework for the design of a public museum to be built at the park, dedicated to
Henson's life and slavery in Montgomery County. This paper will discuss the
ongoing research and interpretation of this site, as well as on going public education
efforts at this National Register property.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Deborah Miller (AECOM) – see [SYM-83] Jed Levin

Deborah L. Miller (AECOM)

263
“…Much improved in fashion, neatness and utility”: The Development of the
Philadelphia Ceramic Industry, 1700-1800
The potting industry of Philadelphia has a long and storied past, beginning in the
late 17th century with William Crews, the first documented potter in the city. More
than fifty years of archaeological research has provided incredible insight into the
ceramics industry of Philadelphia, not only in terms of available wares, but also the
role Philadelphia ceramics played in the early American marketplace. This
presentation explores the 18th century development and diversity of the
Philadelphia ceramics industry, with special emphasis on the English and German
potters who helped create the “Philadelphia style”.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jeremy C. Miller (S&ME, Inc.), Patrick H. Morgan (Technical College of the

Lowcountry), Aaron Brummitt (S&ME, Inc.), Quinn-Monique Ogden (S&ME, Inc.)
When All You Have are Artifacts: Reassessing Intrinsic Issues in Assigning
Cultural Identity to Artifact Assemblages in Colonial South Carolina
Just several years after the 1670 founding of Charles Towne, occupants of Barbados,
England, and France seized opportunities for land and prosperity. By the 1680s,
English settlers from Barbados began to settle the area along the Wando River,
encroaching on land designated for the remaining indigenous population.
Researchers and investigators examining archaeological sites do so with the aim to
reconstruct the history about past landscapes. Inherently, archaeologists assign
cultural identity to a site based on artifact assemblages, features, and/or historical
documentation. However, allocating cultural specificity to any distinctive sets of
material remains is problematic. How do we as scholars differentiate and
confidently attribute a group of artifacts an identity? What makes a particular set of
material culture African, English, or Barbadian? This paper addresses the theoretical
and tangible issues intrinsic to archaeological inquiry using data recovery findings
at 38BK2091, Rebellion Farms, in Berkeley County, South Carolina, as a case study.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sarah E. Miller (Florida Public Archaeology Network), James M. Davidson (University

of Florida), Emily Palmer (National Park Service)
Project Archaeology in Florida: Teaching and Understanding Slavery at
Kingsley Plantation
The Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) was established in 2005 and
within a year hosted its first Project Archaeology workshop. As a proud sponsor of
Project Archaeology in Florida, FPAN staff partnered with the National Park Service
and University of Florida to publish the first Investigating Shelter investigation in
the southeast. It was also the first in the Investigating Shelter series to feature a
National Park site. Investigating a Tabby Slave Cabin teacher guide and student
handbook were produced through an internal NPS grant which combined the
efforts of Teacher-Ranger-Teachers, Park Service interpreters, FPAN staff, and
cooperating archaeologist Dr. James Davidson from University of Florida. By

264
investigating a Kingsley tabby cabin through a series of lessons (geography, history,
archaeology, preservation), we hope teachers and students will better understand
slavery and the families who occupied the cabins.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Mary C. Mills (AECOM)

Rediscovering the Early 19th-Century Flint Glass Industry on Philadelphia’s
Waterfront
Today as you walk beside the Delaware River in Philadelphia’s Kensington
neighborhood, you will find no evidence of the glass furnaces that stood along its
banks from the 1770s to the 1920s. However, excavations are yielding an
extraordinary assemblage of flint (lead) glass tableware, lighting devices, and other
objects like those made at Union Cut and Plain Flint Glass Works, a little-known
factory located between the project area and the Delaware River. Between 1826
and 1842 Union successfully competed with glass companies in Pittsburgh and New
England. It was one of the first factories to use the mechanical press, an American
invention introduced in the 1820s, and it also created elegant cut glass similar to
Anglo-Irish imports. The history of this factory and the recovered artifacts confirm
that this industrial neighborhood produced and used innovative, fashionable
glassware. This richly-illustrated presentation will include a variety of period forms
and glassworking techniques.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Claudia Milne, Pam J. Crabtree (New York University)

Contradictory Food: Dining in a New York Brothel c. 1840s
The faunal assemblages excavated from New York City’s Five Points neighborhood
provided an opportunity to examine the foodways of the city’s 19th century
working class. One distinct Orange Street deposit was associated with a brothel
which operated in the early 1840s and seemed to reflect the contradictory nature of
this occupation. While some food choices reflected the working class nature of the
neighborhood, other finer foods, were selected for fancy feasts, to entertain guests
or for public consumption. In the 20 years since the Five Points excavation, brothel
assemblages have been identified in other major North American cities. This
opportunity to reexamine the food remains from the Orange Street brothel in
context with other brothel assemblages may provide a pattern recognizable in other
brothel or boarding house assemblages.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Philip B. Mink (Kentucky Archaeological Survey, University of Kentucky) - see [POS-3]

W. Stephen McBride

Mary Furlong Minkoff (University of Maryland, College Park), Kate Birmingham

(University of Maryland, College Park)

265
“We’re Engaging Youth, but are we Meeting the Needs of the Park?":
Reexamining the first Four Years of the Urban Archaeology Corps
Four years ago the Urban Archaeology Corps was created through a partnership
between the National Park Service Archaeology Program, National Capital Parks-
East, and Groundwork Anacostia/DC. This summer youth employment program
broke from NPS tradition, by employing youth to conduct archaeological
excavations, historical research, and other cultural resources work, while
emphasizing and valuing “youth voice” in the development of the program’s
structure and the products the participants create. The UAC was also designed to
help meet the compliance, interpretative, and research needs of the host park. This
paper will explore the efforts of the UAC to meet the needs of their host park, while
keeping true to the value of youth voice. The authors, one a NPS archaeologist at the
host park, and the other, the UAC project archaeologist employed by the partnering
organization, will discuss the successes, failures, and challenges they have
experienced while developing and reshaping this program.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

John J. Mintz (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources)

Putting the Public Back in Archaeology: Restoration of a Civil War Era Gun
Emplacement on Battery B at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic
Site
Public archaeology has been a long-standing practice at Brunswick Town/Fort
Anderson State Historic Site. Began by pioneering archaeologist Stanley South in the
1950s, his style of public archaeology involved having on-going excavations visible
to the public and timely disseminated results through local newsletters. Yet in the
half-century dearth of investigations since South departed the site, public
archaeology was largely forgotten and all but disappeared. However, recent efforts
to more effectively broaden the site’s interpretative potential necessitated the
excavation of a Civil War gun emplacement on Battery B. This project was designed
to gather architectural details for an accurate restoration, but when a budget is
nonexistent, staffing is absent, and institutional support is undecided, how is this
investigation to be completed? This presentation describes and discusses the
challenges encountered with this project and the solution of renewed public
archaeology at the site by supervising local volunteers as excavators.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Calvin Mires (SEAMAHP, PAST Foundation) – see [GEN-011] Laurel Seaborn

John P. Molenda (Columbia University, USA)

Commercial Connections in the Chinese Diaspora
What do Chinese work camps in the American West tell us about emergent
capitalist networks in the mid-nineteenth century? This talk will draw upon current
archaeological and ethnographic fieldwork as well as historical studies to

266
contextualize the historical archaeology of Chinese railroad laborers. The extant
archaeological remains found on work camps - hearths, ceramic sherds, game
pieces, etc - only tell part of the story. A focus on remittances, and the transnational
flow of cash, goods, bones and people, helps us understand the nature of the
networks and strategies employed by nineteenth-century Chinese.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ivor Mollema (East Carolina University), Jennifer F McKinnon (East Carolina

University)
Legacies of an Old Design: Reconstructing Rapid’s Lines Using 3D Modelling
Software
The Shipwrecks of the Roaring Forties Project was conceived to evaluate new ways
of investigating the history of Europeans in the Indian Ocean and Western Australia.
As a result, several of the formative maritime archaeology projects conducted on
Australia’s early colonial shipwrecks were revisited to apply new techniques, such
as digital modelling software, to the legacy data. This paper outlines using
Rhinoceros 3D modelling software to generate a three-dimensional model of the
American China trader Rapid, built in Boston in 1807 and shipwrecked in 1811 at
Point Cloates, WA. Comparison with original reconstruction designs created over 30
to 40 years ago will demonstrate the usefulness of revisiting data to apply new
technologies.
[SYM-171] – Embassy Room; Friday, 10:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Brenna J. Moloney (Wayne State University)

Community Archaeology and the Criminal Past: Exploring a Detroit Speakeasy
Community-engaged archaeology has played a role in reshaping the city of Detroit’s
popular heritage narrative from one of decline and decay to one more rich and
complex. In 2013, archaeologists from Wayne State University investigated
Tommy's Bar, a rumored Prohibition-era speakeasy and haunt of the infamous
Purple Gang. The project was a partnership between the University, a historic
preservation non-profit, and the bar's owner. The project culminated in a theme
party where archaeologists shared their findings with the public and led tours of
the site. The event was one of the most popular and widely-attended in the history
of the non-profit and garnered extensive media attention, which allowed WSU
archaeologists to showcase their work. The project also resulted in the site
becoming a regular stop on tours of the city given by local tour companies as well as
continuing to draw interested visitors from all over the world.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Tiffany N. Momon (Middle Tennessee State University)

Unearthing Their Lives: Documenting the Evolution of African American Life
at Clover Bottom and Beyond

267
Recent excavations at Clover Bottom Plantation are contributing new information
to a rich documentary record of the lives of enslaved and later freed African
Americans who lived and/or worked there. Clover Bottom Plantation was owned by
the Hoggatt family for the majority of its nineteenth-century history. At its peak, it
was home to 60 enslaved individuals who were listed, but remained unnamed in the
1860 census. Through a comparative study of available primary sources and
newspaper accounts, this paper traces these individuals and their descendants
through several generations as they continued to live at Clover Bottom as tenant
farmers and domestic servants. In addition, it considers the lives of these African
American families beyond Clover Bottom, documenting their connections to other
Hoggatt plantations as well as to free African American communities near Nashville.
[SYM-874] – Senate Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.

J. Cameron Monroe (University of California, Santa Cruz), Katie Simon (Center for
Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas)
The Three Phases of Sans Souci: Geophysical Survey and Archaeological
Testing at the Palace of Henry Christophe, Haiti
The royal palace of Sans Souci anchored elite attempts to inculcate royal power and
authority in the Kingdom of Haiti, a fledgling state that emerged out of the turmoil
of the Haitian Revolution. Despite the role this site has played in the production of
historical memory in Haiti, negligible archaeological work has been carried out to
study building chronology and the organization of space at Sans Souci. In the
summer of 2015, an international team from the University of California, Santa
Cruz, the University of Arkansas, and the Université d’Etat Haiti, in partnership with
the Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National, Haiti, initiated minimally
invasive geophysical survey and archaeological testing across the site with this goal
in mind. This paper introduces the preliminary results from this field season,
couched within a discussion of the spatiality of power in Henry Christophe’s
Kingdom of Haiti.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Kristin M. Montaperto (Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission)

“May the Dragon never be my guide!” African American Catholicism at the
Northampton Slave Quarters and Archaeological Park
During excavations conducted in the 1990s by The Maryland-National Capital Park
and Planning Commission, a number of small religious objects (i.e. medals, rosary,
cross) were uncovered at Northampton, a prominent Prince George’s County,
Maryland, plantation. These artifacts were discovered within two slave quarters, a
wood frame quarter dating to the late 1790s and a brick quarter dating to the
second quarter of the 1800s. Both enslaved African Americans and African
American tenant farmers lived in these quarters. Although research is ongoing, this
presentation will begin to examine the significance of these small finds and the
spiritual practices of African Americans at Northampton.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

268
Alexandre P. Monteiro (IAP/IHC FCSH-UNL, Portugal)
From galleons to schooners: deforestation, wood supply and shipbuilding on
18th century Portugal.
On November 26th 1816, the Portuguese-operated ship "Correio da Azia", while
sailing from Lisbon to Macao with general cargo and 107,000 silver coins, struck a
reef off Western Australia.
After a failed salvage attempt, the "Correio" quietly slipped into the History. In 1995,
a manuscript detailing her loss was uncovered in Portuguese archives. In 2004, a
team from the Western Australia Museum found it.
The remains of the Correio da Azia are now more than silent reminders of Portugal’s
involvement in the China Trade; they are, in fact, the pretext for an intensive
archival research into the ever increasing deforestation of a country that still had to
operate a multitude of vessels in order to maintain, supply and trade in a global
Empire. Data compiled will show how all Portuguese blue water ships of that time
were, like the "Correio da Ázia", built somewhere else other than Portugal.
[SYM-171] – Embassy Room; Friday, 10:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lindsay M. Montgomery (Denver Museum of Nature and Science)

"Comanche Land and Ever Has Been": An Indigenous Model of Persistence
In 1844, the Comanche leader Mopechucope signed a treaty with the state of Texas,
in which he described central and western Texas as “Comanche land and ever has
been" (Gelo 2000: 274; Dorman and Day 1995: 8). Mopechucope’s understanding of
Comanche history lies in stark contrast to the narratives of terra nullius and
cultural decline found in colonial documents and reified in anthropological and
historical scholarship. Drawing on an indigenous understanding of history and
place-making this paper advocates for a critical shift in the way scholars engage
with continuity. This alternative model of persistence entails a movement away
from one-to-one indices of survival, towards an emphasis on the particular
ontologies which inform both cultural maintenance and adaptation. Through a
discussion of Comanche archaeology and Ethnohistory in New Mexico, this paper
offers a different understanding of the Comanche’s legacy in the Southwest.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Rebekah Montgomery (Binghamton University) – see [GEN-015] Erin N. Whitson

Douglas B. Mooney (AECOM) – see [SYM-104] Catherine Spohn

Douglas B. Mooney (AECOM)

On the Waterfront: Archaeological Investigations along the Delaware River in
Philadelphia

269
Since the late 1960s multiple archaeological investigations have been conducted
along the city’s Delaware River waterfront – the area that forms the heart of
Philadelphia’s historical social and economic center. These excavations have
succeeded in documenting sites associated with the growth and development of the
city’s port facilities, the foundation of the early ship building industry, 19th and 20th
century industrial expansion, as well as the working class people and families who
made the waterfront their home. This presentation will review and place into
context earlier studies that targeted the waterfront sections of the city, discuss
many of the most significant discoveries, as well as present information on
investigations currently being performed in previously unexplored riverside
neighborhoods.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Charity M. Moore (AllStar Ecology, LLC), Matthew Victor Weiss (AllStar Ecology, LLC)
Overcoming the Ambiguity of a Rock Pile: Their Examination and
Interpretation in Cultural Resource Management Yesterday, Today, and
Tomorrow
Rock piles are some of the most ambiguous features encountered in cultural
resource management, encompassing diverse origins and functions (e.g. field
clearance cairns, byproducts of road construction, and Native American burials or
markers). A single pile can appear to be consistent with multiple interpretations
and each interpretation carries implications for how the rock pile is then recorded
(or not recorded) and evaluated against the NRHP criteria. Drawing on recent
fieldwork and case studies from the Upper Ohio River Valley, this paper will explore
historical sources, archaeological techniques, and tools used to examine rock piles
and will call for the adoption of similar best practices and guidelines at federal and
state levels. With a comprehensive, programmatic approach, we can expand our
understanding of the ways people augment and interact with landscape through the
construction of rock piles and the material affordances of stone.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher R. Moore (University of Indianapolis), Richard W. Jefferies (University of

Kentucky)
Investigating a possible Spanish Military Structure at the Site of San Joseph de
Sapala, Sapelo Island, Georgia
For the past 10 years, the Sapelo Island Mission Period Archaeological Project
(SIMPAP) has been surveying and testing the site of the Mission San Joseph de
Sapala on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Over this time we have learned a great deal about
the site’s Guale Indian and Spanish inhabitants. Among the most interesting
contexts investigated is a Spanish structure with a likely military function.
Architectural and other features associated with the structure yielded a relatively
high frequency of Euroamerican ceramics and porcelain, and the areas in and
around the structure have yielded the majority of the site’s military hardware. In

270
this paper we investigate the possibility that this structure was occupied by a high-
status Spanish officer, perhaps the captain of the island’s military garrison.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

David D. Moore (North Carolina Maritime Museum)

The Slave Trade in the Gulf of Mexico: The Potential for Furthering Research
through the Archaeology of Shipwrecked Slave Ships
For more than 300 years, the slave trade transported human cargo to slave markets
along the American Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and throughout the Caribbean. In 1808,
Congress banned the slave trade throughout the U.S., although smuggling, especially
in the Gulf of Mexico, continued for another half-century. While thousands of slave
ship voyages have been documented, only a few slave ships have ever been
investigated archaeologically worldwide. In the Gulf of Mexico, an untold number of
vessels engaged in the coastwise trade and smuggling were lost at sea. This paper
will discuss the slave trade in the Gulf of Mexico, the importance of New Orleans as
a major center for the trade, and how data gathered from Henrietta Marie, the only
slave ship found in the Gulf of Mexico to date, can inform the archaeological
community.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Fionnbarr Moore (Underwater Archaeology Unit, National Monuments Service,

Ireland) – see [GEN-010] Connie Kelleher

James A. Moore (Queens College/CUNY)

Sexuality in the (Nineteenth-Century) City: Practicing Class in Gotham’s
Bedrooms
Sexuality provides a powerful mechanism for patrolling the boundaries of socially
constructed communities. Imagined as a natural expression of basic human
behavior, sexuality naturalizes social boundaries and marks them as immutable. In
the Nineteenth Century, the medical ills of the “overly-civilized” were identified as
having a sexual basis. Hysteria was given an etiology of too frequent sexual activity.
Education or business would interfere with the proper development of the uterus.
For males, too frequent sexual activities could drain vital energies. Continence was
required for proper moral and physical development. The division between the
“overly-civilized” and others was defined by sexuality, fertility and moral character.
This division entangled with ethnicity, class and race called for a materiality that
provided both a scaffolding and a façade. The materiality of these practices is
expressed across Gotham in the number and configuration of bedrooms used by the
family, and at times, servants and staff.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jonathan Moore (Parks Canada)

271
"The White North Has Thy Bones": Sir John Franklin's 1845 Expedition and
the Loss of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror
The hunt for Sir John Franklin's lost ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror is arguably
the longest shipwreck search in history. As a story the 1845 Franklin expedition
seemingly has it all: two state-of-the-art ships and experienced Royal Navy men
vanishing barely without a trace, a life and death struggle for survival in an
unforgiving environment, cannibalism, dogged contemporary searches, and
fascinating stories from indigenous Inuit who both witnessed the expedition's
demise and went aboard and salvaged the deserted HMS Erebus just before it sank.
This introductory paper will: outline the historical background of the expedition
including both European and Inuit evidence streams; summarize events
painstakingly reconstructed over the course of almost 170 years; introduce
contemporary wreck location clues and relic finds; and set the stage for the
symposium's description of twentienth and twenty-first century marine and
terrestrial archaeological fieldwork that led to the discovery of HMS Erebus.
[SYM-336] – Blue Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Edith Morales (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico (U.S.)) –
see [SYM-662] Paolo Ortiz. Castros

Rebecca J. Morehouse (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory)

Yes! You Can Have Access to That! Increasing and Promoting the Accessibility
of Maryland’s Archaeological Collections
Eighteen years ago, the State of Maryland’s archaeological collections were moved
into the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory (MAC Lab) at Jefferson
Patterson Park and Museum in Southern Maryland. This was an important step
towards improving the storage conditions of the Maryland collections, but it did
little to make the collections more accessible. Understanding the need for better
access to archaeological collections, MAC Lab staff spent years rehousing,
inventorying and conserving collections to make them more available to
researchers, students, and other institutions for study, education, and exhibit. This
paper will highlight the various approaches the MAC Lab has taken to not just
increase, but to also promote, access to the Maryland collections through outreach
programs, exhibits, and online research tools.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David M. Morgan (National Park Service) – see [SYM-384] Meredith D. Hardy

David Morgan (US National Park Service-SEAC) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C.

Lubkemann

David W. Morgan (National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center) – see

[GEN-001] Clete Rooney

272
David W. Morgan (NPS Southeast Archeological Center), Jessica Keller (NPS
Submerged Resources Center), Jeneva Wright (NPS Submerged Resources Center),
Meredith Hardy (NPS Southeast Archeological Center), Dave Conlin (NPS Submerged
Resources Center), Stephen Lubkemann (George Washington University), Paul
Gardullo (Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African American History and
Culture), Chris DeCorse (Syracuse University)
The Slave Wrecks Project in National Park Units of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Since 2010 the National Park Service (NPS) has worked with the Smithsonian
Institution and George Washington University to foster greater understanding of
how the African slave trade shaped global history. This endeavor—the Slave
Wrecks Project (SWP)—represents a long-term, multi-national effort to locate,
document, protect, and analyze maritime sites pertaining to the slave trade,
following the entire process including capture, transportation, sale, enslavement,
resistance, and freedom.
The effort began in Africa, and in 2015 the SWP continued its goals in the
Caribbean, working at NPS properties on St. Croix, USVI. There, systematic remote
sensing surveys surrounding Buck Island Reef National Monument have yielded
multiple shipwrecks, two of which may be the remains of vessels engaged in the
slave trade. The effort to locate and document these wrecks serves as the
mechanism to build local capacity for research, education, and interpretation of this
global story.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Meredith Hardy Morgan (US National Park Service-SEAC) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C.
Lubkemann

Patrick H. Morgan (Technical College of the Lowcountry) – see [GEN-020] Jeremy C.

Miller

Kate E. Morrand (Naval History & Heritage Command), Shanna L. Daniel

(Southeastern Archaeological Research (SEARCH) Inc.)
Conservation, Preservation and Curation Issues Resulting from Unauthorized
Recovery of Archaeological Material from US Navy Sunken Military Craft
The Naval History & Heritage Command (NHHC) Archaeology & Conservation
Laboratory, part of the NHHC Underwater Archaeology Branch, supports the
Command's mission through the conservation, preservation and curation of
archaeological material recovered from US Navy sunken military craft (SMC). More
than 7% of the Navy's archaeological artifact collection was returned to NHHC for
treatment and management following unauthorized removal from US Navy SMC.
Unsanctioned and uncontrolled removal of archaeological material from these sites
raises complex legal issues, results in loss of provenience, and complicates
interpretation of the artifact and the archaeological site. Unauthorized recovery
from underwater sites also causes significant and often irreversible damage to
waterlogged archaeological material brought about by uncontrolled drying,

273
unmitigated corrosion and deterioration processes, uninformed cleaning campaigns
and storage in unsuitable environmental conditions. This presentation will examine
these issues and discuss approaches to the immediate and long-term preservation
of this fragile group of US Navy artifacts.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Annelise E. Morris (University of California, Berkeley)

You Can't Keep a Workin' Man Down: Black Masculinity, Labor, and the
Frontier
Historical archaeologists have long examined changing structures of labor in the
context of modern global capitalism. This paper will focus on rural sites in the
Midwest, challenging normative notions of labor structures. I will examine how, in
the face of changing labor economies, Black men on the frontier deployed specific
types of skilled labor to create social networks, familial bonds, and to subvert
economic inequalities. I will examine shifts from agrarian economies to wage
economies, specifically focusing on the power of union organization in rural areas
to shift structures of inequality.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher P. Morris (DEI)

Can A Picture Save A Thousand Ships?: Using 3D Photogrammetry To
Streamline Maritime Archaeological Recordation And Modeling
In the wake of Superstorm Sandy, massive multi-agency infrastructure projects
were undertaken along the Atlantic seaboard to repair the damage. Such projects
can have a disastrous effect upon historic resources long since buried. During a
large-scale seawall project in Brick Township, NJ, ship timbers, planks, fittings,
fastenings, and structural elements were pried from their sites by construction
equipment, moved before being stockpiled, and the hole backfilled with sand. This
was prior to it being recognized as historic, and agency notification. With the wreck
site no longer accessible, the damaged timbers were the only resource
archaeologists have for identification. Full detailed recordation, and attempted
rough-fit re-assembly of the damaged, fragile, and oversized timbers was
determined by the agencies to be a potentially expensive, time consuming, and
dangerous prospect. Can archaeological photogrammetry and 3D modeling, be a
safer, more efficient, detailed, and cost effective alternative?
[SYM-132] – Capitol Room; Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Annie Tock Morrisette (Eastern Illinois University), see [GEN-005] Dana E. Best-Mizsak

Sara Morrow (University of Notre Dame) – see [SYM-687] Meredith S. Chesson

Sara Morrow (University of Notre Dame), Ian Kuijt (University of Notre Dame)
The Price of Death: Materiality and Economy of 19th and 20th Century Funeral
Wakes on the Periphery of Western Ireland.

274
What is the price of death? Funeral wakes, at the intersection of religion,
community, and material consumption, are one way to consider the connotation of
marginal communities as representing national and local traditions and historic
identity. The coastal islands of rural western Ireland have historically been
presented as culturally isolated, economically disadvantaged, and geographically
inaccessible. In the Western region, religious and local traditions surrounding death
have been documented in literature and ethnography but have yet to be considered
in an archaeological framework. Stemming from excavations on the islands of
Inishbofin and Inishark, Co. Galway, Ireland, this paper focuses on the materiality of
19th and 20th century funeral wakes in relation to local island economies and access
to consumer goods. In focusing on consumption practices associated with funeral
wakes, we explore how islanders and rural mainlanders participated in a complex
exchange of local, national, and international goods.
[SYM-687] – Committee Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

L. Daniel Mouer (RVA Archaeology)

The Trouble in River City (It’s Not Pool!)
Richmond, the capital of Virginia, former capital of the Confederate States, has a
deeply buried early history and a highly troubled recent one. The oldest parts of the
city sit at the base of a 7-mile long cataract through which the James River falls from
the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain. Archaeological remains lie beneath flood deposits
and centuries of accumulated urban debris. For decades these resources have been
ignored or viewed as obstructions to development. Archaeology in the city has more
recently come to be viewed by many as a tool for transcending and transforming
the destructive racial politics of the Jim Crow and post-Civil Rights eras. I discuss
projects which illustrate relations of identity, have spurred community interest and
activism, sparked attempts to conserve and interpret sites which tell the stories of
race relations, and which hold promise for developing a 21st-century post-racist
community spirit in the city.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Teresa S. Moyer (National Park Service)

Ask the Archaeologists: Mount Clare Archaeology Past and Future
Archaeology took place at Mount Clare, a former plantation the remnants of which
sit in Carroll Park in southwestern Baltimore, beginning in the 1970s. It not only
shaped the story told at the site, but influenced many archaeologists' careers. In
2014, Baltimore City reclaimed the archaeological collection. This historic moment
provides archaeologists with an opportunity to reflect on their time with the Mount
Clare sites and collections. It is also a moment to propose new ways of using the old
collections. This paper draws on the memories and reflections of archaeologists
who worked at Mount Clare to propose a what-next for archaeology in Carroll Park.
[SYM-39] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Stephen Mrozowski (Fiske Center for Archaeological Research)

275
From Colonialism to Imperialism: Political Economy and Beyond
This paper explores some of the theoretical and evidentiary challenges facing the
comparative study of colonialism and its imperial dimensions through the lens of
political economy. It focuses on the advantages and limitations of political economy
as a framework for understanding the transformation of colonies into post-colonial
societies. Drawing on case material from North America, the Caribbean and India –
three areas with vastly different colonial histories - this paper asks whether
political economy provides a comprehensive enough explanation for the post
colonial societies that have developed in these three areas today. By focusing on the
economies, materialities and erasures of history in these three areas, this paper
seeks to better understand the historical experiences of these postcolonial societies
and what those experiences suggest about the vulnerabilities of political economy
when viewed as a totalizing theoretical framework.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Karen M. Mudar (National Park Service)

The National Historic Preservation Act and the NPS System-Wide
Archeological Inventory Program
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) introduced a fundamental change to
Federal agency archeology, promoting systematic and coordinated investigations of
archeological resources in anticipation of Federal undertakings and for
management purposes. In response to challenges of complying with NHPA Section
106 and 110, the National Park Service implemented the Systemwide Archeological
Inventory Program (SAIP) in 1992. Its purpose was support archeological projects
designed to locate, evaluate and document archeological resources on National Park
System lands, and to evaluate resources for nomination to the National Register of
Historic Places. This study examines how NHPA influenced NPS archeology through
SAIP and to examine trends in projects funded during SAIP’s twenty-year lifespan.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Karen M. Mudar (National Park Service)

From Algonquians to Appomattox: The Contributions of Stephen Potter to
Potomac Archeology
Dr. Stephen Potter, National Park Service National Capital Region Regional
Archeologist, will retire in 2016, after 39 years of service. During his tenure, he saw
to implementation of many archeological projects, including a nine year project to
identify and document archeological resources along the entire 184 mile length of
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NHP. Potter is also a noted writer. Commoners,
Tribute, and Chiefs: Development of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Valley is the
first modern, scholarly account on the subject. He was also co-editor and
contributing author for Archaeological Perspectives on the American Civil War.
This presentation reflects on contributions Potter has made to NPS archeology, a
more detailed understanding of the pre-contact history of the Potomac Valley, a
better appreciation of the dimensions that archeology brings to understanding the

276
Civil War, and many other topics between the dawn of prehistory and the surrender
at Appomattox.
[SYM-28a] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Paul R. Mullins (Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis) – see [SYM-70]

Timo Ylimaunu

Paul Mullins (Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis), Timo Ylimaunu

(University of Oulu, Finland)
Public Memory and Dark Heritage at Santa Claus Village
Cutting across the Arctic Circle in the heart of Finnish Lapland, Santa Claus Village
celebrates familiar holiday legends while offering visits with Santa and the
opportunity to purchase a host of consumer goods. The Yuletide tourist attraction
north of Rovaniemi sits on a landscape that was a Luftwaffe airbase during World
War II, and many of the foundations of the massive base’s support structures visibly
dot the forests around Santa Claus land. The history of Finland’s status as co-
belligerents with Germany between June, 1941 and September, 1944 is among the
most prominent episodes in Finnish history, but it may seem particularly jarring to
tourists to Santa Claus Land. We examine the ways in which this history is quite
clearly memorialized in Finnish discourse even as it remains somewhat obscure
and strategically un-interpreted to Santa Claus Land’s foreign visitors.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Jessica Mundt (Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA) – see [GEN-017] Cori Rich

Anna M. Munns (North Dakota State University)

The Legal Language of Sex: Interpreting a Hierarchy of Prostitution Using the
Terminology of Criminal Charges
It is generally acknowledged that there was a hierarchical structure to turn-of-the-
century sex trade, with madams at the top and streetwalkers at the bottom. But
what did this structure mean for the women who inhabited these roles? And how
can we access all levels of the hierarchy? Police magistrate court dockets provide a
valuable lens through which to analyze prostitution in Fargo, North Dakota during
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Additionally, these documents
speak to the informal regulation of prostitution, despite its illegality. In this paper,
complex positions in the prostitution hierarchy are interpreted by dissecting the
terminology used to charge women and men involved in the sex trade. By
considering both gender and socioeconomic status, this research begins to
understand how the hierarchical tiers reflected the social positions of their
members, while illuminating relationships between the red light district and the
larger community.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

277
Larry Murphy (Submerged Resources Center, U.S. National Park Service) – see [SYM-
51] Bert Ho

Michael Murray (Panamerican Consultants) – see [SYM-283] Loren Clark

Michael Murray (University of Southampton and Panamerican Consultants, Inc.)

Recording Shipwrecks At The Speed Of Light: Experimental Use Of An
Underwater Laser Scanner On The Confederate Ironclad, CSS Georgia
Since the dawn of underwater archaeology, the ability to record features with a high
level of accuracy and detail compared to terrestrial sites has been an extremely
difficult prospect. However, according to 2G Robotics, the ULS-200 underwater
laser scanner can resolve features on an astounding millimetric scale, but under the
most ideal conditions. While this has some very exciting implications for the field of
underwater archaeology, the CSS Georgia resides in an extremely challenging and
dynamic environment in the Savannah River. Therefore, the opportunity exists to
more fully understanding the recording capabilities of this new exciting technology
in less than ideal conditions and under a highly restrictive timeframe. This paper
will examine the data obtained from a trial recording of a section of the CSS
Georgia's Eastern Casemate conducted in late May, 2015, as part of a larger study
into its overall feasibility of use in underwater archaeology.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Emlen Myers (Environmental Resources Management (ERM)), Christopher Polglase

(Environmental Resources Management (ERM)), Benjamin D. Siegel (Environmental
Resources Management (ERM)), Manuel Roman (Environmental Resources
Management (ERM)), Doug Park (Environmental Resources Management (ERM))
Conducting an Archaeological Survey Across a Country: the Trials and
Triumphs of the Nicaragua Canal Archaeological Baseline Project
In 2014, ERM undertook an archaeological baseline survey for the Canal de
Nicaragua project as part of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.
Intended to assess the entire canal route, the area examined included a 10km wide
corridor from the Boca de Brito on the Pacific coast to the mouth of the Punta Gorda
on the Caribbean coast (a 1,400km² impact area). This paper presents ERM’s
Nicaragua project as a case study of a high level CRM effort operating within a
politically charged medium that yielded significant results for the people of
Nicaragua. It provides a brief description of ERM’s survey, including background
research, development of viable sampling methodologies, project planning and
logistics, field work execution, and results. It will conclude by discussing how
findings from a project of this magnitude can be used for archaeological planning,
policy, and archaeological stewardship in a developing country.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

278
Kelsey Noack Myers (Chippewa Cree Cultural Resource Preservation Department) –
see [GEN-008] R. Carl DeMuth

Kelsey Noack Myers (Anthropology Department, Indiana University Bloomington)

Legacy Archaeology and Cultural Landscapes at Fort Ouiatenon
As the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the French fort at Ouiatenon
approaches, it is clear that narratives about the area remain focused on the fairly
brief affiliation of the New French government with this fur trade site on the
Wabash River. In contrast, the archaeological and documentary sources that detail
daily life on this landscape speak to the overwhelmingly Native population and
sense of place that existed prior to its abandonment in 1791. Several years of
archaeological excavation in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as multiple dissertation
projects in the 1980s, have created a legacy of French colonial archaeological
research at the site, however by revisiting the data utilizing landscape and
indigenous perspectives, alternate placemaking histories can be told.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Kelsey Noack Myers (Indiana University South Bend) – see [SYM-202] Joshua J. Wells
Kelsey Noack Myers (Chippewa Cree Cultural Resources Preservation Department,
Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, MT), Alvin Windy Boy, Sr. (Chippewa Cree Cultural
Resources Preservation Department, Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, MT)
Notification Is Not Consultation: Ethical Practices in Community and
Indigenous Archaeology
In the quarter of a century since the Native American Graves Protection and
Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was enacted, attempts to involve descendant Native
communities in research on and interpretation of archaeological resources have
been met with limited success. Blurred lines delineating ancestral lands and
migration routes across modern state boundaries, historical political alliances, and
dynamic cultural identities often cause confusion and a defeatist attitude in
approaching and working with Native tribes and organizations. Current federal
policy often seeks enforce consultation requirements, but disparate institutional
priorities and goals often result in the burden being placed on the understaffed and
underfunded Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPOs) that represent each tribe.
Many tribes are now becoming more assertive about having a place at the table in
the consultation process, but are still met with resistance, often due to poor
planning wherein no portion of a project budget or timeline is allocated to
consultation.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Harold Mytum (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mariners’ gravestones in the Irish Sea region: memory and identity
Mariners could have their graves marked by inscribed memorials in the Irish Sea
region from the late 18thcentury onwards, acting as both grave markers and foci for

279
memory and commemorative practices. Some died on land, and so are interred in
the grave, or at sea and their bodies have been lost, creating different issues
regarding grieving and commemoration. Archaeology can examine how far this is
materially represented in their memorials. Recent research in North America and
England by David Stewart, and in Wales and the Isle of Man by the presenter, was
within largely Protestant contexts. New fieldwork in Ireland examines attitudes and
behaviours within Catholic communities, and whether these Irish mariners were
commemorated differently. Thus Catholic and Protestant can be compared within
the Irish Sea region to see if there is any variation in attitudes to the ‘bad death’ of
drowning at sea, depending on denomination.
[SYM-170b] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Harold Mytum (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom)

From Pioneers to Seasoned Professionals: 50 years of the Society for Post-
Medieval Archaeology
2016 marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Society for Post-Medieval
Archaeology. The society is marking this achievement in a number of ways,
including a major conference at Sheffield and a special issue of the journal Post-
Medieval Archaeology. This poster reveals some of the features of the Society’s
history, allowing comparisons and contrasts with the experiences of the SHA. From
a side-line interest of museum professionals and amateurs, post-medieval
archaeology has grown and matured to become a major period of study recognized
by government and private heritage organizations, museums, contract archaeology
firms, and by universities which now employ a number of tenured historical
archaeology academic staff. The Society has been significant in encouraging
historical archaeology across Europe and the globe, as revealed in its journal
contents from the first issue onwards.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

280
Stephen D. Nagiewicz (Robert J. Walker Shipwreck Mapping Expedition; Richard
Stockton University, Pomona, NJ; New Jersey Historical Divers Association)
Robert J. Walker Shipwreck Mapping Project
The Robert J Walker a paddlewheel steamshipin the service US Coast Survey, and
predecessor to NOAA Office of Coast Survey, before it was lost after a collision at sea
in 1860. The wreck, identified in 2013 by NOAA was placed on the US National
Parks Service, National Register of Historic Places. To document and protect the
site, NOAA requested that a consortium of groups undertake the archaeological site
work as a cooperative operation between governmental, non-governmental and
academic institutions to preserve our national maritime heritage. This consortium
included local divers, represented by the NJ Historical Divers Association, Stockton
University and Black Laser Learning. Data from Stockton's remote sensing and
divers thoroughly measured, surveyed and photo documented the site. Integration
of data from multiple sensors allowed reconstruction of the site to produce multi-
layered GIS products to support conservation of this historic site and to promote its
use in the dive community.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Dennis Naglich (Illinois State Museum) – see [SYM-191] Shawn F. Fields

Paul Nasca (Curator of Archaeology, Delaware Historical and Cultural Affairs) – see
[SYM-204] Garrett R. Fesler

Michael S. Nassaney (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, Western Michigan

University) – see [POS-3] John W. Cardinal

Magdalena Naum (University of Oulu, Finland)

Governing in the Early Modern Sapmi
In the 17th century, the Swedish kingdom launched exploitation and colonization
programs in the northern region of Sápmi. These programs involved political,
economic and cultural rhetoric of reform, progress and utility as well as practical
and material actions of rearranging the landscape. Traditionally this process has
been viewed as largely designed and controlled by the state with rather passive
participation/resistance of the Sami. In this paper I will challenge this picture and
discuss the role of Sami knowledge, practices and decisions in the development of
political economy in early modern Sápmi.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Magdalena Naum (University of Oulu, Sweden)

Unearthing Scandinavia’s Colonial Past
In the recent years colonialism has been a subject of debate and new research in
Scandinavian historical and anthropological scholarship. This scholarship is
scrutinizing the impact of colonial expansion on societies in Scandinavia as well as

281
the role and participation of the Swedish and Danish kingdoms in the colonial
enterprises. Drawing on this research, my paper will explore the background and
consequences of this interest in Scandinavia’s colonial past; the ways it rewrites
historical narratives of early modern Scandinavia and challenges existing
paradigms and understandings of colonialism.
[SYM-102] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 3:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Fraser Neiman (Thomas Jefferson Foundation) – see [SYM-295] Beatrix Arendt

Nicholas J. Nelson-DeLong (East Carolina University)

War on the Chesapeake: Artifact Analysis of a War of 1812 Flotilla Ship
This paper examines and evaluates the material culture recovered from the
suspected USS Scorpion, a War of 1812 flotilla ship that served in the Chesapeake
Bay.The shipwreck is designated site 18PR226 and has previously been believed to
be that of Jashua Barney's flag ship for the Chesapeake Flotilla. This paper uses a
preposed model for material culture study developed from archaeologists E. M.
Fleming's model for studying artifacts in an attempt to discover the function of the
vessel. This paper discusses the artifacts recovered from the shipwreck and how the
model was used to determine the original function and role of the vessel within the
Chesapeake Flotilla. The results of the study will be the main focuss of the
presentation, which will provide an overview of possible functions the vessel may
have served as and which type is the most likely candidate.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kathryn Ness (Boston University), Carl Halbirt (City of St. Augustine, Florida)
Productive Partnerships: How Municipal Cultural Resource Management
(CRM) Programs and Student Research Can Support Each Other
For decades, Cultural Resource Management (CRM) projects have yielded a wealth
of information and artifacts. While some of these projects have been incorporated
into academic research, many remain unstudied and unpublished. The situation is
especially problematic in municipal and small-scale archaeology programs that are
constrained by time, logistics, and budgetary considerations. Fortunately, students
are in a prime position to help remedy the issue by working with such programs.
The Archaeology Program in St. Augustine, Florida, demonstrates this approach as
it includes students in both its CRM fieldwork and collections research. The
resulting mutually beneficial relationship helps to alleviate research oriented short-
comings of the program while providing opportunities for students to acquire the
varied facets of actual field experiences and collections use.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Robert S. Neyland (Naval History and Heritage Command, Underwater Archaeology

Branch) – see [SYM-151a] Bradley A. Krueger

282
Robert S. Neyland (Naval History & Heritage Command)
Twenty Years of Navy Shipwrecks--1996 to 2016!
Underwater archaeology was officially incorporated into the US Navy with the
creation of a dedicated Branch (UAB) at Naval Historical Center, now Naval History
and Heritage Command (NHHC) in 1996. This presentation discusses the reasons
that led to the creation of the Branch, the hurdles that had to be overcome and
unique problems posed by Navy ship and aircraft wrecks, the UAB program's
development and growth, and major achievements, as well as the outlook for the
future. Prominent ship and aircraft wrecks that were an integral part of the UAB
development. This list of wrecks includes CSS Aabama, H.L. Hunley, the D-Day
Normandy wreck assemblage, and a Torpedo Bomber Devastator and many others.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Tatiana Niculescu (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)

Transcending Dualities and Forging Relationships: An Example from
Staunton, Virginia
For archaeologists artifacts are data, objects to be measured, weighed, described,
and interpreted. They are items that can shed light on past political, economic, and
social systems. However, the objects we excavate in the field or study in museums
also forge multiple connections and obligations in the present and into the future.
Considering objects in this way allows one not only to better understand the past,
but also to more effectively engage the present. More effectively presenting the
relationships swirling around artifacts that transcend the past/present,
public/private, secular/religious, and general interest/academic dualities, will
allow archaeologists to better articulate the relevance of our field beyond simply
providing historical background for the present. In this paper I will focus on one
object, a nineteenth century mezuzah curated by a small town synagogue, and the
relationships in which it was and is actively enmeshed and the apparent
dichotomies which it transcends.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Josue R. Nieves (The College of William and Mary)

Dust-Lined Boxes and Warehouses: A Re-Analysis of 17th Century
Archaeological Collections from Fort Eustis, VA
Considering the 50th anniversary of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA),
critical evaluation of two of historical archaeology’s primary functions, fieldwork
and collection management, appears to be timely and essential. As Julia King’s 2014
post to the Society for Historical Archaeology’s blog notes, current circumstances
appear to favor the generation of new artifactual remains rather than the need to
process and catalogue what is already unearthed. However, if historical archaeology
is to appropriately engage with NHPA this situation must change. Utilizing my
summer work at Fort Eustis, re-examining material from seventeenth century sites,
as a case study, I argue that such a professional shift, which entails the synthesis

283
and re-analysis of various artifact collections utilizing current bodies of knowledge,
can provide our community with a more contextually-informed perspective of the
archaeological record that values the information potential of all artifacts and the
necessity of responsible excavation strategies.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Mark Nonestied (Office of Cultural & Heritage)

“A New and Useful Burial Crypt:” The American Community Mausoleum
A community mausoleum is an above ground communal burial structure. The
modern community mausoleum can trace its roots back to 1906, when William
Hood patented and built his “new and useful burial crypt” in a Ganges, Ohio
cemetery. Hood formed the National Mausoleum Company to build additional
structures, but also faced competition from competing firms trying to capitalize on
the new community mausoleum craze. In a little over five years, more than 100
community mausoleums were built -- by 1915, the number rose to over 200.
This lecture will trace the development of the community mausoleum from its
beginnings in Ohio to its proliferation throughout the country. It will examine the
architectural designs of these structures, highlighting some well known architects
like Cecil Bryan and Sidney Lovell. The public reaction to the trend, both positive
and negative, will also be discussed.
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jonas M. Nordin (Uppsala University, Sweden)

Time, Discipline and Punishment: Private and state capitalism in northern
Sweden in the seventeenth century
In the seventeenth century the Danish and Swedish states strengthened their
control over the northernmost areas of Fenno-Scandinavia: Sápmi. Borders were
constructed, market-places founded and the Lutheran Church gained a firm
foothold through mission and the founding new churches. A main force in this
development was the hunger for the regions resources, such as pearls, furs,
precious stones and metals.
Through landscape analysis and the study the material remains of several sites,
spatial difference is acknowledged at the works sites. The implementation of
structured and ordered time through the introduction of centrally placed sun dials
and bells at the industrial sites, indicates the introduction of modern concepts of
production and time. At these places ordered time also had new meaning since the
days of summer were endless due to the midnight sun and thus revealing an
hitherto unseen ambition to control the work force.
[SYM-102] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 3:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Jonas M. Nordin (Uppsala University, Sweden)

284
The Outskirts of the City: Swedish Roma life narratives and camp sites – Co-
creative approaches to excavating a hidden cultural heritage
During most of the 20th century the Swedish Roma people were forced to be
constantly travelling, and usually not being allowed to settle down within a
municipality for more than a few weeks at a time. This changed in the mid 1960’s
when the Swedish state made sure housing was found for the last members of the
group still living in camps. The project “At the outskirts of the city – Swedish Roma
life narratives and camp sites from the 20th Century,” is based on interaction and
cooperation between museum employees, archaeologists, ethnologists and Roma
people. Together we explore this part of history through archaeology, archive
studies and interviews with Roma people. An important part is an excavation of a
former Roma camp, which is the first time such a site is excavated in Sweden.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

James A. Nyman (Department of Homeland Security)

"We dined with him that day...in the French Manner": Food, identity, and
politics in the Mississippi Valley
Located on the frontier of the French Louisiana colony in the Mississippi Valley,
early 18th century colonial fortresses were centers of intercultural exchange and
negotiation between the French inhabitants and the powerful indigenous nations
they lived among. This paper examines animal remains and ceramic artifacts
recovered from colonial outposts dating to this period. Faunal artifacts and locally
made colonoware vessels recovered from these sites provides strong evidence of
the intimate relationships forged between the French garrisons and the Native
inhabitants. It also highlights the value of food and the ceremony of dining to
intercultural diplomacy. Likewise, these artifacts hint at the importance of food
rituals and cuisine during this period as part of the way the French negotaited their
sense of identity and reproduction of "Frenchness" at remote outposts in a "savage"
land.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

O
Kristin O'Connell (New York State Museum) – see [POS-4] Michael Lucas

285
Maria O'Donovan (Public Archaeology Facility)
When the Light Goes Out: The Importance of Women’s Labor in the Household
Economy
Archaeologists have contributed important insights into gender, particularly in
relation to the impact of differences in class, race, and ethnicity. Studies have
challenged the relevance of 19th century gender ideals for those outside the middle
class and have explored the ways middle class women’s lives defied these ideals.
The picture that has emerged is one that emphasizes the importance of women’s
productive labor and the complexities of real lived experience. The story of one
household in Binghamton, New York provides an example of the complexities of
gender as it is lived within social relations and experiences. The Herrmanns family
maintained a household economy based on tailor and dressmaking businesses and
boarding. For this household, it does not make sense to talk of male “breadwinners”
or female “nurturing lights” but of labor, relations, and how changes in these related
to the loss of female labor led to failure and transformation.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Alicia D. Odewale (University of Tulsa), Joshua M. Torres (National Park Service),

Thomas H. Foster (University of Tulsa)
Interpreting Slavery from Urban Spaces: African Diaspora Archaeology and
the Christiansted National Historic Site
The Christiansted National Historic Site in the US Virgin Islands has served as a
landmark site documenting the history of African Diaspora and Danish occupation
in St. Croix from 1733-1917. Three archaeological projects surrounding the Danish
West India and Guinea Company Warehouse have uncovered a wealth of cultural
resources that have lasting implications for the largely Afro-Caribbean descendent
Crucian community and for future interpretations of urban slavery in Caribbean
contexts. Following a stump removal, exposing the remains of a Danish military
stock warehouse containing 3,186 artifacts, two excavations conducted in the
courtyard of the park recovered over 2,000 artifacts and the approximate location
of the royal slave quarters within the warehouse. These new projects have brought
into focus the importance of the enslaved Afro-Caribbean peoples that lived within
this site, but have also revived local interest in investigating the story behind a
multicultural society almost 300 years in the making.
[SYM-384] – Diplomat Room, Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Karla M. Oesch (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.), C. Andrew Buchner (Panamerican

Consultants, Inc.)
Excavations at the Howe Pottery: A Late Nineteenth-Century Kiln in Benton,
Arkansas
This poster presents the results of Phase III archeological mitigation (data
recovery) excavations at the Howe Pottery (3SA340) on Military Road in Benton,
Arkansas. The Howe Pottery is a National Register of Historic Places eligible

286
archeological site that is significant because of its unique state of preservation,
coupled with a general lack of archeological data for the late nineteenth-century
pottery industry in the Benton area. Archival records suggest the pottery was
established before 1886 and operated until ca. 1898–1899. Investigations at the
Howe Pottery resulted in the recovery of a trove of important new information.
Both local and national trends in traditional stoneware pottery production are
tracked via the study of the Howe Pottery’s archeological record. This research will
now be available through the Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Jenn Ogborne (Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest)

The Company’s Feast: Commensality And Managerial Capitalism
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many mining companies in the
American West provided their employees with housing and boarding arrangements,
even recreational green spaces and company-sponsored festivities on holidays.
Daily meals offered by some mining companies were a part of larger managerial
capitalist policies common during this period. These meals placed the necessity of
eating under a company roof and at a company table with foods purchased with
company funds. The town of Coloma, Montana was home to many small companies,
several of which owned boardinghouses or purchased large quantities of food to
feed their laborers. Using the concept of feasting, specifically the labor-motivation
feast, as a point of departure, this paper will contextualize these daily commensal
activities within the framework of corporate paternalism and suggest different
ways of categorizing these “feasts” within an industrial setting.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Quinn-Monique Ogden (S&ME, Inc.) – see [GEN-020] Jeremy C. Miller

Alexis K. Ohman (College of William and Mary)

Analysis of Mollusks from the Slave Village at Betty’s Hope, Antigua, British
West Indies
Since 2007, excavations at Betty’s Hope plantation have yielded a large amount of
faunal material from a variety of contexts on the site: the Great House, Service
Quarters, Rum Distillery, and Slave Village. The faunal analysis has begun for the
Great House and Service Quarters contexts by focusing on the fish and mollusks in
order to ascertain the roles of local vs. nonlocal/imported resources and their
incorporation into English foodways at Betty’s Hope. Excavations in the Slave
Village began in 2014, and the ongoing faunal analysis will include this important
contrast. This paper will discuss the role of local tropical mollusks in three distinct,
class-defined contexts to demonstrate both the variety of mollusks utilized at
Betty’s Hope plantation, their incorporation into diet, nonfood uses of those
mollusks, and the daily role of acquiring local tropical resources for those who lived
in the Great House, Service Quarters, and the Slave Village.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

287
Scott N. Oliver (James Madison's Montpelier)
Whose Midden is it Anyway? : Exploring the Origins of the Southwest Yard
Midden at James Madison's Montpelier
During the 2014 field season, the Montpelier Archaeology Department sampled an
area known as the Southwest Yard. A large midden containing approximately
14,300 individual faunal elements and fragments was found. The Southwest Yard is
located in close proximity to the domestic enslaved living and working area known
as the South Yard, suggesting the midden could belong to the enslaved community.
Within the South Yard, however, is an 18th century kitchen known as the South
Kitchen. I will look at the ceramic cross-mends between the South Yard and the
Southwest Yard to identify whether the midden is associated with the enslaved
community or the South Kitchen, as well as explore the landscape between these
sites to understand how the midden was formed. This paper is part of a larger
project which will examine the faunal remains at Montpelier.
[SYM-292] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Heather Olson (The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.) – see [SYM-91] Danielle R.
Cathcart

Heather L. Olson (The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.)

A “Home in the Country:” Material Life at the House of the Good Shepherd
Orphanage, Tomkins Cove, New York
In 2014, the Public Archaeology Laboratory conducted archaeological excavations
at the former House of the Good Shepherd orphanage in Tomkins Cove, New York.
Over 4,000 domestic and structural artifacts were found at the site, offering
glimpses into its nineteenth-century orphanage history as well as its use as a Fresh
Air Association summer retreat during the twentieth century. Although small, the
nineteenth-century artifact assemblage reflects the life of the orphans who lived
there. Current research shows that very few sites of this type have been
investigated, presenting us with a unique opportunity to understand the realities of
life for poor and orphaned children in the American Gilded Age. This paper will
examine the archaeological and documentary evidence of material life at the
orphanage and will compare the lives of the House of the Good Shepherd residents
to other orphans living in the U.S. at that time.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Hilary Orange (UCL, United Kingdom)

An archaeological light age: On modernity, urbanism and the materiality of
light-based technologies.
Artificial light is synonymous with modernity and the industrial age. Light turns
night into day, guides our way, and transforms place and material. Despite its
centrality within the urban experience, light studies are fragmented across a
diverse set of fields including, among others, architecture, history, planning and art.

288
Where historical and contemporary archaeology are concerned, light and light-
based technologies have received little attention.
In 2015, the International Year of Light (IYL2015) predicted that the "21st century
will depend as much on photonics as the 20th century depended on electronics."
Meanwhile, Dark Sky advocates are calling for the skies to become a form of night-
time heritage site.
In this paper, I will usher in a contemporary archaeology of light as material and
transformer of material. I will illustrate the talk with slides from recent field and
digital work in Japan, London, Germany and Canvey Island.
IYL2015 www.light2015.org/Home/WhyLightMatters/What-is-Photonics.html
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

David G. Orr
Captain Ewald's Odyssey: Some Context for the 1777-78 Philadelphia
Campaign
This paper interprets the various actions and violent encounters between the
American Revolutionary Army and the British Crown forces in the Philadelphia
Campaign of 1777-78. Probably one of the most significant narratives imbedded in
these events is the role of the Hessian mercenaries fighting for the Royalist cause.
Fortunately, the diary that Captain Johann von Ewald wrote has survived to
brilliantly annotate this critical moment in the history of the war. He was an
unusually candid and keen observer, meticulous in his descriptions, and critical of
both sides, even of his own superiors. This paper follows him through most of the
site presented in this session. Ewald's experiences eloquently testify to the comples
range of emotions and loyalties which faced a hired officer fighting in a strange
land.
[SYM-398] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m .

Karen L. Orrence (National Park Service) – see [SYM-40] Stephen R. Potter

Charles E. Orser (Vanderbilt University)

Global Capitalist Symbolic Violence at Small Scale on Providence Island
Symbolic violence is usually subtle even though its physical manifestations can be
imposing. Fortifications of colonialist powers express symbolic violence in
contextually important ways, but when constructed as part of a colonial-capitalist
nexus they have especially strong symbolic power. Focusing on the Puritan colony
on Providence Island off the coast of Nicaragua (1630-41), I explore the symbolic
nature of the island’s fortifications and their impact upon the indentured and
enslaved laborers.
[SYM-11a] – Directors Room; Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Montserrat A. Osterlye (Presidio Trust), Juliana Fernandez (Presidio Trust)

289
Visibility and Accessibility: Performing Archaeology at the Presidio of San
Francisco
The Presidio Archaeology Lab is in its second year of a long-term research
excavation located in the heart of the Presidio of San Francisco, a national historic
landmark district and national park. Employing an open-site approach, visitors are
invited to witness archaeologists at work and learn about the archaeological
process at the site of El Presidio de San Francisco. The project also includes a robust
volunteer program for those who wish to be more involved in discovery, offering
the opportunity for deeper connection to the past. This paper discusses how the
Presidio’s archaeology program elevates San Francisco’s early heritage, welcomes
the public to become involved in active research, and promotes shared stewardship
of cultural resources.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday

Dan Ott (National Park Service) – see [SYM-51] Jessica A. Keller

Douglas Owsley (Smithsonian Institution) – see [SYM-330] Karin Bruwelheide

Douglas Owsley (Smithsonian Institution), Karin Bruwelheide (Smithsonian

Institution)
Three Decades of Identification: Advances in Civil War Bioarchaeology
In 1988, archaeologist Stephen Potter supervised the excavation of four battlefield
burials found by relic collectors on the Roulette farm of Antietam Battlefield.
Archival research into the discovery location, and the analysis of the artifacts and
meager bone fragments, linked these men to the Irish Brigade. Nearly thirty years
later, Civil War human remains continue to be the subject of inquiry. This review
cites examples from several Civil War sites and contexts to illustrate how the
process of identifying historic military remains, sometimes by name, has advanced.
While a myriad of chemical analyses including stable isotopes, heavy metals testing
and DNA are now part of the forensic anthropology toolkit, identification still often
remains contingent on dogged persistence as exemplified by the successes of Potter
and others like him dedicated to investigating our nation’s past.
[SYM-28b] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m.

Adewale Oyediran (East Carolina University)

Port of Badagary, a Point of No Return: Investigation of Maritime Slave Trade
in Nigeria
Two Danish ships that wrecked at Cahuita Point in Costa Rica carried many slaves
of Yoruba ethnicity from a geographic locale in the vicinity modern day Nigeria in
Africa. Danish Company records reveal that in addition, to human cargoes of around
400 slaves each, one ship included 4,000 pounds and the other 7, 311 pounds of
ivory. Founded in 1425 A.D., the port city of Badagry played a strategic role in both
the transatlantic slave and ivory trade. Maritime Cultural Landscape Theory is a
useful approach to analyze both the pre and post-colonial archaeological patterns of

290
slavery in Badagry. This paper explores the maritime artifacts assemblages on land
and underwater, and characterizes the archaeological signatures likely to be linked
with maritime slave trade societies. The investigator will address the methods of
collection, interpretation and integration of archaeological, oral and documentary
sources, and the complex interchange between the data sets.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Koji Ozawa (San Francisco State University)

Archaeology And Gardens At A WWII Japanese American Incarceration Camp
In Gila River, Arizona
Violence can be seen in the archaeological record in many different ways, from
trauma in the osteological record to depictions in iconography. This paper will focus
on reactions to violence. In World War II, all those of Japanese Ancestry living on
the West Coast of the United States were forcibly incarcerated in prison camps.
These people reacted to this violent act of imprisonment with many different
strategies. Recent archaeological work has examined the material manifestations of
these strategies, documenting the diverse and creative ways that incarcerees dealt
with this trauma. My research focuses on the creation of gardens at Butte Camp of
the Gila River Relocation Center. These garden features stand as testaments to the
ways that incarcerees navigated the complex threads of identity and imprisonment.
They also demonstrate the utility of archaeology in illuminating the stories of those
incarcerated.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

P
Courtney E. Page (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources)
Examining Golden Age Pirates as a Distinct Culture Through Artifact
Patterning

291
Piracy is an illegal act and as a physical activity does not survive directly in the
archaeological record, making it difficult to study pirates as a distinct maritime
culture. This paper examines the use of artifact patterning to illuminate behavioral
differences between pirates and other sailors during the Golden Age (ca. 1680-
1730). The artifacts of two early eighteenth-century British pirate wrecks, Queen
Anne’s Revenge(1718) and Whydah (1717) were categorized into five groups
reflecting shipboard behaviors, and frequencies within each assemblage were
compared to frequencies of the British Naval vessel HMS Invincible (1758) and the
slaver Henrietta Marie (1699). There is not enough data at this time to predict a
“pirate pattern” for identifying pirates archaeologically, and many uncontrollable
factors negatively impact the data that is available, making a study of artifact
frequencies difficult. This research does, however, help to reveal avenues of further
study for describing this intriguing sub-culture.
[SYM-47] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

David T. Palmer (Coastal Carolina University)

Historical Archaeology of the Marsh Sugar Plantation, Avery Island, Louisiana
The Marsh Plantation was a sugar plantation on Avery Island, Louisiana, established
in 1818 by northeastern transplants John Marsh and William Stone. Enslaved and
“indentured” African Americans were brought from New York and New Jersey by
the partners to work the sugar fields and mill. Through two field seasons, we
learned more about the lives of the enslaved and free people, as well as the early
sugar industry in Louisiana. Issues of heritage tourism, namely, the elision of
slavery and the contributions of African Americans from Avery Island
presentations, was also highlighted and explored through this project.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Emily Palmer (National Park Service) – see [SYM-31] Sarah E. Miller

Matthew Palus (The Ottery Group) – see [SYM-204] Lyle C. Torp

Matthew M. Palus (The Ottery Group)

Camp Stanton and the Archaeology of Racial Ideology at a Camp of Instruction
for the U.S. Colored Troops in Benedict, Charles County, Maryland.
Camp Stanton was a major Civil War recruitment and training camp for the U.S.
Colored Infantry, established in southern Maryland both to draw recruits from its
plantations, and to pacify a region yet invested in slavery. More than a third of the
nearly 9,000 African Americans recruited in Maryland during the Civil War were
trained at Camp Stanton. Archaeological survey and testing resulted in the
discovery of four features associated with shelters that housed recruits over the
winter of 1863-1864. This evidence, and also an assemblage of militaria resulting
from metal detection survey firmly establishes the former location of the camp.
Illnesses plagued Camp Stanton causing many deaths among recruits. Abolitionist
William Birney, chief of recruitment in Maryland and superintendent over the camp,

292
blamed the unhealthful location, but racial ideology also manifested in the
management and provisioning of the camp, as the Union defined a priori the
African-American soldiers’ capabilities.
[SYM-403] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Lee Pape (University of Southampton) – see [GEN-007] Joshua L. Marano

Jeffrey A. Pardee (Panamerican Consultants)

Recovery Methods of the CSS Georgia Data Recovery Project
In 2015, the remains of the CSS Georgia, a Civil War ironclad-ram and a National
Register of Historic Places listed site, were fully archaeologically documented and
removed as a permitting requirement for the proposed construction of the
Savannah Harbor Expansion Project (SHEP). Conducted and overseen by
archaeologists with Panamerican Consultants, the data recovery project required
the development and implementation of unique methodologies relative to both the
working environment and artifact types. This presentation serves as an overview of
the various recovery methods including Ordnance, Large Artifact, Casemate, and
Mechanized Recoveries.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Alicia Paresi (Northeast Museum Services Center)

Thinking Outside the Hollinger Box: Bringing Northeast Region Archeology
Collections to the Public
Since the inception of the Northeast Museum Services Center’s archeology program
in 2003, we have consistently strived to bring NPS archeology collections into the
public eye. Our commitment to public outreach encompasses a variety of efforts
through which we hope to reach a variety of people. We maintain a facebook page
and a blog though which we offer articles on specific artifacts, site histories, and
archeological preservation. Our social media program continues to attract new
readers, including other archeological professionals and scholars. We regularly
participate in public programs at national parks in which we introduce the public to
artifacts and archeological sites. These programs attract people of all ages, including
young children, whose excitement about archeology is encouraging and rewarding.
We also reach out to park staff and ensure that our colleagues are aware of the
content and research value of their collections.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Alicia Paresi (Northeast Museum Services Center), Jessica Costello (Northeast Museum
Services Center), Nicole Estey (Northeast Museum Services Center)
Scratching the Surface: New Discoveries Within Old Archeological Collections
Here in the NMSC archeology lab, we are privileged to work with archeological
collections from national parks across the Northeast. Many of these collections were
excavated before 1987, and in many cases, sat untouched and unutilized in storage

293
until they were eligible for cataloging funds. We have seen firsthand the incredible
research potential – unknown and untapped for decades – that these collections
offer. One memorable collection from Petersburg National Battlefield was excavated
in 1983 and cataloged 29 years later by NMSC. This excavation yielded a largely
undisturbed and tightly dated feature that produced an assemblage of mid-18th
century artifacts, including sherds of creamware with scratch-blue decoration.
Preliminary research on these sherds suggests that they may be a product of the
Scottish tobacco trade, and may represent some of the earliest creamware ever
excavated on an American archeological site. Imagine what other surprises are
waiting to be discovered in old archeological collections!
[SYM-302] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Alicia Paresi (Northeast Museum Services Center), Jennifer McCann (Northeast

Museum Services Center)
“A Horrible Quantity of Stuff”: The Untapped Potential of Northeast Region
NPS Collections
All archeological material found on National Park lands must be curated and cared
for in perpetuity, though often very little funding is designated for this purpose. This
has led to an enormous backlog of artifacts and records in almost every park. For
the last 15 years, the Northeast Museum Services Center has been providing
cataloging services to National Park Service units in the Northeast Region. In that
time, we have recovered an incredible amount of data about the NHPA-generated
archeology of our parks. Staff from the Center’s archeology lab frequently give
public talks, maintain a blog about archeological collections and general museum
management, and encourage research on park collections. It is the continuing
mission of the NMSC Archeology Lab to promote research of existing collections,
many of which have never been thoroughly studied, and to provide access to these
collections.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Doug Park (Environmental Resources Management (ERM)) – see [GEN-003] Emlen

Myers

Alexandra T. Parker (Fairfax County Park Authority)

Raising The Bar: Archaeology Collections Management
The Fairfax County Park Authority’s museum standards and use of technology has
changed over the years and we are currently reevaluating and improving our
archaeology collections care. In spirit of this conference we are making a call to
action: we are stressing to those working in archaeology collections the importance
of good collections management. Without good collections management, field work,
cataloging, researching, and artifacts can lose their original meaning, be
insufficiently cared for and even be misplaced.
My paper discusses how we are using new technology to improve our
understanding of the collection, to create exhibits, and to make it more accessible to

294
researchers and the rest of the Park Authority. I will also discuss how we are
improving our collections, disaster, and IPM policies to better safeguard our
collections. My paper offers methods to improve archaeology collection
management.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Scott K. Parker (Little Antietam Creek, Inc., Waynesboro, PA)

Research Through Education: An Example From Southern Pennsylvania
Little Antietam Creek, Inc. (LACI) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to
educate people of all ages about archaeological and historic research through hands
on teaching. Since 2012 we have been excavating the remains of an 18th-century
house on the Stoner Farm near Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. The excavations have
been conducted entirely by volunteers, students and interns with professional
supervision.
Our approach has been successful in introducing numerous school children and
adults to archaeology by having them engage in all aspects of archaeology at a real
archaeological site. But in addition to teaching LACI is dedicated to providing
quality archaeological research. At the Stoner Farm we are studying the lives of the
early German immigrants Johannes and Catrin Steiner who settled the property in
1744. The Steiners (Stoner in German) were German Baptist Dunkers, a group of
people who were prominent in the area but are poorly researched and understood.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

Justin A. Parkoff (Texas A&M University), Amy Borgens (Texas Historical

Commission), Amanda M. Evans (Tesla Offshore, LLC), Matthew E. Keith (Tesla
Offshore, LLC)
“Defining Blockaders: USS Westfield, USS Hatteras, and their Archaeological
Context”
At the commencement of the US Civil War, the Union devised the Anaconda Plan,
implementing a series of blockades of major Confederate ports designed to disrupt
Confederate trade and cut off supply lines. For this plan to succeed, the Union had to
enlist the support of a nonexistent patrolling naval fleet. The Navy worked quickly
to supplement their fleet, acquiring vessels through a variety of means including
those that were purpose-built for the navy, purchased for use by the navy, and/or
converted for a specific type of service. What then, is a Union blockade vessel? USS
Westfield and USS Hatteras were both Union blockade vessels that operated in the
Gulf of Mexico and lost off the Texas coast in 1863. Archaeological investigations of
both ships unveil a contrast in form, function, and circumstances, while also
providing insight into the commonalities of Union blockaders in the American Civil
War.
[SYM-94a] Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Travis G. Parno (Brandeis University), Andrew J. Koh (Brandeis University), Sarah

Schofield-Mansur (Brandeis University)

295
Archaeology in a Revolutionary Town: Multi-Temporal Heritage Narratives at
the McGrath Farm, Concord, Massachusetts
The town of Concord, Massachusetts played a critical role in the American
Revolutionary War and will forever be linked to this momentous military conflict.
While this connection is understandable, Concord has a rich history of indigenous,
European, and American life dating back thousands of years. The McGrath Farm site
is an excellent example of this complicated and storied past. Once a portion of a
farm owned by prominent Revolutionary War figure Col. James Barrett, the McGrath
Farm reflects many components of Concord's complex history in its role as a site of
indigenous settlement, railroad development, Irish immigrant agriculture, and
World War II German P.O.W. labor. Archaeology at the McGrath Farm offers the
opportunity to build on the existing Barrett family narrative while contributing new
stories to Concord's diverse, multi-temporal cultural heritage.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Anna E Passaniti (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Analysis of the faunal remains from a 19th century Aku property in Banjul,
The Gambia
During the Summer of 2014, excavations were carried out in Banjul, The Gambia,
formerly known as Bathurst, at a 19th century Aku site as part of the Banjul Heritage
Project. This paper focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the faunal remains
from the site. The Aku ethnic group, formed from a Liberated African population in
Bathurst during the colonial period, were a socially, politically, and economically
prominent group in colonial Bathurst, often highlighting their Christian, English
affiliations over African heritage. Results from faunal analyses indicate that this
group’s socioeconomic status was not reflected in the type of meat they chose to
consume. Rather, the prominence of fish displays a trend towards convenience in
meat consumption. Additionally, the presence of pork remains highlights their
connectivity with Christian, British traditions amidst a surrounding Islamic
influence in the remainder of the country.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Alistair G. Paterson (University of Western Australia, Australia), Wendy van

Duivenvoorde (Flinders University, Australia), Corioli Souter (Western Australian
Museum), Jeremy Green (Western Australian Museum)
Recent Archaeological Work at Batavia's 1629 Graveyard, Western Australia
The archaeological sites related to the wreck of the 1629 VOC Batavia and
subsequent mutiny have been studied since the 1960s. As part of the 'Shipwrecks of
the Roaring 40s' Australian Research Council project, new discoveries have been
made at several Batavia sites, particularly of victims on Beacon Island and the first
European execution site on Long Island. These and other innovations help
illuminate one of Australia's grimmest moments in history.
[SYM-171] – Embassy Room; Friday, 10:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

296
Brianna L. Patterson (University of West Florida) – see [GEN-001] Clare M. Votaw

Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman (University of Maryland), Trica Oshant Hawkins

(Environmental Education Exchange), Stanley Bond (National Park Service (WASO))
The “Linking Hispanic Heritage Through Archaeology” Program: Using
National Parks to Engage Latino Youth With Their Cultural Heritage
The National Park Service-sponsored “Linking Hispanic Heritage Through
Archaeology” (LHHTA) program was created in response to the NPS’s call to action
to “fully represent our nation’s ethnically and culturally diverse communities”. The
program, a collaboration between NPS, University of Arizona, and Environmental
Education Exchange, connects Hispanic youth to their cultural history using
regional archaeology as a bridge. The LHHTA goals are to 1. increase awareness of
National Parks within Hispanic communities; 2. engage Hispanic youth in their
culture and history; 3. expose participants to career opportunities in cultural
heritage and National Parks; and 4. involve youth in outdoor recreation at Parks.
LHHTA high school students and teachers visit eight National Parks, and other
cultural heritage sites, participate in archaeological research, and explore their
personal cultural histories through ancient and modern technologies. The LHHTA is
a model for public engagement and cultural heritage at National Parks for the next
100 years.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Danae Peckler (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group) – see [SYM-105a] D. Brad Hatch

Casey D. Pecoraro (Maryland Historical Trust)

From the Attic to the Basement: Rehousing the Archaeological Collection at
Carlyle House Historic Park
The John Carlyle House, a ca. 1753 structure located in Alexandria, Virginia, is
owned and operated as a historic house museum and park by the Northern Virginia
Regional Park Authority. Limited archaeological survey of the site was conducted by
the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission in 1973, and the subsequent salvage
excavations of four features were performed during restoration work on the house
undertaken between 1974 and 1976. The artifact assemblage was later processed,
catalogued and stored in the attic at Carlyle House. The overall condition of the
collection deteriorated over time. A comprehensive rehousing project began in
2013, with the dual goal of bringing the collection up to professional standards and
finding it a suitable home in a dedicated archaeological collections repository.
Rehousing also produced a searchable digital catalogue, revealing the potential
research trajectories of this significant site and increasing the chances of its future
reanalysis.
[SYM-302] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Luke Pecoraro (George Washington's Mount Vernon)

Daniel Gookin's Atlantic World: An ESRI GIS Storymap for Archaeology

297
Presenting archaeological data to both public and academic audiences in the digital
age presents problems and opportunities to make the results of excavation and
survey more accessible. In some cases, one class of data is highlighted over another
resulting in an unbalanced perspective. The ESRI Story map platform provides a
template that can visually represent spatial information, and link this with
photographs, artifact catalogs, and primary documents. What is more, Story Maps
are set up to be viewed on the web, open to the public or password protected. This
paper uses the cultural landscape of Daniel Gookin Sr. and Jr. to visualize their 17th
c. world, tying together archaeological and documentary sources. The Story Map is a
powerful and useful tool to make archaeological data open, in addition to retaining
all classes of evidence in one place.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Sara Peelo (Albion Environmental, Inc.) – see [SYM-295] Linda J. Hylkema

Becca Peixotto (American University)

Waders and Snake Chaps: Targeted Exploration and Ground Truthing in the
Great Dismal Swamp
The Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia and North Carolina was home to
disenfranchised Native Americans, enslaved canal company laborers and maroons
who lived in the wetlands temporarily and long term ca. 1660-1860. This paper
discusses recent and ongoing research to identify mesic islands, likely sites of
maroon occupation, in the interior of the Swamp. In the past decade, the Great
Dismal Swamp Landscape Study (GDSLS) has intensively investigated a few maroon
and enslaved labor sites, leaving vast swaths of inhospitable and challenging
swampland archaeologically unexplored. LiDAR, satellite and aerial imagery,
historic documents and results of GDSLS excavations all guide current ground-
truthing and exploration efforts. Filling in gaps in the map will expand our
knowledge of the complex physical and social landscape of the Swamp and support
future stewardship of the archeological resources in the area.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Ashley A. Peles (University of North Carolina Chapel Hill)

Town and Gown: Foodways in Antebellum Chapel Hill, NC
Chartered in 1789 and enrolling students in 1795, the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill is one of three schools that claims the title of oldest public university
in the United States. Despite this storied history, relatively little is known about the
lives of antebellum university and Chapel Hill residents, particularly
archaeologically. In October 2011, contractors excavated a trench around the Battle,
Vance, and Pettigrew buildings at UNC. In the process, they exposed archaeological
remains along the east Side of Vance Hall. Of particular interest was the discovery of
a stone-lined drain designed by UNC Professor Elisha Mitchell and built by slaves in
the early 1840s. At the time, this feature was located along a boundary between
public university property and a privately owned residential complex. As such, the

298
faunal remains discarded in this drain provide a unique perspective on the
foodways of a burgeoning Chapel Hill community.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Brendan Pelto (Michigan Technological University), Sam Sweitz (Michigan

Technological University), Jeremy Shannon (Michigan Technological University),
Timothy Scarlett (Michigan Technological University)
Geophysics and Historical Archaeology: A Collaboration Between Two
Departments
In June and July of 2015, Industrial Archaeologists from Michigan Technological
University working with MTU's geophyics field school conducted field work that
consisted of the use of ground penetrating radar, magnetometry, resistivity testing,
and LIDAR, to help identify the location of features associated with the earliest
African American pioneers of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. This poster details the
process and discusses the findings.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Steven R. Pendery (CELAT, Université Laval, Québec)

Is Mitigation an Impairment? Exploring the Role of the NHPA in the Management
of NPS Archaeological Resources
The Nation’s most significant cultural resources within our National Park units are
protected in large part by two key pieces of legislation, The Organic Act of 1916 and the
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. The purpose of the former and the reason for
federal ownership of park resources was to “...leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment
of future generations.” Breach of the ‘impairment intent’ has come up in recent years in
the context of managing park natural resources but less so for archaeological resources. It
may surprise many Americans that the application of the NHPA to National Parks varies
among the States, that the 50 year rule may threaten sites of future interest and that
accepted mitigation measures typically involve compromising the integrity of sites. This
paper explores the relationship between archaeological mitigation, site integrity and the
impairment issue within select eastern National Park and National Historic Site units.
[PLENARY] – Blue Room; Wednesday, 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.

Sefryn Penrose (Atkins, United Kingdom)

Living in an Old City: Practice and theory in urban heritage
Half of the world’s population now lives in cities. But the heritage of the city can be
seen as redundant: a problem to be solved through the right planning mechanism.
Urban heritage practice has barely changed for 25 years. It privileges buildings and
public realm, tourism, economics. It presumes preservation of fabric. Familiar
orthodoxies dominate: ‘urban grain’; ‘the right materials’. It’s western centric. Taste
is policed: there is a homogeneity to ‘heritage’.
But this has not been how we think about cities for some time. It is not how heritage
is thought about. Heritage is never about a static past.

299
What would a different perspective practically entail? We propose looking at the
city through different lenses: movements/theories/discussions that to some extent
have been ‘dealt with’ in heritage discourse, but have not made an impact in the
field. We imagine heritage in urban placemaking if practice and theory were to
meet.
[SYM-59b] – Congressional B; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Jennifer E. Perry (California State University Channel Islands) – see [GEN-004]

Courtney H. Buchanan

Dana Lee Pertermann (Western Wyoming College)

French military lunettes at Ft. Bridger, WY
Fort Bridger, WYhas a strong connection to French colonialism in North America.
While the original trading post was created to accomodate French traders in the
West, the French influence on military structures has not been as well researched in
this region. Lunette fortifications that were recorded on historical documents have
been found through magnatometry, and are currently being excavated. Features
have been discovered that do not match the historical records exactly, however,
such as a retaining wall. These differences and the impact of French military tactics
and fort construction on the American military in the West in particular makes this
site intriging on many levels.
[SYM-129] Committee Room; Thursday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.]

Mary Petrich-Guy (University of Idaho), Mark Warner (University of Idaho)

Beyond the Technical Report: Building public Outreach into Compliance-
Driven Projects, A Case Study from Sandpoint Idaho
From 2005 to 2008 archaeologists conducted the largest excavation in the state of
Idaho's history in the small north Idaho town of Sandpoint. The excavations were a
prelude to the construction of a byway through the city's former historic core by
Idaho's Department of Transportation. Despite not being able to conduct a public
program during the excavations, project archaeologists were subequently able to
create a number of outcomes derived directly from the excavations that were
ultimately beneficial to local communities in a number of ways. Public outreach
efforts ranged from the convention (public archaeology days and public lectures
during archaeology month) to relatively distinctive endeavors such as publishing a
book in the history of a business in lieu of mitigation and teaching trunks for local
school children. Overall, the impact was a project that created a number of things
that were for the community instead of the archaeologists.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Vid Petrovic (Bay Area Underwater Explorers) – see [GEN-006] Albert E. Nava Blank

Vid Petrovic (University of California, San Diego) – see [GEN-008] Michael Hess

300
Guido Pezzarossi (Syracuse University) – see [SYM-26] Noa Corcoran-Tadd

Guido Pezzarossi (Syracuse University)

From Cacao to Sugar: Long-Term Maya Economic Entanglement in Colonial
Guatemala
This paper explores highland Maya sugar production as a product of later colonial
entanglement influenced by precolonial and early colonial innovations and
traditions. In the mid-17th century, the colonial Kaqchikel Maya community of San
Pedro Aguacatepeque is described as a producer of sugar. Hoewever, the
community’s embrace of sugar cane production (and associated sugar products)
emerged in a complicated manner: as a product of preexisting precolonial and early
colonial cacao tribute cultivation practices and later exposure as coerced laborers in
Spanish colonial sugar cane plantations. The transition to sugar cane must be placed
within the social and material contexts of later colonial Guatemala that constrained
and enabled Maya communities. By the time Aguacatepeque was producing sugar,
sugar cane would not have been an introduced novelty of “contact”, but rather a
known entity framed by precolonial and early colonial practice as well as later
colonial conditions, experiences, needs and desires.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Heather Law Pezzarossi (Syracuse University)

Emergent Materialities of 19th c. Nipmuc Basketry
This paper examines a collection of iron artifacts from the Sarah Burnee/Sarah
Boston Site, a late 18th- and early 19th-century Nipmuc homestead in Grafton,
Massachusetts. While the objects recovered have a broad range of purposes, the
assemblage is assessed for its utility in the practice of woodsplint basketmaking, an
emerging Indigenous industry in 19th-century New England, and the purported
trade of one of the homestead’s inhabitants. Native woodsplint baskets were valued
by Anglo-American consumers for their authentic and traditional “Indianess,” yet
many of their forms, decorations, and the associated toolkit were developed by
Native artisans in the specific economic conditions of post-revolutionary New
England and are thus entangled with Euro-American materialities. DeLanda’s
(2006) ‘‘assemblage theory’’ is examined as an appropriate concept with which to
reconcile the apparent tension of innovation and tradition in this collection, and in
Indigenous historical archaeology at large.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Charles Philips (Brockington and Associates) – see [SYM-30] Larry James

Bradley D. Phillippi (Hofstra University)

Forgetting
The production of history is inherently political and often involves legitimating the
status quo by obscuring the historical roots of contemporary inequality. This paper
investigates how residents of an affluent suburb on Long Island came to remember

301
one of their historic places as a site representing white, colonial history and
heritage exclusively when in fact it was a historically diverse household comprised
of white family members and nonwhite laborers. The masking of plural space and
increased invisibility of black labor during the post-emancipation period serves as
evidence. This research suggests that selective forgetting and the production of
local narratives signaled which groups belonged as members in the Setauket
community, resulting in the uneven visibility and preservation of sites related to the
village’s historical origins.
[SYM-11a] – Directors Room; Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Samuel A. Pickard (AECOM)

Life In The River Wards: The History Of Kensington And Port Richmond
The Kensington/Fishtown and Port Richmond neighborhoods of Philadelphia were
among the earliest areas in the city settled by Europeans. Though initially
dominated by maritime trades, in the nineteenth century they developed into
industrial districts centered on mills, shipyards, and the export of coal and grain.
Much of Kensington and Port Richmond eventually became known as a tough
working class areas with populace comprised mainly of Irish, German, and Polish
immigrants, though the Fishtown section of Kensington remained a somewhat
isolated pocket of nativist fishing families. This paper will discuss the history of
these areas from the first half of the nineteenth century to the first decade of the
twentieth century, with a focus on the blocks on which AECOM conducted
excavations. It will seek to shed light on this area and its residents, who are all too
often stereotyped or overlooked in the history of Philadelphia.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Andrew T. Pietruszka (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Central Identification

Laboratory (Underwater Archaeology Section), JBPHH, HI) – [SYM-151b] Richard K.
Wills

Hannah Piner (East Carolina University), Lynn Harris (East Carolina University),
Melissa Price (East Carolina University), Katherine Clevenger (East Carolina
University)
Investigating a Cannon Site Conundrum in Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica
A site comprising cannons, anchors, and dispersed bricks on the seabed of Cahuita
National Park may represent scenarios of a scuttling trail, a wrecking event, or
dramatic crew mutiny where sailors set fire to their ship after a disastrous voyage.
Danish West Indies historic records and local Afro-Caribbean folklore center
around stories of pirate ships and two 18th-century slave ships that were burnt or
broken up by surf in this location. The ECU team investigated the distribution
patterns of the artifact assemblage, patterns of marine growth, fluvial processes,
and local memory about a recent destructive earthquake and illegal removal of
artifacts by visiting scientists. As the site is a rich substrate for marine life in
Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Area, the investigators also explored the

302
challenge of balancing archaeological investigation and research design with
marine life preservation and documentation.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Hannah Piner (East Carolina University), Lauren Christian (East Carolina University),
Mitchell Freitas (East Carolina University), Allyson Ropp (East Carolina University),
Sydney Swierenga (East Carolina University)
Expedition Costa Rica: Cahuita’s Brick and Cannon Shipwreck Sites
East Carolina University’s Program in Maritime Studies studied two shipwreck sites
in Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. These sites presented unique challenges to the
group because of their location, distribution, similarities, unique formation
processes, and role as part of a dynamic and protected ecosystem. One site has a
brick pile and few scattered artifacts, including cannon, concretions, a grinding
stone, and two bottles. The other has 13 pieces of concreted cannon, two anchors,
and a few scattered brick. The methodologies varied from site to site because of the
distribution patterns and the environmental conditions. This preliminary study
resulted in site plans; a marine survey; and ideas of site formation, including:
burning, scuttling, and a disaster response trail. This can linked to historical
accounts and local anecdotes of historic and modern salvage, slave ships, and
pirates.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Alena R. Pirok (University of South Florida)

Bring Back The Ghosts: Hauntings, Authenticity, and Ruins
In the 1930s a swath of Williamsburg, VA became Colonial Williamsburg. The newly
minted Colonial Williamsburg Foundation funded a major reconstruction effort to
turn the dejected neighborhood into the picture of colonial architecture and
colonial revival esthetic. Since that time visitors have noticed that colonial era
ghosts have reemerged in the houses and meeting places they were once known to
frequent. Parapsychologists have argued that archaeological investigation has
stirred ghosts from their slumber, and that building restorations have welcomed
the spirits back to a familiar landscape. This suggests an understanding of
archaeology and restoration, rather than ruins, as the backdrop for historical
hauntings. This paper will look at how people have used ghosts to support
archaeology and restoration efforts in the name of spiritual and historical
authenticity
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Mateusz Polakowski (East Carolina University)

The Egadi 10 Warship: From Excavation To Exhibition
The warships that took part in the Battle of the Egadi Islands (241 BC) have been
investigated for over 10 years. The Egadi Islands Survey Project, a joint project of
the Soprintendenza del Mare - Sicily and RPM Nautical Foundation aims to survey

303
and excavate the battle site in order to better understand the events that took place
at the Egadi Islands Battle. Interdisciplinary research and new technologies have
allowed these studies to pursue new areas of inquiry previously unavailable. Three-
dimensional technologies have provided new ways to record, reconstruct, and
distribute the information gathered during fieldwork and subsequent study. This
study will overview the ongoing methodologies used to document and interpret the
Egadi 10 ramming warship. It will also discuss how these new technologies are
preserving these artifacts and allowing for their greater accessibility to the general
public.
[SYM-132] – Capitol Room; Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher Polglase (Environmental Resources Management (ERM)) – see [GEN-003]

Emlen Myers

Michael R. Polk (Sagebrush Consultants, USA)

Chinese Railroad Workers At Central Pacific Stations Ca. 1870s-1880s
The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was completed in May 1869. Much of the work
on that railroad was carried out by more than 10,000 ethnic Chinese workers. After
completion of the railroad many, if not most, of them either returned to China or left
for work in the mining industry or construction on other railroads. However, a large
number remained with the CPRR to work on railroad maintenance. Ethnic Chinese
appear to have been a dominant labor force through the mid 1880s, perhaps longer,
as evidenced by their significant presence at 48 of 61 railroad maintenance stations
extending from western Nevada to Ogden, Utah. Using census information, railroad
documents, and detailed archaeological site information from six section camps in
Nevada and Utah, comparisons are made between stations revealing elements of
original construction camp design and its evolution through time to improve
efficiency and reduce cost.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

John Pollack (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) – see [GEN-008] Elaine Wyatt

Eric Pomber (Michigan Technological University) – see [GEN-009] Daniel J. Trepal

Elias Chi Poot (Ejido of Tihosuco, Quintana Roo, Mexico) – see [GEN-002] Tiffany C.
Cain

Virginia S. Popper (University of Massachusetts Boston, USA)

Chinese Immigrant Life in late-19th-century San Jose, California:
Macroremains from Market Street Chinatown
Food provides an excellent means for exploring the experiences of the Overseas
Chinese because it is integral to cultural identity and reflects adaptations to new

304
environmental, economic, and social settings. Plant remains recovered from the
late-19th-century Chinatown in San Jose, California, present a picture of the
complexity of Chinatown life. They represent a variety of activities such as
purchasing food and medicine from local farms and Chinese grocery stores to
prepare for daily meals and festivities and to promote good health. They attest to
the strong ties between the Overseas Chinese and traditional Chinese foodways as
well as the active role the Overseas Chinese took in molding 19th century farming in
California.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jennifer A. Porter-Lupu (University of Chicago)

Landscapes of Desire: Mapping the Brothels of 1880s Washington, DC
From 1860-1915, brothels were prominantly loaced within Washington, DC’s urban
landscape. This paper focuses on brothels in 1880s Washington, examining the
spatial dynamics of the main brothel neighborhood, the Hooker’s Division. I argue
that experiences of Hooker’s Division brothels were shaped by the space within the
city that the neighborhood occupied, and simultaneously, Washington’s sex workers
contested social norms thereby changing the symbolic implications and tangible
reality of the city around them. I use Tim Ingold's notion of the "taskscape" as a lens
through which to explore the racial, class, and gender dynamics of the Hooker's
Division. This study discusses traditionally underrepresented narratives,
specifically those of women, people of color, gender non-conforming individuals,
and sex workers.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Megan D. Postemski (University of Pennsylvania)

Taming the Wild Through Enclosure: Boundaries within the Pioneer
Landscape
Frontiers are often perceived as dangerous and harsh peripheries pioneers adapted
to, or replete with resources and ripe for settlement. Based on accounts of
environmental stress and warfare in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries,
the former perception pervades depictions of the Eastern frontier. To distinguish
notions of frontier life from actual lived experiences of pioneers, I analyze enclosure
– the continuous bounding and cultivation of the landscape – which structured
frontier life. Enclosure manifests in physical landscape features (e.g., stone walls,
fences, and fields) reflecting deeds and maps, but also pioneer ideals and agency. By
examining enclosure in the historical landscape, I demonstrate how Eastern frontier
settlement facilitated and mirrored town development. I assess tax valuations,
historical maps, and other data to compare enclosure on the Downeast Maine
frontier with that in Massachusetts. A mature town provides a baseline for
successful colonization to compare the process of frontier enclosure.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

305
Stephen R. Potter (National Park Service), Tom Gwaltney (National Park Service),
Karen L. Orrence (National Park Service)
Bullets, Shrapnel, Case, and Canister: Archaeology and GIS at the Piper Farm,
Antietam National Battlefield
Union and Confederate forces fought at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland,
on September 17, 1862. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American military
history with nearly 23,000 dead, wounded, and missing. Some of the fiercest
fighting occurred around the Sunken Road -- the northern boundary of the Henry
Piper farm. Over four field seasons, archaeologists conducted a systematic metal-
detector survey of the Piper Orchard, site of the Confederates’ retreat from the
Sunken Road and their stand to hold the center, Caldwell's Union advance, and the
senseless charge of the 7th Maine Infantry Regiment. A combination of GIS analysis,
3-D terrain modeling, viewshed analysis, and a review of the historical record,
resulted in the identification of unit positions and movements derived from an
examination of 2,033 military artifacts. This study provides a more detailed
understanding of the events at Piper Farm and demonstrates potential applications
to other battlefield landscapes.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Laurence Pouliot (Université Laval, Canada)

Labrador: Inuit and Europeans, more than just a trade
Labrador, an important crossroad for cultural and material goods in America, has
known many social changes during the 18th century. The inhabitants of this vast
and cold territory have changed their way of living during this period by
transforming their winter houses, by adopting new objects and by changing their
social organization. European and Inuits have lived side by side at this time, trading
together. All these exchanges have created more than just a trade network. New
objects and new relationships influenced the lifestyle of the Inuits at various levels.
The objective of my thesis is to understand the impact of the contacts between the
Inuit and the Europeans on the lifestyle of the inhabitants of an 18th century
communal winter house. The archaeological project on the Double Mer Point site,
near Rigolet in Labrador, is an ongoing research in partnership with Memorial
University, the Nunatsiavut Government, the community of Rigolet and Laval
University.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Anastasia Poulos (Anne Arundel County, Maryland)

Working Side-By-Side at the Grassroots Level: the Role of the Non-Profit and
Avocationalist
Often, archaeological endeavors are sparked by one lone man or woman in the
community driven by an avocational interest in their cultural heritage. This paper
discusses how fostering relationships between multiple non-profits
(archaeological/historical societies) and encouraging avocational involvement can

306
revitalize the discipline of archaeology on a local to national level. The collaboration
of multiple non-profits in archaeological endeavors has become a common practice
in recent years as socio-economic restrictions deplete government support in
preserving cultural heritage. In Anne Arundel County, laymen and professionals
volunteer side-by-side to implement the preservation and understanding of
archaeological resources, allowing professionals to educate the public, while the
experiences of avocationalists trigger new outlooks on methodology and
technology, making for a vibrant and sometimes conflicting conversation on
archaeological approach. Case-studies of County archaeological projects
demonstrate how these local societies put a spotlight on cultural heritage,
encourage community involvement, and assist in the preservation of archaeological
resources.
[SYM-139] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Jennifer Poulsen (Peabody Museum, Harvard University), Joseph Bagley (Boston

Archaeology Program, City of Boston)
Identification of Coarse Earthenware Potters on Production and Consumption
Sites in Charlestown, Massachusetts Using Biometric Identification
Every so often, the fingerprints of potters are left in the wet clay of coarse
earthenware vessels. Many of these evocative “signatures” have been observed on
redware that was excavated from the 18th-century Parker-Harris Pottery Site and
Three Cranes Tavern Site in Charlestown, Massachusetts. Using a short-range 3D
laser scanner to capture this data, a small comparative data set was compiled to
determine if these biometric identifiers (finger and hand prints) could be used to
directly connect a pottery production site with a pottery consumption site. In
addition, this biometric data has the potential to determine a minimum number of
individual potters, offer relative dates, and speak to the gender/age and length of
service of individual potters. The end product of this pilot study is a visual reference
collection of fingerprints that has potential to expand in hopes of establishing
previously-unknown associations and commercial networks of domestic redware
potters across the eastern United States.
[SYM-302] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Nancy Powell (Stantec Consulting, Inc.) – see [SYM-204] Geri J. Knight-Iske

Nancy Powell (Stantec Consulting, Inc.) – see [SYM-204] Paul P. Kreisa

Nancy L. Powell (Stantec Consulting, Inc.), Paul P. Kreisa (Stantec Consulting, Inc.),
Geri Knight-Iske (Stantec Consulting, Inc.)
The Rise of the Cedars: 2014-2015 Investigations at the Cox Farm in
Georgetown
In 2014 the District Public Schools began extensive construction and renovation of
the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, the former Western High School. Portions of
the building date to the last decade of the 19th century, the former location of The

307
Cedars residence, the home of the Cox family. The few photographs and
descriptions of The Cedars were thought to be all that remained due to the
construction of the school. Stantec and EHT Traceries undertook archaeological and
archival investigations prior to the proposed construction, and these investigations
exposed an unanticipated wealth of information on the Cox family and their farm,
including the eastern foundation of The Cedars, and almost 2,000 artifacts. We
examine how the Cox farm and The Cedars reflect the processes and impacts that
the post-Civil War prosperity in Washington, D.C. had on the rural character of what
once had been the “County of Washington.”
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Julie Powers (Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA) – see [GEN-017] Cori Rich

Adrian C. Praetzellis (Sonoma State University, USA), Mary K. Praetzellis

(Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University)
"Let My Body Be Buried Here": Taking a Long View of Chinese Immigrants to
the American West
Many Chinese immigrants spent much of their lives abroad, changing their attitudes
toward the host country and picking up cultural competencies. Immigrants joining
1850s communities faced different circumstances than those arriving in the 1880s;
and those who remained into the 1920s lived much differently than they would
have earlier. Yee Ah Tye was born around 1820 in southern China. He came to
California early in the Gold Rush, married, and was the father of many children.
Before he died in his 70s, Yee asked to be buried in America, “in land where I have
lived.” His long and successful career in California has been archaeologically
documented at more than one site. We suggest that archaeologists should consider
age and the diversity of immigrant experience in their interpretations.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Mary K. Praetzellis (Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University) – see

[SYM-34] Adrian C. Praetzellis

Suzanna M. Pratt (University of South Florida)

Landscape Legacies of Sugarcane Monoculture at Betty’s Hope Plantation,
Antigua, West Indies
The historic sugarcane industry transformed Caribbean societies, economies, and
environments. This research explores the landscape legacies left by long-term
sugarcane monoculture at Betty’s Hope Plantation on the eastern Caribbean island of
Antigua, which was dedicated to sugarcane monoculture from the mid-1600s until
independence in 1981. The study creates a simulation of crop yields using the USDA’s
Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator, which is then evaluated using records of
historical crop yields extrapolated from historical documentation of crop production
and geoarchaeological analyses of historical and contemporary landscape change.

308
Findings suggest that parts of Betty’s Hope have degraded due to sugarcane
monoculture, but other degradation may be due to the cessation of commercial
agriculture, when human investment in the landscape ended. These results suggest
that current erosion and degradation problems may not be attributed to intensive
monoculture alone, but are part of a complex mosaic of human-environmental
interactions including abandonment of anthropogenic landscapes.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Melissa Price (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Jeremy Borrelli

Melissa R. Price (East Carolina University)

Intellectual "Treasure Hunting:" Measuring Effects of Treasure Salvors on
Spanish Colonial Shipwreck Sites
This poster presents research on the effects of treasure salvors on Spanish colonial
shipwrecks in Florida. Currently, there is no basis for quantifying treasure salvor
impacts on Spanish colonial shipwrecks. The Pillar Dollar wreck in Biscayne Bay
and three vessels from the 1733 Spanish plate fleet serve as case studies for this
research. The poster addresses the following questions:
1. What can the academic investigation of the treasure salvor industry reveal about
what is lost or gained through commercial exploitation of Spanish colonial
shipwrecks by treasure salvors?
2. What are the effects of treasure salvors on Spanish colonial sites in Florida and
how can these effects be quantified?
3. What have we learned about the past from treasure salvor endeavors of Spanish
colonial sites in Florida?
4. How can this knowledge assist in the future management of Spanish colonial
shipwrecks?
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Melissa Price (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Hannah Piner

Melissa Price (East Carolina University), Jennifer F. McKinnon (East Carolina

University), Charles Lawson (National Park Service)
“…nothing else of great artifactual value” or “…found nothing on the site at
all”: What remains of an eighteenth century colonial shipwreck in Biscayne
National Park?
The title of this paper illuminates the short sided approach held by those in search
of “treasure” in the 1960s and 1970s in south Florida. It also provides a window
into the past and present about how the Pillar Dollar Wreck in Biscayne National
Park has been, and continues to be, impacted by adventure seekers, treasure salvors
and looters. This paper outlines recent archaeological excavations of the Pillar
Dollar Wreck and reveals there is still much to be found and studied in the shifting

309
sands. Investigations at the site expose both a history rich in colonial maritime
activities as well as one of unchecked destruction by thrill-seeking treasure grabs.
[SYM-51] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 3:45 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Eric Proebsting (Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest), Daniel Druckenbrod (Rider

University)
Seeing the Past through the Soil and Trees of Poplar Forest
This paper includes recent discoveries from a survey of natural and cultural
resources along a proposed 1.7 mile parkway at Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest.
In addition to locating archaeological sites and mapping aboveground features, 10
forest plots were established within stands of increasing age adjacent to the
proposed path of the parkway. By measuring tree diameter, identifying tree species,
and coring trees from three different positions in the forest canopy using
dendrochronology, these plots are providing important new interpretations about
how the present day landscape relates to past agricultural activities and processes
of succession, which have taken place on this former tobacco plantation over the
past 250 years. Additional insights are gained by examining these plots in light of
historic maps and documents as well as archaeological remains, including charcoal
fragments recovered from the plantation’s slave quarters and pollen profiles
associated with the creation of Jefferson’s retreat.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Paulina F. Przystupa (University of New Mexico)

Examining the landscape of enculturation at Euro-American Children’s Homes
(Orphanages) and Native American Boarding Schools
Institutions played an important part in American culture during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, serving segments of society that could not take care of
themselves. While asylums, orphanages, and boarding schools have come to have a
negative connotation in modern American culture, these places played a formative
role in the enculturation and care for multiple generations and ethnicities in the
United States. Particularly, children’s homes or orphanages and Native American
Boarding Schools served to educate and raise underprivileged American children
and were subject to different ideological constraints because of the different
ethnicities that they served. This paper investigates a sample of Euro-American
Orphanages and Native American Boarding schools to examine how choices of
location and layout reflected cultural beliefs about enculturation of Euro-American
and Native American children at the time by using landscape archaeology theory,
geographic information systems, and archival archaeology.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Crystal L. Ptacek (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation) – see [SYM-295] Beatrix Arendt

Crystal L. Ptacek (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation), Katelyn M. Coughlan (The

Thomas Jefferson Foundation)

310
Unraveling the Use of Yards: Synthesizing Data from Monticello’s North and
South Yard Excavations
Over the past thirty years, archaeologists at Monticello have excavated portions of
the lawns located on opposite sides of Thomas Jefferson’s home. To date, no
comprehensive synthesis of the archaeological data from these excavations has
been conducted. Because of the varied tasks undertaken in the structures adjacent
to these yards, the areas on the North and South side of the mansion were
functionally different. Comparative stratigraphic and ware-type analysis aim to
expose stratigraphic temporal patterning and distinct functional differences within
these opposing spaces. The findings presented here speak to both the diverse use of
yard space as well as the effect of Jefferson’s landscaping endeavors on the
Mountaintop. This paper attempts to integrate decades of archaeological
excavations into a larger discussion of temporal and spatial patterning of artifacts in
Monticello’s yards.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Neil N. Puckett (Texas A&M University)

Diving In The Desert: A First Look At The Underwater Archaeology Of Walker
Lake
Underwater investigations of drowned terrestrial sites have become increasingly
important to the pursuit of New World, prehistoric archaeology. The Atlantic and
Gulf Coast shelves, the rivers of Florida, the Pacific Coast, and the Great Lakes have
each provided evidence for human occupations in now inundated landscapes. These
pursuits have resulted in invaluable information on human behavior, offered
excellent preservation of perishable and datable materials, and often presented
uniquely buried and stratified sites. In the Great Basin, perennial lakes offer rare
opportunities to explore such stratified contexts. Lake level fluctuations from
climate change have repeatedly drowned and buried previously accessible
landscapes. Walker Lake in western Nevada, is one such lake. Research within the
lake in 2015 was performed to identify buried archaeological deposits through sub-
bottom profiling, test excavations, and coring. Here, a preliminary report of the
results is presented along with plans to expand this research during the summer of
2016.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Antti Pulkkinen (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Community

Coordinated Modeling Center, Space Weather Research Center) – see [GEN-012]
Brandi M. Carrier

Joseph P Puntasecca (Western Michigan University)

“Without prominent event”: the McDonald Site in the Hoosier National Forest
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and Section 106 process were
enacted to ensure that archaeological knowledge is preserved. One problem this
creates is that sites with ambiguous associations to particular occupants or events

311
are offered less protection because their significance is also deemed ambiguous.
The McDonald Site (12 OR 509) in the Hoosier National Forest is an example of how
an ineligible site can still contribute significant information to local and regional
histories. The site represents a small cabin occupied in the 2nd half of the 19th
century. Excavations recovered a diverse although redundant artifact assemblage
and while deemed ineligible, the findings contribute to the knowledge and context
of the Hoosier National Forest. In this paper I will review the interpretations and
findings of the site, highlight the contributions of 12 OR 509 to the regional context,
and reflect on problems and prospects of the 106 process.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Jeremy W. Pye (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.) – see [SYM170a] J. Homer Thiel

Jeremy W. Pye (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.)

Guidelines for Creating a Typology for Mass-Produced 19th and 20th Century
Burial Container Hardware
The analysis and historical study of burial container hardware and other mortuary
artifacts is crucial in establishing a useful discourse between the multiple lines of
evidence recorded and recovered in historical cemetery investigations. Exact
identification of types and styles of burial container hardware is vital in defining the
chronology of burial, which is necessary in situations where grave markers have
been lost or moved from their original locations. In addition, variations in hardware
styles and forms, as well as materials of manufacture, indirectly reflect aspects of
socio-economic class, status, and/or community involvement in the funeral process.
A full understanding of the burial container hardware exposes aspects of the
deepening control of the professional funeral industry in the production and
distribution of funeral merchandise during the late 19th and early 20th century.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Benjamin C. Pykles (LDS Church) – see [GEN-009] Ryan W. Saltzgiver

Kimberly Pyszka (Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL), Kalen McNabb

(Alabama; Meadors, Inc., Charleston, South Carolina), Maureen Hays (College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina)
"a [not so] small, but [highly] convenient House of Brick": The St. Paul's
Parsonage, Hollywood, South Carolina
Constructed in 1707, the foundational remains of the St. Paul’s Parish parsonage
provide a rare opportunity to study an early colonial residence in South Carolina.
Based on 2010 excavations, the parsonage was believed to be a traditional hall and
parlor plan; however, recent excavations revealed that the parsonage likely had an
enclosed projecting entrance tower. While this feature was common in mid-to-late-
17th-century houses in England, Virginia, and other English colonies, they are very
rare in South Carolina. As some of the earliest and most intact foundations in the
region, the information gained from the parsonage provides greater insight into

312
early residences in the colony and leads to a rethinking of the image of early
colonial South Carolina as a frontier, backwoods colony. Additionally, it is argued
that parish supervisors intentionally designed the parsonage as a reflection of the
Anglican Church’s presence, wealth, and influence within the developing Carolina
colony.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Q
Peter Quantock (Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA) – see [GEN-017] Cori
Rich

Lynn Rainville (Sweet Briar College)

"I Likewise Give To Indiana & Elizabeth The Following Slaves...": The Founding
of Sweet Briar College and its Racially Charged History
In 1858, a transplanted Vermonter, Elijah Fletcher, died in Amherst, Virginia,
leaving his antebellum plantation and over 140 enslaved individuals to three of his
children. His oldest daughter, Indiana Fletcher Williams, combined this inheritance
with some of her own wealth and founded Sweet Briar College in 1900 through a
directive in her will. In 2001, I began researching the descendants of the enslaved
community, studying an on-campus slave cemetery, and designing brochures and
exhibits to raise awareness about this complicated past. One of the most surprising
results of this research has been the realization that today about 40% of the
college's hourly workers are descended from the African American men and women
owned by Fletcher. I connected with one of these families, the Fletchers, helped
them locate Lavinia and James who lived on the Sweet Briar Plantation until 1865,
and joined them for three family reunions held on campus.
[SYM-37] – Congressional B; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Amanda Rankin (Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc.; University of Nevada,

Reno) – see [POS-5] Shaun Richey

Sean Rapier (National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center) – see [SYM-31] Jay
T. Sturdevant

Tiffany M. Raszick (The Louis Berger Group), John Bedell (The Louis Berger Group)
The Bird-Houston Site, 1775-1920: 145 Years of Rural Delaware

313
The Bird-Houston Site is a homestead that was occupied from around 1775 to 1920.
During that long span the site was used in various ways by diverse occupants. Two
houses stood there; the earlier log house was replaced by a frame house around
1825, and the two houses were far enough apart to keep their associated artifacts
separate. The site’s occupants included unknown tenants, white property owners,
and, after 1840, African American farm laborers and their families. Excavation of
the site provided much information about the lives of the residents, and also about
the impact of clearing the site for plowing on the archaeological record.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Meagan Ratini (JMA) – see [SYM-398] Kevin C. Bradley

Meagan M. Ratini (JMA)

Dr. Jayne’s Skyscraper: The Chestnut Street Building that Housed a Patent
Medicine Empire
Among the building remains uncovered during JMA’s 2014 excavations of the site of
Philadelphia's new Museum of the American Revolution were sections of the
granite foundations of the famous Jayne Building. This building had been called an
“ante-bellum skyscraper” by Charles Peterson, who rallied to save it from
demolition in the 1950s. A century earlier, the construction of this substantial
building had significantly altered its neighborhood and may have also influenced
the later architecture style of Louis Sullivan and the Chicago School. Dr. David Jayne
commissioned the ten-story building on Chestnut Street to house various elements
of his patent medicine empire, including facilities for creating the widely-
distributed almanacs which marketed his remedies.
[SYM-83] Embassy Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jason Raupp (Flinders University)

Recycle, Reduce, Reuse: The Development of the Pensacola Snapper Smack
Penscola, Florida’s red snapper fishery was among the city’s most prosperous
industries by the late 19th century. The vessels employed in the fishery, known
locally as “snapper smacks”, were heavily influenced by the evolving designs of New
England fishing schooners, but adapted for conditions encountered in the Gulf of
Mexico. And though these designs proved ideal for snapper fishing, external factors
reduced capital in the industry and led Pensacola fish houses to simply recycle
schooners formerly used in the North Atlantic fisheries. After being sold south,
modifications made to the hulls and rigs of reycled vessels equipped them for use in
the Gulf. Thus, while an ideal design for the Penscaola snapper smack can be
identifed, in realtiy the type included a diverse range of schooner designs. This
paper discusses the indstrial changes that produced the snapper smack and how its
diagnostic features can be used to identify archaeolgical remains.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Greta Rayle (Logan Simpson Design, Inc.)

314
Meanwhile, Back at the Ranch: The Archaeology of Ranching in Arizona
One of the “Five Cs” on the Arizona State Seal, cattle ranching has contributed
greatly to Arizona’s growth and prosperity since Father Francisco Kino first
introduced cattle in the 17th century. Ranching continues to influence the economic
and cultural heritage of Arizona today, with nearly 4,000 ranches spread across the
state’s 15 counties. This session will briefly summarize the archaeology of Ranching
in Arizona, with emphasis on the San Rafael Ranch. Formally established as a the
San Rafael de la Zanja Land Grant in 1821, the claim languished for decades under
Mexican and then American jurisdiction. Through the early decades of the twentieth
century, the ranch would expand from a 17,000 -acre land grant to more than
600,000 acres, covering lands in southern Arizona and Mexico. Today, a small
portion of this ranch has been preserved as one of Arizona’s State Parks.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Daniel B. Rees (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada)

Don’t Hold Your Breath – Initiating Community Projects and Public
Engagement through an Invested Collaboration in Maritime Archaeology
This project presents perspectives on community engagement and investment in
maritime heritage. Focusing on public programs in archaeology, this research
speaks to the importance of immersive and interactive learning towards public
education on the relevance of maritime history, including the processes and issues
associated with excavation, identification, and conservation. The content of this
review comes in reflection of Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) courses and
surveys completed on the Triangle Shipwrecks of North Carolina, and the
Conception Harbour Shipwrecks of Newfoundland, Canada. Varying levels of
organizations can cooperate to stimulate interest in maritime history, and long-
term local investment. Our understanding of how such multi-platform cooperation
can be initiated and directed will prove to be essential in launching new maritime
projects, and funding on-going operations. The results of this investigation will
outline how communities and organizations can be approached to build public
outreach projects and principally unearth aspects of our maritime history.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Daniel B. Rees (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada), Chanelle

Zaphiropoulos (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada)
Don’t Hold Your Breath – Initiating Community Projects and Public
Engagement through an Invested Collaboration in Maritime Archaeology
This poster presents perspectives on community engagement and investment in
maritime heritage. Focusing on public programs in archaeology, this research
speaks to the importance of immersive and interactive learning towards public
education on the relevance of maritime history, including the processes and issues
associated with excavation, identification, and conservation. The content of this
review comes in reflection of Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) courses and
surveys completed on the Triangle Shipwrecks of North Carolina, and the

315
Conception Harbour Shipwrecks of Newfoundland, Canada. Varying levels of
organizations can cooperate to stimulate interest in maritime history, and long-
term local investment. Our understanding of how such multi-platform cooperation
can be initiated and directed will prove to be essential in launching new maritime
projects, and funding on-going operations. The results of this investigation will
outline how communities and organizations can be approached to build public
outreach projects and principally unearth aspects of our maritime history.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Mark Rees (University of Louisiana at Lafayette) – see [GEN-003] Scott R. Sorset

Matthew B. Reeves (The Montpelier Foundation) – see [SYM-191] – Meredith P. Luze

Matthew B. Reeves (The Montpelier Foundation)

From Manassas to Montpelier: How the Metal Detecting Community changed
my Outlook on Archaeology
Engaging with amateur metal detectorists is something that is not new to the
discipline of archaeology today, however, some twenty years ago it was a relatively
new phenomena. That was the time that Stephen Potter introduced me to working
with a relic hunting club in Northern Virginia when I was directing projects at
Manassas National Battlefield Park, The success of these projects in both engaging
volunteer metal detectorists and results from the artifacts recovered made these
surveys a profound influence in my career. This paper will discuss this project and
the direction I have since taken surveys at Montpelier.
[SYM-28b] – Palladian Ballroom; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m.

Charde Reid (D.C. Historic Preservation Office)

21st Century Methods for a 19th Century World: GIS, Geophysical Survey, and
Geoarchaeology in Washington, D.C.
New and non-traditional techniques such as the geographic information system
(GIS), geophysical survey, and geoarchaeology show great promise for investigating
changing landscapes and urban deposition patterns. The Washington, D.C. Historic
Preservation Office has begun implementing these non-invasive techniques as part
of most Phase I investigations, especially in highly-developed areas. They are a cost-
effective, efficient, and fast ways to identify areas of fill, buried stream channels,
long-forgotten burials, lost Civil War-era defenses, and made land. These techniques
are also used to identify truncated soil columns and other markers of ground
disturbance. This paper describes each of these methods, and explains how they can
be used in tandem. Examples of successes, challenges, and lessons learned along the
way will be summarized.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sean H. Reid (Syracuse University)

316
Satellite Remote Sensing of Archaeological Vegetation Signatures in Coastal
West Africa
This paper illustrates how images captured by satellite remote sensing technology
can be used to detect vegetation that indicates archaeological sites in West Africa.
These sites are typically marked by a pattern of vegetation that differs from the
surrounding landscape, including concentrations of very large trees with
sociocultural and historical significance: cotton (Ceiba pentandra) and baobab
(Adansonia digitata). These features are conspicuous elements of the landscape
both from the ground and in aerial imagery. These vegetation patterns (vegetation
signatures) are detectable in very high-resolution (VHR) multispectral satellite
imagery. Two complementary methods of using VHR satellite imagery are discussed
in this paper: visual interpretation and semi-automated subpixel classification.
These techniques aid ongoing archaeological survey of the Sierra Leone River
Estuary including assessing the impact of recently renewed industrial activity.
[SYM-295] – Executive Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Matthew C. Reilly (Brown University)

The Colony and the City: Contemporary Caribbean Landscapes in
Transatlantic Context
Following Raymond Williams’ critical analysis of the relationship between the
English countryside and its urban counterpart in The Country and the City (1973),
this paper expands Williams’ analysis to incorporate the entanglements of the
colony, specifically the Caribbean post-colony of Barbados, and English urban
centers. Despite studies of well-known historical relationships existing in terms of
Atlantic world economics, there has been less discussion of the repercussions of
deindustrialization and decolonization in the Caribbean nation. However, tensions
associated with nation building since independence and the crippling decline of the
sugar industry are simultaneously anchored to historical processes that literally
built the urban landscapes of England. Through an analysis of decaying landscapes
of sugar production, this paper seeks to consider the tethering of the colony and
urban metropole in the recent past to address simultaneous processes of
development and ruination.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Elizabeth J. Reitz (University of Georgia) – see [SYM-30] Martha Zierden

Benjamin Resnick (GAI Consultants, Inc.) – see [SYM-120] Lori Frye

Cori Rich (Veterans Curation Program, St. Louis, MO), Jane Bigham (Veterans
Curation Program, St. Louis, MO), Ian Fricker (Veterans Curation Program, St. Louis,
MO), Alison Shepherd (Veterans Curation Program, Augusta, GA), Peter Quantock
(Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA) , Jessica Mundt (Veterans Curation
Program, Alexandria, VA), Julie Powers (Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA),
Guilliam Hurte Sr. (Veterans Curation Program, Alexandria, VA)

317
Historic Archaeology at Work: Rehabilitating Our Past and Present to Secure
Our Future
In response to the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt put millions to work by
way of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Similar to the efforts made by
the WPA, the Veterans Curation Program (VCP) is addressing the unemployment
rate for recently separated veterans by providing vocational training and
temporary employment, while simultaneously providing the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE) with the means to rehabilitate its archaeological collections to
Federal standards. Now the people who protected and served our country are
protecting and preserving our heritage for future researchers. The VCP successfully
demonstrates how archaeology can be used as a medium for rehabilitating our
nation's heroes by preserving our nation's past. By incorporating public
archaeology, constant outreach, conducting numerous facility tours, and utilizing
various types of media outlets, the VCP is taking steps to not only change the way
society perceives veterans, but to change the way society views archaeology.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Nathan Richards (Coastal Studies Institute) – see [SYM-32] Joseph C. Hoyt

Nathan T. Richards (UNC-Coastal Studies Institute, East Carolina University),

Devin Urban (East Carolina University)
“El Lanchon”: Investigation of an Industrial Relic at Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica
Known to the people of Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica as El Lanchon (the barge) this
intertidal structure was one subject for study at the Program in Maritime Studies’
2015 summer field school. What began as an opportunity to experiment with
photogrammetric techniques soon turned into a more detailed examination of the
site’s various functions and multi-layered history. This presentation will outline the
present day use of “El Lanchon” as well as its connection to successful and failed
industries of Costa Rica, Panama, and the United States. Also outlined are the
processes and products emerging from the summer 2015 recording activities.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Shaun Richey (University of Nevada, Reno)

The Mills of the Cortez Mining District
Organized in 1863, the Cortez Mining District is located in central Nevada and was
an early silver producer. The mining technology employed at Cortez included the
Washoe and Reese River pan amalgamation processes, the Russell leaching process,
cyanide leaching, and oil flotation. Cortez was also the proving grounds for the
cyanide heap leaching that began in the late 1960’s and has since spread
throughout the world. New milling technology, once brought into the district, was
subject to adaptive modification by innovative mill operators or constrained by the
limitations of the landscape. There were at least six mills at Cortez and most still
exist in varying states of preservation. This paper offers a tour through the
archaeological remnants of the mills, and examines archival documentation and the

318
physical remains of the mills to determine how processes were adapted to Cortez
ores and what sociotechnical factors influenced their success or failure.
[GEN-014] – Calvert Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Shaun Richey (Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc.; University of Nevada,

Reno), Amanda Rankin (Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc.; University of
Nevada, Reno)
Insights from the Virginia Street Bridge Demolition and Replacement Project,
Reno NV
The Virginia Street Bridge, one of the oldest reinforced concrete bridges in the west,
located in downtown Reno, Nevada, was built in 1905 and designed by the well
know architect John B. Leonard. The bridge stood on the founding location for the
city of Reno and with its construction shifted the commercial core of Reno away
from the railroad and to the Truckee River making the area around the bridge a
center point for commerce in the city. Because of the bridge’s loss of structural
integrity the city of Reno had to replace the historic bridge in the summer of 2015.
This demolition and replacement was permitted by the Army Corps of Engineers
and the Federal Highways Administration and therefore required compliance with
the National Historic Preservation Act. During removal of the bridge discoveries of
infrastructure related to the industrial and commercial history of the city of Reno
were encountered.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Erin P. Riggs (SUNY Binghamton)

The Many Functions And Meanings of Flora Within The Lives of Two American
Immigrant Families
This paper considers the many diverse functions and meanings of flora within the
lives of two American immigrant families—the Birys, a family of Alsatian
immigrants living in Castroville, Texas and the Domotos, a family of Japanese
immigrants living in Oakland, California. Drawing evidence from the archaeological
record, modern built landscapes, oral history interviews, and written histories, I
demonstrate that plant life played a central role in these families’ struggles to create
livable Homeplaces. The families’ interactions with flora were dynamic and location
specific, rather than fixed and the result of tradition or ethnic identity. I argue that
the complex, ever-evolving quality of such interactions fosters human attachment to
place.
[GEN-005] – Council Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Dominique Rissolo (University of California San Diego) – see [GEN-006] Albert E. Nava
Blank

Dominique Rissolo (University of California, San Diego) – see [GEN-008] Michael Hess

319
Dominique Rissolo (University of California, San Diego), James C. Chatters (Applied
Paleoscience), Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e
Historia), Alberto Nava Blank (University of California, San Diego), Blaine Schubert
(East Tennessee State University), H. Gregory McDonald (National Park Service), Pilar
Luna Erreguerena (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia)
Recent Analyses of the Faunal Assemblage from the Submerged Cave Site of
Hoyo Negro: Implications for Late Pleistocene Human Ecology Research on
the Yucatan Peninsula
In addition to a nearly complete human skeleton dating to the Late Pleistocene, the
submerged cave site of Hoyo Negro contains a diverse and well preserved
assemblage of extinct and extant fauna from the Yucatan Peninsula. Recent and on-
going investigations have focused on the documentation, sampling, and partial
recovery of select specimens for description and analysis. Of particular interest are
bears of the genus Tremarctos, a yet unnamed megalonychid ground sloth, cougars
(Puma concolor), and a possible dog-like canid. Cougars were extinct in North
America for much of the Pleistocene but returned north at the end of the last
glaciation. We seek to know when these animals died-out and how they are related
to North and South American forms of the species. The dog appears likely to be
more than 9600 years old and thus may be one of the earliest members of this
domesticated animal in the Americas.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ashley Rivas (University of Maryland, College Park)

Gender Ideals In 19th And 20th Century Easton, Maryland: An Analysis of Toys
and Family Planning Material In Historically African-American Communities
Gender ideals of the past were often reflected in everyday material, such as toys and
family planning items. The construction of gender ideals, enforcing gender roles
throughout childhood through intimate toy interaction, and what kinds of women
are considered “proper” women can all be studied through archaeological material.
I will be conducting an analysis of material found at three sites in historic Easton,
Maryland. Tying the archaeological material found at these sites together by
analyzing race and class and their connection to family planning and child
development in 19th and 20th century African-American communities. This paper
will provide a view into the lives of the often forgotten women and children, societal
pressures placed upon them, and how socially constructed gender ideals about
childhood and family planning are connected by analyzing a rare find: an abortion
pill packaging that was stratigraphically associated with a high volume of toys.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Gregory Roach (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group), Frederick
Engle (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group), Aaron Hamilton (Battle
of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group), Tom Edwards (Battle of the Atlantic
Research and Expedition Group), Joe Hoyt (NOAA), Doug Van Kirk (Battle of the
Atlantic Research and Expedition Group)

320
Archaeological Findings From The 2015 Survey of the Tanker SS Dixie Arrow
Between May 22 – 29, 2015, the Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition
Group collaborated with NOAA’s Monitor National Marine Sanctuary to survey the
wreck of the Dixie Arrow, an American tanker sunk in 1942 by the German
submarine U-71. Over this 7-day period, 13 divers mapped the nearly 500-foot-long
contiguous wreck. This paper will outline the methodology undertaken by the
group, the challenges encountered in conducting the survey, and the key
archaeological findings from the project. Finally, one of the more significant
products resulting from the survey - a map of the SS Dixie Arrow – will be examined
and discussed from the overall context of the sport diving and maritime
archaeological perspectives.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Andrew J. Robinson (KLJ, Bismarck, North Dakota)

The Liquid Gold Rush: Oil and the Archaeological Boom
The Gold Rush of the 19th century brought people, jobs, and money to the western
US, creating the first major boom. Since then, the US has advanced into other
profitable avenues, in particular oil and natural gas. The 20th century saw the
dramatic increase in the necessity for oil across the globe, which has led to a new
boom, the “Liquid Gold Rush.” As technology advanced, such as fracking, in the later
part of the 20th and into the 21st Century, archaeology became entwined with oil
and its boom. From oil drilling pads, to pipelines, to spills, this poster explores the
Liquid Gold Rush and how this new boom is shaping archaeology in the Northern
Plains and across the US.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Kimberly I. Robinson (National Park Service), Arthur J. Lapre (National Park Service),
Jenifer Eggleston (National Park Service), Kelly Clark (National Park Service), Gavin
Gardner (National Park Service), Katherine Birmingham (National Park Service)
#NHPA50: A Golden Anniversary in a Diamond Year
This poster will highlight efforts within the National Park Service to commemorate
the 50th Anniversary of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Started as a
group project for the Park Service's 2015 class of the Generating Operational
Advancement and Leadership Academy, our project team assembled of
professionals from across the park system is working to develop a resource toolkit
to aid regions, individual park units, and park staff in commemorating the act and
educating the general public. The toolkit will consist of a discussion guide, a social
media plan (#NHPA50) and a junior ranger program.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Marcy Rockman (National Park Service)

Contributing Historical Archaeology to Global Efforts to Address Climate
Change

321
In the most recent Summary for Policy Makers from the IPCC Working Group II
(Adaptation), this statement, “Throughout history, people and societies have
adjusted to and coped with climate, climate variability, and extremes, with varying
degrees of success,” is written without attribution. Though this statement is a
consensus view, the absence of a footnote disconnects it from analyses of the
human past and the models of adaptation developed in the IPCC reports. This is a
big gap. The most important contribution historical archaeology can make to
climate change is its models, data, and examples that define and challenge what is
meant by “adjusting and coping” and “varying degrees of success.” This paper
reports on recent efforts of the U.S. National Park Service and many partners to
increase representation of archaeology and the capacity it provides to learn from
study of the past in global efforts to address climate change.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Stephen T. Rogers (Tennessee Historical Commission)

East Tennessee Earthenware: Continuing The Tradition
The early production of earthenware pottery was concentrated in upper East
Tennessee where thirty-three of the forty-five recorded earthenware pottery sites
were located. Centered in Greene County, earthenware production began about
1800s and lasted in several isolated areas until the 1890s. This continuation of
older ceramic traditions previously established in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
especially North Carolina demonstrate the diffusion and evolution of regional
variation as potters migrated into East Tennessee at the start of the 19th century.
Information on Tennessee’s ceramic history, acquired over the past 40 years of
research, demonstrate a healthy industry producing a variety of earthenwares that
were not only functional and practical, but also visually interesting with some
having multicolored glazes and geometric stamps applied to vessel walls and
handles.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Rodolfo Quiroz Rojas (Alberto Hurtado University, Chile) – see [SYM-59a] Amalia
Nuevo Delaunay

Michael P. Roller (University of Maryland)

The Pistol in the Privy: Myths and Contexts of Southern Italian Violence in the
Anthracite Coalfields of Northeast Pennsylvania
The discovery of a revolver in the privy deposits of a home in a coal company town
in the anthracite region of Northeast Pennsylvania evokes a long history of
Southern Italian racialization as violent and vindictive by dominating groups. These
imagined characteristics mobilized the privileged to fear, and thereby act to contain
or exclude Southern Italian laborers wherever they lived. At the same time a
transnational context reveals complex historical continuities when considered
through accounts of Black Hand banditry in the region, possibly transplanted from
the homeland context of North Italian conquest to Gilded Age Industrial Capitalism.

322
Contextualizing these criminal activities in contexts of structural violence,
sovereign and capitalist, provides surprising continuities and ruptures. And then
sometimes.... a gun is just a gun.
[SYM-11a] – Directors Room; Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Manuel Roman (Environmental Resources Management (ERM)) – see [GEN-003]

Emlen Myers

Clete Rooney (National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center), David W.

Morgan (National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center), Kevin C. MacDonald
(University College London)
Archaeology of Pierre Metoyer’s 18th-Century French Colonial Plantation Site,
Natchitoches, Louisiana
This paper discusses recent findings and interpretations at the 18th century
plantation of Pierre Metoyer, a prominent resident of French colonial Louisiana.
Metoyer is historically best known for his relationship with Marie-Thérèse
Coincoin, a freed slave of African descent living in the Natchitoches area in the
1700s and one of the most important founding ancestors of the regional Creole
community. Since 2011 the National Park Service’s Southeast Archeological Center
(SEAC) has been assisting the Cane River National Heritage Area by documenting
threatened resources, such as the Metoyer property, that are within the Cane River
National Heritage Area and part of northwest Louisiana’s heritage of Creole genesis.
Survey work, archival research, and surface collection identified the Metoyer site.
Subsequent geophysical survey and targeted excavations have revealed significant
preserved features and material culture spanning the Metoyer occupation to
contemporary periods.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Allyson Ropp (East Carolina University) – see [POS-4] Hannah Piner

Allyson G. Ropp (East Carolina University), Emily A. Schwalbe (East Carolina

University)
Pirates and Slave Ships: The Historical Context of Two Wrecks in Cahuita,
Costa Rica
Cahuita, Costa Rica is a secluded part of the Caribbean coastline where, historically,
pirates hid away to escape capture and to restock their supplies. It was also an
entry point to bring slaves into the mainland Spanish colonies. Two shipwreck sites,
which have yet to be positively identified, are part of the attractions in the bay for
snorkel tourism. The stories about the origins of the wrecks are very diverse,
ranging from French and Spanish pirate vessels (Palmer 2005) to the Danish slave
vessels, Fredericus Quartus and Christianus Quintus (Lohse 2005; Holm 1982;
Norregard 1948). Based upon the interpretation of site formation processes on the
shipwreck sites and further research into primary sources, this paper will discuss

323
the various historical contexts surrounding the identity of the two wreck sites in
Cahuita Bay.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Bryan S. Rose (East Carolina University)

Fleets of Cahuita: Recording and Interpreting the Costa Rica Fishing Boats
Today Cahuitan fishermen often build and design their own fishing boats used for
snorkel tours, lobster diving and artisanal fishing. These watercraft come in a
variety of sizes, design and hull decorations. The builders have detailed knowledge
about functions and features. Up until the early 1980s all these watercraft were log
boat designs, evolving rapidly into modern fiberglass or dugouts covered in
fiberglass. Distinctively designed oars are handmade with machetes and used to
propel boats through the surf and treacherous reefs. The ECU team conducted
traditional and 3-D recording of hull shapes, photographed construction features,
and interviewed the captains and boat builders.
[SYM-220] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Bryan S. Rose (East Carolina University), Kelsey Dwyer (East Carolina University),
Sydney Swierenga (East Carolina University)
Boats and Captians of Cahuita: Recording Watercraft and Small Boats of Costa
Rica
The boats of Cahuita, Costa Rica vary in design, size and decoration. This poster
displays the design variation and depicts the East Carolina University summer field
school methods used to record these small watercraft. The differences in design are
catalogued through photography and also with recorded measurements. The
information gathered should be sufficient to reconstruct the vessel at full scale. In
some cases, the data was further utilized to create more practical three dimensional
computer models through various methods including Photogrammetry and CAD
software. These methods allow for detailed measurements and observations by
future scholars. The models become part of a digital archive of sorts.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Chelsea Rose (Southern Oregon University) – see [SYM-34] Kristine Madsen

Chelsea Rose (Southern Oregon University, USA)

Hidden in Plain Sight: Remapping Spatial Networks and Social Complexity of
the Chinese Immigrant Mining Diaspora in Southern Oregon
Like other aspects of Western historiography, the story of the Chinese diaspora in
the gold fields has been circumscribed by exotic tales of vice, violence, and
alienation. The legacy of frontier rhetoric has continued to impact scholarship
through assumptions of scarcity, isolation, and discrimination. While discriminatory
laws and racial tensions certainly impacted the lives of the nineteenth century
Chinese living in southern Oregon, they did not wholly define them. This paper will

324
describe an attempt to map the spatial and social distribution of Chinese
immigrants across southern Oregon in an attempt to better contextualize the
Jacksonville Chinese Quarter within the larger mining landscape for which it was
created and served. In this attempt to individuate the southern Oregon experience
of Chinese immigrants, we hope to also gain insight into the permeability of the
assumed ethnic enclaves, and the ways the population resisted and persisted in the
area for decades.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Douglas E. Ross (Simon Fraser University, Canada)

Why “Chinese Diaspora” Is More Than Just An Ethnic Label
Some scholars, myself included, have recently argued in favour of a shift from
“Overseas Chinese” to “Chinese Diaspora” as the most appropriate name for our
field of study. But are we simply substituting one interchangeable ethnic label for
another in accordance with intellectual trends? I argue that the term “diaspora” can
potentially unite our disparate research interests because it brings with it a
valuable body of theory that helps us understand the process of overseas Chinese
migration and recognize local migrant communities as part of a larger global
phenomenon. It aids in identifying common factors affecting the nature of migrant
experience to help us develop meaningful questions about the past, while also
providing a unifying framework for comparing and contrasting Chinese and other
diasporic communities worldwide. Here, I attempt to link my own study of Asian
cannery workers in British Columbia with research elsewhere in North America and
abroad.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Miriam A. W. Rothenberg (Brown University), Elizabeth Gurin (Brown University)

Fragments of Student Life: An Archaeometric Approach to Life on College Hill,
Brown University, Providence, RI
Since 2012, Brown University has conducted annual excavations on College Hill
with the aim of understanding diachronic changes in the campus’ physical
environment and student activities. This poster presents the results of
archaeometric research conducted on a variety of artifacts (ceramic, glass, and
metal) excavated from a single context abutting Hope College dormitory
(constructed 1822). The artifacts were analyzed using p-XRF, optical microscopy,
SEM, and EDS, in order to understand their intended function and process of
manufacture. This high-resolution, localized, and scientific approach significantly
enhanced the understanding of College Hill at a specific moment in time, while also
demonstrating continuity in student activities there from the dorm’s construction
to the present. Of particular interest is a ceramic drain pipe sherd, the analysis of
which has helped to refine the picture of Hope College’s architectural history,
contextualizing it in more general infrastructural trends in 19th century New
England.

325
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Nan. A. Rothschild (Columbia University) – see [GEN-001] Diana diZerega Wall

Nan A. Rothschild (Barnard College, Columbia University), Diana diZerega Wall

(CCNY, CUNY)
The Stadt Huys Block Site Collection, Past, Present and Future
The Stadt Huys Block Site in lower Manhattan was the first large-scale excavation in
New York City (1979-80), serving as a test case to mandate subsequent excavations
in the city. We found intact deposits from the 17th through 19th centuries. The
collection was first housed at Columbia University’s Strong Museum and is now at
the NYC Archaeological Repository. Artifacts from the collection have been used in
domestic and international exhibits, and in several research projects. Some have
analyzed particular classes of material (eg, fauna, Dutch tiles), while others
examined the contents of specific features. However, the collection has the potential
for much more significant research. Although the site report included a traditional
archaeological data base and broad descriptions of each artifact class, the
Repository data based being created by the Museum of the City of New York will
make the collection much more accessible for new research.
[SYM-109] – Committee Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Deb Rotman (University of Notre Dame)

Cottage Clusters and Community Engagement: Collaborative Investigations of
Multiscalar Social Relations in 19th Century Clachans, Co. Mayo, Ireland
Human experiences are inscribed in the landscape. Indeed, the built environment
has been so strongly modified by human agency that the resulting landscape is a
synthesis of natural and cultural elements. Cottage clusters, known as clachans,
were critical components of the landscape in the west of Ireland prior to the Great
Famine. Yet this site type has been almost completely ignored in historical,
archaeological, and architectural studies of the region. As a Fulbright US Scholar, I
am engaged in historical and archaeological investigations of clachans in rural Co.
Mayo in partnership with students and faculty at the Galway-Mayo Institute of
Technology in Castlebar. Community involvement has also been a critical aspect of
the archival research, oral history, folklore collection, and ground-truthing of these
sites. Through this poster, I share how my engagement with descent communities
has elucidated both collective memory and collective identity of nineteenth century
rural life.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Antoine Loyer Rousselle (Université Laval, Canada)

Plantation Archaeology in French Guiana: Results Investigations at Habitation
Loyola
The Habitation Loyola (1668-1778) is a Jesuit mission and plantation located in
French Guiana that was occupied between 1668 and 1768. The establishment was

326
dedicated to the production of sugar, indigo, coffee, cocoa, and cotton to finance the
evangelization of Amerindian groups in South America. This vast plantation site has
been studied since 1996 through a partnership between Université Laval and
French researchers. The latest excavations (2011-2015) have been conducted on
the storehouse and cemetery areas. The remains of a structure and black sediments
found under the storehouse could be related to an earlier blacksmith. Moreover,
metallurgic analyses have shown chemical correspondence between ore, slag and
preforms, suggesting metallurgic extraction. In this paper we seek to address the
most recent excavations conducted on the plantation site in addition to interpretive
perspectives related to the study of African American lifeways and cultural
interaction.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Erika Ruhl (University at Buffalo) – see [SYM-170b] Sanna M. Lipkin

Kurt Russ (Mountain Valley Preservation Alliance)

"In a New York State of Mind: Developing Stoneware Traditions in Virginia
from Richmond to the Upper Shenandoah Valley”
From urban centers like Richmond to backcountry markets in the upper
Shenandoah Valley, developing Virginia stoneware manufacturing traditions were
strongly influenced by New York and New Jersey production. The migration of
potters rooted in this early transplanted Germanic stoneware tradition -- many
sought out by Virginia businessmen and entrepreneurs beginning in the last decade
of the eighteenth century – resulted in regional styles and variation in production in
Virginia reflective of their northern training and wares. Research over the last thirty
years has significantly broadened our understanding of these early Virginia
stoneware potters, the tradition from which their production in Virginia sprang,
their pothouses, and the identification of the nature of their wares. Documenting
similarities between Virginia vessel forms and decorative treatments with those
from northern potteries has enhanced establishing connections through
hypothesizing associations between Virginia potters and their potential northern
influences.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jorge Russo (CINAV-Portuguese Navy Research Centre) – see [GEM-010] Jorge Freire

Krysta Ryzewski (Wayne State University) – see [POS-1] Brendan Doucet

Krysta Ryzewski (Wayne State University)

Community Displacement and the Creation of a 'City Beautiful' at Roosevelt
Park, Detroit
Michigan Central Station and Roosevelt Park were constructed between 1908 and
1918 as part of Detroit’s City Beautiful Movement. The construction process was a
place-making effort designed to implant order on the urban landscape that involved

327
the displacement of a community who represented everything that city planners
sought to erase from Detroit’s city center: overcrowding, poverty, immigrants, and
transient populations. Current historical archaeological research reveals how the
existing ornamental landscape of Roosevelt Park masks the history of a forgotten
working-class neighborhood. This synthesis of archival and material evidence
details the conditions of life within the neighborhood and of a contentious, decade-
long displacement struggle rooted in the inequalities of early-20th-century
industrial capitalism. Positioned at the start of a century of controversial urban
planning initiatives, the Roosevelt Park case study encourages understandings of
displacement as a process that has diachronic and comparative dimensions, both in
Detroit and in other urban settings.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

S
Christopher Sabick (Lake Champlain Maritime Museum)
21st Century Shipwreck Management Considerations on Lake Champlain
The ongoing management of Lake Champlain's extraordinary collection of well-
preserved Cultural Resources is an ever evolving and often challenging effort. With
the advent of new and cheaper technologies available to everyday boaters the
locations of sensitive shipwrecks are easily detectable. The Lake Champlain
Maritime Museum is invested in applying new approaches and ideas to shipwreck
management and this presentation will discuss some of the museums latest efforts
in this dynamic management environment.
[SYM-892] – Embassy Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Christopher Sabick (Lake Champlain Maritime Museum)

Mechanical Scanning Sonar: 21st Century Documentation of 19th Century
Shipwrecks
The Lake Champlain Maritime Museum (LCMM) has been exploring the use of
mechanical scanning sonar systems for the documentation of the shipwrecks found
within its waters. These technologies allow for fairly rapid recordation of 3D
structures in limited visibility environments. The LCMM has deployed this
technology on two canal boat wrecks to determine its effectiveness in comparison
with traditional documentation techniques. This presentation will review the
results of those studies as well as look at continued development of these
technologies and the future opportunities that mechanical scanning sonar units
provide for the underwater archaeologist.
[SYM-892] – Embassy Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Kamau Sadiki (Diving With a Purpose, National Association of Black Scuba Divers
Foundation, National Association of Black Scuba Divers) – see [SYM-384] Jay V.
Haigler

328
Augusto Salgado (CINAV-Portuguese Navy Research Centre) – see [GEN-010] Jorge
Freire

Alexandria D. Salisbury (University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Linda F. Stine

(University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Exploring Female and Male Ideals, Roles, and Activities at a Colonial through
Civil War Landscape at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site,
North Carolina
In the southeastern portion of North Carolina, near the Cape Fear inlet, Fort
Anderson was once a protecting force upheld by Confederate soldiers during the
American Civil War. Previous excavations at a specific encampment inside of Fort
Anderson provided artifacts that were once assigned to females' activities. These
artifacts have been deemed quixotic due to the gender restrictions of the fortress.
This presentation examines if and how researchers could tell whether males
assumed female gender assigned tasks, or if females did interact with the soldiers at
the encampment. Also considered will be artifacts potentially associated with
gender ideals, roles, and activities recovered from two colonial households
associated with Brunswick Town that were located beneath the Fort Anderson
encampment.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Edward Salo (Arkansas State University) – see [SYM-120] Lori Frye

Ryan W. Saltzgiver (Brigham Young University), Benjamin C. Pykles (LDS Church),

John H. McBride (Brigham Young University)
Ground-Penetrating Radar and Rapid Site Identification and Characterization:
Examples from the Theodore Turley Home Site, Nauvoo, Illinois
Nauvoo, Illinois, is among the most important sites in the history of the Latter-day
Saint movement in the United States. Since the 1960s, Nauvoo has been the site of
significant historical and archaeological research and interpretation. With an
estimated 1 million visitors annually, the competing needs to preserve the
archaeological assets and the continued desire to improve the visitor experience
necessitates the most accurate knowledge of these buried resources possible. This
presentation reports work—using a combination of pedestrian survey, ground-
penetrating radar, and targeted test excavations—which rapidly identified,
characterized, and evaluated buried resources at the Theodore Turley Home and
Brewery Site, the first home built by Latter-day Saints in Nauvoo. The method and
workflow employed provided valuable time-savings, limited the destructive
impacts, and greatly improve our understanding of the buried features.
Implementation of these methods in Nauvoo (and indeed similar sites) will lead to
more appropriate management of buried resources.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

329
Michelle Salvato (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group) – see [SYM-91] Kerry Gonzalez

Patricia M. Samford (Maryland Historical Trust)

Celebrating the National Historic Preservation Act: The Making Archaeology
Public Project
Over the last fifty years, a great deal of archaeological research has come about due
to the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act. The Society for Historical
Archaeology, the Society for American Archaeology, and the Register of Professional
Archaeologists– in partnership with the American Cultural Resources Association
and the Archaeological Legacy Institute (home of The Archaeology Channel) are
supporting a nationwide initiative to highlight some of the important things we
have learned about the past as a result of 50 years of cultural resource management
archaeology.
Archaeologists in each state will work together to answer the question: What are
the most important insights into life in the past gained from CRM archaeology? The
end product of the MAP Project will be series of videos, approximately 15 minutes
long, on The Archaeology Channel. All of the videos will be linked through an
interactive map of the United States.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kathryn E. Sampeck (Illinois State University)

The Spatial Violence of Colonialism
A variant of symbolic and structural violence can be termed “spatial violence”.
Colonial reordering of space, expressed as civilizing, moral order, created iniquities
in power that physically prevented access to resources and segregated people into
controllable spaces for achieving imperial schemes. This process treated land as one
thing and its residents as something separate, objectified, commodified, and thus
removable. Spatial violence in the case of many Native Americans was extreme, not
just containing residents in new ways through forced resettlement, but unseeing
their very presence. The ideology and processes of referring to and treating land as
“wilderness,” uninhabited, or widowed created a mandate for colonizing “empty”
land that was in actuality the locale of Native American settlements or subsistence,
ritual, and other activities. Sixteenth-century Spanish American examples from the
US Southeast and the Izalcos region of colonial Guatemala demonstrate how
archaeology can reveal the processes and effects of spatial violence.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Adrianne B. Sams (UWF Historic Trust)

Industrial Community Organization in Antebellum West Florida
Antebellum industrialization in West Florida fostered diverse settlements
associated with water-powered mill complexes. Abundant natural resources and
desirable landscape characteristics provided an ideal setting for silvicultural
pursuits as opposed to agrarian endeavors that relied heavily on suitable soils. Mill

330
seats represent unique landscapes that differ from agrarian settings, affecting
community organization for multi-ethnic, hierarchical populations. Arcadia Mill
(1830-1855) developed over a 25 year period to become the first and largest
industrial complex in West Florida. Arcadia was a thriving operation that included
two lumber mills, a textile mill, a bucket factory, and one of Florida’s earliest
railroads. The associated Arcadia community was ethnically diverse and included
enslaved African American laborers, Anglo American workers, and Anglo American
managers. Recent research on low- and high-status occupations at Arcadia provides
significant data on antebellum, industrial community organization on the Gulf
Coast.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Douglas W. Sanford (University of Mary Washington), Lauren K. McMillan (University

of Mary Washington)
Antebellum and Civil War Landscapes at Sherwood Forest Plantation
(44ST615)
Sherwood Forest Plantation is located just outside Fredericksburg on the Northern
Neck of Virginia. The late Antebellum plantation was home to not only the Fitzhugh
family who owned the property, but also a large enslaved workforce; additionally,
the manor house and the surrounding plantation core served as a hospital to Union
troops in 1862-1863. Current research conducted by the University of Mary
Washington, in conjunction with and support from Walton International Group,
focuses on the landscape around the standing ca. 1845 duplex slave quarter and
brick kitchen/quarter located within the historic curtilage. The archaeological
investigations indicated that the area had gone through several periods of
landscape modifications. The cultural environment at Sherwood Forest was
impacted by many different factors, from trends that were occurring in the Upper
South such as shifts in plantation organization, country wide events including war
and Reconstruction, and site specific circumstances such as changes in ownership.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Cecilia Sanhueza (Independent scholar, Chile) – see [POS-1] Flora Vilches

Lorena Sanhueza (Universidad de Chile, Chile) – see [POS-1] Flora Vilches

Randall Sasaki (Kyushu National Museum, Japan) – see [GEN-010] Yoshifumi Ikeda

William S. Sassorossi (NOAA - Monitor National Marine Sanctuary)

The Triangle Wrecks Survey: A Successful Collaboration between a Federal
Agency and Local Dive Shop
Maritime Archaeologists from the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary teamed up
with divers from the Roanoke Island Outfitters and Adventures Dive Shop of
Manteo, NC, to complete a survey of one of the most popular shipwreck sites in

331
North Carolina. Following an underwater archaeology training course with
avocational divers supported by the dive shop, a full site recording of Carl Gerhard,
a freighter wrecked in 1929 off of Kill Devil Hills, NC, was undertaken. Interest
ballooned beyond just those collaborating on the project and many of the
anticipated objectives were achieved. Success of the project was evaluated in many
ways, with the most critical being the developing partnership between the two
main entities.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Michael P. Scafuri (Clemson University)

The Hunley Revealed: 3D Documentation, Deconcretion, and Recent
Developments in the Investigation of the H.L. Hunley Submarine.
Beginning in 2014, the conservation staff at Clemson University’s Warren Lasch
Conservation Center (WLCC) in Charleston, South Carolina have been removing the
marine concretion from the hull of the American Civil War submarine H. L. Hunley.
In parallel with this, the archaeological team has been documenting the condition of
the hull, as well as the concretion layers and hull features revealed by the
deconcretion process. This documentation has involved photography, direct
measurements, and 3D scanning. This paper will discuss the implemented strategy
for recording the concretion, the techniques used to document and study the
revealed hull and unique features, and their archaeological significance. Recent
progress in the overall archaeological investigation of the H.L. Hunley submarine
will also be addressed.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Timothy Scarlett (Michigan Technological University) – see [POS-3] Brendan Pelto

Julie M. Schablitsky (Maryland State Highway Administration) – see [SYM-151a]

Bradley A. Krueger

Julie Schablitsky (Maryland State Highway Administration)

The Serenity Farm African American Burial Ground
The Maryland State Highway Administration had an opportunity to delineate and
research an unmarked African American burial ground in southern Maryland. Prior
to exploring the site, archaeologists reached out to a local descendent community in
Charles County who agreed to speak for their ancestors. Throughout the project,
archaeologists and the African American community shared in the discovery of the
people buried in unmarked graves on the Smith Farm between ca. 1790 and ca.
1810. Forensic and artifact analysis allowed archaeologists to date the burial
ground, explore the health of the enslaved population, and even create a facial
reconstruction of one of the men. In the end, the human remains were reinterred,
marked with red granite stone, and covered in wild flowers. This paper provides a
successful formula for sensitively approaching and studying an unmarked African
American burial ground.

332
[SYM-403] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Jordan L. Schaefer (Lindenwood University), Judith A. Finot (Lindenwood University)

The Dardenne Presbyterian Church Archaeological Project
This paper examines the archaeological remains of the Dardenne Presbyterian
Church in Dardenne Prairie, Missouri. Constructed in 1845, the Church served as a
gathering ground for residents of the area for both religious and social purposes.
During the course of the Civil War, the Church was encountered by Union soldiers
who proceeded to burn it down in 1862. Today, the remains of the church can still
be found. Through selective shovel testing and excavation, various building
materials have been discovered. Additionally, the foundation has been partially
uncovered to help define the floor and walls of the church. Historical
documentation is also utilized to help give context about different topics such as
property ownership, religious goals, social life, and the burning of the Church.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Dwayne Scheid (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) – see [SYM-129] Patrick Durst

Dwayne Scheid (Illinois State Archaeological Survey)

Ceramic Production on Barbados Plantations: Seasonality Explored
The fragments of unglazed red earthenware vessels used in the production of sugar
and identified as ceramic sugarwares, were frequently used by plantations for
processing and curing sugar and collecting molasses, and were a common sight on
Barbadian plantations from the seventeenth into the late nineteenth centuries. The
local production of these wares occurred in potteries operated by plantations along
the east coast of Barbados. Planters managed these potteries while the workers
themselves were typically enslaved males and females. Using period documents
including contemporaneous sources and account books from two estates owned
and managed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) and
archaeological evidence collected from the lower estate’s plantation pottery, details
of the production process have been identified. This paper looks generally at the
local process, but focuses on the seasonality of production at the SPG pothouse by
the enslaved potters.
[SYM-92] – Hampton Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Blair Scheider (University of Kansas, Geology Department) – see [SYM-31] Jay T.

Sturdevant

Andy Sherrell (Sherrell Ocean Services) – see [SYM-151a] Joshua A. Daniel

Paola A. Schiappacasse (Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio Piedras, Puerto

Rico (U.S.))
History and Research Potential of the Hale Smith Collection from Castillo San
Felipe del Morro, San Juan National Historic Site, National Park Service

333
This presentation reconstructs the history of the archaeological collection resulting
from the 1961 excavations at the Castillo de San Felipe del Morro in San Juan,
Puerto Rico carried out by Dr. Hale Smith, from a collections management
perspective. A chronological timeline of the field and laboratory work will allow
understanding the type and amount of analyses that has been completed for this
collection. Particular consideration is given to the current location of the artifacts,
notes and drawings, as well as the photographs taken during the excavations. This
effort is being made at the San Juan National Historic Site in order to exalt the
scientific value of the collection, and the importance of this excavation for both local
and regional historical archaeology. Finally, suggestions would be outlined for new
research that can be undertaken with this collection, and the contributions that it
could make to Caribbean historical archaeology.
[SYM-91] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Lauren E. Schiszik (Baltimore City Department of Planning)

Archaeology In The (Political) Trenches: Lessons From Charm City
This paper will cover the rise, fall, and current rise of archaeology in Baltimore.
"Charm City" serves as a case-study to explore the political, social, and temporal
factors that alter the levels of archaeological stewardship at the local goverment
level. The establishment of the Baltimore Center for Urban Archaeology in 1983
marked Baltimore as a forerunner in urban public archaeology. This innovative
program led excavations that engaged thousands of people until it closed due to
city-wide budget deficits in 1997. After a lull of over a decade, a confluence of
factors in the past several years has revitalized archaeology in Baltimore. There are
active excavations sponsored by non-profit organizations and community
associations, stronger regulatory review at the local level, and increased support of
archaeology from City officials. There are lessons to be shared from collaborative
grass-roots, governmental, and institutional efforts, which are leading to more
sustainable archaeological stewardship in Baltimore.
[SYM-39] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Sarah Schofield-Mansur (Brandeis University) – see [GEN-005] Travis G. Parno

Blaine Schubert (East Tennessee State University) – see [GEN-006] Dominique Rissolo

Michael Schumacher (National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center) – see

[SYM-31] Jay T. Sturdevant

Rebecca Schumann (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)

Overcoming the Silence: Uncomfortable Racial History, Dissonant Heritage,
and Public Archaeology at Virginia’s Contested Sites
This paper explores the use public historical archaeology at contested sites as
means of, and discussing uncomfortable racial histories with multiple communities.
Virginian’s colonial and Early Republic heritage struggle with giving a voice to non-

334
Euro-Americans, acknowledge racial inequality, and attracting tourists. This
struggle often results in silences that perpetuate structural inequalities from the
past in the present. Drawing from my own research and experiences in Virginia, I
argue that the actual process of archaeology can help overcome historical silences.
The affective experience engendered by archaeological excavations creates
memories that contribute to the way archaeologists, community members, and
tourists understand these heritage sites. Excavations can promote community
engagement and help these sites establish and strength relationships with the
descendants of those often overlooked. Archaeology is a powerful way of creating
lasting impressions, exploring historical power relationships, and presenting a
more ethnically and racially diverse past that is accessible to the public.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Robert L. Schuyler (University of Pennsylvania)

The Wagner-Case Site: Pharmaceutical Historical Archaeology on the Western
Frontier
Examination of the site of a 19th century drug store (ca. 1877-1889) at Silver Reef, a
ghost town in southwestern Utah, involved excavations in both the ground and in
the archives. Established and run by Julius Wagner (1877-1882) and then taken
over by Charles H. Case (1884-1889), the site was the primay pharmacy for this
mining community. Excavation under the floor of this former false-fronted, wood
frame building recovered a small but informative assemblage of pharmaceutical
items.. Many years of parallel and later digging in the local and regional archives
revealed an equally fragmentary but more personal record of the druggists who ran
this site as well as other drug outlets in the town. Normally Silver Reef had only one
active pharmacy (with a sequence of owners) compared to the numerous other
internally competing businesses as well as 10 to 15 very active saloons serving an
1880 population of just over 1,000 people.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

James B. Schwaderer (Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, Western Michigan

University) – see [POS-3] John W. Cardinal

James B. Schwaderer (Western Michigan University)

A Diamond Trowel: Minecrafting Archaeology at Fort St. Joseph
The development of digital technology is transforming society, including
archaeology, in new and ever-expanding ways. From theodolites and GIS to
informational databases and ion dating, the technological boom of the twenty-first
century has provided new tools that increase the precision and complexity of
archaeological analysis. The use of digital media by the average person has
exploded, and such technologies provide new and intriguing avenues to reach and
educate the public about archaeology. This paper explores the process of creating a
Minecraft adventure map which recreates the procedures used to excavate a unit at
Fort St. Joseph, Michigan. This project has a long commitment to public education

335
and a wealth of background information required to create the map. In an age
where archaeology is developing exponentially in its complexity and gaining a
greater commitment to work with communities, the mechanisms by which we
educate the public must follow suit.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Emily A. Schwalbe (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Allyson G. Ropp

Erin S. Schwartz (College of William & Mary)

Streaking and Straight Pins: Constructing Masculinity on an Antebellum
College Campus
The myth of the “Southern gentleman” permeates the modern imagination of the
historic American South. This archetype is simultaneously “other” and “normative”:
the concept is saturated in an air of mystery and deep, foreign tradition, yet is often
set against studies of traditional American “others” such as women, immigrants,
and enslaved peoples. Recent excavations at Graham Hall, an all-male antebellum
dormitory on Washington & Lee University’s campus in Lexington, VA, have
uncovered a rich, diverse, and perhaps slightly unexpected array of material culture
from an equally interesting and dynamic student community. Drawing on historical,
anthropological, documentary, and archaeological sources, this paper explores the
construction of masculinity at Graham Hall, examining the divergences between
Graham Hall’s and previous generations’ versions of masculinity and challenging
traditional narratives about masculinity in the antebellum South.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

George Schwarz (INA, USA) – see [SYM-514] Tiago M. Fraga

George Schwarz (Naval History and Heritage Command)

Current NHHC Studies in US Naval Archaeology
During 2014 and 2015 NHHC's Underwater Archaeology Branch initiated several
projects to document, study, and manage U.S. Navy sunken and terrestrial military
craft. These projects consist of both research-driven surveys and basic assessments
of new discoveries. This presentation highlights the Branch's current research
initiatives, including the study of American Revolutionary War schooner Royal
Savage, the suspected site of Commodore Perry's USS Revenge, the War of 1812
Chesapeake Flotilla survey, and Civil War steamer USS Tulip, as well as
investigations of newly-discovered sites reported to NHHC by the public; such as
the WWII Dauntless crash site in Florida and a collection of WWII aircraft which
appeared upon the drying of a lake in Oregon. While these investigations are usually
led by NHHC archaeologists, they often involve heavy support and collaboration
from public and private partners and volunteers who are able to contribute to the
preservation and interpretation of U.S. naval heritage.
[SYM-151a] – Empire Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

336
Eric G. Schweickart (University of Tennessee) – see [SYM-30] Meagan E. Dennison

Eric G. Schweickart (University of Tennessee)

Cabins, Households, and Families: The Multiple Loci of Pooled Production at
James Madison's Montpelier
The lives of the members of the enslaved community at James Madison’s plantation
in Virginia, Montpelier, were shaped by the types of work they were expected to do
in order to keep the president’s mansion and farm running smoothly. Recent work
by historical demographers has highlighted the importance of pooling resources
within households, with members each contributing the results of their production
activities to the group. Archaeological excavations at several different early 19th
century domestic structures at Montpelier reveal the way the plantation
inhabitants’ labors were differentially pooled across the property. By comparing
and contrasting the production-related artifacts found associated with different
buildings, this paper investigates the multiple loci of shared tasks within the
agriculturally-focused plantation and demonstrates how Madison and his
overseers’ had to compromise their conceptions of discreet work spaces with the
spaces of pooled production created by the social networks of the enslaved
community.
[SYM-292] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.

Robert Schwemmer (NOAA) – see [GEN-006] James P. Delgado

Robert V. Schwemmer (NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries)

Recent Shipwreck Discoveries off San Francisco’s Golden Gate and Greater
Farallones National Marine Sanctuary
During the recent field season in Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, and
off the Golden Gate entrance near San Francisco Bay, several new shipwrecks were
discovered. They included the passenger steamship S.S. City of Rio de Janeiro,
referred to as the “Titanic of the Golden Gate” due to the high loss of life and the
passenger steamship S.S. City of Chester also lost near the Golden Gate after a
collision with the steamship RMS Oceanic. Off Point Reyes, the Norwegian tramp
steamer Selja lost in a collision with the steamship S.S. Beaver was surveyed along
with remains of a 100-year old mystery seagoing tugboat discovered off Southeast
Farallon Island. The expedition is part of a two year mission to record wrecks in
Greater Farallones sanctuary, one of the greatest underwater maritime museums in
the nation with over 400 known ship and aircraft losses, including the Manila
Galleon San Agustin lost in 1595.
[GEN-006] Cabinet Room; Thursday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Douglas D. Scott (Colorado Mesa University)

Battlespace: Battlefield Archaeological Applications of Modern Strategic
Training Models

337
As conflict archaeologists have developed techniques for documenting where and
how battles took place, battlefield research has moved from documentation and
description of past warfare to behavioral and experience assessment of those who
were involved. To understand the actions of combatants, archaeologists need
conceptual tools that can explain the physical record of conflict. Battlespace is a
conceptual tool that has the potential to aid in that explanation. As presented in
modern military training literature, battlespace is a descriptive term that refers to
the environment and landscape conditions that must be understood to successfully
apply combat power to complete a military mission. As a conceptual means of
dealing with conflict, battlespace may help archaeologists appreciate the diverse
factors that have shaped past conflict situations. The archaeological battlespace
model is applied to two conflict sites in western Nebraska to illustrate the model’s
utility to conflict investigation.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Elizabeth M. Scott (Illinois State University)

François Janis, Jean Ribault, and Clarisse, a Free Woman of Color: A Discussion
of Exclusion, Structural Violence, and Privilege in Ste. Genevieve
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the town of Ste. Genevieve (in
present-day Missouri) was supported by agriculture, salt production, and fur-
trading, all of which were dependent on enslaved African American and Native
American laborers. French emigrants and New World French descendants made up
the majority of Euro-American settlers and French cultural traditions structured
daily life in the community. The built environment included architectural barriers, a
town plan that embraced a segregation of households of different classes, and
architectural forms and archaeological remains symbolizing privileged owner and
enslaved worker. Marriage and inheritance customs and the practice of plaçage
defended as well as challenged structural inequalities of gender, race, and class.
Although overall architectural style (vertical log construction) and the general plan
of houses (tripartite room placement and lack of an entry hall or Georgian
symmetry) might mask social divisions, inequalities were evident in other aspects
of daily life.
[SYM-11a] – Directors Room; Saturday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m

Della Scott-Ireton (Florida Public Archaeology Network, University of West Florida) –

see [GEN-011] Nicole Bucchino Grinnan

Laurel Seaborn (SEAMAHP, University of New Hampshire), Calvin Mires (SEAMAHP,

PAST Foundation)
Testing the Waters: Results of First Maritime Archaeology Field School in
Massachusetts
Through hands-on experiences on the North Shore of Massachusetts, college
students and adults learned the basics in maritime archaeology during a field school
program in the summer of 2015. Led by SEAMAHP (Seafaring Education and

338
Maritime Archaeological Heritage Programs), the field school examined the “life-
cycle” of a vessel, from its inception to its “after life” by exploring a working
traditional shipyard, examining a floating tall ship and mapping shipwrecks on the
foreshore. This unique program, in cooperation with organizations including NPS,
MBUAR, and PAST Foundation, provides students with accreditation through Salem
State University and NAS. This paper presents the results of the first year of this
ongoing program, outlines the upcoming expansion into teacher professional
development and elementary student projects, and evaluates the program as a
potential model for all New England.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Michael Seibert (National Park Service) – see [SYM-40] Rolando L. Garza

Michael Seibert (National Park Service) – see [SYM-40] John Cornelison

Michael A. Seibert (Southeast Archeological Center), John Cornelison (Southeast

Archeological Center), Rolando Garza (Southeast Archeological Center), Sara
Kovalaskas (Southeast Archeological Center), Bruce Kaiser (Southeast Archeological
Center)
Determining Battle Lines: a pXRF study of lead shot from the Battle of Palo
Alto.
In 2012-2013, the Southeast Archeological Center undertook a project to analyze
the chemical composition of the lead shot recovered from their recent
archaeological surveys at Palo Alto National Historical Park, site of the first battle of
the U.S.-Mexican War. Using a portable x-ray fluorescence machine, 771 lead shot
samples were analyzed in order to ascertain whether there was a difference in the
chemical makeup between the lead shot that had been previously identified, using
traditional techniques such as measured caliber size, as Mexican and American in
origin. This paper will outline the findings of that study, their impact on the
interpretation of the Battle of Palo Alto, and the benefits of pXRF and similar
technologies as tools in battlefield research.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Herbert Seignoret (Hunter College, CUNY) – see [GEN-001] Diana diZerega Wall

Herbert Seignoret (Institute for the Exploration of Seneca Village History/CCNY)

Exploring Racial Formation in Early 19th Century New York City
This paper explores racial formation in New York City from 1799 to 1863, when the
city had the largest free Black population in the North, and ends with the 1863 Draft
Riots, which marked a major turning point in the relationship between the city’s
Black and Irish communities. Using the optic of historical archaeology, Diana Wall’s
work is critical to this analysis of racial formation in New York City. By unearthing
the city's complex racial history while guiding a significant number of non-
traditional students, Wall’s work in historical archaeology is able to make a

339
significant contribution to deepen our understanding about disenfranchised
communities and the ways in which they struggled and struggle for social inclusion.
Her work on the Seneca Village Community, an African American and Irish–
immigrant community, will be central to this paper.
[SYM-194] – Executive Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jane I. Seiter (EAC/A, Oxford Tree-Ring Laboratory) – see [SYM-354] Robert W.

Wanner

Jane I. Seiter (EAC/A, Oxford Tree-Ring Laboratory)

The African American Cemetery at Catoctin Furnace: Bridging the Past and the
Future
The Catoctin African American Cemetery is the resting place of at least 50
individuals who labored at Catoctin Furnace and its surrounding community from
the 1770s to the 1840s. Many of these men and women were enslaved workers,
while others were possibly part of the free black population that also lived and
worked at the furnace. In 2014, an ambitious project to preserve, protect, and
interpret the cemetery was launched. Documentary research, forensic analysis, and
geophysical investigations using ground-penetrating radar have begun to shed light
on the lives of the workers and their burial practices. Public outreach efforts include
new museum exhibits, a heritage trail linking the cemetery with the furnace ruins,
and living history presentations given by local high school students. The end goal of
the project is to raise public awareness of this important historical resource and to
connect future generations with the legacy of the past.
[SYM-330] – Diplomat Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Robert Selig (Independent Historian), Wade P. Catts (JMA), Matthew Harris (AECOM)
“Just At Dawn We Found Ourselves In The Environs Of Princeton:” A
Reinterpretation Of The Battle Of Princeton, 3 January 1777
After a series of military disasters that threatened to end the Revolution, the Battle
of Princeton was the first American victory in the field against British regulars and
followed on the success of the first Battle of Trenton ten days earlier. A
comprehensive mapping study funded by the American Battlefield Protection
Program offers a reinterpretation of the battle through the use of documentary,
graphic, and archeological resources, and the correlation of the historical record
with the existing terrain. As a result of the study, several significant changes to the
standard interpretation of the battle’s chronology and geographical distribution of
opposing forces are presented. A thorough compilation of first-person accounts,
many not previously used in battle interpretations, provide new insights into the
engagement. Military terrain analysis, the use of digitized historical maps and aerial
photographs, the application of a digital elevation analysis, and archaeological data
further support the reinterpretations.

340
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Maria X. Senatore (CONICET and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic)

Antarctic Heritage, Materiality and Narratives
This paper is framed in a broader theoretical discussion on the role that materiality
plays in the building of the Master Narratives of Antarctic History. In order to
explore the scope of the Antarctic Heritage at present I have studied the following
items and the relationships they bear to one another: a) some of the most widely
spread versions of the Antarctic History; b) the process for designating Historic
Sites and Monuments under the Antarctic Treaty and the characteristics of the
designated sites; and c) the role of historical narratives and the material culture in
the efforts for the preservation of these sites. This paper proposes an active role for
historical and archaeological research in setting the agenda for the conservation of
the Antarctic cultural heritage. The contributions of such research will help widen
the scope of the Antarctic Heritage.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Lionell Sewell (Calvert County Government) – see [SYM-354] Kirsti E. Uunila

Caitlin Shaffer (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory), Sara Rivers

Cofield (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory)
The Artifacts of Outlander: Using Popular Culture to Promote Maryland’s
Archaeological Collections
The Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory (MAC Lab) is a State-owned
facility serving as the primary repository for collections excavated in Maryland.
Artifacts come to the MAC Lab from every part of the state, and while the estimated
8.5 million objects in our collections are regularly used by researchers and school
groups, our broken bits of “stuff” are less of a draw for the general public. This
paper discusses how the MAC Lab staff turned their love of Outlander, a popular
historical fiction novel and Starz television series set in 1740s Scotland, into a new
traveling exhibit. In doing so, we were able to illustrate how 18th century Scotland’s
material culture relates to some of colonial Maryland’s most exciting assemblages.
The Artifacts of Outlander exhibit tapped into an enthusiastic fan culture and
allowed the MAC Lab to successfully engage new audiences both locally and
through social media.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Katherine E. Shakour (University of South Florida), Ian Kuijt (University of Notre

Dame)
Working on the Edge, Dealing with the Core: Emic and Etic perspectives on
Island Heritage
Heritage is a relative concept. Perceptions of the value and importance of heritage,
both tangible and intangible, is fluid, changing and contextually dependent.
Stakeholders have various views on definitions of the past, the cultural and

341
historical relevance of people places and objects, and the extent to which this
should be shared when creating multivocal histories. Research on Inishark and
Inishbofin, Co. Galway, Ireland, two islands five miles into the Atlantic Ocean,
explain the complexities of shifting perspectives of heritage. This project illustrates
the collaborative yet challenging relationship between archaeologists, local
communities, governmental agencies and the National Museum. Combining
archaeological research with local and national heritage goals results in a richer
understanding of the past and ample opportunities for shaping heritage. This
project highlights challenges in developing a shared language between
stakeholders, developing policies of heritage management, and contested views of
authority and what it means to live on the “periphery.”
[SYM-687] – Committee Room; Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jeremy Shannon (Michigan Technological University) – see [POS-3] Brendan Belto

Jonathan Sharfman (ACHA African Center for Heritage Activities) – see [SYM-514]
Stephen C. Lubkemann

Jonathan Sharfman (African Centre for Heritage Activities), Justine M. Benanty (Slave
Wrecks Project), Ricardo Duarte (Eduardo Mondlane University)
Diverse Threats to MAST and its Heritage in Africa : Confronting Historical
Amnesia and Salvors; Securing Slim Resources and Social Relevance
In much of the developing world a triumvirate of treasure hunting, politics, and a
lack of technical capacity/resources have skewed portrayals of what maritime
history is and why it is meaningful. Shipwreck sites in particular have been
promoted as the embodiment of the heritage of “the other” with little local
relevance. Treasure hunters accordingly go unchecked in their efforts to recover
valuable historical cargos—with detrimental effects for the archaeological
inventory. This paper will discuss how the maritime archaeology of the slave trade
holds potential for compelling researchers, policy-makers, and broader publics to
reappraise the local, regional and global impact and relevance of maritime heritage.
It argues that maritime archeologists must frontally confront the threats that
endanger maritime heritage sites through new approaches to investigation,
management, and stakeholder engagement in order to render underwater cultural
heritage relevant, meaningful, and secure in developing world contexts.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

David Shaw (Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)) – see [GEN-007]
James A. Smailes

Michael Shaw (Cockpit Country Local Forest Management Committee) – see [GEN-
013] David Ingleman

Jason Shellenhamer (RK&K) – see [SYM-39] Lisa Kraus

342
Jason Shellenhamer (RK&K) – see [SYM-28a] Lisa Kraus

Alison Shepherd (Veterans Curation Program, Augusta, GA) – see [GEN-017] Cori Rich

Russell N. Sheptak (University of California, Berkeley)

Moving Masca: Persistent Indigenous Communities in Spanish Colonial
Honduras
In 1714, Candelaria, a pueblo de indios (indigenous town) in Spanish colonial
Honduras, concluded a decades-long legal fight to protect community land from
encroachment. Documents in the case describe the movement of the town,
originally called Masca, from a site on the Caribbean coast, where it was located in
1536, to a series of inland locations. Many other pueblos de indios in the area moved
to new locations in the late 1600s or early 1700s. The mobility of these towns, their
incorporation into Spanish administrative organization, the use of Spanish
language, the practice of Roman Catholicism, and intermarriage with African
descendant peoples, have all served to delegitimate them as "authentic" indigenous
communities. Drawing on excavated materials, and using a landscape-scale
analytical framework, this paper demonstrates how to rethink continuity with
change as persistence, or what Gerald Vizenor calls survivance, the reproduction of
historical consciousness through sustained and changing daily practice.
[SYM-210] – Directors Room, Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Jacob D. Shidner (University of Arkansas)

Life Among the Wind and Waves: Examining Living Conditions on Sailing
Vessels Through the Use of Microscopic Remains
In the summer of 2015, sediment samples were collected from the Storm Wreck, a
colonial-era sailing vessel that wrecked off the coast of Florida, with the expectation
of recovering microscopic remains that would provide insight into the lives of those
aboard the vessel. Sediment samples collected from the Emanuel Point wrecks, also
located on the Florida coast, were previously analyzed. This material, which
consisted of insect remains, animal bones, and botanical remains painted a picture
of what living conditions would have been like aboard sailing vessels. It is hoped
that comparable remains will be found in the Storm Wreck sediments, leading to a
similar understanding of the living conditions aboard. A comparison between the
sites would lead to an understanding of the similarities and differences of living
conditions in vessels of various nationalities, purposes, and time periods, as well as
the site formation processes that affect material preservation and recovery.
[SYM-780a] – Empire Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Melonie R. Shier (University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom)

Chemists to Cowboys: Labour Identity in Corporate Agriculture in the San
Emigdio Hills, California

343
In California at the turn of the 20th Century, large companies formed through lands
speculation as a result of the land grant system and the dissolution of mission
properties. The Kern County Land Company, based in Kern County California, had
over 1.1 million acres across the American West, utilizing a varied labour force with
the primary agriculture product of cattle. The varied properties were interlinked
and employed a plethora of workers from chemists to cowboys. This paper aims to
understand how the labourers created their identity within the corporate structure
and how it was rooted in the landscape they worked at one particular Kern County
Land Company ranch, Rancho San Emigdio (93,000 acres today). Although this
paper focuses on the Kern County Land Company period circa 1890 to 1967, the
Ranch was continually worked by corporations until 1995 when it was made into a
nature preserve by the Wildlands Conservancy.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Yoon Kyung Shim (Brown University)

Intersections of Confinement: Space and Place at the Poston Japanese
American Internment Camp, Arizona
Japanese American internment intersected with Native American sovereign space at
the Poston internment camp in Arizona during WWII. This intersection was not
coincidental, nor was it unnoticed by those most directly affected by it, namely
internees and members of the Colorado River Indian Tribes. Internees and local
residents processed their own and each other's confinements and engaged with
each other in various ways during and after the war, a process which continues
today at the Poston memorial monument. Here I explore place-making and
memorialization through the idea of ‘double confinement’, focusing on internee
experiences, narrative-making, and post-war memorialization at Poston.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Philip Shiman (Independent Historian, The Petersburg Project), Julia Steele (National
Park Service), David Lowe (National Park Service)
Civil War Combat Trenching: What It Was and How to Find It
The last year of the Civil War witnessed a dramatic change in military tactics from
open-field fighting to trench warfare as the soldiers increasingly covered
themselves with fortifications on the battlefield, leading to the entrenched gridlock
at Petersburg. When under fire or if combat was imminent, the soldiers used an
innovative process in which they fortified progressively, starting with basic shelters
and gradually building them up into complex and impregnable earth-and-wood
defenses. The remains of these combat trenches, in all stages of development, can
be found on a number of late-war battlefields today. However, the early stage works
in particular, consisting of tiny pits and scarped slopes, can be hard to identify and
are often overlooked by researchers. With the help of KOCOA analysis,
contemporary images, recent photographs, and LIDAR images of Petersburg
National Battlefield, this presentation will provide some tips for recognizing and
identifying combat trenching.

344
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Benjamin D. Siegel (Environmental Resources Management (ERM)) – see [GEN-003]

Emlen Myers

Kathryn L. Sikes (Middle Tennessee State University)

Seeking Stories of Family and Community: Resituating Antebellum and
Postbellum Narratives at Clover Bottom
During the summer of 2015, Middle Tennessee State University's Public History
Program conducted an inaugural field school in historical archaeology at Clover
Bottom plantation, assisting the Tennessee Historical Commission in its efforts to
resolve lingering questions about the property's historic landscape and the
experiences of African American families within it. This paper introduces the
research design and longterm goals informing a multidisciplinary study of Clover
Bottom's African American community's journey through enslavement to
emancipation and beyond from the 1790s to the 1910s. With a geneaological focus
guiding archaeological and vernacular architectural research, the project's public
collaborations aim to provide descendant families with assistance in tracing their
ancestral ties to and from the plantation.
[SYM-874] – Senate Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.

Stephen W. Silliman, (University of Massachusetts Boston) – see [GEN-016] Courtney

M. Williams

Stephen W. Silliman (University of Massachusetts Boston)

Archaeological Practice, Material Objects, and Social Memory
This paper attempts to circumvent the dichotomy of remembering/forgetting and
instead focuses on the process of slimming down or building up social memory.
Such an emphasis attends to the question of not whether something is remembered
or forgotten, but the push-and-pull of how it is remembered: the details, valences,
politics, pulses, and potency. It also considers archaeology – in its practices and in
its objects – firmly within that collective and often national process, not separate
from it. I consider two examples, one drawn from collaborative work with a Native
American community in northeastern North America and one focused on the
representations of colonialism in metropolitan France.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Ian D. Simmonds (Independent Scholar), Sarah Stroud Clarke (Drayton Hall

Preservation Trust), Brandy S. Culp (Historic Charleston Foundation), Suzanne Findlen
Hood (Colonial Williamsburg), Kelly Ladd-Kostro (Colonial Williamsburg), Martha
Zierden (Charleston Museum)
Which glass found on American sites was American made? Archaeological
collections as resources for glass research

345
How should the curator of the Nathaniel Russell house in Charleston, South
Carolina, decide what glass to acquire to better interpret the house for the public?
Can she use Colonial Williamsburg as a guide or is Charleston, as usual, a special
case?
Elsewhere, glass scholars have long known that Henry William Stiegel of Manheim,
Pennsylvania manufactured fine lead glass, selling it widely, including in Charleston.
How can we broaden our understanding of his production and that of his
Philadelphia contemporaries?
A first, cursory comparison of archaeological collections at the Charleston Museum
and Drayton Hall with those of Colonial Williamsburg was enlightening, revealing
both overlaps and significant differences. Some types found only in Charleston
suggest a relative openness to imports from Continental Europe, while others might
have been American made. Well-documented strong ties between Charleston and
Philadelphia encourage the conjecture that these were made by Stiegel or in the
Philadelphia area.
[SYM-208] – Committee Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Paul Simmons (West Virginia State University) – see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

Katie Simon (Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas) – see
[GEN-004] J. Cameron Monroe

Boyd S. Sipe (Thunderbird Archeology)

Prayer for Relief: Archeological Excavations within a Portion of the Columbian
Harmony Cemetery (Site 51NE049), Washington, D.C.
The Columbian Harmony Cemetery was established in the mid-19th century to
serve the District’s African American community and continued in use until 1960
when approximately 37,000 burials were exhumed and remains were re-interred in
the National Harmony Memorial Park in Landover, Maryland. However, the burial
removal process at Columbian Harmony Cemetery was not complete; not all burials
were exhumed and re-interred. Headstones and other cemetery monuments, entire
coffins, coffin fragments and disarticulated remains were left onsite in 1960 and all
of these, as well as intact articulated burials, were discovered during recent
archeological excavations conducted by Thunderbird Archeology within a half-acre
portion of the cemetery under redevelopment.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Michelle D. Sivilich (Gulf Archaeology Research Institute), Gary D. Ellis (Gulf

Archaeology Research Institute)
Looking at Ethnic and Ecological Issues in the Analysis of Seminole War
Battlefields in Florida
Gulf Archaeology Research Institute, a nonprofit scientific research organization,
has a 20-year history of integrating biological and physical sciences to better
understand and protect Florida’s vanishing natural and cultural resources.

346
Population growth, development, and natural threats from sea level rise to climate
change are all rapidly diminishing our cultural resources. Necessity has required
innovative approaches to understand and protect historic landscapes. Partnering
with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, we are re-evaluating what is known about 19th
century Seminole War sites from a more value-neutral position and employing
physical science testing and ecological analyses to offset bias presented by primary
historical documents that fail to consider the Indigenous perspective. Through our
use of partnership, archaeology, and environmental reconstruction we aim to get a
more accurate and holistic picture of this complex conflict.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Benjamin A. Skolnik (Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College

Park)
The Aura of Things: Locating Authenticity and the Power of Objects
This paper is about authenticity and the aura, the authority and power of the
physical object, historicity and the persistence of the past, and alternatives to
scientific archaeology. It is about science fiction, 20th century theorists, 21st century
technology, and contemporary landscapes. This paper examines concepts of
authenticity and reproduction and how material culture is used in Philip K. Dick’s
Hugo award-winning 1962 novel “The Man in the High Castle” as well as in Walter
Benjamin’s 1936 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”. I
use these ideas to suggest a way of letting artifacts “speak” to us in the present. I
consider the physical and cultural landscape of a university campus itself as an
artifact to understand that it is built on a plantation landscape, modeled in
plantation architecture, and operated in the present as a neo-plantation.
[SYM-132] – Capitol Room; Friday, 9:45 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Russell K. Skowronek (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), Rolando Garza

(National Park Service)
The Archaeological Potential Of The Rio Grande Valley Civil War Trail
In 2015 the “Rio Grande Valley Civil War Trail” (www.utpa.edu/civilwar-trail )
opened in South Texas. Spearheaded by the Community Historical Archaeology
Project with Schools (CHAPS) Program of the University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley
with federal, state and local partners it is the only trail in Texas dedicated to the era
of the American Civil War. The trail connects Brownsville on the Gulf of Mexico with
Laredo some 200 miles up the Rio Grande. It includes battlefields, forts, and historic
buildings and long vanished town sites, a salt-mine, and sites associated with the
south-bound “underground railroad.” With the exception of metal detector and
remote sensing surveys at Palmito Ranch and Fort Brown no formal excavations
have been conducted on ANY sites dating from this era. In this presentation we
explore the potential for this research along the Rio Grande.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

347
James A. Smailes (Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)), Steven
Anthony (Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)), Dennis Knepper
(Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)), David Shaw (Maritime
Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS)), Thomas Berkey (Maritime
Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS))
The Puzzle Of Pickles Reef - Update
The Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society (MAHS) is a nonprofit
organization dedicated to the protection of historic shipwrecks and other
underwater cultural resources. Since 2010 MAHS has been assisting the Florida
Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) with an assessment of cultural resources
on Pickles Reef, a small coral reef located within the sanctuary just south of
Molasses Reef.
Our initial surveys suggested that the site was a barge that carried cement for
Henry Flagler’s Overseas Railway in the early 20th century. However, ongoing
research identified key features of a metal hulled sailing ship. Using potentially
diagnostic attributes documented on the site and archival research, MAHS is
seeking to identify the vessel. Additional project objectives include public education
and outreach and volunteer support to assist FKNMS with its cultural resource
management plan.
[GEN-007] – Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Marion R. Smeltzer (Indiana U of Pennsylvania) – see [SYM-31] Beverly A. Chiarulli

Douglas K. Smit (University of Illinois-Chicago)

Mercury and Mitayos: Indigenous Labor in Colonial Huancavelica (1564-
1810)
This paper will present preliminary results from excavations at Santa Barbara, the
central labor encampment for the mercury mines of Huancavelica. Located in the
Central Peruvian Andes, Huancavelica was the largest source of mercury in the
Western Hemisphere and a critical source of wealth for Spain’s colonial empire. The
Spanish administration mobilized labor through the infamous mita, a rotational
labor tax that required colonial provinces to send one-seventh of their population to
work in the mines. While historians emphasized the importance of Huancavelica for
the colonial political economy, we know very little of the indigenous laborers
actually responsible for this immense wealth. Therefore, this research combines
archaeological analyses of household material culture, local notarial documents,
and historical ethnography in order to understand the organization and colonial
transformations of indigenous labor systems at Huancavelica.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Angela J. Smith (North Dakota State University)

Melvina Massey: Fargo's Most Famous Madam

348
In my work as a professor and public historian, research material often unfolds
from teaching. In my Spring 2013 Introduction to Museum Studies class at North
Dakota State University, students conducting primary source research on early
Fargo discovered a will and probate records for Melvina Massey. The records show
that she was an African American and ran a brothel in Fargo for more than 20 years.
The course concluded with an exhibit, “Taboo: Fargo-Moorhead, An Unmentioned
History,” and one of the five panels was devoted to Massey. In my Fall 2013 Digital
History course, I delved deeper into this story and produced a documentary titled
“Prostitution and Fargo’s Most Famous Madam.” Still intrigued by this interesting
woman and her unexpected story, I moved beyond the initial research. In this
session I will talk about the continued research, gis integration of primary sources,
and collaboration with historical archeologists.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Hannah P. Smith (TRC Environmental Corporation)

Don’t Miss the Forest for the Trees: Considerations for the Conservation of
Artifacts from Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site’s
Waterfront
When dealing with the conservation of artifacts from archaeological contexts, one
often focuses on a few special artifacts. This is often because there isn’t the time,
money, or even simply enough artifacts to require looking at the larger
conservation picture. Along Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site’s
waterfront, a multitude of organic and inorganic artifacts, including ceramics, glass,
wood, leather, and textiles, have been recovered. As a result, the conservation needs
of whole classes of artifacts must be considered as work moves forward along the
waterfront. In some cases, the best course of action involves in situ preservation, or
processing multiple artifacts of the same type together, rather than focusing on each
artifact individually.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Hannah P. Smith (TRC Environmental Corporation), Thomas E. Beaman. Jr. RPA

(Wake Technical Community College)
Looking Beyond the Public Walkways: Introduction of Old and New Data to
Expand and Enhance Interpretations of Brunswick Town and Fort Anderson
Excavations at colonial Brunswick and Civil War era Fort Anderson by Stanley
South in the 1950s and 1960s were designed to make their shared footprint into a
public historic park. Historical data and the artifacts uncovered through his
excavations formed the initial interpretations. While this data was documented in
field reports and select other venues, such as CHSA presentations in the 1960s and
Method and Theory (1977), the publication of Archaeology at Colonial Brunswick
(2010) largely represented South’s final interpretive statements of his work at this
site. Since this publication, archaeologists have begun to use both existing and
newly excavated data from beyond the public walkways to generate new ideas that
build upon the South’s culture history and artifact patterns into additional

349
anthropological issues. This presentation will summarize South’s work and serve as
an introduction to more recent work that is expanding and enhancing
interpretations of the town and fort.
[SYM-16] – Congressional A; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jolene L. U. Smith (Virginia Department of Historic Resources)

Approaches to Openness: Digital Archaeology Data in Virginia and Public
Engagement
Virginia’s archaeological site inventory contains detailed information on nearly
43,000 sites in datasets maintained by the Department of Historic Resources (State
Historic Preservation Office). At times, responsibility to protect sensitive sites from
looting and vandalism seems to run counter to providing information to the public
about Virginia’s archaeology. But the two are not mutually exclusive. This paper will
explore Virginia’s historical approach to archaeological data dissemination with
regards to both risks and benefits. This paper will also outline future initiatives to
maximize site data availability for different types of users. By leveraging
archaeological site information to create a sense of stewardship among local
governments, development interests, and the general public, we may be able to
protect Virginia’s buried heritage more effectively than ever before.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Jolene L. U. Smith (Virginia Department of Historic Resources), Ellen Chapman

(College of William and Mary)
Scratching the Surface: Using GIS to Understand Richmond Archaeology
Richmond, Virginia’s first official archaeological site record dates to 1963. In the
intervening half century, the archaeological landscape has changed in physical and
metaphorical ways. One important yardstick of these changes is the 1985 Richmond
Metropolitan Area Archeological Survey (RMAAS), a large regional planning project
conducted by Virginia Commonwealth University Archaeological Research Center.
This paper explores Richmond’s archaeological landscape through a Geographical
Information System (GIS) that compares modern development data and site
inventories with information from the RMAAS predictive model and archaeological
sensitivity zones. This analysis will consider the trajectory of the city’s
archaeological resources and potential over the past thirty years through
identifying likely site destruction, locating city neighborhoods with high
archaeological integrity, and comparing archaeological survey coverage in the
Richmond municipal boundaries with its surrounding counties.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Michael Smith (University of Newcastle, UK) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C. Lubkemann

Michael C. Smith (Newcastle University UK and Slave Wrecks Project, United

Kingdom)
The Slave Wrecks Project Digital Archive: Progress and Prospects

350
The Slave Wrecks Project (SWP) Digital Archive is a multi-level relational database
designed to facilitate research on slaver shipwrecks and their context. Its toolset
allows researchers to quickly access information on ships, people and places
involved in the slave trade. Currently the dataset contains information on over
1,000 slaver wrecks and draws data from a wide variety of sources, including: the
Transatlantic Slave Trade Database; Digital Newspaper Archives in Denmark, the
Netherlands, the UK and the USA; the National Archives, Kew; and Bristol and
Liverpool’s regional archives. This presentation will outline the next steps for the
SWP Digital Archive as it seeks to expand its sources and manage access, provide a
technical overview and practical demonstration of its various toolsets in action, and
conclude with a discussion of the Archive’s role in SWP’s efforts to pursue and
promote the maritime archaeology of the slave trade.
[SYM-514] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Nancy Smith (Allegheny Portage Railroad NHS) – see [SYM-31] – Beverly A. Chiarulli

Stefanie M. Smith (New South Associates, Inc., Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

Bones of the Frontier: Subsistence Practices at Hanna's Town
With the cooperation of the Westmoreland County Historical Society and Indiana
University of Pennsylvania, faunal remains from three areas of the Historic Hanna’s
Town site in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania were subjected to detailed
zooarchaeological analysis in an effort to answer broad questions regarding the
subsistence practices of eighteenth century frontier communities of Western
Pennsylvania. As the first court and county seat west of the Allegheny Mountains,
Hanna’s Town played a substantial role in the westward movement of Pennsylvania
settlers. This research addresses topics such as taxonomic abundance and diversity,
skeletal frequency, and indicators of area usage. This analysis reveals specific
details of Western Pennsylvania colonial frontier life that have not previously been
discussed relative to Hanna’s Town or other communities like it on the
Pennsylvania frontier.
[SYM-15] – Directors Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

Steven D. Smith (SCIAA, University of South Carolina, Columbia) – see [GEN-009]

Jonathan M. Leader

Steven D. Smith (University of South Carolina)

The Past And Future Impact Of The American Battlefield Protection Program
On Conflict Archaeology: A South Carolina Perspective
Battlefield, or Conflict Archeology, has made great progess in South Carolina thanks
largely to the American Battlefield Protection Program funding and guidance. This
paper summarizies numerous successful efforts to identify, delineate, and preserve
South Carolina's battlefields. In many cases, these efforts have gone beyond
preservation; initiating and investigating research questions that have resulted in
important new knowledge. This paper concludes with a few personal observations

351
on the future of conflict archeology and the role of the ABPP from a grateful
practitioner.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Nicholas J. Smits (AINW)

Tlithlow Station: Puget’s Sound Agricultural Company and the Aftermath of
the Oregon Boundary Dispute
Recent archaeological investigations at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in western
Washington state have confirmed the location of Tlithlow (site 45PI492), a Puget’s
Sound Agricultural Company (PSAC) outstation that operated between circa 1847
and 1858. As a subsidiary of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), the PSAC supplied
agricultural products to HBC posts and promoted British settlement of territory
that was jointly occupied by Great Britain and the United States until 1846. After the
boundary dispute was officially settled in 1846, conflicts over land ownership
continued at Tlithlow, which remained in the hands of the PSAC until 1869
according to terms of the Oregon Treaty. Initiating the conflicts were PSAC
employees who aggressively attempted to claim company lands as their own under
American laws and through threats of violence and destruction of company
property.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Meradeth H. Snow (University of Montana) – see [SYM-105a] Ashley H. McKeown

Kyle Somerville (Powers Archaeology LLC), Christopher Barton (University of

Memphis)
The Truth is Out There: The Masking and Lure of Fringe Archaeology
Fringe archaeology is one of the most controversial and inflammatory aspects of
archaeology, occupying an uncomfortable position between academic rigor, public
perceptions of the field, and interpretive value. Historical archaeology in general
has also encountered these issues in a number of different ways. This paper briefly
outlines fringe archaeology, and we examine case studies from Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, and the Northeast to better understand the appeal of fringe
archaeology to its practitioners and the public, who its practitioners are, and the
challenges it presents to the field in terms of public perceptions of "mainstream"
archaeology.
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Andrei Soficaru (“Francisc I. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology, Bucharest, Romania) –

see [POS-4] Kathleen L. Wheeler

Scott R. Sorset (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), Mark Rees (University of

Louisiana at Lafayette)
What are the Potential Effects of an Oil Spill on Coastal Archaeological Sites?

352
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the University of Louisiana
at Lafayette (ULL) have collaborated to determine the immediate and long-term
impacts of an oil spill on cultural resources and archaeological sites in the coastal
zone. Nearly five years after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the immediate and
long-term impacts of oil and dispersants on cultural resources and archaeological
sites remain unknown. Concerns include effects that might diminish or destroy the
site’s future research potential including loss of radiocarbon-dating potential, direct
impact from oil-spill cleanup equipment, and/or looting. We explore this issue in
detail following this first major fieldwork season.
[GEN-003] – Committee Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Amanda Sosnowski (Oakland University), Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood (Oakland

University and Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University)
Above-ground Archaeology Of Industrial And Post-Industrial Detroit
A survey of Detroit’s ruins reveals the spread of industrial decline among all kinds
of sites, and the post-industrial transformation of urban landscapes. Maps show the
spread of abandonment from factories to other businesses, transportation sites, and
residential areas, including schools and police stations. Photos of abandoned
buildings show the processes of decay and ruination, from vandalism to the
weather. What can Detroit teach archaeologists about the interpretation of material
evidence for the fall of civilizations? Maps of Detroit show which areas have the
highest level of abandonment and which areas are being revived. Dense residential
areas are transformed with abandoned lots that sometimes become green spaces,
playgrounds, or gardens. Environmental quality improves when abandoned
factories no longer pollute. High-rises are being restored, reused, or razed for new
construction. Detroit’s ruins materialize the movement of industry to the non-union
South, resulting in post-industrial landscapes.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Corioli Souter (Western Australian Museum) – see [SYM-171] Alistair G. Paterson

Donald D. Southworth II (Sagebrush Consultants)

Historic Dumps and Scatters: Trash or Sites?
Trash dumps and can scatters have been a thorn in the side of federal and state land
management agencies in the western half of the United States. Over the last several
years, this discussion on how to handle these sites has increased. While historic
archaeologists have, to a limited degree, placed these sites in perspective, these
activity features continue to be an issue for the various land management agencies.
Often referred to as “isolated dumping episodes” or as “road trash,” some agencies
have discussed either making all of these types of sites ineligible for consideration
to the NRHP or pushing back the 50 year limit to 75 or 100 years in preference to
documenting this obvious “garbage.” It is the purpose of this paper to present the
issue and provide a recommended solution and course of action for these sites.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

353
Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood (Oakland University and Peabody Museum of Archaeology
and Ethnology, Harvard University) – see [SYM-184] Amanda Sosnowski

Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood (Oakland University and Peabody Museum of Archaeology

and Ethnology, Harvard University)
The Intersection Of Femininity And Masculinity Symbolically Materialized By
Team Games For Boys In Historic Playgrounds
Early-twentieth-century American reformers aimed to teach boys a feminized form
of masculinity that was symbolized and materialized in supervised team games on
playground ballfield landscapes. Organized play expressed new conceptions of
childhood in a sequence of stages. Reformers organized team games to modify
capitalist masculinity with what were considered feminine moral values of
cooperation, fairness, and individual self-sacrifice for the greater good. Women
became identified with these and other Christian values as men were drawn away
from churches by the conflicting, self-centered, competitive values of capitalism,
which promoted the Biblical sins of usury, price gouging, and exploitation of labor.
Women upheld the republican values and virtues considered fundamental for male
citizenship in a democracy that counterbalanced capitalism. The historical
development over 200 years of the dominant belief in women’s higher morality,
followed by the intersection of this form of femininity with capitalist masculinity,
contributes historical insights enhancing masculinity theory.
[SYM-488] – Hampton Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher Sperling (Fairfax County Park Authority)

The Ash Grove Meaathouse: Public Archaeology and Preservation at a Fairfax
Family Property
The Fairfaxx County (Virginia) Park Authority mission statement specifies the,
“…protection and enhancement of…, cultural heritage to guarantee that these
resources will be available to both present and future generations.” When staff
preservationists identified the need to stabilize a historic meathouselocated at an
eighteenth century house site built by a member of the county’s namesake family, it
presented the opportunity to demonstrate commitment to this mission. In order to
stabilize the structure, it would be necessary to alter the surroundings; exterior
grading and removal a modern interior brick floor were required. Both activities
had the potential to impact intact archaeological deposits. Accordingly staff
archaeologists mitigated these impacts and, in doing so, engaged with a cadre of
volunteers and the interested public while contributing to a better understanding of
the historic,Fairfax County landscape and its residents.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

Stephanie T. Sperling (Anne Arundel County, Maryland)

How Does Local Government Collaborate with Many Publics?

354
The Anne Arundel County Department of Planning and Zoning, Cultural Resources
Division (CRD), employs only one professional archaeologist but contracts with
several independent consultants in order to support its regulatory mandates and
programmatic goals. These consultants are responsible for a wide variety of tasks
that include staffing an open-door lab, designing Traveling Exhibits that encourage
education and conversation about personal collections, and conducting site visits to
identify, evaluate, and document resources across the County. This heavy emphasis
on public outreach is highly effective at promoting local heritage and enriching our
database of archaeological sites, but can also be frustrating and stressful.
[SYM-139] – Hampton Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

James D. Spirek (University of South Carolina), Daniel M. Brown (University of South

Carolina)
South Carolina-BOEM Cooperative Agreement Preliminary Results
In 2014, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s Office of Renewable Energy
Program (BOEM) signed a Cooperative Agreement with the South Carolina Sea
Grant Consortium to explore potential Wind Energy Areas (WEA) offshore South
Carolina’s portion of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The aim of the project is to
conduct geophysical and archaeological survey of seafloor 11-16 miles offshore
North Myrtle Beach and Winyah Bay to explore the possibility of developing future
WEAs. The project consists of a remote sensing survey utilizing a suite of marine
electronic instruments. Certain areas of the survey will be refined for
paleolandscapes, shipwrecks, and objects of archaeological and historical
significance to be ground-truthed later by members of the South Carolina Institute
of Archaeology and Anthropology’s Maritime Research Division and BOEM. This
paper provides a summary of fieldwork and preliminary results as well as projected
outcomes and goals for future projects off South Carolina’s OCS.
[GEN-007] – Capitol Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Catherine Spohn (PennDOT), Douglas B. Mooney (AECOM)

The I-95/Girard Avenue Improvement Project in Philadelphia: An Overview
The I-95 GIR Improvement Project is one of the largest transportation related
undertakings in Pennsylvania, and the project area winds its way through some of
the most historically significant neighborhoods along the city’s Delaware River
waterfront. From an archaeological standpoint, the project area encompasses an
extremely complex series of sub-surface environments and developmental contexts,
within which an astonishing quantity and variety of cultural deposits and features
continue to survive. This presentation will provide context for the papers that
follow by presenting a brief description of the project and archaeological
investigations already completed, and the range of archaeological resources thus far
documented. It will also discuss the various outreach programs through which
project information is being shared with the public and professional communities.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

355
Megan E. Springate (University of Maryland)
“Archaeology? How Does That Work?” Incorporating Archaeology into the
National Park Service LGBTQ Heritage Initiative as Community Engagement
The National Park Service (NPS) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer
(LGBTQ) Heritage Initiative was established to address the under-representation of
LGBTQ sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and as
National Historic Landmarks (NHL), as well as to encourage interpretation of
LGBTQ history at sites managed by the NPS. An archaeological context was included
to facilitate the consideration of properties’ archaeological significance. In practice,
the archaeological context has opened up a productive dialogue with LGBTQ
community members and preservationists about what the archaeological record
can tell us about LGBTQ history and heritage, and expanded how people think about
the survival and persistence of their histories.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

John H. Sprinkle (National Park Service)

"A More Difficult Problem:" Adapting the National Park Service Concept of
Significance to Archaeological Sites
First published in 1969, the National Register criteria were based on a thirty year
track record of administrative review and historical evaluation by a National Park
Service program whose mandate was to deter, deflect, and discourage the
acquisition of new parks proposed for addition to a system already burdened with
maintenance backlog issues. But the goal of the “new preservation” was never to
acquire and interpret a comprehensive panorama of the American experiment; its
mission was to ensure that due consideration was given to historic places in
managing the change that was to come in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Application of the National Register critieria to archaeological properties continued
to be "a more dificult problem" within the context of the expansion of the program
after the mid-1960s.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jennifer A. Stabler (Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission)

Ten Years of Archaeology at the Local Level in Prince George’s County,
Maryland
In November 2015, Prince George’s County, Maryland celebrates the ten year
anniversary of the passage of local regulations that require review of all subdivision
applications for their effect on archaeological resources. This paper will examine
the results of ten years of archaeological investigations under the local regulations,
lessons learned from these efforts, and future directions. Various techniques, such
as conservation easements and the conveyance of sites to entities such as the
Archaeological Conservancy have been employed to preserve significant resources
on developing properties. New information has been collected on Archaic period
prehistoric sites, early eighteenth century plantation sites, and ante-bellum and
post-bellum African American sites. The use of GIS and LiDAR data has been

356
instrumental in planning Phase I surveys and identifying areas of high potential for
containing archaeological resources. In addition, public education is a primary goal
of these investigations, including interpretive signage, public lectures, websites,
exhibits, and brochures.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Peter W. Stahl (University of Victoria, Canada) – see [POS-1] Fernando J. Astudillo

David Stahle (University of Arkansas) – see [SYM-295] Dorian Burnette

Peter W. Stahl (University of Victoria, Canada) – see [GEN-015] Ross W. Jamieson

Thadra P. Stanton (National Park Service)

Red Rover Red Rover- Send your Volunteers on Over: Multi-Agency and
Volunteer Effort Leads to Protection of Endangered Swift Creek Site
Located in south Wakulla County, FL, Byrd Hammock is a multi-component village
and burial mound site. The site has been ravaged over the last century by looters
but has never been developed. Recent potential development threats provided the
impetus to seek partners to assist in procuring the site and add it to the St. Mark’s
Wildlife Refuge. Efforts to conduct additional research for possible NHL nomination
on the site were launched last year and a call for volunteers was issued to the
greater community area. Over 20 volunteers responded and through the course of
this project have contributed more than 700 volunteer hours. Agreements with FSU
and LSU lead to concurrent field schools at the site. The partnerships have provided
new protection as well as an opportunity to teach the next generation of
southeastern archeologists and provided an outreach event to teach the local
community about this important archeological site.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Nicholas Starvakis (West Virginia State University) – see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

Julia Steele (National Park Service) – see [SYM-120] Philip Shiman

Julia Steele (National Park Service), David Lowe (National Park Service), Philip
Shiman (Independent Historian, The Petersburg Project)
"A Strange Sort of Warfare Underground": Mines and Countermines on the
Petersburg Front, 1864
Petersburg, Virginia, is known for the mine explosion that destroyed a Confederate
fort and initiated the Battle of the Crater. This was not the only mining effort on the
siege line. Even before the July 30, 1864, explosion, the Confederate defenders of
Petersburg constructed countermines in places where the terrain was susceptible
to underground enemy approaches. The use of LIDAR imagery, map and
photographic analysis, documentary research and field survey has revealed two
extensive sets of underground tunnels within Petersburg National Battlefield. The

357
Confederates actually detonated explosives in one set of tunnels and created
"craters" that are still evident on the landscape. Fresh analysis of the tunnels and
associated military features allows a better understanding of the fierce struggles
along the seemingly static front and the array of measures, including sharpshooting,
sapping, land mines, grenades and water obstacles, used to counter and outwit the
enemy.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Carl Steen (Diachronic), Daniel T. Elliott (Lamar Institute), Rita F. Elliott (Lamar
Institute)
European Style Pottery Making in South Carolina: 1565-1825
The first European potters in South Carolina worked at the Spanish settlement of
Santa Elena between 1565 and 1585. When the English established their permanent
settlement at Charleston in 1670 pottery making was not a consideration. Andrew
Duche, son of Philadelphia potter Anthony Duche moved to Charleston in the early
1730s and worked there briefly before moving south to Georgia. Another potter
working in the European tradition moved to the frontier township of Purysburg
later in the 1730s, and fired at least one kilnload there. Non-European style Colono
and Colono-Indian wares served the needs of the population's majority- the
enslaved- so pottery and industry in general were ignored until a young physician
and entrepreneur discovered the secret of making stoneware with a lead free
alkaline glaze around 1810, and established an industry that would thrive for a
hundred or so years.
[SYM-118a] – Executive Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Joyce H. Steinmetz (East Carolina University)

USCS Paddle Steamer Robert J. Walker, 1847-1860: Historical and
Archaeological Research, Diver and Fisher Knowledge, and the Remote
Sensing Search.
An East Carolina University graduate PhD researcher utilized historical research
methods to narrow down the Robert J. Walker’s general location and its key
archaeological features for site identification. Interviews with key local wreck
divers and commercial bottom fishermen provided local environmental knowledge
of unidentified wrecks and fishing gear snags within the general search area. This
information was essential input to the remote sensing search planned and executed
on the NOAA hydrographic ship Thomas Jefferson on the 21st of June 2013, the
anniversary of the Walker’s sinking.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Linda F. Stine (University of North Carolina at Greensboro) – see [SYM-16] Alexandria

D. Salisbury

M. Jay Stottman (Kentucky Archaeological Survey)

358
The Power of Performance: Activism, Public Archaeology, and Heritage
Landscapes at the Portland Wharf
The development of an activist archaeology has led to an examination of how
archaeologists can collaborate with and benefit communities. The notion that the
products of archaeological research are relatively weak tools for achieving activist
goals has led some archaeologists to emphasize the performance of archaeology as
a more effective way to engage communities. In this paper I will examine the
performance of archaeology as a way to create heritage landscapes and achieve
activist goals. I will discuss the efforts to use archaeology at the Portland Wharf site
to help create, modify, and maintain community identity through heritage
landscapes.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Jay T. Sturdevant (National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center), William J.

Clayton (National Park Service, Grand Portage National Monument), Steven L. De Vore
(National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center), Michael Schumacher (National
Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center), Sean Rapier (National Park Service,
Midwest Archeological Center), Blair Scheider (University of Kansas, Geology
Department), Susan Kilgore (Valley City State University, Department of Science)
An Enduring People: The Grand Portage Ojibwe and Expanding the Historical
Narrative of the Post-Fur Trade Era.
The North West Company at Grand Portage defines the colonial narrative on the
north shore of Lake Superior. A more inclusive historical narrative recognizes the
lasting presence of the Grand Portage Ojibwe. After the 1854 Treaty of LaPointe, the
Grand Portage Ojibwe entered the Reservation Era. Over the next century, the
Grand Portage Ojibwe utilized traditional lifeways mixed with wage labor jobs
while enduring U.S. Government policies of assimilation. Today, the Grand Portage
Ojibwe co-manage Grand Portage National Monument with the NPS. This paper will
introduce the history the Grand Portage community from 1854 - 1958 and present
investigations conducted in 2014-2015 with involvement of the Grand Portage
Ojibwe and a range of students as part of the NPS Centennial celebration.
Geophysical and historic archaeology are combined with oral histories to expand
the historical narratives of the people who have never left the north shore of Lake
Superior.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Kathleen M. Sullivan (The Mariners' Museum)

Connecting People and The Past: Interpreting The Conservation of The USS
Monitor
Underwater archaeological sites are typically inaccessible to the general public. The
public’s interaction with such sites occurs through connections made with
excavated artifacts. However, the conservation of these artifacts, especially if they
come from a marine environment, can take decades. Interpreting conservation to
the public promotes understanding of the lengthy treatment process, thereby

359
fostering support for the project and creating a connection to the artifacts and their
history. USS Monitor represents these circumstances; the wreck site is 235 feet
underwater, sixteen miles off the coast of Cape Hatteras, N.C., largely inaccessible.
In the early 2000s approximately 20% of the Monitor was recovered and
transported to The Mariners’ Museum in Newport News, VA for conservation,
exhibition, and study. Recognizing that conservation would be a long term process a
variety of outreach methods are utilized to connect people with the artifacts, the
archaeology and the story of the USS Monitor.
[SYM-208] – Committee Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Benjamin J. Sumners (Geodynamics) – see [GEN-011] Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing

Rachel Summers-Wilson (University of Montana) – see [SYM-105a] Ashley H. McKeown

Charlotte K. Sunseri (San Jose State University)

Meat Economies of the Chinese-American West
Cuisine and diet are topics of particular interest to scholars of Chinese communities
in the Nineteenth-century American West. Many zooarchaeological analyses have
identified beef and pork among the main provisions for miners and townsfolk, and
this paper will synthesize archaeological and historical evidence for food access and
supply while exploring contexts of socioeconomics and cuisine which likely
structured food choices. By focusing on both urban and rural sites to compare
access and food choices, the historical evidence of national railroad-based chains of
supply for meat products and Chinese food practices in varied living contexts are
investigated. Taphonomic marks of centralized processing and redistribution,
documented pricing of meat cuts, and patterns of access across the West provide
new perspectives on provisioning growing American communities.
[SYM-34] – Congressional B; Thursday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Frederick E. Sutherland (Michigan Technological University)

21st-century Collaboration for Studying a 20th-century Working Community
This paper explores the social and economic effects on working communities in a
former iron mining district in central Minnesota. Scholars and community members
collaborated to document multiple standing structures of historic significance and
hold discussions on how those sites could be preserved and featured in future
cultural tourism plans. The narratives generated from the collaboration were
strengthened by overlapping thematic categories used in multi-sited archaeology.
[SYM-184] – Congressional B; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Amanda Sutphin (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission)

The Creation of the New York City Archaeological Repository
Dozens of archaeological excavations have made important discoveries about the
almost four-hundred year history of New York City and the people who have

360
inhabited the area for thousands of years. In 2014, a climate controlled
archaeological repository was established in Midtown Manhattan to appropriately
curate the city’s collections. Previously, they were dispersed, often inaccessible, and
kept in non-ideal conditions which meant they were often at risk and rarely used
for research. Many people worked over a period of years to create a repository and
this talk will outline how it finally happened and what we hope to achieve. It will
also focus on the collections management issues that were revealed when the
collections were united, what we are doing now to ensure that the legacy collections
will be fully accessible for researchers, how new significant collections will be
incorporated, and discuss the issues that we must still address.
[SYM-109] – Committee Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Emily L. Swain (Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission)

“The enemy are in full march for Washington”: The Search for the 1812 British
Encampment at Nottingham
On the night of August 21st, 1814, British troops under the command of General
Robert Ross camped at Nottingham in Prince George’s County, Maryland, while on
their march to burn Washington, D.C. Nearly 200 years later in 2010, The Maryland-
National Capital Park and Planning Commission began a multi-year survey at
Nottingham with the goals of finding evidence of the encampment and of the nearby
colonial town, established in 1706. Using a map drawn by a British engineer
travelling with the troops, we determined its probable location within an
agricultural field. Based on the ephemeral nature of a temporary encampment and
the likely presence of metal uniform parts, a metal detector survey was conducted
at the proposed site of the encampment during the winter of 2010-2011. This paper
will discuss the methodology and results of the survey.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Brenda Swann (St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)

Wrecked! An Interactive Exhibition on a Revolutionary War Shipwreck in St.
Augustine, Florida
The upcoming exhibition of the Storm Wreck, a Revolutionary War shipwreck in St.
Augustine, Florida, is two-fold. As with traditional archaeology exhibits, it will share
how historical documents and artifacts from the shipwreck tell the story of British
Loyalists who, after evacuating Charleston, South Carolina and leaving behind all
they knew and taking with them only what they treasured and needed most, arrived
in St. Augustine only to run aground and have many of their precious few items
buried on the ocean floor. The Discovery Lab part of the exhibit will allow visitors to
participate in the methods and processes of archaeological discovery through
hands-on stations including the Navigation Station, X-ray Station, Survey Station,
Maritime Archaeology Station, and more. This paper provides a “sneak peak” of this
exciting exhibition opening in Spring 2015 at the St. Augustine Lighthouse &
Maritime Museum!
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

361
Eric Swanson (Fugro GeoServices, Inc.) – see [SYM-94b] Matthew E. Keith

Eric Swanson (Fugro GeoServices, Inc.), Tiffany Goldhamer (Fugro GeoServices, Inc.),
Ray Blackmon (Fugro GeoServices, Inc.)
Directions in Deepwater Marine Archaeology: Using Technology to Grow and
Synthesize Knowledge on the Deep Frontier.
The increased use of remote sensing technology has allowed archaeology to go
farther and deeper than ever before. The capability of effecting real-time
adaptations to Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) surveys and the increase in
resolution of remote sensing equipment has provided scientists with a better
opportunity to study and research what lies below the ocean’s surface. It is with
advancing technology that science and engineering has allowed for the better
protection and understanding of the world’s precious cultural and natural
resources. These tools will only continue to develop in the direction of increased
quality and quantity while new technologies are designed and developed to sample
new types of data in the future. This paper will discuss and exhibit the capabilities
of technology used on a daily basis with an international survey company, from an
archaeological perspective.
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Sam Sweitz (Michigan Technological University) – see [POS-3] Brendan Pelto

Sydney Swierenga (East Carolina University) – see [POS-4] Hannah Piner

Sydney Swierenga (East Carolina University) – see [POS-4] Bryan S. Rose

Molly E. Swords (University of Idaho)

Bed, Breakfast, and Alcohol: An examination of the Pend d’Oreille Hotel in
Sandpoint, Idaho
Hotels are often overlooked when studying the settlement of the American Frontier,
although they played a pivotal role in shaping the West. Frequently doubling as
restaurants and taverns for locals and visitors alike hotels were established to
accommodate the numerous settlers, travelers, salesmen and others who headed
the call “Go West!” One such hotel, the Pend d’Oreille, in Sandpoint, Idaho is an
example of an early nineteenth century hotel that offered accommodations,
entertainment, food, drinks and a place to meet for both travelers passing through
and the local community. This paper will examine, through the archaeological and
historical record, the role the Pend d’Oreille Hotel played in settling Sandpoint,
Idaho within the greater landscape of the American Frontier.
[SYM-259] – Calvert Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

362
 T
Emily C. Taber (National Park Service, Portland State University, Oregon), Douglas C.
Wilson (National Park Service), Robert Cromwell (National Park Service), Katie Wynia
(National Park Service), Alice Knowles (Portland State University, Oregon)
Transferprinted Gastroliths And Identity At Fort Vancouver’s Village
Transferprinted ceramics and other objects ingested by fowl provide unique data
on the household production associated with a fur trade center in the Pacific
Northwest. Gastroliths are an indicator of the use of avifauna at archaeological sites,
specifically of the Order Galliformes. The presence of ceramic, glass, and other
gastroliths at house sites within Fort Vancouver’s Village provide evidence for the
keeping and consumption of domestic fowl including chickens and turkeys. The
presence and concentration of these artifacts, combined with documentary and
other evidence, provides clues on household economies in a culturally diverse
colonial setting. While ethnic backgrounds of the Villagers included Native
Hawaiians, American Indians, French Canadians, English and Americans, the
evidence points to shared practices emerging within the Fort Vancouver Village.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Laszlo Takacs (University of Maryland, Baltimore County) – see [GEN-010] Susan B.

Langley

Terhi T. Tanska (University of Oulu, Finland) – see [SYM-70] Titta L. S. Kallio-Seppä

Ashley D. Taylor (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

Geophysical Investigations at the Hanna's Town Cemetery, Westmoreland
County, Pennsylvania
Hanna's Town (36WM203), an 18th century site located in Westmoreland County,
Pennsylvania, was a major settlement that was attacked and destroyed by a force of
British and Native Americans in 1782. The town never fully recovered, and the land
was repurposed for agricultural use until it was purchased in 1969 by
Westmoreland County, who reconstructed the town for tourism purposes.
Overlooking the site is the town's cemetery, which has been given little attention in
regards to research. The cemetery currently contains six gravestones, but there are
several stone fragments in storage that are no longer assoicated with burials,
providing evidence that the cemetery may contain lost graves. It is believed that
these fragments do not account for all the burials, however. Geophysical
investigations using ground penetrating radar, magnetometry, electrical resistivity,
and down-hole sensor will be undertaken to examine the possibility of additional
burials at the site.
[SYM-15] – Directors Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

363
Jay D. Taylor (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)
An Analysis of Tools from Hanna's Town
The purpose of this paper is to analyze tools found at Hanna’s Town to determine
the nature of the various tasks performed by its residents, and the town’s economic
conditions. This analysis aims to answer these research questions: (1.) What kinds
of tools are present at Hanna’s Town and what tasks are they associated with? (2.)
Does the spatial arrangement of these artifacts reveal any information about where
these tasks took place? (3.) Are there any relationships between these tools that
may indicate the presence of a specific profession in Hanna’s Town? (4.) What can
the quantity of artifacts and their condition (modifications, evidence of repair, and
stylistic variation) tell us about the availability of these goods through trade at
Hanna’s Town? This paper discusses the preliminary results of this study.
[SYM-15] – Directors Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.

Bruce Terrell (NOAA, Maritime Heritage Program) –see [SYM-151b] Michael L.

Brennan

Bruce G. Terrell (NOAA, Maritime Heritage Program)

A Maritime Context For Richmond And Environs; Assessment And
Recommendations For Future Study
The Fall Line at Virginia's James River has drawn people from throughout human
history to take advantage of the river's resources for sustenance, transportation and
industry and figures in Richmond's establishment and growth over time.Often
portrayed as one of North America's most historic waterways, the James' tidewater
intersection with the uplands at Richmond has a maritime identity that is not often
recognized. Much of the river's historic cultural landscape has been eroded by
natural and human forces but there is still potential for archaeological discovery.
This presentation will summarize historical contexts and archaeological work to
date in the riverine landscape and suggest potential for future research.
[SYM-169] – Directors Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Wade Tharp (Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic

Preservation and Archaeology)
A Sequence of French Vernacular Architectural Design and Construction
Methods in Colonial North America, 1690-1850
This study examines published and unpublished historical archaeological research,
historical documents research, and datable extant buildings to develop a temporal
and geographical sequence of French colonial architectural designs and
construction methods, particularly the poteaux-en-terre (posts-in-ground) and
poteaux-sur-solle (posts-on-sill) elements in vernacular buildings, from the Western
Great Lakes region to Louisiana, dating from 1690 to 1850. Whether European
colonists during the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries came to the New
World for commercial opportunities or religious and social freedom, they carried to
North America European cultural traits and conceptions that ultimately would help

364
to shape the colonial experience in the New World. French colonists used
traditional vernacular architectural designs and construction methods in North
America as the basis of the colonization process.
[SYM-129] Committee Room; Thursday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.]

Ibrahima Thiaw (Cheikh Diop University) – see [SYM-514] Stephen C. Lubkemann

J. Homer Thiel (Desert Archaeology, Inc.), Jeremy W. Pye (Cultural Resource Analysts,
Inc.)
“At Rest,” the Pima Lodge 10, Improved Order of Red Men Cemetery Plot in
Tucson, Arizona.
The Improved Order of Red Men opened a lodge in Tucson, Arizona Territory in
1898. Here, members of the fraternal group held meetings featuring songs and
speeches, and marched in parades dressed in Native American attire. The lodge
purchased a cemetery plot and, from 1898 to 1908, 20 graves were dug.
Archaeological excavation of the eastern cluster of graves yielded nine burials, two
complete and seven exhumed in 1915. Each grave contained human remains,
clothing, coffins, and outer boxes. Newspaper articles, probate files, coffin hardware
catalogs, and the archaeological finds allow for a better understanding of the lives
and deaths of these individuals.
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Judith E. Thomas (Mercyhurst University)

Investigation Of The Sequent Guard Houses At Cantonment Burgwin, Taos,
New Mexico
Cantonment Burgwin (TA-8/LA 88145) was erected near Taos, New Mexico, in
1852 as part of the U.S. Army defense system in the newly acquired American
Southwest. Situated along the road between Santa Fe and Taos, the cantonment
provided protection for the settlers from Apache and Ute threats until 1860 when it
was closed and abandoned. Archival research indicates that the cantonment’s guard
house was a detached structure fronting the wagon road. An 1857 sketch of the
cantonment, however, suggests that the original two room guard house was
replaced by an L-shaped structure. Archaeological excavations of the guard house
site area have provided evidence for the sequent guard houses at Cantonment
Burgwin. This paper presents the results of the investigation and explores the
utilization of the two structures.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Liz A. Thomas (Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom)

Sailortown, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Exploring An Urban/maritime
Community.
‘Sailortown’ is the unofficial name given to a tiny enclave of streets, located on
Clarendon Docks, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Throughout the 19th century and up to
the middle of the 20th century Sailortown was a diverse community with

365
manufacturing and maritime industries. In1969, following the downturn of Belfast’s
industrial economy, plans for redevelopment of the Docklands commenced. In 2015
archaeological investigations, first of its kind in this area, focused on investigating
household archaeology, and provided new information about the development of
this area of Belfast and revealed the living conditions in 19th and 20th century
houses in the maritime and industrial landscape area of Belfast.
This paper will report on the archaeological exploration of Sailortown, which is the
subject of a three-year British Academy postdoctoral research fellowship, whilst
addressing the challenges of conducting archaeologies of the cities especially in
relation to the study of urban coastal communities in academia.
[SYM-59b] – Congressional B; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Sunshine Thomas (Texas A&M University)

Cotton to the Doorstep: Gardening and Food Storage in the Early 20th-Century
Southeast
Early 20th-century southeastern farmers with the means to do so diversified and
adopted the materials and methods of farm modernization. Poorer families grew
cash crops almost exclusively, detrimental to their garden spaces and their
wellbeing. Archaeologists have measured modernization, in part, through the
presence of glass storageware. However, the act of storing gardened and gathered
foods did not necessarily require modern materials or methods. Materials changed
through time, but in many ways traditional lifeways continued. This paper recasts
recovered glass and ceramic storageware from small farm sites in Georgia as
evidence of traditional gardening and storage practices by small farmers.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Michael B. Thomin (Florida Public Archaeology Network)

Tuning In To Public Archaeology
Unearthing Florida is a radio program designed to enhance the public’s
understanding and appreciation of Florida’s archaeological heritage. This program
was created following the 14 year success of the Unearthing Pensacola radio
program broadcast on NPR member station WUWF 88.1. The creation of Unearthing
Florida was made possible through a partnership between WUWF Public Media and
the Florida Public Archaeology Network. Over 100 episodes have been produced
since this program was first launched in March 2012. These episodes currently air
every weekday through WUWF and every Sunday morning through WGCU. They are
available for other NPR member stations across the state. These short, informative
pieces highlight sites open to the public, discuss previous and ongoing research, and
explain how the archaeological process contributes to our understanding of the
past. Ultimately the goal of Unearthing Florida is to promote the statewide
protection and preservation of Florida’s archaeological resources to the public.
[GEN-002] – Senate Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m.

366
Christine K. Thompson (Ball State University)
The Battle of the Wabash and The Battle of Fort Recovery: GIS Data Modeling
and Landscape Analysis
Ball State University’s Department of Anthropology has completed five years of
archaeological and historical research at the battlefield of the Battle of the Wabash
(1791) and the Battle of Fort Recovery (1794), two significant Northwest Indian
War battles that took place in present day Fort Recovery, Ohio. This research was
funded by multiple National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program
grants and additional university funding. This poster will present the results of this
research, specifically the use of GIS data modeling and the NPS’ KOCOA landscape
analysis methodology to highlight probable Native American battle strategy and
movement, U.S. military strategy, and possible placement of the original Fort
Recovery built in 1793. The conclusions will address the use of these results to
support future archaeological research, site preservation, and community
involvement.
[POS-3] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Andrew Thomson (St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)

Weight, Weight . . . Don’t Tell Me: the Assemblage of Weights from the Storm
Wreck.
The Storm Wreck was a British refugee vessel that ran aground off St. Augustine 31
December 1782. As part of the evacuation fleet of Charleston, South Carolina, it was
responsible for transporting the Loyalist population and their goods necessary to
begin life again in East Florida. An unassuming assemblage of artifacts from the
excavation can help elucidate aspects of the refugees’ lives, their thought process
during the evacuation, life aboard the ship, and the eventual wrecking event. A wide
range of weights, mostly cast from lead, has been recovered on the shipwreck,
ranging from fishing weights cast using musket ball molds to merchant pan weights
to a large livestock tether. This paper will discuss the identification, conservation
and interpretation of the numerous weights found throughout the Storm site.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Lyle Torp (The Ottery Group) – see [SYM-354] Thomas Bodor

Lyle C. Torp (The Ottery Group), Matthew Palus (The Ottery Group)
The Church on the Hill: Inter-related Narratives, Conflicting Priorities, and the
Power of Community Engagement
Fort Stevens is a well-known fort within the Civil War Defenses of Washington.
Prior to the Civil War, the land was owned by Betsey Butler, a free black woman,
who sold the land to the trustees of Emory Chapel in 1855 for the construction of a
church. The church was razed for the construction of Fort Massachusetts in 1861,
which was later expanded and renamed Fort Stevens in 1863. The congregation
rebuilt the church following the Civil War. The context of the Emory Church is
entwined with the Civil War, both with the physical fortifications associated with

367
the CWDW as well as the growth of the African-American community that
developed in the shadow of the fort in the years following the war. The paper looks
at the role that archeology plays in integrating significant aspects of a diachronic
landscape that has resulted in conflicting values of place.
[SYM-204] – Blue Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Joshua M. Torres (National Park Service) – see [SYM-384] Alicia D. Odewale

Lyrsa M. Torres-Vélez (University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Puerto Rico
(U.S.))
Puerto Rico’s Cook Books: Recipes of a History
Puerto Rico’s history is a blend of the different ethnicities that settled in the island
after the Spanish Conquest. This ethnogenesis can be studied through the culinary
traditions that conform what we now refer to as criollo. Using the works of Mary C.
Beaudry and Elizabeth M. Scott as a sounding board, this research consists of two
parts. First, an analysis of cooking books available in Puerto Rico during the 19th
century in order to establish the different methods and tools available at the time.
Second, the artefactual collection from Ballajá, a neighborhood located in Old San
Juan during the 18th and 19th centuries extensively excavated during the 1990s, will
be used to compare and contrast the information obtained in the books and what is
actually recovered in an archaeological site. This paper will present the preliminary
findings of a research that aims to establish Puerto Rico’s culinary traditions.
[SYM-662] – Committee Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Rachel S. Tracey (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom)

Pots, Pipes & Plantation: Material Culture & Cultural Identity in Early Modern
Ireland
Existing sectarian divides in Northern Ireland are still perceived to originate from
the 17th century expansion of British colonial control into Ireland, most resolutely
seen in the atrocities of the Northern Irish Conflict, or ‘the Troubles’. However an
explosion of urban historical excavations in recent years has illuminated an
archaeological record that appears to contradict dominant political powerhouses
and rhetoric.
Archaeological investigations throughout the former transatlantic port town of
Carrickfergus (Co. Antrim) has generated an abundance of 17th century material
culture, fundamental to understanding and demonstrating the nature of cultural
relations, practices and identity in a plantation-era settlement, especially one that
was home to a conflation of native Gaelic Irish and incoming English and Scottish
settlers, that can ultimatley aid in renogiating our past. A selection of artefacts will
be presented to discuss notions of cultural interactions, conflict, identity, and
colonial ideologies in early-modern Ulster.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Annemari Tranberg (University of Oulu, Finland)

368
The Idea of the Enlightenment and Environmental Relations in Early Modern
Ostrobothnian Towns of Sweden: Macro- and Microfossil Studies of Local
Plant Use
Macro- and microfossil studies from the early modern Ostrobothnian towns provide
information about both natural and cultural elements of local landscapes, including
how landscapes changed in time and affected people’s lives. In this paper, I will
discuss how the Ostrobothnians used their local plants. The period from the late
17th to the late 18th century was a time of significant chances in the philosophy of
life and economic policy in Sweden, as well as in Europe in general. During the 18th
century, mercantilism was eventually replaced by physiocratism; individuality
emerged and natural sciences developed. Agriculture and forestry were believed to
form the basis for increasing the net production of the nation, and different
solutions were sought to increase productivity, including commercial cultivation of
plants from the homeland, and to some degree, from overseas.
[SYM-102] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 3:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Meredith M. Hawkins Trautt (Archaeological Research Center of St. Louis, Inc.)

Preliminary Results of the Madam Haycraft Site (23SL2334), City of St. Louis,
Missouri
During improvements to the Poplar Street Bridge in the City of St. Louis, Missouri,
the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) uncovered the Madam
Haycraft (23SL2334) and Louis Beaudoin sites in 2012. The Archaeological
Research Center of St. Louis, Inc. excavated portions of the Madam Haycraft site in
the winter of 2013/2014, which included features associated with a mid-19th
century oyster bar and a domestic building. Although archaeological investigations
continue to be conducted at this site, preliminary results from this initial
examination will be presented.
[SYM-129] Committee Room; Thursday, 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.]

Flor Trejo (SAS/ INAH, Mexico) – see [SYM-94a] Roberto E. Junco

Daniel J. Trepal (Michigan Technological University), Eric Pomber (Michigan

Technological University), Don Lafrenier (Michigan Technological University)
GIS-Based Predictive Modeling and Urban Industrial Archaeology: A Case
Study In London, Ontario
We present a case study demonstrating a novel GIS-based archaeological predictive
model (APM) adapted for use in postindustrial cities. In common use among
prehistoric archaeologists APMs are also a useful way to analyze historical sources
on a landscape scale. This project harnesses massive amounts of historical and
modern spatial data to: determine urban industrial archaeological potential; to
determine the potential for the persistence of related historical environmental
hazards; and to gauge accessibility for excavation and/or remediation. The model
achieves a very high spatial resolution using a host of archival sources such as fire
insurance plans, geodetic surveys, and business directories along with modern land

369
cover, land use, zoning, and ownership data. This model is broadly applicable to
fields (such as GISciences and urban morphology) and professions (such as urban
planning) outside archaeology, in particular facilitating strong, early integration of
archaeological and historical data into the urban planning and redevelopment
process.
[GEN-009] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Geneviève Treyvaud (National Institute for Scientific Research (INRS)) – see [GEN-
020] Huguette Lamontagne

Molly L. Trivelpiece (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St.

Augustine Lighthouse & Museum), Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime
Program (LAMP), St. Augustine Lighthouse & Museum)
Archival Research and the Historical Background of the 1782 Evacuation of
Charleston and the Loss of the Storm Wreck
During the American Revolution, the British occupied Charleston, South Carolina
from their victory at the Siege of Charleston in 1780 until they were forced to flee
rebel forces at the end of the war in 1782. The evacuation of Charleston was a
massive logistical effort by colonial authorities, involving more than 129 ships
gathered from throughout the British Empire. Not only British, Provincial, and
German troops were evacuated but thousands of Loyalist families and enslaved
Africans, who were transported to various other locales in Canada, England, the
Caribbean, and East Florida. One of the ships carrying Loyalists and their
possessions, along with some military hardware, ended up wrecking on the
notorious St. Augustine Bar, and is now known as the Storm Wreck. This paper
provides a historical background of the evacuation and shipwreck as compiled from
primary documents analyzed by LAMP researchers in various depositories in
Britain and the U.S.
[SYM-780a] – Empire Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ruth Trocolli (DC SHPO)

In the Shadow of the Capitol – Stateless and Compliant: 50 Years of the NHPA
in Washington, D.C.
Despite the District of Columbia’s small size (69 sq. miles), the proportion of
property in federal ownership, about 25%, results in a large number of projects
annually subject to Section 106 review. Every federal agency, quasi-federal agency,
and non-federal entity using federal funds enters 106 consultation, even those
without in-house preservation professionals to guide them. Agencies without
archaeologists rely on the District’s archaeologist for expertise and guidance.
Mitigation has traditionally been data recovery, but alternative strategies are
welcome. Going forward, we have identified a need for increasing public
engagement and education. Failure is rare, but there are occasional sordid examples
of inadequate stewardship of collections and associated records well after project
completion. Changing rubrics or investigative frameworks make each decade’s

370
investigations distinctive, such as RP3, Consumer Choice, or pattern analysis.
Successful consultations have resulted in productive, informative – and yes, ground-
breaking archaeological discoveries in every period.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Grace Tsai (Texas A&M University)

Comparative Archaeological Analysis of Ship Rigging During the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries
The first two decades of the seventeenth century saw a period of rapid
technological advancement in shipbuilding, including ships’ rigging. This paper
analyzes the changes in rigging seen in artifacts excavated from wrecks spanning
from AD 1545 to 1700. Compiled from the most recent publications and/or
personal correspondences, the list of artifacts includes: blocks, sheaves, pins,
deadeyes, chainplates, parrels, cordage, sails, and other miscellaneous parts. These
remains will be analyzed to provide an archaeological timeline of when certain
rigging features began appearing, such as changes in building material, wood grain,
size, and shape.
The majority of our knowledge on rigging previously came from historical sources,
iconography, or ship models, because rigging is rarely preserved. This paper ends
with a comparison of the historical sources on rigging with the compiled
archaeological data.
[GEN-010] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Saara Tuovinen (University of Oulu, Finland) – see [SYM-170b] Sanna M. Lipkin

Samuel P. Turner (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, St. Augustine,

Florida) – see [SYM-383] Nicholas C. Budsberg

Samuel P. Turner (LAMP)

Have Tools Will Travel: An Examination of Tools Found on the Storm Wreck, A
Loyalist Evacuation Transport Wrecked on the St. Augustine Bar in 1782
This paper examines the collection of tools recovered from the Storm Wreck, a late
eighteenth-century Loyalist evacuation transport lost in December of 1782 at the
end of the American Revolutionary War on the St. Augustine Bar, in present-day St.
Johns County, Florida. A variety of hand tools, many with their wooden handles
preserved intact, have been recovered and are currently undergoing conservation
treatment. While many of these tools were likely intended for general use in the
home or farmstead, some represent those used in the shipbuilding or boat
carpentry trade and other specialized professions such as that of the shoe maker.
[SYM-780b] – Empire Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Mark Tveskov (Southern Oregon University)

371
Disrupted Identities and Frontier Forts: Enlisted men and officers at Fort
Lane, Oregon Territory, 1853-1855.
Frontiers are contingent and dynamic arenas for the negotiation, entrenchment,
and innovation of identity. The imposing materiality of fortifications and their
prominence in colonial topographies make them ideal laboratories to examine this
dynamic. This paper presents the results of large scale excavations in 2011 and
2012 at the officers’ quarters and enlisted men's barracks at Fort Lane, a U.S. Army
post used during the Rogue River Wars of southern Oregon from 1853 to 1855. I
consider how identities of social class, States-rights confederate or union, and East
coaster or frontiersmen were crafted in this pre-Civil War frontier setting.
[SYM-43] – Embassy Room; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.

Mark S. Tweedie (Stony Brook University), Allison Manfra McGovern (The Graduate
Center, CUNY/Farmingdale State College)
“…in a few years by death and removes they were all gone…”: Forced
Relocation as Racial Violence
Indigenous dispossession and forced relocation remain central features of historical
narratives, as they are used to explain the seemingly “natural” cultural loss and
subsequent disappearance of Native peoples. However, these occurrences are less
frequently remembered as acts of violence that supported privilege and cultural
hegemony. In this paper, documentary and archaeological evidence are used to
highlight instances of indigenous removals on eastern Long Island in the post-
contact era, and the possible signatures for indigenous resistance, as we investigate
the complex contexts of forced relocation.
[SYM-11b] – Directors Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

U
Justin E. Uehlein (American University)
Excavating an Ephemeral Assemblage: An Archaeology of American Hoboes in
the Gilded Age
Hobos and other transient laborers were integral to the development of industrial
capital in the United States. They traversed the country filling essential temporary
positions at the behest of capital interests. Yet, they frequently utilized alternative
market practices in their labor arrangements, relying partially on direct trade over
monetary payment. They likewise maintained intricate social networks, the
material remains of which lay extant in past hobo campsites. Despite fulfilling a vital
role in industrial development, hobo labor practices were concealed by policy and
media outlets, which vilified hobos in order to obscure their symbolic power as
indicators of class hierarchy. Drawing on a range of evidence sources on a hobo
jungle located near an industrial town in Southeastern Pennsylvania, I will ask two
questions: In what ways did structural control mechanisms limit hobo laboring

372
practices, if at all? And, were hobos effective in circumventing standard capitalist
labor schematics?
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Christopher Underwood (Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento,

Argentina, Argentine Republic)
Can Economic Concepts Be Used To More Effectively Raise Awareness And
Value Of Underwater Cultural Heritage?
During the past twenty years, the UK among other countries has undergone a
period of urban and social regeneration. As part of this process maritime
environments including historic ships have been integrated into harbour and
coastal redevelopments, with tourism and social wellbeing considered key
components. But, has underwater cultural heritage (UCH) formed a part? The most
obvious is the Mary Rose along with smaller collections housed in larger
institutions. Acknowledging that innovative methods are being utilized to increase
awareness and understanding, the public response remains passive to the problems
faced by UCH. In a globalised world, where economic priorities dominate, are those
of us engaged with raising awareness and understanding of UCH using the most
appropriate language? This paper discusses economic concepts which could be
useful in expressing the value of UCH that goes beyond tourism and the occasional
headline about a recovered treasure.
[GEN-012] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Devin Urban (East Carolina University) – see [SYM-220] Nathan T. Richards

Kirsti E. Uunila (Calvert County Government), Lionell Sewell (Calvert County

Government)
Using Collector for ArcGIS for Cultural Resource Data Collection
The Calvert County, Maryland cultural resources planner has worked with the
county GIS team to develop a Collector for ArcGIS app template for collection of
data in the field for archaeological sites and architectural properties. The Collector
for ArcGIS template is designed to capture the information required by the state on
its forms, acquire geolocation information, and attach pictures for each site. With
minimal editing, a mail merge is used to produce a printable form that is acceptable
to the Maryland SHPO. The Collector for ArcGIS app runs on tablets and
smartphones and promises to extend the capability of a limited cultural resources
staff. This paper discusses the development of the template, the consultative
process with the Maryland SHPO and the National Park Service, and serves as an
example of a productive relationship between departments on the local level, and
other agencies on the state and federal levels.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

373
Alicia Valentino (ESA)
A Chinese Coin and Flaked Glass: The Unrecorded History of Smith Cove
In the tide flats of Smith Cove was one of Seattle’s small shantytowns, occupied
between 1911 and 1941. In 2014, construction monitoring uncovered the remnants
of this community, and with it, materials representing an itinerant, low-income,
multi-cultural population. The artifacts indicate the presence of Native Americans,
Japanese, Chinese, and Euro-Americans, and demonstrate how Smith Cove
functioned as a multi-cultural nexus of traditional practices within a modern
industrialized urban landscape. The artifacts also provide information beyond the
archival record. This paper tells that community’s story. The diverse assemblage
runs the gamut from a flaked glass scraper and glass debitage, to a Chinese coin and
ceramics, to common, market accessible American wares. The result demonstrates
the perseverance of cultural practices, the formation of community ties, the
consumption of alcohol during Prohibition, and the health and lifeways of a
marginalized population that was forcibly moved from their homes.
[GEN-015] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Mary Van Buren (Colorado State University) – see [SYM-68] Kristin A. Gensmer

Wendy van Duivenvoorde (Flinders University, Australia) – see [SYM-171] Alistair G.

Paterson

Doug Van Kirk (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group) – see [SYM-32]
Gregory Roach

Pavel Vareka (University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic)

Archaeology of the Czechoslovak Uranium Gulag
Recent research has examined the landscape of the Czechoslovak Uranium Gulag
that was established in 1948 according to the Soviet model and under the
supervision of Soviet NKVD advisors. The area with the largest concentration of
former camps is situated around the historic mining town of Jáchymov (West
Bohemia). Nine penal and forced labor camps adjacent to Uranium mines were
established in an area of 25 km2 in the late 1940s – early 1950s through which
passed c. 60 000 inmates. Research includes a survey of the Uranium Gulag remains
in the Jáchymov region based historic aerial photographs and remote sensing to
identify components and reveal the structure of the Gulag system. Subsequently, the
topographic survey was carried out to verify the size, plan and structure of
individual sites. We have also focused on the material aspects of everyday life of
prisoners using archaeological techniques, oral history and documentary evidence
analysis.
[SYM-102] – Cabinet Room; Thursday, 3:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Ole Varmer (NOAA)

374
Underwater Cultural Heritage Law: Looking Back, Looking Forward
The law protecting and managing underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is relatively
new and has largely been developed over the past 50 years. This presentation will
look back at the threats to UCH from treasure hunting and provide an overview of
the laws that have been applied and developed to address that threat as well as
from other activities that may inadvertently effect or harm UCH, such as fishing, the
laying of submarine cables and energy development. Special attention will be given
to the use of the National Historic Preservation Act in protecting UCH in the United
States and its potential use for protecting UCH outside of the United States. After
identifying gaps in current international and U.S. law, the look forward will include
recommendations on law and policy to address those gaps.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Elizabeth S. Vehmeyer (National Park Service)

An Introduction To The American Battlefield Protection Program: 25 Years of
Working With Battlefield Archeology
Created in 1991, the NPS American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP)
promotes the preservation of significant historic battlefields associated with wars
on American soil. The ABPP provides professional assistance to individuals, groups,
organizations, or governments interested in preserving historic battlefield land and
sites associated with battles. The ABPP also awards grants to groups, institutions,
organizations, or governments sponsoring preservation projects at historic
battlefields; and to state and local governments seeking to acquire battlefield land.
Through public-private partnerships, the ABPP specifically enables communities
near historic battlefields to develop local solutions for balanced preservation
approaches for these sites. This paper will introduce the first 25 years of the ABPP
and specifically it’s Battlefield Planning Grant Program. It will also introduce the
symposium and the goals of ushering battlefield archeology into the next 25 years
of the ABPP, next 50 years of the NHPA, and the next 100 years of the NPS.
[SYM-120] – Empire Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m.

Carolane Veilleux (University of Montreal), Chuck Meide (Lighthouse Archaeological

Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum)
The Archaeological Investigation of the Storm Wreck, a Wartime Refugee
Vessel Lost at St. Augustine, Florida at the End of the Revolutionary War:
Overview of the 2010-2015 Excavation Seasons
The Storm Wreck, site number 8SJ5459, was discovered in 2009 by the Lighthouse
Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), about a mile offshore St. Augustine,
Florida. It has been excavated every year since then in conjunction with LAMP’s
underwater archaeology field school. A wide range of artifacts has been recovered,
including ordnance, firearms, ship’s equipment, tools and hardware, personal
effects, and household items, and are now being conserved at the St. Augustine
Lighthouse & Maritime Museum for display in an exhibit planned to open in 2016.
The wreck has been identified as one of sixteen British ships lost while bringing

375
refugees to St. Augustine on or around 31 December 1782. They were part of the
last fleet evacuating British troops and Loyalists from Charleston, South Carolina at
the end of the Revolutionary War. This paper introduces the shipwreck site and
focuses on the six years of field investigations carried out 2010-2015.
[SYM-780a] – Empire Room; Saturday, 10:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Richard F. Veit (Monmouth University)

Remembering the Raj: Kolkata India's South Park Street Cemetery, Creating
and Commemorating Anglo-Indian Society
This paper examines the commemorative iconography of Kolkata India's South Park
Street Cemetery. Established in 1767, the South Park Street Cemetery is the resting
place of the leadership of England's colonial efforts in Bengal. It contains over 1600
monuments and likely many more burials. These monuments range from enormous
masonry pyramids to scaled down Greek and Roman temples, and Hindu and
Mughal inspired tombs. Drawing upon an international commemorative vocabulary
combining classical and orientalizing motifs, Anglo-Indian artisans created
monuments that reflect the ambitions, achievements, and reversals experienced by
the Anglo-Indian community during a period when there was considerable cross-
fertilization between colonial English and local Indian society. Today the cemetery
is well cared for and has seen considerable study by gnealogists; however, little
attention has been paid to its iconography. This paper is a first step towards
interpeting the commemorative art present in the burial ground.
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Megan Veness (FCPA) – see [POS-3] Jean M. Cascardi

Megan B. Veness (Fairfax County Park Authority)

A Teardrop Shaped Foundation In Fairfax County, Virginia
The Old Colchester Park and Preserve, located in southern Fairfax County, Virginia
consists of approximately 145 acres along the Occoquan River. This natural and
cultural resource Park was acquired by Fairfax County Park Authority in 2006.
Located within the Park along the Occoquan River was the ca. 1754-1830 tobacco
port town of Colchester. Systematic and targeted testing over the past four years by
Colchester Archaeology Research Team (CART) has yielded numerous artifacts and
features. Artifacts ranging from hand painted tin glazed coarse earthenware, to
hand wrought nails and absence of pearlware or later ceramics, date this feature to
no later than the mid-eighteenth century. Although artifacts clearly indicate a
domestic occupation, the peculiar brick work allows for alternate interpretation
such as an early “cottage” industry, a mystery which only further archaeological
research could answer.
[GEN-004] – Executive Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.

Anatolijs Venovcevs (Memorial University of Newfoundland)

376
The Market on the Edge: Production, Consumption, and Recycling in Winter
Houses of Transhumant Euro-Newfoundlanders
While the nineteenth century transformed North America through explosive growth
in industrialization and consumerism, growth in Newfoundland, one of Europe’s
oldest overseas colonies, was constrained by its harsh climate. Much like in
centuries earlier, industrial-era Newfoundlanders continued to rely on its one fickle
and seasonal resource – cod. To mitigate the erratic nature of this aquatic mono-
crop, many rural Euro-Newfoundlanders participated in a form of transhumance
spending up to six or seven months of the island’s longest and harshest season in
isolated “winter houses” where they lived off the land while harvesting lumber.
Despite their seeming remoteness, the residents of these winter houses still had to
negotiate the market forces of the larger capitalist world. This paper explores the
material culture associated with these winter houses and discusses the manner and
ways its meaning was transformed in response to poverty, isolation, and market
capitalism.
[GEN-015] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Nina Versaggi (Public Archaeology Facility-Binghamton University) – see [SYM-120]

Michael Jacobson

Emma Verstraete (Lindenwood University)

Looking Through the Glass: Identification and Analysis of Glass Bottles
Recovered from a Campus Trash Dump
Since its establishment in 1827, Lindenwood University has been a central location
for educating young women. Modern-day excavations of an historic campus trash
dump have yielded a selection of glass bottles and bottle shards that can be
identified for their cosmetic, medicinal, and educational applications for the girls
who attended the university during the early twentieth century. Socio-economic
information, such as the place of origin and price of the bottles’ contents, will
contribute to the growing conversation about the daily lives of young women at the
turn of the century in a broader fashion than can typically be found at an individual
site.
[GEN-018] – Directors Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Megan R. Victor (The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia)

Preserving the Peripheries and Excavating at the Edges: An Examination of
the Drinking Spaces at Two Protected Frontier Sites
Frontier spaces are busy, dynamic zones of meeting, and change, yet often in the
realm of research and preservation, these locales are given peripheral attention in
favor of more well-established metropoles. I examine two sites: Smuttynose Island,
in the Isles of Shoals, Maine, and Highland City, Montana. Thanks to the efforts of
the Smuttynose Island Steward Program and the United States Forest Service
(especially the Passport in Time Program), these two frontier resource-extraction
communities have been preserved and protected. Through them, I have been able to

377
undertake archaeological excavations to examine the actions of frontier inhabitants.
Using the framework of informal economy, trade networks, social negotiation, and
commensal politics, I examine the drinking spaces found at both sites and argue
that the processes at work within frontier communities driven by natural resources
are the same, whether the site is a 17th century fishing establishment or a 19th
century mining town.
[GEN-015] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Flora Vilches (Universidad de Chile, Chile), Lorena Sanhueza (Universidad de Chile,

Chile), Cristina Garrido (Universidad de Tarapacá, Chile), Cecilia Sanhueza
(Independent scholar, Chile), Ulises Cárdenas (Colegio de Antropólogos de Chile),
Daniela Baudet (Independent Scholar, Chile)
Capitalist Expansion and Identity in the Oasis of San Pedro de Atacama, 1880-
1980: An Interdisciplinary Approach
In the second half of the 19th Century Chile began a period of profound change
resulting from the expansion of the mining industry and increasing investment by
large private capital interests. Only a few decades later, the subsistence mode of
indigenous Atacameño society, in the far north, was profoundly transformed from
an essentially agricultural-pastoral economy to a more diversified capitalist-based
one. In this poster we present the results of interdisciplinary research on four
subsistence strategies incorporated by the Atacameño society in the oases of San
Pedro de Atacama: salt mining, sulfur mining, arrieraje (cattle driving), and llareta
extraction. The archaeological record along with documentary sources and oral
history contribute to understand the specific processes of cultural transformation
and integration that occurred in the locality between 1880 and 1980, most
importantly, its impact on the construction of Atacameño identity.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Jose Villanueva (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico) – see [SYM-

295] Dorian Burnette

Susan Villerot (Wayne State University), Samantha Ellens (Wayne State University),
Don Adzigian (Wayne State University)
Interpreting the Sherds: Ceramic Consumption Practices in a Nineteenth
Century Detroit Riverfront Neighborhood.
Following the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, Detroit became an emerging urban
and industrial center. During the early-mid 19th century, private homes, hotels,
manufacturers, and grocery stores densely populated the neighborhood along the
Detroit River. Over 19,000 artifacts from this waterfront neighborhood were
recovered in 1973-74, during the construction of the Renaissance Center, within a
9-city block area. The Renaissance Center Collection ceramics tell a rich story of
various social classes and ethnicities living in close proximity during Detroit’s
transformation into a metropolis. This poster presents a comparative analysis of
ceramic assemblages from 5 features within a portion of this neighborhood. A

378
minimum number of vessel count aids in understanding the trends in ceramics use,
comparing these with other consumption patterns and functions of place within the
diverse neighborhood. The results allow a broader discussion of the scope and
significance of the ceramics market in early urban Detroit.
[POS-5] – Regency Ballroom; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Matthew R. Virta (National Park Service)

National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 Archeology Contributions:
Successes (and Shortcomings) in Unexpected Situations at Two Historic Sites
of the George Washington Memorial Parkway
Archeological investigations conducted to identify historic properties as part of
compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act often yield
additional information to benefit the resources and the undertaking. Case studies
from two National Park Service sites, Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial
(ARHO) and Glen Echo Park (GLEC), both under the administration of the George
Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP), provide examples from unexpected
situations during project implementation. A late change in location for installation
of utilities into the circa 1803 North Dependency/Slave Quarters at ARHO and
unforeseen conditions during subfloor excavations for renovations of the circa 1914
Yellow Barn at GLEC necessitated archeological investigations by GWMP personnel.
The findings resulted in unanticipated discoveries that altered project design plans
and augmented site histories and interpretive opportunities
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ray von Wandruszka (University of Idaho) – see [SYM-34] Kristine Madsen

Clare M. Votaw (Lindenwood University), Brianna L. Patterson (University of West

Florida)
Artifact Revelations on the Guthrie Homestead
The Guthrie family first came to America from Ireland around 1720 and settled in
St. Charles County, Missouri in 1816. The family owned many acres of land, which
they passed down through the generations. Archaeological work on the Guthrie
Farmstead commenced due to impending impact on the property for housing
development. A cultural resource management company conducted thorough and
extensive work on the farmstead, which revealed a homestead site (23SC1041) on
the property. The site was a complete homestead that included a house, several
barns and smaller outbuildings, and a summer kitchen. Documents suggested that
the summer kitchen was previously slave quarters, but the artifacts recovered did
not confirm this conclusion. This paper delves into the discrepancies that exist
between documentation and physical evidence at this site, and attempts to craft an
explanation for these differences.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

379
Kristen A. Walczesky (University of Florida)
A Comparative Examination of the Dietary Practices of British and French
Occupants of New France.
The examination of faunal remains from archaeological sites provides a wealth of
information pertaining to the diets of past peoples and comparative analyses allow
for an in-depth understanding of similarities and differences that occur amongst
sites. This research focuses on the comparative analysis of faunal data from a
variety of sites located in and around Québec City. Data from a privy associated with
the French (1720s-1760) and English (1760-1775) occupations of the second
Intendant’s Palace in Québec City, the later 1780-1820s British use of a privy
associated with the Intendant’s palace, the early (1720-1731) and late (1720-1731)
French occupation of the New Farm site—located on Geese Island outside of Québec
City—and various French and British household and yard contexts from the Fort
Michilimackinac site provide the basis for this comparative analysis of French and
British diets in New France.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Diana diZerega Wall (CCNY, CUNY) – see [SYM-109] Nan A. Rothschild

Diana diZerega Wall (The City College of New York), Nan. A. Rothschild (Columbia
University), Cynthia R. Copeland (New York University), Herbert Seignoret (Hunter
College, CUNY)
Whither Seneca Village?
From its inception in 1997, the Seneca Village Project has been dedicated to the
study of this 19th-century African-American community located in today’s Central
Park in New York City. We made this long-term commitment because of the
important contribution that we think the project can make to the larger narrative of
the US experience. Seneca Village belies the conventional wisdom that there were
few Africans in the north before the great migration of the 20th century, and that,
before national emancipation, those few were enslaved. In fact, Seneca Villagers
were free blacks, and many were members of the black middle class. Having
finished excavation and analysis, we are now considering ways in which we can use
our knowledge of Seneca Village for public education, through such venues as
books, curricula, and exhibits. We are also exploring ways that the community can
be memorialized, so that it will not be forgotten.
[GEN-001] – Diplomat Room; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Emily R. Walter (The Louis Berger Group), Greg Katz (The Louis Berger Group)
Digging for the War of 1812 in Patterson Park, Baltimore
When the British threatened Baltimore in 1814, the citizens did not panic or
surrender. Instead, with the help of militia from all over Maryland and beyond, they
rushed to reinforce their city’s defenses with earthworks and whatever artillery
could be scavenged. The anchor of the defense was high ground known as

380
Hampstead Hill. While most of the city’s defenses have disappeared under its
expanding neighborhoods, a section on Hampstead Hill survived because it was
preserved in what became Patterson Park. As the 200th anniversary of the Battle of
Baltimore approached, Baltimore Heritage, Inc. put together a research program
and funding, and Louis Berger with the help of ASM and the MHT was able to
undertake several weeks of archaeological investigation of the park. In this talk the
history of Hampstead Hill will be reviewed, along with the results of the
archaeological investigation in 2014.
[SYM-39] – Ambassador Ballroom; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Robert W. Wanner (EAC/A) – see [SYM-330] Bryce A. Davenport

Robert W. Wanner (EAC/A), Jane I. Seiter (EAC/A, Oxford Tree-Ring Laboratory)

Excavations at Historic Neelsville: life as a tenant blacksmith
From 2014 to 2015, excavations within the historic crossroads town of Neelsville in
Montgomery County, Maryland, now a residential neighborhood, revealed a
complex of features including a structure with a stone foundation. Initially
identified as a blacksmith shop based on historic research, the structure was later
revealed to be an adjacent domestic structure, presumably where the blacksmith
and his family lived. A nearby sheet midden showed evidence of shared usage
between the household, the blacksmith shop, and a school on the next property.
The interpretation of the site, a location between domestic, industrial, and even
educational spaces, provided an interesting case study of the limitations of our
system of classifying sites primarily by function. In the end, a landscape-based
study of the entire crossroads community and the interface between these different
functional spheres proved more revealing than a narrower site-based analysis
focusing on smithing activity alone.
[SYM-354] – Blue Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Dallas C. Ward (Museum of Texas Tech University) – see [GEN-005] Stance Hurst

Roger Warden (Battle of the Atlantic Research and Expedition Group)

Identification of the “Cape Hatteras Mystery Wreck”
Roughly a mile-and-a-half from Diamond Shoals Light Tower off North Carolina's
Outer Banks lie the broken remains of an unidentified ship resting on the sand at a
depth of 150 feet. For two years, members of the Battle of the Atlantic Research and
Expedition Group have researched this vessel, both in the archives and in the water.
Is it, as theorized, the wreck of the Panamanian tanker Olympic, possibly sunk in
early 1942 by U-66 during the opening phase of Operation Drumbeat, the German
U-boat offensive on the US East Coast? Or is this wreck the re-flagged Dutch tanker
SS Merak, which was sunk in 1918 by the German submarine U-140 in the little-
known World War I U-boat offensive on the US East Coast? A third possibility is that
these are the remains of a steamship that simply wrecked near the Diamond Shoals

381
in peacetime. This paper will outline the results of the Group’s investigation of the
Mystery Wreck.
[SYM-32] – Executive Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Mark Warner (University of Idaho) – see [SYM-91] Mary Petrich-Guy

Mark S. Warner (University of Idaho)

“A WEAK MAN can now cure himself…” Exploring Sandpoint, Idaho Brothels as
Alternative Venues for Treatment of “Private Diseases of Men” – and other
afflictions.
Archaeological excavations of two brothels in the north Idaho town of Sandpoint
resulted in the recovery of approximately 100,000 artifacts. The artifacts told rich
stories of daily life in brothels yet the materials also provided an opportunity some
of the ancillary aspects of the relationship between prostitutes and the men who
visit them. Specifically, this work addresses the role of prostitutes in the treatment
of some "private diseases," arguing that in addition to being a locale for sex,
brothels and the women who worked in them were also an alternative resource for
the treatment of venereal diseases and/or impotence.
[SYM-68] Blue Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Daniel Warren (C & C Technologies, Inc.) –see [SYM-94b] Robert Church

Daniel Warren (C&C Technologies, Inc.) – see [SYM-94b] Robert Westrick

Justin A. Warrenfeltz (Fiske Center, UMass Boston) – see [POS-1] David B. Landon

Sarah Watkins-Kenney (North Carolina Department Cultural Resources)

Corrosion Monitoring and Preservation in Situ of Large Iron Artifacts at the
Queen Anne’s Revenge Shipwreck site
At North Carolina state archaeological site 31CR314 (Queen Anne’s Revenge), the
overall conservation management strategy is full excavation and recovery of all
artifacts. Preservation and protection of artifacts in situ is, however, needed as long
as they remain on site. Research on in situ monitoring and preservation of large
iron artifacts (cannon and anchors) began in 2008. With funding provided by a Mini
North Carolina Sea Grant further data was collected in 2012-2013 for eight cannon
and one anchor at the site. This paper presents and discusses results for analysis of
data collected for large iron artifacts at the site since 2008, including calculation of
corrosion rates, and corrosion indicators. Analysis of the data appears to indicate
that attachment of sacrificial anodes to cannon and anchors at the QAR site has
helped to improve the stability of these corroding artifacts.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Katharine J. Watson (Underground Overground Archaeology Ltd, New Zealand)

Christchurch: The Most English of New Zealand's Cities?

382
Established by the Canterbury Association in 1850, Christchurch, New Zealand, has
long been regarded as the most English of New Zealand's cities. This sobriquet -
sometimes meant positively, but often used negatively - has been based in large
part on the city's appearance. Curiously, however, the validity of this assumption
has never really been tested, and certainly has not been tested using archaeological
data. The volume of archaeological work in Christchurch since the 2011
earthquakes - 2000 sites recorded, and counting - provides an unprecedented
opportunity to examine the city's identity, English or otherwise. This paper draws
on one element of Christchurch's appearance - 19th century houses recorded as a
result of the earthquakes - to consider just how English the city is.
[SYM-59a] – Congressional B; Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Margaret S. Watters (Visual Environment Solutions, LLC)

Parker's Revenge - a Running Battle: First Day of the Revolutionary War,
Minute Man National Historical Park
April 19, 1775, at the border of Lexington and Lincoln in Massachusetts, Captain
John Parker and the Lexington Militia met the British Regular troops as they
retreated to Boston following the exchange of fire that marked the start of the
Revolutionary War at Concord’s North Bridge. The Parker’s Revenge Project seeks
to determine the location of the Parker’s Revenge battle through an innovative
approach to funding, research, and public engagement. Funded by the Friends of the
Minute Man National Park, the project works closely with local, State, and Federal
agencies, engaging dedicated volunteers in every component of the work.
Integrated research methods provide a diverse set of data for KOKOA analysis and
battlefield interpretation. This paper presents how step by step, the investigative
methods enabled the site to reveal evidence that tells the story of Parker’s Revenge
and the bravery of the men that fought that day.
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Gordon Watts (Tidewater Atlantic Research) – see [SYM-151a] Stephen James

Gordon Watts (Tidewater Atlantic Research Inc.), Martin Dean (Tidewater Atlantic
Research Inc.)
CSS Georgia And Research That Preceded Mitigation
The Savannah District USACE and the Georgia Ports Authority are partnering to
deepen and widen various portions of the Savannah River. As part of the associated
permitting process, numerous archaeological investigations have been carried out
by the District. A series of investigations of the remains of the ironclad CSS Georgia
began following dredge impacts to the wreck in 1968. The following year Navy
divers carried out an initial assessment of the wreck and in 1979 archaeologists
from Texas A&M University worked with the District to generate additional insight.
In 1986, District divers recovered ordnance from the wreck. Following an extensive
survey carried out in 2003 by Panamerican Consultants and Tidewater Atlantic
Research, those companies worked with Scotland based Advanced Underwater

383
Surveys to carry out an ultra-high definition multi-beam sonar survey in 2013.
Information from the 2003 and 2013 surveys generated data necessary to plan and
conduct mitigation operations in 2015.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Brendan J. M. Weaver (Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland; Vanderbilt

University)
Political Economy, Praxis, and Aesthetics: The Institutions of Slavery and
Hacienda at the Jesuit Vineyards of Nasca, Peru
At the time of its expulsion from the Spanish Empire in 1767, the Society of Jesus
was among the largest slaveholders in the Americas. The two Jesuit Nasca estates
(San Joseph and San Xavier) were their largest and most profitable Peruvian
vineyards, worked by nearly 600 slaves of sub-Saharan origin. Their haciendas and
annex properties throughout the Nasca valleys established agroindustrial
hegemony in the region. This paper explores the political and economic dynamics
among enslaved subjects on these 17th and 18th century estates through a
consideration of the day-to-day. An approximation of the quotidian specifies the
local conditions of coercive colonial institutions within an emerging global
economy. Such a consideration for the political economy of the institutions of
slavery and the hacienda is enhanced through an aesthetic approach to power and
enslaved praxis, probing the dynamic construction of meaning and hierarchy within
enslaved communities through both strategic and habitual practices.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Karen Bellinger Wehner (The Time Tribe, LLC, DigVentures Ltd)

Not Just Fun and Games: Hacking Archaeology Education
21st-century communication technologies bridge previously unimaginable spatial,
cultural, and ideological gaps, without providing young learners with the rational
and emotional tools they need to participate in a global society. With its
multicultural perspective on the human condition across time and space, historical
archaeology is uniquely equipped to fill this void. But the current state of public
education ensures that today’s youth are unlikely to get that opportunity, unless we
bring it directly to them, in a familiar form they are eager to engage with.
Using the example of The Time Tribe, a Scholastic and Parents’ Choice award-
winning video The Pgame that invites players to engage with human history and
world cultures on their own terms, this multimedia poster uses print, video, and a
playable videogame to promote the case for a standards-linked, game-based
introduction to historical archaeology for middle schoolers, in classrooms and
anywhere kids reach for electronic devices.
[POS-1] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.

Delfin A. Weis (Southern Methodist University)

384
The Children's Frontier: The Relationship Between the American Frontier
Perspective and the Material Culture of Children
The cultural perspective that developed out of the American West during the
expansionary period (1850-1900) is viewed as the product of adults.
Characteristics of independence, self-reliance, and gender-role relaxation defined
the western individual and group. While the physical and social frontier impacted
the adult, their cultural perspective was closely linked to the eastern United States.
In contrast, children of the frontier matured in an environment that was at odds
with eastern ideologies. Recent analysis of childhood artifacts at Fort Garland
(5CT46) and Teller (5ML29) in Colorado demonstrates that children negotiated the
tension between the eastern ideologies of their parents and the realities of the
frontier. Despite the efforts of parents to instill eastern culture in their children, the
children of the West were products of their environment. Rather than passive
recipients of culture, children actively contributed to the development of the
frontier cultural perspective.
[SYM-97] – Committee Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Matthew Victor Weiss (AllStar Ecology, LLC) – see [GEN-008] Charity M. Moore

Matthew Victor Weiss (AllStar Ecology, LLC), Ronald L. Collins (AllStar Ecology, LLC)
Unearthing Narratives from an Appalachian Hollow: The Benefits of
Environmental Mitigation Banking in Cultural Resource Management
Since the creation of the National Historic Preservation Act, a pairing has developed
between environmental and cultural resource management. Wetland and stream
mitigation banking is a common way to offset the environmental impacts of
activities permitted under the Clean Water Act. These projects are intended to
create or enhance aquatic resources in order to offset impacts within the same
geographic region. Their location within perpetual conservation easements and
need for Section 106 review can lead to the discovery and preservation of
archaeological sites. However, while environmental restoration is driven by
financial opportunity, there are no financial drivers for archaeological preservation.
This poster will examine how recent fieldwork at a mitigation bank led to the
reconstruction of local events and family narratives across a West Virginia hollow
and will call for policies which provide similar financial incentives for the
preservation of cultural resources within conservation easements.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Benjamin C. Wells (Florida Public Archaeology Network)

Tannic Planet: The Development of a Maritime Heritage Trail on a Blackwater
River
With its headwaters in Alabama and terminus in Blackwater Bay, the Blackwater
River is the major river of Santa Rosa County, Florida. For centuries this river has
played an integral role in the development of northwest Florida as the primary
avenue for transporting resources, goods, and people in and out of the interior of

385
this area. In 2013 the Bagdad Waterfronts Florida Partnership, Inc., contacted
Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) Northwest Region office seeking
assistance in developing a heritage outreach program distinct to and representative
of the local waterfront communities. A maritime heritage trail was envisioned to
present the river’s archaeological and historical sites, both on land and underwater.
The focus of master’s thesis research, the Blackwater Maritime Heritage Trail
encompasses a 4.1 miles stretch of the river, promoting local heritage and laying a
framework for future trail development and expansion.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Joshua J. Wells (Indiana University South Bend) – see [GEN-008] R. Carl DeMuth

Joshua J. Wells (Indiana University South Bend), Robert Carl DeMuth (Indiana
University South Bend), Kelsey Noack Myers (Indiana University South Bend), Stephen
J. Yerka (Indiana University South Bend), David G. Anderson (Indiana University South
Bend), Eric Kansa (Indiana University South Bend), Sarah W. Kansa
(Indiana University South Bend)
The Big Data History of Archaeology: How Site Definitions and Linked Open
Data Practices are Transforming our Understanding of the Historical Past
This paper examines big data patterns of historic archaeological site definitions and
distributions across several temporal and behavioral vectors. The Digital Index of
North American Archaeology (DINAA) provides publicly free and open data
interoperability and linkage features for archaeological information resources. In
2015, DINAA had integrated fifteen US state archaeological databases, containing
information about 0.5 million archaeological resources, as a linked open data
network of digital repositories, artifact collections, textual resources, and other
science and humanities information sets. Informed queries of DINAA can help us
consider relationships of historic sites across spatiotemporal divides, cultural and
behavioral categories, and disciplinary taxonomies through a bridging ontological
system which can be openly expanded or edited by interested practitioners. DINAA
does not contain sensitive site details, and data are rendered in a grainy (ca. 20-
km2) tile grid. Informative query results can be exported or linked to other systems
through stable web identifiers.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Jesse A. West-Rosenthal (Temple University)

“Washington Began To Make The Highways Around Philadelphia So Unsafe
With Parties From His Fortified Camp:” The Strategic Importance Of The
Valley Forge Winter Encampment—A Historical, Archaeological, And
Landscape Perspective
The now infamous site of the Valley Forge winter encampment consists of the
location where roughly 12,000 soldiers of the Continental Army camped during the
winter of 1777-1778. Valley Forge is located just twenty miles northwest of
Philadelphia. This position enabled the Continental Army to be close enough to the

386
city to maintain pressure on the occupying British forces as well as being far enough
away in a high-ground position just outside the city to avoid the immediate threat of
attack. Located in a natural limestone sink and on rolling farm fields, Valley Forge
was a prime position. Using the accounts of British activities during the occupation
of Philadelphia by Captain Johann Ewald, this paper will examine the archaeology
and the landscape of the Valley Forge winter encampment to understand why the
decision to encamp at Valley Forge was so important for the survival of the
Continental Army.
[SYM-398] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m .

V. Camille Westmont (University of Maryland) and Mikaela Girard (University of

Maryland)
Confronting Uncomfortable Pasts: Gender and Domestic Violence in
Pennsylvania Company Towns, 1850 to Present
Historical archaeology has an opportunity to tell histories that have been obscured,
overlooked, or forgotten, purposefully or otherwise, through the passage of time;
however, some of these facets of the past continue to ring true in the present.
Archaeologists from the University of Maryland have documented patterns and
stories of domestic violence in small company “patch” towns in Northeastern
Pennsylvania’s Anthracite coal region covering nearly 100 years of history. Oral
histories with town residents have brought to the surface the daily structural
violence men, women, and children navigated throughout their lives, and the
Anthracite Heritage Project has uncovered an archaeological record that supports
and, in some cases, elaborates on these stories. This paper explores two of these
specific instances and opens a larger discussion of the role of historical
archaeologists in addressing our societal ills of the past and our duty to demand
change in the present.
[GEN-019] – Senate Room; Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Robert Westrick (C&C Technologies, Inc.), Daniel Warren (C&C Technologies, Inc.),
Robert Church (C&C Technologies, Inc.)
Anona: Historical and Archaeological Evidence of Re-Purposing of an Early
20th Century Steam Yacht.
In 1904, an elegant state-of-the-art steam yacht, Anona, rolled off the ways at
George Lawley’s Massachusetts shipyard. Built for entrepreneur and adventurer
Paul J. Rainey, Anona reflected the richness and flamboyance of the pre-World War I
era. Sold to Theodore Buhl in 1907, Anona remained a symbol of the extravagance
and privilege of the period. After Buhl’s death, Anona began a 40-year transition
that would change it from a luxury yacht of a rich industrialist to a produce freighter
carrying potatoes for the Pan-American Banana Producers Association. The Anona
shipwreck site provides a unique opportunity to use historical data and
archaeological findings to illustrate the re-purposing of this early 20th century
steam yacht from posh to potatoes.
[SYM-94b] – Governor’s Board Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

387
Robin S. Wharton (Georgia State University) – see [SYM-91] Robert C. Bryant

Derek Wheeler (Thomas Jefferson Foundation) – see [SYM-295] Beatrix Arendt

Kathleen L. Wheeler (Independent Archaeological Consulting, LLC) – see [POS-4]

Megan K. Kleeschulte

Kathleen L. Wheeler (Independent Archaeological Consulting, LLC), Thomas A. Crist

(Utica College), Mihai Constantinescu (“Francisc I. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology,
Bucharest, Romania), Andrei Soficaru (“Francisc I. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology,
Bucharest, Romania)
Bioarchaeological Evidence of the African Diaspora in Renaissance Romania
Little documentary or archaeological information currently exists regarding the
presence of people of African descent in Eastern Europe during the historical
period. Known to have arrived in Europe with the Romans, free and enslaved
Africans were common members of European society by the advent of the
Renaissance, especially in the Moorish territories and the Ottoman Empire. In 1952,
archaeologists recovered a set of partial remains of 30-35-year-old man during
excavations of an Orthodox Church cemetery located near the citadel of Suceava
(the capital of Moldavia from 1388 to 1565), in northeastern Romania.
Morphological and statistical analyses of his bones indicate that he was most likely
of African descent. Buried between ca. 1500-1525, this man’s skeleton represents
the first evidence of Africans living in this part of Europe at the turn of the sixteenth
century, reflecting the breadth of the African Diaspora at a time of increasing cross-
cultural interactions and intercontinental travel.
[POS-4] – Regency Ballroom; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Esther C. White (George Washington's Mount Vernon) – see [SYM-202] Molly H. Kerr

Esther C. White (George Washington's Mount Vernon), Anna S. Agbe-Davies

(University North Carolina, Chapel Hill)
Sharing The Wealth: Crowd Sourcing Texts And Artifacts
Historical archaeological studies have always relied upon statistically valid datasets
for quantitative analyses and often required that archaeologists wade through
volumes of text for clues to a site’s historical context. The digital age allows for the
collection of these data in a variety of ways including gathering primary sources
through crowd sourcing – multiple users, often from a diversity of sites or
backgrounds, compiling data into a central repository. This paper explores the
utility of crowd sourcing in historical archaeology through an examination of two
projects, transcription of ledgers and store accounts by university classes and a
state-society’s attempt to crowd source data about three artifact classes (projectile
points, wine bottle seals and tobacco pipe maker’s marks) using web based
catalogues. Methodological and theoretical challenges to crowd sourcing data,

388
compiling, proofing and editing crowd sourced items and the utility of using these
raw materials are addressed.
[SYM-202] – Senate Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.

Paul J. White (University of Alaska Anchorage)

Post-1800 Mining Camps, Redux: A Reappraisal at Age 50
Mining camps are certainly a minor one of the kinds of historic sites with which we are
occasionally concerned. So began Franklin Fenenga’s prospectus for an archaeology
of mining that appeared in the inaugural issue of our journal in 1967. Fenenga went
on to identify areas where archaeology stood to make notable contributions and
topics where archaeological attention promised only limited yields. Investigations
of the mining industry had been sporadic at the time of Fenenga’s article, but
archaeological engagement increased significantly with the passage of the National
Historic Preservation Act. This paper reviews the directions that archaeological
research on American mining sites has subsequently taken, and much of which has
been informed by the NHPA context. In addition to identifying areas where
Fenenga’s predictions have held true, this paper identifies topics predicted but not
taken and research themes that Fenenga had not foreseen.
[SYM-29] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Rebecca L. White (AECOM), Meta F. Janowitz (AECOM)

“Everybody Knows Remmey:” Analysis of a Stoneware Kiln Waste Deposit
Recovered along I-95 in Philadelphia.
The Remmey family is known for the distinctive blue decorated salt-glazed
stoneware they produced at potteries in New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia
during the 18th and 19th centuries. From the 1870s through 1910 the Remmeys
manufactured fire brick and chemical stoneware at their large pottery in the
Kensington section of Philadelphia. Excavations in advance of construction for the I-
95 project in Philadelphia exposed an isolated stoneware waster dump associated
with the Remmey manufacturing site. The fragments recovered from this dump are
providing information on the vessel forms produced and the kiln furniture utilized
during the period when the potters were beginning to expand their range of
production from exclusively domestic wares to industrial ceramics.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

William A. White III (University of Arizona)

Creating Space for a Place: The River Street Public Archaeology Project
Community-based public archaeology projects seek to reclaim aspects of the past
while addressing the needs and concerns of local communities. Sometimes this
work places archaeologists in a position where we are forced to tack between the
desire to conduct original research and the need to simultaneously navigate
complex economic, social, and political constructs. All of this takes place in spaces,
geographic, systemic, and paradigmatic, that both constrain and enable
archaeological research.

389
The River Street Public Archaeology Project in Boise, Idaho is a perfect example of
how local media, historic preservationists, archaeology advocates, and a
constellation of educational and government organizations articulated in an
attempt to reclaim the unwritten past of a multi-racial neighborhood. The 2015
field season can be used as a case study in how political and economic spaces
construct and demarcate the use of geographic space and how archaeological data
production can transcend limitations.
[SYM-191] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Hunter W. Whitehead (University of West Florida), Nicole O. Mauro (University of

West Florida)
An Initial Site Assessment of Submerged Naval Aircraft off the Coast of
Pensacola, Florida
Known locally as the U.S. Navy's ‘Cradle of Aviation’, the Naval Air Station in
Pensacola, Florida has been a fundamental training ground for U.S. naval aviation
since the beginning of the 20th century. During World War II, the U.S. Navy was
eager to train as many young pilots as possible. Many of those inexperienced pilots
were quickly processed through an accelerated flight-training program. Often
aircraft would be lost during training missions and left to sink in the Gulf of Mexico.
Available naval reports provide the authors with basic contextual information
however, no scientific documentation of submerged aircraft in this area has been
done. This paper presents the initial steps undertaken to recognize site formation
processes of submerged aircraft in the Gulf of Mexico. Through the use of
photogrammetry, annual site assessments will allow local archaeologists to monitor
the degradation, and set a precedent for future researchers working in the area.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Mike Whitehead (Indiana University of Pennsylvania), Ben Ford (Indiana University of

Pennsylvania)
New Data from the Great Meadows: Geophysical and Archaeological
Investigations at Fort Necessity National Battlefield
Fort Necessity National Battlefield marks the location of the July 3, 1754
engagement between British and Colonial forces led by Lt. Col. George Washington
and a force of French soldiers and allied Native Americans. The day-long battle took
place within the Great Meadows, a natural clearing chosen by Washington to
centralize supplies and livestock while clearing a road westward through the
Allegheny Mountains. A hastily fortified storehouse referred to as a “fort of
necessity” was ultimately surrendered to the French in what is now considered a
prelude to the French and Indian War. The results of recent geophysical and
archaeological investigations in the Great Meadows are discussed; conducted to
search for historic features relating to the 1754 expedition and ensuing battle,
including encampment remains and fortification outworks. This paper also
discusses the applicability of a deductive approach to archaeo-geophysical research
design at historic fort and battlefield sites.

390
[SYM-40] Calvert Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Kristina L. Whitney (University of New Mexico)

Origins and Construction Techniques of Historic Flat-Backed Canteens
In the 19th century, ethnographers documented numerous Pueblo groups
throughout the American Southwest making and using ceramic flat-backed
canteens. These canteens pose unique manufacturing issues due to their shape: they
are symmetrical along only one axis due to one flat and one bulbous side, and the
closed rim is parallel to the flat side, not perpendicular as is usual. They are also
extremely similar in shape to large European canteens, and thus can offer insight to
the complex relationships between the Spanish and Native American groups during
and after the entradas. This research investigates the origin of the flat-backed
canteen shape in Arizona and New Mexico while also examining multiple methods
for its construction. While most of the canteens for this study come from museum
collections, data has been collected on vessels ranging from the 16th through the
20th centuries, with selected canteens from Gran Quivira providing very useful
information.
[GEN-020] – Diplomat Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Erin N. Whitson (Binghamton University), Rebekah Montgomery (Binghamton

University), Zachary Critchley (Binghamton University)
Popular Plates, Personal Traits: The Biry House and a Ceramic Analysis from
Castroville, Texas
The 1840’s witnessed an influx of immigrants flocking into the United States in
search of economic opportunity and stability. The Biry family, along with several
other Alsatian families, followed suit in 1844. They established the town of
Castroville, Texas and continue to celebrate their Alsatian heritage today. While
they did find opportunities within Texas, they were also forced to engage in
negotiations of national, ethnic, and class identities. This paper reflects on these
negotiations by looking at the ceramic component of the Biry family property. With
ceramics from about the turn of the twentieth century, we explore themes tied to
class, ethnicity, gender and consumerism. We aim to better understand how one
family, within a community of immigrants, participated in larger consumer patterns
and sociopolitical systems. The key point of this paper will be to address how the
Biry’s mediated tensions between the forces of heritage and nationalism.
[GEN-015] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Ralph Wilbanks (Diversified Wilbanks) – see [SYM-151a] Joshua A. Daniel

Kenneth Wild (Virgin Islands National Park, Virgin Islands)

Archeology and Public Education: Uncovering the Stories of the Virgin Islands
National Park
The Virgin Islands National Park encompasses over half of the island of St. John
hundreds of acres of submerged lands, and most of Hassel Island located in the

391
harbor of St. Thomas. Within the park's boundaries are prehistoric sites along every
beach, and hundreds of historic structures that make up a complex landscape of
archaeological sites that date from the 840 BCE through the 19th century. Sites
include over a hundred plantations, fortifications, epidemic hospitals, battlefields,
and maritime sites such as shipwrecks coaling stations and marine slipways. Over
the last eighteen years the Virgin Islands National Park has partnered with many
Universities, non-profit organizations and the community in its efforts to grasp a
greater understanding of these resources, their preservation, and educational
opportunities. This paper highlights these partnerships, the development of an
archeological education center, and this complex landscape with historic stories
that help shape and preserve the island's heritage.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing (Independent Scholar) – see [SYM-47] Linda F. Carnes-

McNaughton

Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing (NC Underwater Archaeology Branch), David J. Bernstein

(Geodynamics), Chris W. Freeman (Geodynamics), Benjamin J. Sumners (Geodynamics)
Shallow Water Hydrographic surveys in support of archaeological site
preservation: Queen Anne’s Revenge Wreck Site, North Carolina
In 2006, the NC Department of Cultural Resources/Underwater Archaeology Branch
and the US Army Corps of Engineers undertook an experimental project by placing
a mound ofdredge spoil sediments on the updrift side of the Queen Anne’s Revenge
shipwreck site. This experiment was designed to promote site preservation and
decrease exposure of subaqueous cultural artifacts. A series of high-resolution
multibeam sonar surveys were conducted to quantify and monitor the morphology
of the sediment mound and it’s interaction with the wreck site. After each survey, a
spatio-temporal assessment was performed using modern GIS techniques. Over the
course of five years, the sediment mound dispersed gradually to the wreck site,
reducing the erosional trend at the site and protecting the remaining artifacts.
Hydrographic surveys carried out for the experimental sediment mound project
proved instrumental in understanding the effectiveness of this preservation
technique for shipwreck artifacts lying in an energetic coastal environment.
[GEN-011] – Governor’s Board Room; Saturday, 8:30 a.m. – 11: 45 a.m.

Shevan E. Wilkin (University of West Florida)

Using Historic Archaeology To Uncover Previously Ignored Collections
In 1891 George Dorsey conducted excavations Ancon, Peru, as archaeology was still
a fledgeling discipline, and his conclusions reflect his naïveté of modern field
methods to come. He assessed that the remains derived from one community, and
classified the burials as elite/non-elite. From what we know today, there were two
distinct time periods, between which mortuary practices and material culture
changed dramatically. The collection has been repeatedly ignored due to the
theorized disappearance of Dorsey’s field notes, and the inability to temporally

392
separate the populations from each other has severely hindered comparative
questions. After an extensive search, I have located and transcribed the field notes,
and from these papers, it is possible to determine which individuals lived during
each of the two disparate time periods. Publishing this information will allow future
researchers the opportunity to explore the complex differences between the two
temporal populations at Ancon.
[GEN-017] – Committee Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m.

Andrew P. Wilkins (Louis Berger), John Bedell (Louis Berger)

Eighteenth-Century Life Along Delaware’s Cart Roads: The Noxon Tenancy
On behalf of the Delaware Department of Transportation, The Louis Berger Group
completed an archaeological data recovery at the Noxon Tenancy, a circa 1740 to
1770 domestic site in St. Georges Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware. The site
was part of the Noxon’s Adventure parcel, patented in 1734 and owned by two
generations of the Noxon family. However, the Noxons did not reside on the
property, and site was likely a tenant-occupied farm. Phase III test unit and feature
excavations yielded a large assemblage of over 7,000 artifacts, the analysis of which
allows for the interpretation of site chronology, domestic economy, trade, and
foodways in the Delaware coastal plain region. Comparative analysis of the Noxon
Tenancy site with other sites in the region allows for a discussion of how the unique
social space occupied by mid-eighteenth-century tenants farming along the cart
roads of Delaware lived within a larger historical context.
[SYM-105a] – Embassy Room; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.

Andrew Willard (University of West Florida) – see [POS-2] Stephen Atkinson

Courtney M. Williams (University of Massachusetts Boston), David B. Landon

(University of Massachusetts Boston), Stephen W. Silliman, (University of
Massachusetts Boston)
Evaluating Environments and Economies: A Comprehensive
Zooarchaeological Study of the Eastern Pequot
Faunal remains were recovered from five household sites, dating from the mid-18th
to mid-19th centuries, on the Eastern Pequot reservation in North Stonington,
Connecticut. Results from ongoing analyses indicate the residents’ incorporations of
European-introduced practices and resources with traditional subsistence
practices. Each site yielded a shifting mixture of faunal remains from domesticated
and wild species. Over the course of the 18th century, the residents came to rely on
European-introduced domesticated animals, off-reservation employment,
connections to the coast, and local trade for English goods, but all the while, into the
mid-19th century, archaeological evidence suggests residents continued the use of
locally-available foods such as shellfish, fish, birds, and deer. By examining
synchronic and diachronic variations in vertebrate use across sites, this study seeks
to provide a comprehensive perspective of the Eastern Pequot’s changing

393
environments, economies, and cultural negotiations throughout the reservation
period.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Emily Williams (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

“A Sadness in Our Circle”: Charting the Emotional Response to Norfolk’s 1855
Yellow Fever Epidemic
Norfolk’s 1855, yellow fever epidemic offers a unique opportunity within which to
consider the way a commmunity’s emotional response is manifested in the
cemetery landscape. Within a three month period, a third of the city’s population
had died, martial law had been declared, and the city had been blockaded to prevent
the fever’s spread. The epidemic was well-documented in newspapers as well as in
the accounts of diarists and epistolarians, which chronicle the overwhelming fear,
disruption and grief the inhabitants experienced at the time. This paper, based on a
larger survey, will consider the monuments erected in Norfolk cemeteries between
1850 and 1860. How did the sentiments expressed on the tombstones of those who
died in the outbreak differ from those of the general populace? What mechanisms
were chosen to commemorate and assuage the strong emotions engendered by the
epidemic and its residual effects?
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Megan K. Willison (University of Connecticut)

War-time Metal Production, Reappropriation, and Use: Spatial Patterning and
Metal Technology at an early Seventeen Century Pequot Village
Site 59-73 is believed, based upon its location and archaeological assemblage, to be
the location of several wigwams burned down during the English retreat after the
Mystic massacre on May 26, 1637 as described in John Mason’s A Brief History of
the Pequot War (1736:32). This village is believed to have been a response to the
impeding war with the English. As such, its assemblage and spatial patterning
provide a unique perspective into the use and reuse of metallic trade objects during
the Pequot War and the ways in which villages are spatially organized generally and
in response to war-time economies. By studying the cuprous and ferrous artifacts
recovered from the site, a preliminary model of Pequot organization and use of
domestic space can be analyzed as well as the adaptations and technologies
employed by the Pequot in a war-time context.
[GEN-013] – Calvert Room; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Richard K. Wills (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Central Identification

Laboratory (Underwater Archaeology Section), JBPHH, HI), Andrew T. Pietruszka
(Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory
(Underwater Archaeology Section), JBPHH, HI)
Forensic Archaeological Investigation and Recovery of Underwater U.S. Naval
Aircraft Wreck Sites: Two Case Studies from Palau and Papua New Guinea

394
This paper will examine two recent underwater forensic archaeological efforts
undertaken by the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) to address
Second World War-era U.S. Naval aircraft wreck sites associated with unaccounted-
for U.S. Military service members. These efforts, in the Republic of Palau and the
Independent State of Papua New Guinea, serve as case studies that illustrate the
intersection between the responsibility of site preservation, and the duty of
personnel accounting via forensic science and the human identification process.
These efforts also serve as examples of productive coordination between interested
government organizations - in this case, between the DPAA and the Naval History
and Heritage Command (NHHC). Finally, these case studies serve as informative
examples of collaborative public-private partnerships that have developed between
the DPAA and non-government organizations and private individuals. As such, these
efforts and the lessons learned from them may serve as models for successful future
public-private collaborative efforts.
[SYM-151b] – Empire Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Douglas C. Wilson (National Park Service) – see [SYM-43] Emily C. Taber

Douglas C. Wilson (National Park Service), Meagan Huff (National Park Service)
Transforming the NPS Digital Experience: Media Outreach to Serve Public
Archaeology at Fort Vancouver
National Park Service (NPS) archaeologists and museum professionals must engage
the public through media to augment traditional outreach events and programs.
Transforming the digital experience is at the heart of the NPS 2016 centennial. The
cultural resources program at Fort Vancouver NHS in Vancouver, Washington,
engages the public in a variety of archaeology outreach events and works with
students in diverse educational contexts. A crucial component of this program is
routinely informing the public on the activities of archaeologists and museum
professionals through newsletters, books, websites, and blogs. The use of social
media has evolved to include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to announce
programs, and release information on archaeological discoveries and activities. This
media “blitz” has been positively received by the community, creating a
constituency of park visitors and advocates that better understand archaeology and
the significance of park cultural resources.
[SYM-31] – Congressional A; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

William J. Wilson (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.)

GIS and the CSS Georgia Recovery Project
Visualizing the distribution of artifacts at the CSS Georgia site was a challenge due to
the vast amount of material recorded and recovered. To assist in this, a GIS was
created which incorporated data gathered from diver reconnaissance and recovery
operations. First, unit sketches and notes were scanned and georectified. Later,
artifacts positioned from the sketches and ultra-short baseline (USBL) readings
were digitized and organized according to type. This allowed the archaeologists to

395
visualize concentrations of individual types of artifacts versus the overall
assemblage. This GIS came to be useful both as a heuristic device and to answer
ongoing questions about formation of the site.
[SYM-283] – Capitol Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Susan Winchell-Sweeney (New York State Museum) – see [POS-4] Michael Lucas

Stefan F. Woehlke (University of Maryland)

Developing an Ecological Interpretation of Land Use in Virginia’s Piedmont:
The Montpelier Example
Human Behavioral Ecology (HBE) provides an intriguing opportunity for the
interpretation of plantation management strategies. HBE has been applied with
some interesting results to interpretations of past human behavior, but many claim
it is inappropriate to interpret past life through the application of economic theory
developed in the modern era. This approach is also criticized as a reductionist
analytical approach based in conservative microeconomic theory. In light of these
criticisms, I argue that HBE models are an important approach that can improve our
understanding of plantation management strategies and shifting land-use patterns
because they are based in the economic theories embraced by plantation owners
during the rise of the modern era.
[SYM-180] – Cabinet Room; Friday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m.

Eric Wohlgemuth (Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.) – see [SYM-295]
Linda J. Hylkema

Kathryn Wood (JMA) – see [SYM-398] Kevin C. Bradley

Robyn Woodward (Simon Fraser University, Canada) – see [POS-1] David Burley

Robyn P. Woodward (Simon Fraser University, Canada)

The Abbey of Pedro Mártir de Anglería – Excavation, Reconstruction and
Conservation of an Early 16th Century Ecclesiastical Structure in Jamaica
Christianity anchored the material practices and social institutions of the Spanish
settlers in the New World and while Christian friars undoubted arrived in Jamaica
with the initial group of settlers in 1509, the Jamaican abbacy was not formally
founded until 1515. The ecclesiastical authorities used temporary thatch and wood
structures for worship at the capital of Sevilla la Nueva until funds were provided
for the construction of a stone church in 1524. The abbey however, was not quite
complete when the settlement was abandoned in 1534.
The abbey was excavated in 2014 and the site was stabilized and curated in 2015.
This poster will examine the design and construction of the abbey at Sevilla la
Nueva, as well methods used to conserve and curate the structure for visitors.
[POS-2] – Regency Ballroom; Thursday, 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

396
Michael Workman (West Virginia State University), see [POS-1] Tyler Allen

John E. Worth (University of West Florida)

From Producers to Consumers: Exploring the Role of Florida’s Eighteenth-
Century Refugee Mission
Between the late sixteenth and mid seventeenth century, the multiethnic colony of
Spanish Florida grew by assimilating indigenous chiefdoms into an expanding
colonial system defined by missionization and fueled by the production of large
quantities of surplus staple foods using Indian land and labor. Rampant
demographic collapse augmented by slave raiding by English-backed native groups
resulted in the collapse and retreat of Florida’s formerly far-flung mission system
by the early eighteenth century into coastal zones surrounding three Spanish
garrisons, including St. Augustine, Pensacola, and St. Marks. There, Florida’s few
hundred remaining mission Indians huddled in a handful of refugee communities,
increasingly reliant on protection and food and other provisions provided to them
by the Spanish. Documentary and archaeological evidence provides an opportunity
to gain new insights into the role of Florida’s refugee missions and how the lives of
their inhabitants differed from that of their mission ancestors.
[GEN-016] – Calvert Room; Saturday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Jeneva Wright (NPS Submerged Resources Center) – see [SYM-514] David W. Morgan

Jeneva Wright (National Park Service)

In Hot Water: Climate Change and Underwater Archaeology
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. To date, however,
archaeologists are still developing their relevancy and role in informing climate
change research, management strategies, and understanding. Coastal and
underwater archaeological research has significant potential to offer insights into
past human adaptations to climate change, and to provide an anthropogenic lens
through which the history of climate change might be viewed. In addition to
providing historical data towards modern climate change study and debate,
underwater archaeology can also serve as an important avenue for public
engagement, mobilizing public interest and action towards understanding the
impacts of climate change. This paper discusses the threats that climate change
poses to underwater archaeological resources, the challenges confronting
submerged cultural resource managers, and the contributions underwater
archaeology offers to the global climate change dialogue.
[SYM-477] – Council Room; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Ingrid Wuebber (AECOM)

The Dyottville Glass Works, 1816 - 1901
Dyottville has a strong association with its colorful founder, Dr. Thomas W. Dyott,
but glassmaking began on the site before him and continued for much longer after

397
him. This presentation will trace the history of the Dyottville Glass Works as it grew
from John Hewson Jr.'s single furnace to the large factory complex of Henry B.
Benners and his brothers.
[SYM-104] – Embassy Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

LouAnn Wurst (Michigan Technological University)

To Animate the Monster: Public Archaeology of Capitalism
Metaphors connecting capitalism and the phantasmagorical have always been
rampant. References to the ghostly and ghastly point to the contradiction that
capitalism is equally pervasive and invisible or, at least, elided. While all aspects of
the monstrous have become important narrative tropes in the modern world, we
seldom use this same discourse to name capitalism as a monstrous system. And yet,
the ghosts are restless; capitalism as a system has created a ‘nightmare world’
where the products of the dead dominate living labor. Based on research in New
York’s Finger Lakes National Forest, I use narratives of farmer suicide past and
present as an entry to the 'monstrosity' of global capitalism. My goal in this paper is
to explore how we might use the familiarity of narratives of the phantasmagorical in
a public archaeology program to develop the dialectical optics that expose
capitalism as ‘an animated monster.’
[SYM-172] – Palladian Ballroom; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Elaine Wyatt (University of Toronto, Canada), John Pollack (Institute of Nautical

Archaeology)
Mapping The Land God Made In Anger: Conducting A Rapid, But Thorough
Survey Of Namibia’s Forbidden Zone
There are few sites more remote or environments more hostile than the mostly
abandoned diamond fields of the southern Namib Desert. This is the Sperrgebiet,
declared the Forbidden Zone by the German colonial administration in 1908 and
still forbidden to this day. It’s 26,000 km2 of industrial debris and a few sand-
drenched settlements. Our goal was to produce a comprehensive map of the town of
Pomona, abandoned in 1928, and nearby mining camp Stauch’s Lager in as little
time in the field as possible. Before leaving for the field, we used Google Earth Pro
and Didger, a geological digitizing and mapping program, to create a geo-referenced
base map that we simply had to ground-truth in the field. This presentation will
discuss the value of using this high-tech low-cost methodology to map remote
and/or inaccessible archaeological sites.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Katie Wynia (National Park Service) – see [SYM-43] Emily C. Taber

X
Y

398
Kotaro Yamafune (Texas A&M University) – see [SYM-892] Daniel Bishop

Kotaro Yamafune (Texas A&M University), Daniel Bishop (Institute of Nautical

Archaeology)
Photogrammetric Recording of 19th-Century Lake Champlain Steamboats:
Shelburne Shipyard Steamboat Graveyard 2015.
In June 2015, Texas A&M University, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology and the
Lake Champlain Maritime Museum hosted a field school at Shelburne Bay, Lake
Champlain. Along with manual recording by archaeologists, the team applied
photogrammetric recording (Agisoft PhotoScan) to Wreck 2. The goal of this
recording was to create an accurate 1/1 scale constrained model to use as
archaeological data. However, low visibility of the water (2-4 ft.) and the sheer size
of the wreck (135 ft. 6 in. in length) created difficult conditions to apply
photogrammetry. This talk will share various hints on how we successfully created
an accurate 1/1-scale constrained photogrammetric model of Wreck 2 at the
Shelburne site, despite these adverse conditions.
[SYM-892] – Embassy Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.

Kotaro Yamafune (Texas A&M University), Nicholas C. Budsberg (Texas A&M

University), Charles D. Bendig (University of West Florida)
Efficient and Effective in situ Heritage Management: Using 3D photomodels to
document and assess a site's condition.
Archaeological work and cultural heritage management are significantly limited by
time, personnel, and financial resources. Many submerged and terrestrial
archaeological sites are fragile, and are located in easily accessible areas, leaving
them exposed to destructive processes. The successful management of our cultural
heritage involves regularly monitoring each site, but most management groups lack
sufficient resources to conduct detailed surveys that include metrics, qualitative
assessments, and comprehensive visual documentation. The use of three-
dimensional, photographic modeling techniques can overcome many of these
logistical issues by contributing substantial and informative data that can visually
document a site accurately, and provide the means to measure, describe, and assess
the condition and risks present.
[SYM-383] – Governor’s Board Room; Friday, 1:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m.

Stephen J. Yerka (University of Tennessee – Knoxville) – see [GEN-008] R. Carl DeMuth

Stephen J. Yerka (Indiana University South Bend) – see [SYM-202] Joshua J. Wells

Timo Ylimaunu (University of Oulu, Finland) – see [SYM-70] Paul Mullins

Timo Ylimaunu (University of Oulu, Finland), Titta Kallio-Seppä (University of Oulu,

Finland), Paul R. Mullins (Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis)

399
Memory, Forgetting and the War in Pictures
Pictures are one resource illuminating memory and forgetting of Finnish World War
Two heritage. Pictures taken by Finnish Army photographers document wartime
rituals, landscapes, and methods of warfare of German, Finnish and Soviet armies.
In our paper we will examine how these wartime material practices and rituals
were used to create, maintain and destroy identities and memory. Our discussion
will focus on how the Finnish pictures were used to shape memory during and after
the war.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Ruth Young (University of Leicester, United Kingdom)

Landlord Villages Of Iran As An Example Of Political Economy In Historical
Archaeology
The high, mud brick walls enclosing whole villages owned entirely by wealthy
landlords are common sites across Iran. Now largely abandoned but with
occupation still within living memory, these villages offer the opportunity to
explore use of space and analyses of material remains in relation to status,
economic function, and individual and group identity. Analyses the walled landlord
villages of the Tehran Plain have been carried out in order to explore hierarchy and
control, and how these social structures are created and expressed through the
spatial landscape of the villages. Drawing on original fieldwork, the ways in which
landlords used the physicality of the villages to maintain and reinforce control over
farmers is explored, and it is suggested that the ‘success’ of the land tenure system
in Iran prior to the later 20th century can be attributed at least in part to the
buildings and spaces of the villages themselves.
[SYM-26] – Senate Room; Thursday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Danny L. Younger
Toward a New Understanding of the French & Indian War: Implications of the
Fort Hyndshaw Massacre
The discovery of a hitherto undocumented massacre site has prompted a radical
reinterpretation of the French & Indian War in northeastern Pennsylvania.
Following the extermination of the missionary populations at Gnadenhutten and
Dansbury, this third massacre of Moravian women and children has established a
pattern best explained in the context of a Delaware Indian/Moravian “religious
war” whose proximate cause can be traced to the earthquake of 18 November 1755
– the single largest earthquake ever to hit the northeastern American coast. With
ethnographic materials serving to posit direct linkage between earthquakes and the
need to revitalize Delaware Indian spirituality, the Christianizing activities of the
Moravian brethren must now be framed in a new light, as the sole and unequivocal
threat to Delaware Indian religiosity in 1755 – a threat that required the expiation
that only massacres could offer.
[SYM-170a] – Palladian Ballroom; Friday, 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

400
 Z
Caitlin N. Zant (Wisconsin Historical Society)
Modeling Change: Quantifying Great Lakes Metal Shipwreck Degradation
Using Structure from Motion 3D Imaging
Anecdotally, divers report metal shipwrecks throughout the Great Lakes are
deteriorating at a much faster rate than in the past. This accelerated deterioration
has been attributed to invasive muscle colonization on submerged resources, but
has never been systematically measured. The development and use of new 3D
modeling technologies, such as Structure from Motion (SfM), provides the
opportunity to analyze these changes in an innovative and analytic way. Using the
SS Wisconsin as a testing ground to create comparative 3D renderings of the same
vessel over time, this methodology allows researchers to visually and
mathematically quantify how submerged resources are changing over time, and
begin to develop effective preservation strategies. These renderings demonstrate
how SfM technology can serve as a pioneering tool in understanding the processes
of change, paving the way for new techniques in documenting, quantifying, and
understanding these changes in order to develop pertinent strategies for managing
cultural resources.
[GEN-008] – Capitol Room; Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Chanelle Zaphiropoulos (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada) – see [POS-

4] Daniel B. Rees

Linda M. Ziegenbein (University of Massachusetts)

Landscape, Public Archaeology, and Memory
People engage with place and space in profound and commonplace ways, deriving
and creating meaning from the environment around them. People and spaces are
co-created: while people imbue the landscape with meaning, those same meanings
come to shape the people themselves. Basso (1996) refers this process as a sensing
of place.
Archaeologists and other anthropologists have long recognized the central role the
landscape plays in the processes of memory creation and retention as well as
communal forgetting. This paper explores the way in which knowledge about the
past affects one’s experience of the landscape. Drawing on ethnographic interviews
and questionnaire responses, it considers how memory influences one’s sense of
place and the role engagement with the public can play in remembering and
forgetting.
[SYM-70] – Senate Room; Thursday, 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Martha Zierden (Charleston Museum) – see [SYM-208] Ian D. Simmonds

401
Martha A. Zierden (The Charleston Museum), Elizabeth J. Reitz (University of Georgia)
Provisioning The City: Plantation and Market in the Antebellum Lowcountry
Archaeological evidence for regional and inter-site landscape use during the
antebellum period in Charleston, South Carolina, suggests that segregation and
segmentation characterized much, but not all, of the city's economy. Much of the
city's architecture and material culture reflects economic disparity in an
increasingly crowded urban environment. Data from plantation, residential,
commercial, public, and market sites reveal fluid and complex provisioning
strategies that linked the city with both rural and global markets. Not all of these
resources flowed through urban markets. This paper explores the multiple avenues
that resources followed from plantation to city in the early nineteenth century.
[SYM-30] – Hampton Room; Saturday, 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Athena I. Zissis (Wayne State University) – see [POS-1] Brendan Doucet

402