16. CNC Machine Control Systems
16. CNC Machine Control Systems
Conventional Machine
Turret
Headstock
X-axis
assembly
Bed
Tailstock assembly
Z-axis
5/26/2021
Basic Progression to a CNC M/c
Types of CNC Machines
• CNC Turning Centre
• CNC Grinder
• ATC ( Auto Tool Changer ) is a device which can automatically change the
tool from the tool magazine to the machine spindle as per the CNC
programme.
• By this Mechanism ( i .e. APC ) the pallet with the finished component and
the pallet with a raw component could be exchanged automatically.
ATC & Tool Magazine
Automatic Pallet Changer (APC)
• PLC controls the ON/OFF functions of the machine tool. It sets the output based
on the input conditions & corresponding logic.
PLC Functions:
Coolant ON/OFF.
Spindle ON/OFF.
Selection of a tool.
Change of workpiece (Pallet Changing).
Workpiece clamping etc.
Components of a CNC Machine
» Drives.
» Servo Motors
» Actuators
CNC SYSTEM
DISPLAY PERIPHERAL
UNIT INTERFACE
(MMI OR HMI)
DRIVES & ELECTRICALS DRIVE MOTORS
SENSORS /
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK DEVICE
CLASSIC SERVO LOOP
POSITION LOOP
D/A Converter
changes following
Accumulator holds error to analog Slide
VELOCITY LOOP
following error voltage Servo Motor
Amplifier
Speed feedback is
Interpolator issues
Position feedback is subtracted from
position commands
subtracted from speed command
position command
Tacho
to provide
following error
Position Transducer
Monitors Position
Analog Servo Loop in CNC System
Following
error signal Velocity Error Velocity Slide
Accumulated Signal Amplifier
Command
Current
+
-
DAC +
- Amplifier M
Lead screw
Accumulated
feedback
Encoder
Counter Tacho
generator
VELOCITY FEEDBACK
POSITION FEEDBACK
» Linear Bearings.
» Timing Belts.
» Curvic Coupling.
• Smooth Linear Motion.
• Low starting friction.
• Wear resistant.
• Very Low Backlash.
Timing Belt
• Used in Turret Indexing of CNC m/c.
Curvic Coupling
Fanuc Series 0i System
Spindle
motor
MOP
I/O devices
Centralised Lubrication System
Online Machine Diagnosis System
Operating Features
MDI MODE
AUTO MODE
JOG MODE
Manual movement of axes.
Manually select the tool.
Manually move the axes.
Find the tool offset.
MDI MODE
Program phase.
Manually feed the program.
AUTO MODE
Create a Program.
Store the Program
Execute the program
CNC SYSTEMS
MANUFACTURER COUNTRY MODEL
MANUFACTURER COUNTRY MODEL
ROCKWELL AUTOMATION
ROCKWELL AUTOMATION U.
U.S.
S.AA ALLEN
ALLEN BRADLEY
BRADLEY
8610,
8610, 8650,
8650, 9/PC
9/PC
CINCINNATI
CINCINNATI MILACRON
MILACRON U.S.
U. S.AA ACRAMATIC
ACRAMATIC950, 2100
950, 2100
FANUC INDIA
FANUC INDIA
JAPAN FANUC21i/210i,
FANUC 18i/180i, 0 , 0i 30i/31i/32i,
300i/310i/320i
HEIDENHAIN GERMANY TNC 155, 426, 430
HEIDENHAIN
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC AUTOMATION INC. GERMANY
JAPAN TNC
M64 CNC, FUSION 155,
640, 426, TPLUS
MPLUS, 430 AND 600
SERIES.
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC AUTOMATION INC. JAPAN 70/700 SERIES, C6/C64 SERIES, 60S/E60/E68
SERIES
Program configuration
Block configuration
G - CODES
G-codes are used to move the tool or axes by Program.
G 00 – Rapid travel.
G 01 – Linear interpolation.
G 02 – Circular interpolation clock-wise.
G 03 - Circular interpolation anti-clockwise.
G 04 – Dwell time.
G 20 – Inch data input
G 21 – Metric data input.
G 22 – Stored stroke check on.
G 23 - Stored stroke check off.
G 27 – Reference point return check.
.G 28 – Reference position return.
G 29 – Return from reference point
• ON/OFF Codes.
• Controlled by PLC
.
M 00 – Optional stop.
M 01 – Programmable stop.
M 02 – Main program end.
M 03 – Spindle clock-wise.
M 04 – Spindle counter clock-wise.
M 05 – Spindle stop.
M 06 – Tool change.
M 07 – Coolant b on.
M 08 - Coolant a on.
M 10 – Chuck open.
M 11 – Chuck close.
M 13 – Spindle forward & coolant on.
M 14 - Spindle reverse & coolant on.
M 16 – Special tool call.
M 17 – Sub-program end.
M 19 – Spindle orientation.
M 30 – Main program end & rewind.
Steps to Execute a CNC Program
4. OFF-SETTING of Tool and Workpiece – WCS & MCS – Shifting of MCS to WCS i.e.
selecting a Job ‘0’ position
CNC OFF
Stabilizer OFF
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PROGRAM FOR FACING OPERATION
G21 G98
Tool no 2
M06T02 02
Spindle rotation CW
M03 S1500
Rapid travel of tool
Z-0.8
Z-1.0
Z-1.2
Z-1.4
Z-1.6
Z-1.8
Z-2.0
G28
Reference position return
U0W
Spindle Stop
0
Program stop
M05
M30
----xxxx----
PROGRAM FOR DRILLING OPERATION
G71G94
Referencing code
Z-axis referencing
G75Z0
Referencing code
G75X0Y0
Tool Change or Tool call
Tool no 1
M06T1
Spindle rotation CW
M03S1000
Rapid travel of tool
Drilling cycle code
Offset file
G00G90G54X0Y0Z10
Linear movement of tool Feed rate 60 mm/min
G01F60
X-25Y2-20
position of X & Y axes
X25Y-20
position of X & Y axes
G00Z5
position of Z-axis
G75Z0X0Y0
X, Y & Z axes referencing
M05
Spindle stop
M30
Program stop
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