Formula sheet of Newton's law of motion

1. Introduction to forces
a. Fundamental forces
FORCE
A pull or push which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of uniform motion or
direction of motion or shape and size of any object is called force
Fundamental Forces
[A] Gravitational Force(Weakest)
[B ] Electromagnetic Force
[ C] Nuclear Force ( Strongest)
[D] Weak Force

b. Normal, Tension and friction

Normal force (N):
It is the component of contact force perpendicular to the surface. It measures how strongly the
surfaces in contact are pressed against each other. It is the electromagnetic force.

Tension:
Tension in a string is a electromagnetic force. It arises when a string is pulled (taut). If a massless
string is not pulled (slack), tension in it is zero.

Frictional force :
It is the component of contact force tangential to the contact surface. It opposes the relative
motion (or attempted relative motion) of the two surfaces in contact.

2. Newton's law of motion

a. First law (Law of inertia)
When the net force on a body is zero, it will continue to be in state of rest or in uniform motion
in short its acceleration will be zero.
b. Momentum and its significance
Linear momentum is vector quantity which is a product of mass and velocity
vector.mathematically it is written as

c. Second law
dp
F=
dt
d(mv)
= ( also slope of p- t graph )
dt
If mass is constant than, F =ma
Li
average force= ;; ( this is generally used to calculate force in collision)

lmpulse=Lip= J F.dt (also area under Ft graph)

d. Third law
According to Newton's third law "for an every action there is an equal and opposite reaction and they
act on two different bodies".

F12 is force on 1 by 2 and F21 is a force on 2 by 1.

Magnitude wise equal ( IF12 I = IF21I) but directions opposite to eachother.

In a vector form:

3. Equilibrium of forces
a. Concurrent and Coplanar Forces
When all forces are acting in the same plane, they are called coplanar whereas when forces act
at the same time and at the same point, they are called concurrent forces.
A number of forces act at a point, then they will be in a equilibrium, if they can be represented completely by
the sides of a closed polygon taken in order.
b. Equilibrium of forces
The body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero.

Mathematically,
Summation of components of forces by considering with directions along x,y,z direction =0
LF=LF=LF=O
yX Z

4. Frame of reference
a. Inertial and non-inertial F.O.R.
Frame of reference is place from where motion of any body is observed it could be car ,lift or train
etc
Inertial reference frame: Frame of reference either stationary or moving with constant
velocity. Earth is a non inertial frame of refrence.(lt revolves around the sun)
Non-inertial reference frame: A frame of reference moving with non-zero acceleration.

b. Pseudo Forces
Pseudo force is non realistic force it is used to study the motion of any body with respect to non
inertial frame of reference.

Magnitude:
!Pseudo Force I =ma
Herem is the mass of the body whose motion is under obserevation from non inertial frame of
reference whose accerelation is a.
Direction:
Pseudo force on body is opposite to acceleration of non inertial frame of reference.

Vectorially:

5. Free body diagram

a. Fundamentals of drawing F.B.D.
A free body diagram consists of a diagrammatic representations of a single body or a subsystem
of bodies isolated from its surroundings showing all the forces acting on it.
In F.B.D, internal forces are not drawn, only external are drawn.

b. Train problems(Tension)
String connecting the blocks remain taut keeping separation between them constant. Therefore it
is obvious that all of them move with the same acceleration.
Tension always acts away from the body along the string
Nett F = ma

c. Lift Problems(Normal)
Free body diagram will include the forces like weight of the body, normal force, tension in string and the
applied force.
,Normal force is taken normal to the surface of contact and towards the body under consideration

d. Wedge problems(Resolving Forces)

Resolve the component of forces along the inclined and perpendicular to inclined plane of wedge.
Apply Newtion's first and second law

6. Constraint motion
a. String and pulley constraint(Tension)

b. Wedge constraint(Normal)
The relative velocity perpendicular to the contact plane of the two rigid objects is always zero if
there is a regular contact between the objects
Components of velocity along perpendicular direction to the contact plane of the two objects is
always equal if there is no deformations and they remain in contact.

c. Rigid Body Constraint(lntroduction)

Rigid Body Constraint(lntroduction)

The component of velocity of A and B along the line joining them will remain same.
7. Pulley problems
a. Simple pulley system

Summary:

Acceleration(a) and tension(T) for:

b. Complex Pulley system

Steps for finding value of unknown in complex pulley block system:

1) Draw FBDs.
2) Assume acceleration and relate them with each other.
3) Apply Newton's 2nd Law. and solve for unknowns.

c. Mechanical advantage
M.A = Load / Effort

8. Spring
a. Spring constant
F =-kx
The constant of proportionality k is known as force constant of the spring or simply as spring
constant.
The slope modulus of the graph equals to the spring constant.
SI unit of spring constant is newton per meter or (N/m).
Dimensions of spring constant are Mr2

b. Combination of Spring(parallel and series)

c. Spring pulley system

We treat spring exactly like string. The tension in the connecting string is equal to spring force.
T= k x0

d. Equivalent Spring constant

In series :All springs will experience same spring force their extensions/compression may be
different:

In parallel:All springs will experience same extensions or compression.but their spring force may
be different.

e. Cutting of spring and string.

1. When string is cut, tension T becomes zero. But spring does not change its shape just
after cutting.

2. When spring of length L having spring constant K is cut into various parts of different lengths
(l1, l2 ,l3....)
So,

a) Spring constant of each part (k ,k ,k

1 2 3
.....) x length of corresponding part (l l ,l
1
,
2 3....................
) = constant
=Kxl

9. Pseudo force
a. Problems involving pseudo force
Pseudo force is non realistic force it is used to study the motion of any body with respect to non
inertial frame of reference.

Magnitude:
!Pseudo Force I =ma
Herem is the mass of the body whose motion is under obserevation from non inertial frame of
reference whose accerelation is a.
Direction:
Pseudo force on body is opposite to acceleration of non inertial frame of reference.

Vectorially:

10. Friction
a. Types of Friction
Types of Friction
Static Friction Acts when there is tendency of relative motion between in contact.it has maximum
value u 8N and self adjusting in nature.
Kinetic Friction Acts when there is relative motion between surfaces in contact, it opposes this
relative motion with magnitude ukN .

b. Direction of static and kinetic friction

Direction of kinetic friction is opposite to the relative velocity of the object with respect to the
other object in contact considered.
The static friction force on an object is opposite to its impending motion relative to the surface
Always decide direction of friction with open mindset it could be forward , backward, upward ,
downward or in any direction as par requirement and above two points.

c. Coefficient of friction
The frictional forces between any pair of surfaces are decided by the respective coefficients of
friction.
The coefficients of friction are dimensionless constants and have no units.
The coefficient of static fiction is generally larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction but never
become smaller; at the most both of them may be equal.

d. Limiting value of friction

Limiting friction is the maximum friction that can act between two static surfaces in contact with
each other
Once a force applied exceeds the limiting friction, motion will occur.

e. Angle of friction

f. Transition of friction from static to kinetic

From the below graph between friction and applied force Fon given block, we can see that after
the maximum value of static friction.if theapplied force F still increased furthur then block will
start slipping and kinetic friction will act on it.

g. Contact Force

where
F= Contact Force ( resultant of friction and normal)
f = Friction Force
N =Normal Force

h. Angle of repose

The angle of Repose for given inclined plane and block system
....(

i. Two block problem

For solving two block problems, following steps will be useful
1. Make FBD of each block by assuming they will move together and check, is limiting friction is
sufficient to move the block on which it is main driving force? If yes than their acceleration will be
same solve ahead by taking them as system and ignore the internal forces between them.
2. If limiting friction is not sufficient than they will move separately ( relative motion will
exist between them) now friction will be kinetic in nature and their acceleration will come
from,
nett unbalanced force= ma

j. Three or more block problem

# Solving strategie for 3 or more block is not very different from solving two block problem.

# Here too we find driving force and check which surface slips

# Steps to solve
(I) First calculate acceleration of system by ignoring internal friction force between surfaces
(II) We check where friction is driving force is sufficient or not? If friction is sufficient there slipping
won't occur otherwise slipping will occur.

11. Angle of repose

a. Motion on incline with angle more than angle of repose
Angle of repose is that angle of inclination at which a body placed on the incline is about
slide down due to its own weight.
When angle of incline is greater than angle of repose body start sliding and the problem become
problem of kinetic friction.

b. Motion on incline with less than the angle of repose

When angle of incline is less than angle of repose and there is no applied force present, than
block will remain at rest and friction will be mgsinB not µmgcosB.

c. Motion on vertical surface

Here block moves or have tendency to move on some verticle surface like wall , for solving such
problem first we draw FBD than check unbalanced forces and before comenting on motion of
block we have to check the Limiting Friction (µN) also.

12. Multiple block system

a. Concept of driving force
Method of Finding
Step 1 : Make FBD.
Step 2: The force which has intention to move the block will be driving force for some block
it may be applied force for some it may be friction.
Step 3 : If block moves together than applied force will be driving force for both of them.

b. Method to find which surface slips

Method of solving
Step 1 : Make FBD.
Step 2: Show static friction force by fbecause value of friction is not known.
Step 3 : Calculate separately for two cases.
Case 1 : Move together
Step 4 : Calculate acceleration by taking them system ignoring internal friction force between them .
Step 5 : Calculate friction to drive the block with above acceleration for which it is a driving force .
Step 6 : If required friction is less than limiting friction, it means they will move together else move
separately.
Step 7: (a) above acceleration will be common acceleration for both

Case 2 : Move separately

Step 7(b) If they move separately then kinetic friction is involved. whose value is µN.
Step 8 : Calculate thier acceleration separately by using
Nett unbalanced force = ma
c. Method to find acceleration of blocks
Method of solving
Step 1 : Make FBD.
Step 2: Show static friction force by f because value of friction is not known.
Step 3 : Calculate separately for two cases.
Case 1 : Move together
Step 4: Calculate acceleration by taking them system ignoring internal friction force between
them.
Step 5: Calculate friction to drive the block with above acceleration for which it is a driving force.
Step 6: If required friction is Less than Limiting friction, it means they will move together else
move separately.
Step 7: (a) above acceleration will be common acceleration for both

Case 2 : Move separately

Step 7(b) If they move separately then kinetic friction is involved. whose value is µN.
Step 8: Calculate thier acceleration separately by using
Nett unbalanced force= ma
y