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RESEARCH 8 Activity 1 4th Q

The document outlines various data collection and analysis methods essential for researchers, emphasizing the importance of organizing raw data for accurate analysis. It details the purpose of a data analysis plan and describes three main types of data analysis: Exploratory, Descriptive, and Inferential, along with the levels of measurement scales. The document concludes with a task for readers to apply these concepts to their own research through a group discussion.

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9 views

RESEARCH 8 Activity 1 4th Q

The document outlines various data collection and analysis methods essential for researchers, emphasizing the importance of organizing raw data for accurate analysis. It details the purpose of a data analysis plan and describes three main types of data analysis: Exploratory, Descriptive, and Inferential, along with the levels of measurement scales. The document concludes with a task for readers to apply these concepts to their own research through a group discussion.

Uploaded by

villariasbrent
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Names:_________________________________________________ Section:_____________

RESEARCH 8- 4th Quarter ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 1


Data Collection and Analysis Methods

Data collection varies among researchers depending on the chosen research topic, especially for
scientific researchers. Data collection refers to the process of gathering data. In the previous lessons,
you were taught the procedures that you might use to collect your data and the safety precautions that
you need to follow to avoid unnecessary accidents. The next step that you are about to do is to organize
the raw data for analysis. The researcher should ensure that the quality of the data involves accuracy,
consistency, completeness, and systematized arrangement for easy coding and tabulation.

A data analysis plan is needed for every research methodology. This includes specifying the
statistical measures to use and address the research questions. The methods that can be utilized for data
analysis are the type of data, the variables to be used, the number of cases, and the distribution of the
variables.

Purpose of Data Analysis Plan

A data analysis plan aims to collect useful data to look for solutions to research questions of interest. It
might be used to :

a) describe data sets;

b) determine the degree of relationship of variables;

c) determine differences between variables;

d) predict outcomes; and

e) compare variables.

All of the following above could be manipulated by using any or a combination of the following data
analysis strategies:

1. Exploratory Data Analysis

This type of data analysis is used when the data is unclear. This strategy utilizes arithmetic and visual
presentations such as graphs. Given that the research of interest is fresh, it is feasible to discover some
inconsistencies, such as missing values, distribution of the data or unusually small or too large values, or
invalid data.

2. Descriptive Data Analysis

This type of data analysis is manipulated to define, show or summarize data in a significant way, leading to
a simple interpretation of data. Descriptive data analysis does not accept you to make conclusions outside
the data that you have described. The commonly used descriptive statistics are those that analyze the
distribution of data such as frequency, percentage, measures of central tendency, and measures of
dispersion.

3. Inferential Data Analysis

Inferential statistics tests hypotheses about a set of data to conclude or make generalizations beyond
merely describing the data. Inferential statistics include the tests of significance of difference such as the t-
test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); and tests of relationship such as Product Moment Coefficient of
Correlation or Person r, Spearman rho, linear regression, and Chi-square test.
Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation

Before doing data analysis, it is important to determine the level of measurement of the quantitative data.
The choice of statistical measure/s to use is dependent on the level of measurement of the data. The
following are the levels of measurement scales:

• Nominal scale

• Ordinal scale

• Interval scale

• Ratio scale

Nominal Scale

A nominal scale of measurement is used for labeling variables. It is sometimes called categorical data. You
could use 1 for male, and 2 for female if you want to categorize respondents based on gender. No order or
distance is observed. The Yes or No scale is an example of nominal data. The numbers assigned to the
variables have no quantitative value. Some examples of variables measured on a nominal scale are gender,
religious affiliation, race, or ethnic group.

Ordinal Scale

An ordinal scale of measurement assigns order on items on the characteristics being measured, i.e. ranking
of individuals, attitudes, and characteristics. The order in the honor roll (first honor, second honor, third
honor); order of agreement (strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree), or economic status (low, average,
high) are some examples.

Numerical scores such as first, second, third, and so on are assigned but the numerical value or quantity
has no value except its ability to establish ranking among a set of data. You can talk about ordering, but
differences in order between the ranks are not specified.

Interval Scale

The interval scale has equal units of measurement, thereby, making it possible to interpret the order of the
scale scores and the distance between them. However, interval scales do not a “true zero”.

With interval data, addition and subtraction are possible but you cannot multiply or divide.

Ratio Scale

The ratio scale is considered the highest level of measurement. It has the characteristics of an interval
scale but it has a zero point. Because of this property, all statistical operations can be performed on ratio
scales. All descriptive and inferential statistics may be applied. Each variable can be added, subtracted,
multiplied, and divided.

Task to do:

Read the text above with your group. Understand the concepts of Exploratory Data Analysis, Descriptive
Data Analysis, and Inferential Data Analysis, then describe on how you are going to apply these concepts
on your research. Make 10-15 sentences explanation of your answer.

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