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PROB. NOTE

Probability theory quantifies uncertainty by estimating the likelihood of events occurring, defined as the ratio of favorable outcomes to total possible outcomes. An experiment yields one result from many possibilities, with events being subsets of outcomes and the sample space encompassing all potential results. Key notations include n(A) for the number of elements in an event and P(A) for the probability of that event.

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5 views

PROB. NOTE

Probability theory quantifies uncertainty by estimating the likelihood of events occurring, defined as the ratio of favorable outcomes to total possible outcomes. An experiment yields one result from many possibilities, with events being subsets of outcomes and the sample space encompassing all potential results. Key notations include n(A) for the number of elements in an event and P(A) for the probability of that event.

Uploaded by

imranalawal2000
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY THEORY

Probability theory deals with uncertainty. The probability of an event is the likelihood of the
event occurring or not occurring. It could be defined as a numerical estimate of the chance of an
event happening.
The probability is measured by the ratio of number of times the event can occur to the total
number of trials. That is, the probability of an event is given as:
Number of required outcomes
Probability (of an outcome) =
Total number of possible outcomes

n( A)
=
n (s )

When a die is rolled, we may get one of the six possible scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; such that the
1
probability of getting any score is .
6
1
i.e. P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = . . . =P(6) = .
6
Experiment:-is the process by which an observation or measurement is obtained.
In statistical experiments, there are many possible outcomes but only one outcome occurs or
results at a time. For instance, in an experiment to determine which side of the field a football
team will occupy or which team kicks the ball first, a coin is tossed, there are two possibilities
(head or tail) but only one will occur. Also in the throw of a die, there are six probabilities (1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6) but only one of the faces will occur in a single throw of the die.
A simple event: is a set consisting of a single possible outcome of an experiment. E.g. in a throw
of a die, a simple event may be {1} or {2} or {3} etc.
An Event: - is a subset of all outcomes of the experiment. It is a union of some simple event.
E.g., an event may be the occurrence of prime number in the throw of a die.
A Sample space or universal set: - is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment. In a
throw of a die, the sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Sample space is a collection or union of
all simple events of an experiment.
Some Notation Used.
The number of element in the event “A” is denoted by n (A). The number of element in the
sample space is denoted by n(S). The probability of an event “A” is denoted by P (A) or Pr (A).

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