ANATOMY

Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms with a focus on organs,

tissues and systems. The word anatomy is derived from the Greek ana, which
means 'up', and tome, which means 'a cutting.

Dictionary.com defines anatomy as "the science dealing with the structure of

animals and plants."

Cambridge Dictionary defines anatomy as "the scientific study of the body and
how its parts are arranged."

PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology is the study of how the components of the body function.

The root word of physiology is phys, which refers to the 'body', and the suffix
ology, which means 'the study of. Thus, physiology is the study of normal
functions within living beings.

LONG BONES

A long bone one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than its width.

For example femur, humerous,tibia, fibula, radius and ulna

SHORT BONES

A short The only of that is cube-like in equal in length, width and thickness
Short. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited
motion.tarcel,carpel bones.

FLAT BONES

A flat bone is typically thin, it is also Examples include the cranial sternum
(breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones bed (skull) bone attachment for muscles
and often protect internal organs, scapulae (shoulder blades).

IRREGULAR BONES

An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterised shape and,
therefore, does not fit any other classification. Many facial bones, particularly
the ones containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones.
SESAMOID BONES

A Sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped
like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that
connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint.

TYPES OF JOINTS

Joints are the junctions between bones. Bones are rigid structures and so
mobility is a function the joints.

Immovable Joints: Bones here are in contact but fused. Since they do not have
any cartilage in between the bones, they do not move against each other. Skull
joints are a classical example of such a joint where the irregular edges of the
bones fit into each other firmly and exactly.

slightly Movable Joints in such joints, limited movement is possible ligaments

or cartilage) in between. certain direction only it can move.

Ball And Socket Joint:A cup-like cavity of one bone accommodates the
spherical ball-likehead of the other bone..any direction is capable.

Hinge Joint: This type of joint allows movement in one plane only. Thus, it can
only move in one direction. Examples of such joints are elbows, knees, finger
and toe joints.

Pivot Joint: Here, the joint has a rotatory movement along a bony protuberance
that acts as a pivot. A good example of this is the joint between the first and
second vertebrae that allows the movement of the head back and forth.

Gliding Joint: Here, the flat or nearly flat surfaces of the bones glide a little
over each other. Bones of feet, wrists and clavicle joint are good examples of
such a joint.

Condyloid Joint: These joints permit movement in two distinct planes.

Movements such as flexion, extension, adduction and abduction are possible at
these joints.
Saddle Joint: This type of joint permits a greater degree of freedom while
moving. Multi-plane movement is possible here. The thumb joint is a great
example of a saddle joint.

Properties and Functions of Muscles

About 30% to 45% of the body weight is made up of muscle, depending upon
the body compos of an individual. Thus, muscles make up the biggest part of
the human body.

Humans have three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The skeletal
muscles are under conscious control while the smooth muscles-found in the
walls of blood vessels and hollow org -and the cardiac muscles are not.

TISSUE TYPE FUNCTION LOCATION

Skeletal Long cylindrical Voluntary Attached to bones

fibre, striated, movement, and around
many peripherally produces heat, entrance points to
located nuclei protects organs the body (eg,
mouth, anus)

Cardiac Short, branched, Contracts to pump Heart

striated, single blood
central nucleus

Smooth Short, spindle- Involuntary Walls of major

shaped, no evident movement, moves organs and
striation, single food, involuntary passageways
nucleus in each control of
fibre respiration, moves
secretions,
regulates flow of
blood in arteries
by contraction
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and its contraction makes possible
locomotion, facial expressions, posture and other voluntary movements of the
body. Forty per cent of the body mass is made up of skeletal muscle.

Cardiac muscle forms the contractile walls of the heart. The cells of cardiac
muscle, known as cardiomyocytes, also appear striated under the microscope.
Unlike skeletal muscle fibres, cardiomyocytes are single cells, typically with a
single centrally located nucleus.

Smooth muscle tissue contraction is responsible for involuntary movements in

the internal organs. It forms the contractile component of the digestive, urinary
and reproductive systems as well as the airways and arteries.

Functions of the Muscular System

The following are the various functions of the muscular system:

1. Mobility

2. Circulation

3. Respiration

4. Digestion

5. Urination

6. Childbirth

7. Vision

8. Stability

9. Posture

The five main functions of the circulatory system are as follows:

1. It circulates blood to all parts of the body.

2. It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to cells.

3. It transports wastes, including carbon dioxide, away from the cells.

4. It helps maintain correct body temperature.

5. It helps fight diseases through white blood cells and antibodies in the blood.

Pulmonary circulation: This part of the cycle carries oxygen-depleted blood

away from the heart,to the lungs, and back to the heart.

Systemic circulation: This is the part that carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart and to other parts of the body.

Coronary circulation: This type of circulation provides the heart with

oxygenated blood so that it can function properly.

The respiratory system is made up of organs and structures. These organs

cause air exchange so that as we work, we replace used-up impure air with
fresh, healthier air for our body to use.

In humans, the average breathing or respiratory rate mostly depends on age. A

newborn's normal breathing rate is about 40 to 60 breaths per minute and may
slow down to 30 to 40 breaths per minute when the baby is sleeping. The
average resting respiratory rate for adults is 12 to 16 breaths per minute, and up
to 40 to 60 breaths per minute during exercise, depending upon how strenuous
the exercise is and how fit the person is.

The following are the key functions of the respiratory system:

1. Breathing

2. Exchange of Gases between the Lungs and the Bloodstream

3. Exchange of Gases between the Bloodstream and Body

4. Air vibrating the Vocal Cords creates Sound

5. Olfaction or Smelling

The structure of the respiratory system is as follows:

1. Sinuses
2. Nasal Cavity (nose) is the best entrance for outside air into your
respiratory system
 3. Oral Cavity (mouth) acts as the secondary entry point of outside
air.
4. Adenoids

5. Tonsils

6. Pharynx

7. Epiglottis

8. larynx

9. Oesophagus

10.–Trachea

11.Ribs

12.Bronchiole

13.lungs

14.Pleura

16.bronchial tubes

17.diaphragm

18.capillaries

Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Muscular system