Advanced ASCE 7 –

With Significant Changes to the

2010 Edition

presented by
T. Eric Stafford
T. Eric Stafford & Associates, LLC

2007 Florida Codes – Base Codes

z 2007 Florida Building Code, Building
– Base code: 2006 International Building Code
z 2007 Florida Building Code, Residential
– Base code: 2006 International Residential Code
z 2007 Florida Building Code, Existing
Building
– Base code: 2006 International Existing Building
Code

2
2007 Florida Codes
z Florida-specificamendments from
2001, and 2004 Florida Codes carried
forward into the 2007 edition
z Includes changes from the 2003 I-
Codes to the 2006 I-Codes
z Effective Date: March 1, 2009

Glitch Amendments/2009
Supplement
z Go into effect March 1, 2009
z Get amendments from
– www.floridabuilding.org
– ICC replacement pages
– 2007 FBC Building, Code and
Commentary incorporates glitch
amendments

4
2007 Florida Building Code,
Building
z Wind Provisions
– References ASCE 7-05
– Methods for determining wind loads
have been removed in deference to
ASCE 7-05
– Retained
• Exposure Categories
• Protection of Openings
• Wind Speed Maps
5

2007 Florida Building Code,

Building

6
2007 Florida Building Code,
Building
z Exceptions to ASCE 7 include:
– IBHS Guidelines
– AF&PA WFCM
– FC&PA Guide
– TIE/EIA 222

Design Pressures for Wall Coverings

and Soffits

8
Protection of Openings - WBDR

Protection of Openings - WBDR

10
Protection of Openings - WBDR

11

12
Wind Speeds

13

Exposure Categories
z Determination of Exposure
Categories is a two step process
– Evaluate Surface Roughness Type
– Determine Exposure Category based on
type and amount of surface roughness
z Wind direction and sectors
– Exposure of building to be determined
for the two upwind sectors extending 45
degrees either side of selected wind
direction. 14
Surface Roughness Categories

15

16
Surface Roughness Categories

17

Surface Roughness Categories

18
Surface Roughness Categories

19

Exposure Categories

20
Exposure Categories

21

ASCE 7-05

Wind Loads

22
ASCE 7-05
Definitions
z Hurricane prone region : areas vulnerable to
hurricanes; in the US and its territories
defined as:
1. the US, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico
coasts where the basic wind speed is
greater than 90 MPH, and
2. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin
Islands and American Samoa

23

ASCE 7-05
Definitions
z Wind borne debris region : areas within
hurricane prone regions located:
1. Within one mile of the coastal mean
high water line when the basic wind
speed is equal to or greater than 110
MPH and in Hawaii, or
2. In areas where the basic wind speed is
equal to or greater than 120 MPH
24
ASCE 7-05
Transition Zone

26
 ASCE 7-05
Exposure Categories
z MWFRS –
– Rigid buildings of all heights – Exposure Category
determined for each wind direction
– Low-rise buildings – Exposure Category resulting
in the highest wind loads for any direction for all
wind directions
z Components and Cladding
– Components and cladding design pressures for all
buildings and other structures shall be based on
the exposure resulting in the highest wind loads
for any direction at the site.
27

ASCE 7-05
Definition-Enclosure Classification

Buildings, Open:
A building having each wall at least 80% open.
Mathematically, Ao > 0.8Ag where:
Ao = Total area of openings in a wall that receives
positive external pressure, in sq. ft.
Ag= Gross area of that wall in which Ao is
identified, in sq. ft.

28
ASCE 7-05
Definition-Enclosure Classification

Buildings, Enclosed:

A building that does not comply with the

requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.

29

ASCE 7-05
Definition-Enclosure Classification

Buildings, Partially Enclosed:

If the following two conditions are satisfied:
1. Ao > 1.1Aoi
2. Ao > 4 sq. ft or >0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, & Aoi< 0.2Agi
where:
Aoi = The sum of the areas of openings in the building
envelope (walls & roof) not including Ao, in sq. ft
Agi = The sum of the gross surface areas of the building
envelope (walls & roof) not including Ag, in sq. ft

30
Positive Internal Pressure

31

ASCE 7-05
Wind Borne Debris Regions

z Wind borne debris region : areas within

hurricane prone regions located:
1. Within one mile of the coastal mean
high water line when the basic wind
speed is equal to or greater than 110
MPH and in Hawaii, or
2. In areas where the basic wind speed is
equal to or greater than 120 MPH
32
ASCE 7-05
Wind-borne Debris
6.6 Method 3 – Wind Tunnel Procedure

6.6.5 Wind Borne Debris. Glazing in

buildings in wind-borne debris
regions shall be protected in
accordance with Section 6.5.9.3.

33

ASCE 7-05
Design Procedures
z 3 Design Procedures

– 6.4 - Method 1 - Simplified Procedure

– 6.5 - Method 2 - Analytical Procedure

– 6.6 - Method 3 - Wind Tunnel Procedure

34
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z Refinements to Method 1 – Simplified
Method
– Exempt from torsional load cases in
Figure 6-10
– Added Kzt factor to simplified equations
– Add tabular pressures values for 105
mph, 125 mph and 145 mph
– Clarified application of Load Cases 1
and 2
35

ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z MWFRS Limitations
– 1. The building is a simple diaphragm building
– 2. Low-rise building
– 3. Enclosed building and conforms to wind-borne debris
provisions
– 4. The building is regular shaped
– 5. The building is not classified as a flexible building
– 6. The building does not have response characteristics
making it subject to across wind loading, vortex shedding,
instability due to galloping or flutter; and does not have a
site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in
the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special
consideration
– 7. The building has an approximately symmetrical cross
section in each direction with roof slopes not exceeding 45
degrees (0.78 rad.).
36
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z Components and Cladding Limitations
– 1. Mean roof height less than or equal to 60 ft
– 2. Enclosed building and conforms to wind-borne debris
provisions
– 3. The building is regular shaped
– 4. The building does not have response characteristics
making it subject to across wind loading, vortex shedding,
instability due to galloping or flutter; and does not have a
site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in
the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special
consideration
– 5. The building has either a flat roof, a gable roof with roof
slopes not exceeding 45 degrees, or a hip roof with roof
slopes not exceeding 27 degrees.

37

ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z Added new requirement for use of Method
1:

8. The building is exempted from the torsional load cases as

indicated in Note 5 of Figure 6-10, or the torsional load
cases defined in Note 5 do not control the design of any
of the MWFRS’s of the building.

(Commentary gives guidance on determining if the torsional

load cases would control the design – flexible
diaphragms, etc.)

38
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z Note 5 of Figure 6-10

39

ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method - MWFRS
z Simplified design wind pressure, ps, MWFRS

ps = λKztIps30

λ = adjustment factor for height and exposure

Kzt = topographic factor
I = Importance factor
ps30 = simplified design pressure for h = 30ft,
Exposure Category B

40
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method – Figure 6-2

41

ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z Note 4 Figure 6-2
z Load cases 1 and 2 must be checked for 25°
< θ ≤ 45°. Load case 2 at 25° is provided
only for interpolation between 25° to 30°.

42
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method

43
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method
z Be Aware!
– Note 3:
• 3. For the design of the longitudinal
MWFRS use θ = 0°, and locate the zone E/F,
G/H boundary at the mid-length of the
building.

45

ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method – C & C
z Simplified design wind pressure, ps,
Components and Cladding

pnet = λKztIpnet30

λ = adjustment factor for height and exposure

Kzt = topographic factor
I = Importance factor
pnet30 = simplified design pressure for h = 30ft,
Exposure Category B
46
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method – C & C

48
ASCE 7-05
Simplified Method

49
ASCE 7-05
Method 2: Analytical Procedure

z Design Pressure – MWFRS –

Rigid Buildings of All Height:
p = q GCp - qi (GCpi)
Velocity Pressure (6.5.10):
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I

51

ASCE 7-05
Method 2: Analytical Procedure

z Design Pressure – MWFRS – Rigid Buildings of All Height

qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and
roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative pressure
evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
qi = qz for positive pressure evaluation in partially enclosed
buildings at height z from the ground. Can be
conservatively taken as qh

52
ASCE 7-05
Method 2: Analytical Procedure

z Design Pressure – MWFRS –

Low-rise buildings h ≤ 60 ft:
p = qh[(GCpf) - (GCpi)]
Velocity Pressure (6.5.10):
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I

53

ASCE 7-05
Analytical Procedure
z Design Procedure (6.5.3):
1. Wind Speed V (Figure 6-1 map)
2. Wind Directionality Factor Kd (6.5.4.4,
Table 6-4)
3. Importance Factor I (6.5.5, Table 6-1)
4. For each wind direction:
Exposure Category (6.5.6)
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
Kz, Kh (6.5.6, Table 6-3)
54
ASCE 7-05
Analytical Procedure
z Directionality factor Kd introduced in 1998
– Added to velocity pressure equation
• qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I
– Separate out effect of wind load factor
– Requires adjustment to wind load
factor ( 1.3 → 1.6 )
– Table 6-4
Reason: Explicitly identify directionality effect
in future editions. 55

Table 6-4 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

 ASCE 7-05
Table 6-1 Importance Factor, I

57

ASCE 7-05
Table 6-3 Velocity
Pressure Exposure
Coefficients, Kh and Kz
 Table 6-2 Terrain Exposure Constants

ASCE 7-05
Analytical Procedure
z Design Procedure (6.5.3):
5. Topographic Factor, Kzt (6.5.7, Figure 6-4)
6. Gust Effect Factor G or Gf (6.5.8)
7. Enclosure Classification (6.5.9)
8. Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi (6.5.11.1, Figure
6-5)
9. External Pressure Coefficients Cp, GCpf (6.5.11.2)
or force coefficients Cf (6.5.11.3)
60
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-4 Topographic Factors, Kzt

61

ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-4 Topographic Factors, Kzt

62
 ASCE 7-05
6.5.8 Gust Effect Factor, G or Gf
z For rigid structures as defined in
Section 6.2, G shall be taken as 0.85 or
calculated by Eqs. 6-4, 6-5, 6-6 and 6-7,
using Table 6-2.
z For flexible or dynamically sensitive
structures as defined in Section 6.2, Gf
shall be calculated by Eqs. 6-8, 6-9, 6-10,
6-11, 6-12, 6-13a, 6-13b and 6-14, using
Table 6-2. 63

ASCE 7-05
Gust Effect Factor G

64
 ASCE 7-05
Flexible vs. Rigid
z How to determine if flexible or rigid
for wind design?
– When to investigate natural frequency:

• H > 4 times least horizontal dimension, or

• Reason to believe natural frequency is less
than 1 Hz

65

Figure 6-5 Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi

66
 Analytical Procedure
External Pressure Coefficients
Cp - for main wind force resisting
systems -Fig. 6-6
GCpf - for low-rise buildings - Fig. 6-
10
GCp - for components & cladding -
Fig. 6-11 through 6-17
Cf - Figures 6-18 through 6-23
67

Fig. 6-6
External Pressure
Coefficient, Cp for
MWFRS – Rigid
Buildings of All Heights

68
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-6 Cp for MWFRS: Walls

69

ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-6 Cp for MWFRS: Roofs

70
Low-rise Buildings
Fig. 6-10 GCpf for MWFRS: h < 60 ft

z Design Pressure – MWFRS –

Low-rise Buildings (6.5.12.2.2):
p = qh[GCpf - (GCpi)]
Velocity Pressure (6.5.10):
qh = 0.00256KhKztKdV2I

71

Low-rise Buildings
Fig. 6-10 GCpf for MWFRS: h < 60 ft

8 Load Cases

72
Low-rise buildings
z Note!
– Figure 6-10 revised in ASCE 7-10 to
clarify location of end zones

73

ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-10 GCpf for MWFRS: h < 60 ft

74
ASCE 7-05
Torsion – Low-rise Buildings Fig. 6-10
z Note 5 of Figure 6-10

75

ASCE 7-05
Torsion – Low-rise Buildings Fig. 6-10

76
 ASCE 7-05
Basic Wind Speeds Using Climatic Data

z New language clarifying that basic wind speeds obtained

from regional climatic data may be less than Figure 6-1

z 6.5.4.2 Estimation of Basic Wind Speeds from Regional

Climatic Data In areas outside hurricane prone regions,
regional climatic data shall only be used in lieu of the
basic wind speeds given in Fig. 6-1 when: (1) approved
extreme-value statistical-analysis procedures have been
employed in reducing the data; and (2) the length of
record, sampling error, averaging time, anemometer
height, data quality, and terrain exposure of the
anemometer have been taken into account. Reduction in
basic wind speed below that of Figure 6-1 shall be
permitted.

77

ASCE 7-10
z Available May 2010
z Most comprehensive update to wind load
provisions since ASCE 7-98
z Approved at Code Development Hearings for
inclusion in 2012 IBC and 2012 IRC

78
ASCE 7-10

79

ASCE 7-10
Wind Provisions
z Topics Discussed
– Reorganization
– New wind speed maps
– Exposure Categories

– Wind-borne Debris
– Roof Overhangs
– Minimum Design Wind Loads
– Simplified methods for MWFRS and C&C

80
ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z ASCE 7-05: Chapter 6 contains all
wind provisions
z ASCE 7-10:
– 6 new Chapters (Chapters 26-31)
– Step by step design procedure provided
at the beginning of each method
– Intent is to clarify the applicability of the
wind provisions
81

ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Chapter 26 – General Requirements
– Scoping
– Definitions
– Wind speed map
– Exposure
– Gust factor
– Topographic factor

82
ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Chapter 27 – MWFRS Directional
Procedure
– Buildings of all heights method
– New simplified method for buildings
with h ≤ 160 ft
z Chapter 28 – MWFRS Envelope Procedure
– Low-rise buildings method
– Simplified method for simple diaphragm
buildings
83

ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Chapter 29 – MWFRS Other
Structures and Appurtenances
– Signs
– Rooftop structures
– Other structures

84
ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Chapter30 – Components and
Cladding
– Analytical method for h ≤ 60 ft
– Simplified method for h ≤ 60 ft
– Analytical method for h > 60 ft
– Simplified method for h ≤ 160 ft
– Analytical method for free roofs
– Building appurtenances
85

ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Chapter 31 – Wind Tunnel Procedure

86
ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Each chapter further subdivided into
Parts for example
z Chapter 27 Part 1

z Chapter 27 Part 2

87

ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z How to find provisions in ASCE 7-10
using ASCE 7-05 as the basis.
z Significant Changes to Wind Load
Provisions contains a crosswalk
table.

88
 Excerpt

89

ASCE 7-10
Reorganization
z Each method/part
also is provided
with a tabular
step-by-step
design procedure

90
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 26: General Requirements
z Basic wind speed, V, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or C
z Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6
z Exposure category, see Section 26.7
z Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8
z Gust Effect Factor, see Section 26.9
z Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
z Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section
26-11

91

ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds
z Basic wind speeds haven’t changed
at all since ASCE 7-98
z 3-sec gust wind speeds introduced in
ASCE 7-95 to replace fastest-mile
wind speeds
z Minor adjustments between ASCE 7-
95 and ASCE 7-98

92
ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds
z3 new maps
– Risk Category II (Occupancy Category)
– 700 yr MRI
– Risk category III and IV – 1700 yr MRI
– Risk Category I – 300 yr MRI
z Strength design-based or “Ultimate”
wind speeds

93

ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds
z In most of the non-hurricane US mainland, the
mapped values are exactly a 50 year mean
recurrence interval

z In hurricane regions, the mapped values vary

from 50 to 100 years along the hurricane
coastline

z Wind speeds along the hurricane coastline have

been adjusted upward so that when incorporated
with the wind LF, produce a wind load having a
consistent hazard level with the interior US (700
MRI)
95

96
 97

ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds
z Implications
– Net wind loads are decreasing
z Newdata suggests ASCE 7-05 wind
speeds are conservative

98
 Comparison of (V700/√1.6) to ASCE 7-05 Wind Speeds

99

110
130

140

110

110

140
120
150 130 130
150

140
100
ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds
z Strength Design Load Factor = 1.0
z Allowable Stress Design – multiply
W x 0.6
z Use of different maps for different
Risk Categories negates the need for
Importance Factors
– “I” deleted from wind chapters

101

ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds
z Converting from Vasd to Vult

Vasd = Vult√0.6
Where:
Vasd = allowable stress design wind speed applicable to
methods specified in Exceptions 1 through 5 of Section
1609.1.1
Vult = strength design wind speeds determined from Figures
1609A, 1609B, or 1609C.

102
ASCE 7-10
Basic Wind Speeds

103

ASCE 7-10
Surface Roughness C and D
z Older research and modeling suggested
roughness increased with increase in
wind speed
z Hence ASCE 7-98, -02, and -05 classified
water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions
as Exposure CNew research suggests
otherwise
z Roughness of ocean does not continue to
increase with increasing wind speed.
104
 105

ASCE 7-10
Surface Roughness C and D
z Sea surface drag coefficient reaches a
maximum at wind speeds of nearly 70 mph
z Some evidence that sea surface drag
coefficient actually decreases at higher
wind speeds reflecting a “frothing” or
smoothing
z Use of Surface Roughness D now required
for all water surfaces in Hurricane Prone
Regions
106
ASCE 7-10
Surface Roughness C and D

107

ASCE 7-10
Surface Roughness C and D

108
ASCE 7-10
Enclosure Classification
z Protection of Glazed Openings
– Wind-borne debris region triggered by
wind speed
– New wind speeds necessitate
recalibration of the trigger.

109

ASCE 7-10
Protection of Glazed Openings

110
ASCE 7-10
Protection of Glazed Openings
z Cont.

111

112
113

114
ASCE 7-10
Protection of Glazed Openings

115

ASCE 7-10
Protection of Glazed Openings

116
ASCE 7-10
Protection of Glazed Openings

117

ASCE 7-10
Minimum Design Wind Loads
z ASCE 7-05 requires minimum wind load to
not be less than 10 psf multiplied by the
vertical projection of building
z Particular impact on low-rise buildings
z Often over-rides lateral design provisions
from the analytical procedures
z Can require same lateral resistance in low
wind areas as in the highest hurricane-
prone regions for many buildings
118
 ASCE 7-10
Minimum Design Wind Loads
z Minimum wind load on vertical
projection of roof reduced to half the
minimum lateral load on wall

119

ASCE 7-10
Minimum Design Wind Loads

z Higher numbers due to ultimate wind speeds

– 16 psf x 0.6 = 9.6 psf = 10 psf
– 8 psf x 0.6 = 4.8 psf = 5 psf

120
 ASCE 7-10
Minimum Design Wind Loads

121

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 27 – MWFRS Directional Procedure

z New simplified method

z Applies to
– Enclosed building
– Simple diaphragm building
– h ≤ 160 ft
– Class 1 or Class 2 building

122
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 27 –
MWFRS Directional
Procedure

123

124
125

126
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 27 – MWFRS Directional Procedure

z Roof loads are tabulated for all wind

speeds at various mean roof heights
for Exposure Category C
z Note 1 provides conversion factors
for Exposure Categories B or D

127

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 27 – MWFRS Directional Procedure

z Simplifiedmethod also addresses

parapets and roof overhangs
z Torsional Load Cases have to be
considered unless requirements of
Appendix D are met

128
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

z Key Changes to GCp

– Eliminated phrase “Direction of MWFRS
Being Designed”
– Corrected the application of the End
Zones (Zone 2a) on the roof
– Reintroduced Load Case B

129

130
131

132
 133

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

134
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

135

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

z Minimum Design Wind Loads

136
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

137

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

138
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

139

140
 141

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

142
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 28 MWFRS Envelope Procedure

z Minimum Design Wind Loads

143

ASCE 7-10
Roof Overhangs
z Effects on MWFRS
– Section (Directional Procedure)
– Section (Envelope Procedure)
z Design as Component and Cladding
– Section 30.10

144
 ASCE 7-10
Roof Overhangs - MWFRS

145

ASCE 7-10
Roof Overhangs -
MWFRS

146
ASCE 7-10
Roof Overhangs – Components and Cladding

147

ASCE 7-10
Roof Overhangs – Components and Cladding

148
 149

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 30 – Components and Cladding

Old analytical
method for h ≤ 60 ft

Old simplified
method (Method 1)
for h ≤ 60 ft

150
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 30 – Components and Cladding

Old analytical
method for h > 60 ft

New simplified
method for h ≤ 160 ft

151

ASCE 7-10
Chapter 30 – Components and Cladding

152
ASCE 7-10
Chapter 30 – Simplified h ≤ 160 ft

153