Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 1: Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

A simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam of 8 m span carries uniformly distributed
characteristic dead load, which includes an allowance for self–weight of 7 kN/m and characteristic
imposed load of 5 kN/m. The breadth b = 250 mm. Design the beam section. Use strength class
C25/30 concrete and fyk = 500 MPa for steel reinforcement.
Solution
 Material Properties:
. .
For C25/30 concrete: 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(25) = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Load Combination:
Design load w:
𝑤 = 1.35𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.35𝑥7 + 1.5𝑥5 = 16.95 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis:
Design moment 𝑀 at mid-span:
𝑤𝑙 16.95𝑥8
𝑀 = = = 135.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
Shear Force 𝑉 at support:
𝑤𝑙 16.95𝑥8
𝑉= = = 67.8 𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Flexural Design:
Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:
𝑀
<𝐾 = 0.295
𝑓 𝑏𝑑

𝑀
𝑑 ≥
0.295𝑥𝑏𝑥𝑓

135.6𝑥10
=
0.295𝑥250𝑥14.167

= 360.255 𝑚𝑚

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Assuming 30 mm cover, 20 mm diameter bars and 8 mm link diameter, the overall depth D of the
beam is:
20
𝐷 = 360.255 + 30 + 8 + = 408.255 𝑚𝑚
2
Use 𝐷 = 450 𝑚𝑚
20
→ 𝑑 = 450 − 30 − 8 − = 402 𝑚𝑚
2
Check the depth to avoid any compression steel:
Ultimate moment of resistance 𝑀 :
2
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑 = 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥250𝑥4022 = 168.846 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Since 𝑀 < 𝑀 design as a singly reinforced beam.
𝑀 135.6𝑥106
𝐾= = = 0.237
250𝑥4022 𝑥14.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓
𝑑 402
𝑧 = 1 + √1 − 2𝐾 = [1 + 1 − 2𝑥0.237] ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
= 346.801 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 135.6𝑥10
𝐴 = =
𝑓 𝑧 434.78𝑥346.801
𝐴 = 899.311 𝑚𝑚
899.311
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝜙20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = 2.86
314.159
⇨ 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟗𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
 Shear Design:
 Design Shear Force, 𝑉 :
This should be determined at distance d from the face of the support but for simplicity has been
calculated at the centre of supports.
𝑉 = 67.8 − 16.95𝑑 = 67.8 − 16.95𝑥0.402 = 60.99 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.71 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.0094 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.71) (25) = 0.391 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.71(100 𝑥 0.0094 𝑥 25) 250𝑥 402

= 59.07 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.391 𝑥 250 𝑥 402 = 39.296 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.
 Compression Capacity of Compression Strut, 𝑉 , :
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
60990/(250𝑥402)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 5.077
0.153𝑥25(1 − 25/250)
cot 𝜃 = 11.256
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assuming cot 𝜃 = 2.5

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.54

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [250 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 402) 𝑥 0.54 𝑥 14.167/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 238.606 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 𝑂𝑘
 Diameter and Spacing of Links using 8 mm diameter:
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√25)/500 = 0.0008
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0008 𝑥 250 𝑥 1 = 0.2 𝑚𝑚 (assuming the use of vertical links)

 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is

𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 402 = 301.5 𝑚𝑚
Shear reinforcement is provided as:
𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 = 60990 𝑁

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

⇒ =( )( )( . )
= 0.155
. .

Hence provide 𝜙8 at 300 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓) throughout.

 Drawing:

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥250𝑥402 = 135.88 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥250𝑥402 = 130.65 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥250𝑥402 = 4020 𝑚𝑚

The provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Spacing of Bars:

1𝑥20 = 20𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 57𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 2: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

A simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam shown below carries uniformly
distributed characteristic dead load, which includes an allowance for self–weight of 7 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and
characteristic imposed load of 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚. Design the beam using concrete strength C25/30 and
𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for steel reinforcement.

Solution
 Material Properties:
. .
For C25/30 concrete: 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(25) = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Load Combination:
Design load w:
𝑤 = 1.35𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.35𝑥7 + 1.5𝑥5 = 16.95 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
Design moment Md at mid-span:
𝑤𝑙 16.95𝑥8
𝑀 = = = 135.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
Shear Force 𝑉 at support:
𝑤𝑙 16.95𝑥8
𝑉= = = 67.8 𝑘𝑁
2 2

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

 Flexural Design:
Effective depth:
Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 24 𝑚𝑚 in one layer with concrete cover 30 mm and 8 mm
link diameter.

Effective depth (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝐶 − 𝜙 − = 370 − 30 − 8 − = 320 𝑚𝑚

2
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑
= 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥230𝑥320 = 98.430 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Since 𝑀 < 𝑀 design as a doubly reinforced beam. Thus, compression reinforcement is
required.
 Compression Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
Assume diameter of compression bars (𝜙 ) = 16 𝑚𝑚.

Effective depth (𝑑 ) = 𝐶 + 𝜙 + = 30 + 8 + = 46 𝑚𝑚

= = ( )
= 0.319 < 0.38 → Compression steel yields
. .

. ( . . )
𝐴 = = = = 312.013 𝑚𝑚
( ) ( ) . ( )

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

 Tension Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 =𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2(0.295) = 0.82𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
. . ( )
𝐴 = +𝐴 = +𝐴 = ( )(
+ 312.013
. . . )

= 1174.781 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟒 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
 Shear Design:
 Design Shear Force, 𝑉 :
This should be determined at distance d from the face of the support but for simplicity has been
calculated at the centre of supports.
𝑉 = 67.8 − 16.95𝑑 = 67.8 − 16.95𝑥0.320 = 62.376 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.79 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.018 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.79) (25) = 0.419 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.79(100 𝑥 0.018 𝑥 25) 230𝑥 320

= 56.232 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.419 𝑥 230 𝑥 320 = 30.838 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.
 Compression Capacity of Compression Strut, 𝑉 , :
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(62376/230𝑥320)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 7.126
0.153𝑥25(1 − 25/250)
cot 𝜃 = 7.999
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assuming cot 𝜃 = 2.5:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.54

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [230 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 320) 𝑥 0.54 𝑥 14.167/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 174.741 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 𝑂𝑘
 Diameter and Spacing of Links using 8 mm diameter:
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√25)/500 = 0.0008
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0008 𝑥 230 𝑥 1 = 0.18 𝑚𝑚 (assuming the use of vertical links)

 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is

𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 320 = 240 𝑚𝑚

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Shear reinforcement is provided as:

𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 = 62376 𝑁

⇒ =( )( )( . )
= 0.199
. .

Hence provide 𝜙8 at 230 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟕) throughout.

 Drawing:

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥230𝑥320 = 99.507 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥230𝑥320 = 95.680 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥230𝑥370 = 3404 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Spacing of Bars:

1𝑥24 = 24 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 41𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 3: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

A rectangular beam is 300 mm wide by 575 mm overall depth with inset to the compression steel
of 55 mm. The beam is simply supported and spans 9 m. The characteristic dead load including an
allowance for self-weight is 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and the characteristic imposed load is 11 𝑘𝑁/𝑚. The
materials to be used are 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Design the beam.
Solution
 Material Properties:
. .
For C25/30 concrete: 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(25) = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Load Combination:
Design load w:
𝑤 = 1.35𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.35𝑥20 + 1.5𝑥11 = 43.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
Design moment Md at mid-span:
𝑤𝑙 43.5𝑥9
𝑀 = = = 440.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
Shear Force 𝑉 at support:
𝑤𝑙 43.5𝑥9
𝑉= = = 195.75 𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Flexural Design:
Effective depth:
Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 26 𝑚𝑚 in two layers with concrete cover to the reinforcement
35 mm and 10 mm link diameter.
Effective depth (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝐶 − 𝜙 −𝜙 = 575 − 35 − 10 − 26 = 504 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑
= 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥300𝑥504 = 318.480 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Since 𝑀 < 𝑀 design as a doubly reinforced beam. Thus, compression reinforcement is
required.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

 Compression Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
𝑑 = 55 𝑚𝑚 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
Then, diameter of compression bars (𝜙 ) = 20 𝑚𝑚.

= = ( )
= 0.243 < 0.38 → Compression steel yields
. .

. ( . . )
𝐴 = = = = 624.538 𝑚𝑚
( ) ( ) . ( )

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟎 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

 Tension Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 =𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2(0.295) = 0.82𝑑
2 2
. . ( )
𝐴 = +𝐴 = +𝐴 = ( )(
+ 624.538
. . . )

= 2396.964 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
NB: The value of d is slightly changed.
𝑑 for the top 2𝜙26: = 575 − 35 − 10 − 26 − = 491

𝑑 for the top 3𝜙26: = 575 − 35 − 10 − = 517

Then, 𝑑 = = 506.6 ≈ 507

The revised values are:

2
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑
= 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥300𝑥507 = 322.283 𝑘𝑁𝑚
 Compression Reinforcement (𝐴 ):

= = ( )
= 0.241 < 0.38 → Compression steel yields
. .

. ( . . )
𝐴 = = = = 601.041 𝑚𝑚
( ) ( ) . ( )

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟎 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

 Tension Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 =𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2(0.295) = 0.82𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
. . ( )
𝐴 = +𝐴 = +𝐴 = ( )(
+ 601.041
. . . )

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

= 2384.019 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
The top layer 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟔 can be curtailed.
Stress block depth 𝒂:
𝐴 = 2𝜙26 = 1061.86 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑑 = 𝑑 = 491 𝑚𝑚
1061.86𝑥434.78
𝑓 𝑏𝑎 = 𝐴 𝑓 ⇒𝑎= = 108.63 𝑚𝑚
14.167𝑥300
𝑎
𝑧 = 𝑑 − = 436.69 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀 = 𝐴 𝑓 𝑧 = 1061.86(434.78)(436.69) = 201.61 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Equating with bending moment equation:
201.61 = 195.75𝑥 − 21.75𝑥
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 1.19 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7.81 𝑚
 Shear Design:
 Design Shear Force, 𝑉 :
This should be determined at distance d from the face of the support but for simplicity has been
calculated at the centre of supports.
𝑉 = 195.75 − 43.5𝑑 = 195.75 − 43.5𝑥0.507 = 173.70 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.63 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.017 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.63) (25) = 0.364 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.63(100 𝑥 0.017 𝑥 25) 300𝑥 507

= 103.82 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.364 𝑥 300 𝑥 507 = 55.36 𝑘𝑁

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.

 Compression Capacity of Compression Strut, 𝑉 , :
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(173700/300𝑥507)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 9.69
0.153𝑥25(1 − 25/250)
cot 𝜃 = 5.86
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assuming cot 𝜃 = 2.5:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.54

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [300 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 507) 𝑥 0.54 𝑥 14.167/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 361.11 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 𝑂𝑘 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
 Diameter and Spacing of Links using 8 mm diameter:
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√25)/500 = 0.0008
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0008 𝑥 300 𝑥 1 = 0.24 𝑚𝑚 (assuming the use of vertical links)

Provide 𝜙10 at 375 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟗)

 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is
𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 507 = 380 𝑚𝑚
Ensuring that 𝑉 , ≥ 𝑉 , and choosing 2-leg links of 10 mm diameter, shear reinforcement is
provided as:
𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 ≥ 𝑉 = 173.70 𝑘𝑁

⇒ ≥ ( . )( )( . )
= 0.35
.

157.08
𝑠≤ = 448.8 𝑚𝑚
0.35
Hence provide 𝜙10 at 350 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓).
The shear resistance of the links actually specified is:
𝑉 = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

= 0.419(0.9𝑥507)(434.78)(2.5) = 207.8 𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝑉 = 173.70 𝑘𝑁

Therefore, provide 𝜙10 at 350 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓) throughout.
 Drawing:

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥300𝑥507 = 205.639 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥300𝑥507 = 197.73 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥300𝑥575 = 6900 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.

 Spacing of Bars:

1𝑥26 = 26 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 66𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

 Check for cracking

Steel stress at SLS = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆 × [𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆]
= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆

= 434.78 𝑥 = 310 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

From Table of maximum bar spacing for crack control, for 0.3 mm crack width, maximum spacing
is approximately 112.5 mm. The actual spacing provided is 66 mm does not exceed 112.5 mm.
The beam is satisfactory with regard to cracking.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 4: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

The beam shown in the figure below supports the following uniformly distributed loads:
Permanent load 𝑔 = 60 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, including self-weight
Variable load 𝑞 = 18 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
The characteristic strengths of the concrete and steel are 𝑓 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Effective depth, 𝑑 = 540 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 50 𝑚𝑚 and breadth, 𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚

Solution
 Material Properties:
. .
For C30 concrete: 𝑓 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(30) = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Load Combination:
Design load w:
𝑤 = 1.35𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.35𝑥60 + 1.5𝑥18 = 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
Design moment Md at mid-span:
𝑤𝑙 108𝑥6
𝑀 = = = 486 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
Shear Force 𝑉 at support:
𝑤𝑙 108𝑥6
𝑉= = = 324 𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Flexural Design:
Effective depth (𝑑) = 540 𝑚𝑚 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
2
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑
= 0.295𝑥17𝑥300𝑥540 = 438.71 𝑘𝑁𝑚

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Since 𝑀 < 𝑀 design as a doubly reinforced beam. Thus, compression reinforcement is

required.
 Compression Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
𝑑 = 50 𝑚𝑚 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

= = ( )
= 0.206 < 0.38 → Compression steel yields
. .

. ( . )
𝐴 = = = = 221.975 𝑚𝑚
( ) ( ) . ( )

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

 Tension Reinforcement (𝐴 ):
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 =𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2(0.295) = 0.82𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
. . ( )
𝐴 = +𝐴 = +𝐴 = ( )(
+ 221.975
. . . )

= 2500 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝝓𝟑𝟐 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
 Curtailment at support
The tension reinforcement should be anchored over the supports with a bend. Two bars may
be curtailed near to the supports. From support 0.08𝑙 = 0.08𝑥6 = 0.48 𝑚.
 Shear Design:
 Design Shear Force, 𝑉 :
This should be determined at distance d from the face of the support.
Design shear at face of support: 𝑉 = 324 − 108𝑥0.15 = 307.8 𝑘𝑁
At distance d from the face of the support:
𝑉 = 307.8 − 108𝑑 = 307.8 − 108𝑥0.540 = 249.48 𝑘𝑁

 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):

. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.609 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:

ρ = = = 0.016 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.609) (30) = 0.391 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.609(100 𝑥 0.016 𝑥 30) 300𝑥 540

= 113.675 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.391 𝑥 300 𝑥 540 = 63.342 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.
 Compression Capacity of Compression Strut, 𝑉 , :
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(249480/300𝑥540)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 11.206
0.153𝑥30(1 − 30/250)
cot 𝜃 = 5.1
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assuming cot 𝜃 = 2.5:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.528

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [300 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 540) 𝑥 0.528 𝑥 17/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 451.276 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 = 249.48 𝑘𝑁 𝑂𝑘 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
 Diameter and Spacing of Links using 8 mm diameter:
 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is
𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 540 = 405 𝑚𝑚
Ensuring that 𝑉 , ≥ 𝑉 , and choosing 2-leg links of 8 mm diameter, shear reinforcement is
provided as:
𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 ≥ 𝑉 = 249.48 𝑘𝑁

⇒ ≥ ( . )( )( . )
= 0.472
.

100.531
𝑠≤ = 213 𝑚𝑚
0.472
Hence provide 𝜙8 at 200 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑).
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√30)/500 = 0.001

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.001 𝑥 300 𝑥 1 = 0.263 𝑚𝑚 (assuming the use of vertical links)

𝐴
𝑠≤ = 382.25 𝑚𝑚
0.263
Provide 𝜙 8 at 350 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕)
The shear resistance of the links actually specified is:
𝑉 = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃

= 0.287(0.9𝑥540)(434.78)(2.5) = 151.6 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉 = 307.8 𝑘𝑁

 Extent of shear links
Shear links are required at each end of the beam from the face of the support to the point where
the design shear force is 𝑉 = 151.6 𝑘𝑁 on the shear force diagram of the beam.
From the face of the support:
𝑉 −𝑉 307.8 − 151.6
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥= = = 1.45 𝑚.
𝑤 108
Thus, the number of 𝜙8 links at 200 mm centers required at each end of the beam is:
𝑥 1450
1+ = 1+ =9
𝑠 200
Spaced over a distance of (9 − 1)200 = 1600 𝑚𝑚.
Therefore, provide 𝟗𝝓𝟖 at 200 mm c/c up to 1.45 m from each face and 𝜙 8 at 350 mm c/c for
the remaining part as shown in drawing below.
 Additional longitudinal tensile force
∆ 𝐹 = 0.5𝑉 cot 𝜃 = 0.5 𝑥 307.8 𝑥 2.5 = 384.75 𝑘𝑁
This additional longitudinal tensile force is provided for by extending the curtailment point
of the mid-span longitudinal reinforcement.
 Drawing:

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥300𝑥540 = 244.3 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥300𝑥540 = 210.6 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥300𝑥600 = 7200 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Spacing of Bars:

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Using 35 mm cover to reinforcement:

1𝑥32 = 32 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 33 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!

 Check for cracking

Steel stress at SLS = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆 × [𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆]
= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆

= 434.78 𝑥 = 314 𝑀𝑃𝑎

From Table of maximum bar spacing for crack control, for 0.3 mm crack width, maximum spacing
is approximately 107.5 mm. The actual spacing provided is 33 mm does not exceed 107.5 mm.
The beam is satisfactory with regard to cracking.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 5: Design of Flanged Beams

A continuous slab 100 mm thick is carried on T-beams at 2 m centres. The overall depth of the
beam is 350 mm and the breadth 𝑏 of the web is 250 mm. The 6 m span beams are simply
supported. The characteristic dead load including self–weight and finishes is 7.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and the
characteristic imposed load is 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 . Design the beam using the simplified stress block. The
material strengths are 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 reinforcement.
Solution
 Material Properties
. .
For C25 concrete: 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(25) = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Design Loads
Since the beams are spaced at 2 m centres, the loads on the beam are:
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.4 × 2 = 14.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 2 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Design load = (1.35 × 14.8) + (1.5 × 10) = 35.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
Ultimate moment at mid-span = 35.0 × 6 /8 = 157.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
Shear Force 𝑉 at support:
𝑤𝑙 35𝑥6
𝑉= = = 105 𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Effective Width
𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑏 + 𝑏 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚
2000 − 250
𝑏 =𝑏 = = 875 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑙 = Span of simply supported beam = 6000 mm

𝑏 = 𝑏 , +𝑏 ≤𝑏

𝑏 , = 0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ≤ 0.2𝑙

𝑏 , = 0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ≤ 0.2𝑙
𝑏 , = 0.2(875) + 0.1(6000) = 775 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.2(6000) = 1200 𝑚𝑚

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑏 , = 0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ≤ 0.2𝑙

𝑏 , = 0.2(875) + 0.1(6000) = 775 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.2(6000) = 1200 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 , =𝑏 , = 775 ≤ (𝑏 = 𝑏 = 875)
Therefore, 𝑏 , = 𝑏 , = 775 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 𝑏 , +𝑏 , + 𝑏 = 775 + 775 + 250 = 1800 ≤ (𝑏 = 2000 𝑚𝑚)
Effective width 𝑏 of flange = 1800 𝑚𝑚
 Effective Depth
Assuming a nominal cover on the links is 25 mm and if the links are 𝜙8 bars and the main bars
are 𝜙26, then
𝑑 = 350 – 25 – 8 – 26/2 = 304 𝑚𝑚
 Check the Position of the Neutral Axis
Assume the depth of compression block 𝑎 = 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚. Then,
𝑡 100
𝑀 =𝑓 𝑏 𝑡 𝑑− = 14.167 𝑥 1800 𝑥 100 𝑥 304 − = 647.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
The design moment that the concrete flange (𝑀 ) can resist is greater than the design moment

(= 157.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚). Therefore, the beam can be designed as a rectangular beam of size 1800 × 304.
 Flexural Design
𝑀 157.5 𝑥 10
𝐾= = = 0.067
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 1800 𝑥 3042 𝑥 14.167
𝑑 304
𝑧= 1 + √1 − 2𝐾 = 1+ 1 − 2(0.067) = 293.45 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
𝑀 157.5 𝑥 10
𝐴 = = = 1254 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 𝑧 434.783 𝑥 288.8 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
 Design for Shear
At d distance from face of support (from center of support for simplification):
𝑉 = 105 − 35 𝑥 0.304 = 94.36 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.811 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

.
ρ = = = 0.02 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.811) (30) = 0.467 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.467 𝑥 1.811(100 𝑥 0.02 𝑥 30) 250𝑥 304

= 251.632 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.467 𝑥 250 𝑥 304 = 35.492 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , > 𝑉 , shear reinforcement is not required.
 Check for crushing of the concrete strut at the maximum shear force
Crushing strength of diagonal strut:
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(94360/250𝑥304)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 10.57
0.153𝑥25(1 − 25/250)
cot 𝜃 = 5.36
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assume cot 𝜃 = 2.5:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.54

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [250 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 304) 𝑥 0.54 𝑥 14.17/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 180.48 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 = 94.36 𝑘𝑁 𝑂𝑘 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√25)/500 = 0.0008
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0008 𝑥 250 𝑥 1 = 0.2 𝑚𝑚 (using vertical links)

𝐴
𝑠≤ = 502.65 𝑚𝑚
0.2
Provide 𝜙 8 at 225 mm c/c for all span (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)
 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is
𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 304 = 228 𝑚𝑚
 Drawing

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥250𝑥304 = 102.75 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥250𝑥304 = 98.80 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥250𝑥350 = 3500 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Spacing of Bars:

1𝑥26 = 26 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 53 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚 Therefore, it is ok!
20 𝑚𝑚
 Check for cracking
Steel stress at SLS = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆 × [𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆]
= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆
.
= 434.78 𝑥 = 308 𝑀𝑃𝑎

From Table of maximum bar spacing for crack control, for 0.3 mm crack width, maximum spacing
is approximately 115 mm. The actual spacing provided is 53 mm does not exceed 115 mm. The
beam is satisfactory with regard to cracking.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 6: Design of Flanged Beams

Determine the area of reinforcement required for the simply supported T-beam shown in Fig.
below. The dimensions of the beam are:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑏 = 600 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 340 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 51, 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚.
The beam is subjected to an ultimate moment of 305 𝑘𝑁𝑚. The material strengths are 𝑓 =
25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 reinforcement.
Solution
 Material Properties
. .
For C25 concrete: 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(25) = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Check the Position of the Neutral Axis by calculating 𝑀 .

Assume the depth of compression block 𝑎 = 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚. Then,
𝑡 100
𝑀 =𝑓 𝑏 𝑡 𝑑− = 14.167 𝑥 600 𝑥 100 𝑥 340 − = 246.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
The design moment of 305𝑘𝑁𝑚 is greater than 𝑀 . Therefore, the stress block extends into
the web.
Check if compression steel is required, although it is unlikely to be the case.
𝑡
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑡 (𝑑 − )
2
= 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥250𝑥340 + 14.167(600 − 250)(100)(340 − 100/2)
= 264.58 𝑘𝑁𝑚
(𝑀 = 305) > (𝑀 = 264.58) compression steel is required.
Area of compression steel (𝐴 ):
𝑀−𝑀 (305 − 264.58)𝑥 10
𝐴 = = = 321.7 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) 434.783 𝑥 (340 − 51)
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔
Area of tension steel (𝐴 ):

0.36𝑑𝑓 𝑏 + 𝑓 𝑡 𝑏 −𝑏
𝐴 = +𝐴
𝑓

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

(0.36𝑥340𝑥14.167𝑥250) + (14.167𝑥100(600 − 250))

𝐴 = + 321.7
434.783
= 2459.2 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓𝝓𝟐𝟔

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 7: Design of Continuous Beam

The beam has a width, 𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and an overall depth, 𝐷 = 660 𝑚𝑚 with three equal spans,
𝐿 = 5 𝑚. In the transverse direction the beams spacing are 𝐵 = 4.0 𝑚 centres with a slab
thickness, 𝑡 = 180 𝑚𝑚. The supports have a width of 300 mm. The uniformly distributed
ultimate design load, 𝑤 = 190 𝑘𝑁/𝑚. The characteristic strengths of the concrete and steel are
𝑓 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 and 𝑓 = 500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 . Design a beam.

Solution
 Material Properties:
. .
For 𝐶30 concrete: 𝑓 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(30) = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Design Load
𝑤 = 190 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
The analysis values are shown on the figure.
 Flexural Design:
 Mid-span of 1st and 3rd end spans → design as a T-section
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 428 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
Effective width of flange (𝑏 ):
𝑏 =𝑏 , +𝑏 +𝑏 ,

𝑏 , = (0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ) ≤ 0.2𝑙 ≤ 𝑏

(4000 − 2𝑥150)
= 0.2 + 0.1(0.85𝑥5000) = 𝟕𝟗𝟓 < 0.2(0.85𝑥5000) = 850 < 1850
2

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑏 , = (0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ) ≤ 0.2𝑙 ≤ 𝑏

(4000 − 2𝑥150)
= 0.2 + 0.1(0.85𝑥5000) = 𝟕𝟗𝟓 < 0.2(0.85𝑥5000) = 850 < 1850
2
𝑏 =𝑏 , +𝑏 +𝑏 ,

= 795 + 300 + 795 = 1890 𝑚𝑚

Check depth of neutral axis

𝐾= = = 0.037 < 0.295

Thus, 𝑧 = 1 + √1 − 2𝐾 = 1 + 1 − 2(0.037) = 588.7 𝑚𝑚

𝑎 = 2(𝑑 − 𝑧) = 2(600 − 588.7) = 22.6 < 𝑡 = 180

→ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = 𝑏

𝐴 = = = 1672.16 𝑚𝑚
. .

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔. (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍
 Interior supports → design as rectangular section
𝑀 = 523 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑏 =𝑏 , +𝑏 +𝑏 ,

𝑏 , = (0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ) ≤ 0.2𝑙 ≤ 𝑏

(4000 − 2𝑥150)
= 0.2 + 0.1(0.15(5000 + 5000)) = 𝟓𝟐𝟎 > 0.2(0.3𝑥5000) = 300 < 1850
2

𝑏 , = (0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ) ≤ 0.2𝑙 ≤ 𝑏

(4000 − 2𝑥150)
= 0.2 + 0.1(0.15(5000 + 5000)) = 𝟓𝟐𝟎 > 0.2(0.3𝑥5000) = 300 < 1850
2

𝑏 =𝑏 , +𝑏 +𝑏 ,

= 300 + 300 + 300 = 900 𝑚𝑚

𝐾= = = 0.3 > 0.295 ⇒ Compression steel is required.

Compression Area (𝐴 ):
(𝐾 − 𝐾 )𝑏𝑑 𝑓 (0.3 − 0.295)𝑥300𝑥580 𝑥17
𝐴 = = = 37.23 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) 434.78𝑥(580 − 50)

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

This small area of reinforcement can be provided by extending the bottom span bars beyond the
internal supports.
Tension Area (𝐴 ):
𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 = 0.82𝑑 = 0.82(580) = 475.60 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2
.
𝐴 = +𝐴 = + 37.23 = 2484.81 𝑚𝑚
. .

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟒𝝓𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔, 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐 (𝑻𝒐𝒑 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍)

 Mid-span of interior 2nd span BC → design as a T-section
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 333 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛g
Effective width of flange
𝑏 =𝑏 , +𝑏 +𝑏 ,

𝑏 , = (0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ) ≤ 0.2𝑙 ≤ 𝑏

(4000 − 2𝑥150)
= 0.2 + 0.1(0.7𝑥5000) = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 > 0.2(0.7𝑥5000) = 700 < 1850
2
𝑏 , = (0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ) ≤ 0.2𝑙 ≤ 𝑏
(4000 − 2𝑥150)
= 0.2 + 0.1(0.7𝑥5000) = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 > 0.2(0.7𝑥5000) = 700 < 1850
2
𝑏 =𝑏 , +𝑏 +𝑏 ,

= 700 + 300 + 700 = 1700 𝑚𝑚

Check depth of neutral axis
𝑀 333𝑥10
𝐾= = = 0.032 < 0.295
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 1700 𝑥 600 𝑥 17

Thus, 𝑧 = 1 + √1 − 2𝐾 = 1 + 1 − 2(0.032) = 590.24 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑

𝑎 = 2(𝑑 − 𝑧) = 2(600 − 590.24) = 19.52 < 𝑡 = 180 →

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏 =
𝑏

𝐴 = = = 1343.7 𝑚𝑚
.

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟒 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍

 Design for Shear
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):

Page 29
 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.577 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.014 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.577) (30) = 0.38 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.577(100 𝑥 0.014 𝑥 30) 300𝑥 600

= 118.405 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.38 𝑥 300 𝑥 600 = 68.4 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.
 Check for crushing of the concrete strut at the maximum shear force
Maximum shear is in spans AB and CD at supports B and C.
At the face of the supports:
𝑉 = 570 − 190 𝑥 0.15 = 541.5 𝑘𝑁
At d distance from face of support:
𝑉 = 541.5 − 190 𝑥 0.6 = 427.5 𝑘𝑁
Crushing strength of diagonal strut:
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(427500/300𝑥600)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 18
0.153𝑥30(1 − 30/250)
cot 𝜃 = 3.08
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assume cot 𝜃 = 2.5 for all shear
calculations:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.528

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [300 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 600) 𝑥 0.528 𝑥 17/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 501.42 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 = 427.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑂𝑘 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
 Design of shear links
 Shear links in end spans at supports A and D

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

At d distance from face of support:

𝑉 = 427 − 190 𝑥 (0.15 + 0.6) = 284.5 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 ≥ 𝑉 = 284.5 𝑘𝑁

⇒ ≥ ( . )( )( . )
= 0.48
.

100.531
𝑠≤ = 207.41 𝑚𝑚
0.48
Hence provide 𝜙8 at 200 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖)
Additional longitudinal tensile force
∆ 𝐹 = 0.5𝑉 cot 𝜃 = 0.5 𝑥 284.5 𝑥 2.5 = 355.63 𝑘𝑁
This additional longitudinal tensile force is provided for by extending the
curtailment point of longitudinal reinforcement.
 Shear links in end spans at supports B and C
At d distance from face of support:
𝑉 = 570 − 190 𝑥 (0.15 + 0.58) = 431.30 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 ≥ 𝑉 = 431.30 𝑘𝑁

⇒ ≥ ( . )( )( . )
= 0.76
.

157.08
𝑠≤ = 206.64 𝑚𝑚
0.76
𝑨𝒔𝒘
Hence provide 𝜙10 at 200 mm c/c ( = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔)
𝒔

Additional longitudinal tensile force

∆ 𝐹 = 0.5𝑉 cot 𝜃 = 0.5 𝑥 431.30 𝑥 2.5 = 539.13 𝑘𝑁
This additional longitudinal tensile force is provided for by extending the
curtailment point of longitudinal reinforcement.
 Shear links in middle span BC at supports B and C
At d distance from face of support:
𝑉 = 522 − 190 𝑥 (0.15 + 0.6) = 379.50 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 ≥ 𝑉 = 379.5 𝑘𝑁

⇒ ≥ ( . )( )( . )
= 0.65
.

157.08
𝑠≤ = 242.95 𝑚𝑚
0.65
Page 31
 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑨𝒔𝒘
Hence provide 𝜙10 at 230 mm c/c ( = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖)
𝒔

Additional longitudinal tensile force

∆ 𝐹 = 0.5𝑉 cot 𝜃 = 0.5 𝑥 379.5 𝑥 2.5 = 474.38 𝑘𝑁
This additional longitudinal tensile force is provided for by extending the
curtailment point of longitudinal reinforcement.
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√30)/500 = 0.001
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.001 𝑥 300 𝑥 1 = 0.263 𝑚𝑚 (using vertical links)

𝐴
𝑠≤ = 382.25 𝑚𝑚
0.263
Provide 𝜙 8 at 300 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓)
Shear resistance of links provided:
𝑉 = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃

= 0.335(0.9𝑥600)(434.78)(2.5) = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 𝑘𝑁
 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is
𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 600 = 450 𝑚𝑚

 Extent of shear links

Shear links are required at each end of the beam from the face of the support to the point where
the design shear force is 𝑉 = 196.63 𝑘𝑁 on the shear force diagram of the beam.
For the face of the end supports A and D the distance 𝑥 is:
𝑉 −𝑉 398.5 − 196.63
𝑥 = = = 1.06 𝑚
𝑤 190
For the interior supports B and C of the 1st and 3rd spans:
𝑉 −𝑉 541.5 − 196.63
𝑥 = = = 1.82 𝑚
𝑤 190
For the links at supports B and C in the middle span:
𝑉 −𝑉 493.5 − 196.63
𝑥 = = = 1.56 𝑚
𝑤 190

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Based on this dimensions the links are arranged as shown in Fig. below.
 Sketch

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥300𝑥600 = 271.44 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥300𝑥600 = 234 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥300𝑥660 = 7920 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Spacing of Bars:

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Using 35 mm cover to reinforcement:

1𝑥24 = 24 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 71 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!

Page 34
 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 8: Design of Continuous Beam

A 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 × 300 𝑚𝑚 wide rectangular beam is required to support office loads of 𝑔 =
30.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and 𝑞 = 11.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 over 2 𝑛𝑜. 6 𝑚 spans. Design the beam using 𝑓 =
30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Assume 300 𝑚𝑚 wide supports.

Solution
 Material Properties:
. .
For C30 concrete: 𝑓 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(30) = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Load Combination:
Design load w:
𝑤 = 1.35𝑔 + 1.5𝑞 = 1.35𝑥30.2 + 1.5𝑥11.5 = 58.02 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
Design moment 𝑀 (𝑘𝑁𝑚):

Shear Force 𝑽 (𝑘𝑁):

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

 Flexural Design:
Effective depth:
Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 26 𝑚𝑚 with concrete cover 35 mm and 10 mm link diameter.

Effective depth (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝐶 − 𝜙 − = 450 − 35 − 10 − = 392 𝑚𝑚

Flexure in span:
𝑀 = 146.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
𝑀 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑
= 0.295𝑥17𝑥300𝑥392 = 231.187 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Since 𝑀 > 𝑀 = 146.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚 design as singly reinforced beam.
𝑀 146.9𝑥10
𝐾= = = 0.187
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 300𝑥392 𝑥17
𝑑 392
𝑧= 1 + √1 − 2𝐾 = 1+ 1 − 2(0.187) = 350.97 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
𝑀 146.9 𝑥 10
𝐴 = = = 962.55 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 𝑧 434.78 𝑥 350.97
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
Flexure, support:
𝑀 = 261 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Since 𝑀 < 𝑀 = 261 𝑘𝑁𝑚 design as doubly reinforced beam.
Compression Area (𝐴 ):
𝑀−𝑀 (261 − 231.187)𝑥10
𝐴 = = = 202.54 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) 434.78(392 − 53)
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔 𝑩
Tension Area (𝐴 ):
𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 = 0.82𝑑 = 0.82(392) = 321.44 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑀 231.187𝑥10
𝐴 = +𝐴 = + 202.54 = 1856.76 𝑚𝑚
𝑧𝑓 321.44(434.78)
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟒𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝐴 = 2123.72 𝑚𝑚 ) 𝑻
 Shear Design:
a) Support B (critical)
Shear at central support = 217.6 𝑘𝑁
 Design Shear Force, 𝑉 :
This should be determined at distance d from the face of the support.
𝑉 = 217.6 − 58.02(0.15 + 𝑑) = 217.6 − 58.02𝑥0.542 = 186.153 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.714 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.018 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.714) (30) = 0.43 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.714(100 𝑥 0.018 𝑥 30) 300𝑥 392

= 91.425 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.43 𝑥 300 𝑥 392 = 50.568 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.
 Compression Capacity of Compression Strut, 𝑉 , :
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(186153/300𝑥392)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 11.536
0.153𝑥30(1 − 30/250)
cot 𝜃 = 4.9
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assuming cot 𝜃 = 2.5:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.528

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [300 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 392) 𝑥 0.528 𝑥 17/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 327.59 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 𝑂𝑘
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√30)/500 = 0.0009
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0009 𝑥 300 𝑥 1 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚 (assuming the use of vertical links)

 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is

𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 392 = 294 𝑚𝑚
 Shear reinforcement is provided as:
𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 = 186153 𝑁

⇒ =( )( )( . )
= 0.48
. .

𝐴
𝑠≤ = 327
0.48
Hence provide 𝜙10 at 290 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒)
b) Support A and C
Shear at end support = 130.6 𝑘𝑁
 Design Shear Force, 𝑉 :
At distance d from the face of the support.
𝑉 = 130.6 − 58.02(0.15 + 𝑑) = 130.6 − 58.02𝑥0.542 = 99.15 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.714 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.009 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.714) (30) = 0.43 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.714(100 𝑥 0.009 𝑥 30) 300𝑥 392

= 72.38 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.43 𝑥 300 𝑥 392 = 50.568 𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉 , < 𝑉 , shear reinforcement must be provided.
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√30)/500 = 0.0009
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0009 𝑥 300 𝑥 1 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚 (assuming the use of vertical links)

Provide 𝜙10 at 350 mm c/c

 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is
𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 392 = 294 𝑚𝑚
 Shear reinforcement is provided as:
𝑉 , = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃 = 99150 𝑁

⇒ =( )( )( . )
= 0.26
. .

𝐴
𝑠≤ = 604
0.26
Hence provide 𝜙10 at 290 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒)

 Extent of shear links

Shear resistance of links provided:
𝑉 = 𝑧𝑓 cot 𝜃

= 0.26(0.9𝑥392)(434.78)(2.5) = 99.7 𝑘𝑁
Shear links are required at each end of the beam from the face of the support to the point where
the design shear force is 𝑉 = 99.7 𝑘𝑁 on the shear force diagram of the beam.
From the face of the support B:
𝑉 −𝑉 186.153 − 99.7
𝑥= = = 1.5 𝑚
𝑤 58.02

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Summary of design:

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥300𝑥392 = 177.34 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥300𝑥392 = 152.88 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥300𝑥450 = 5400 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Spacing of Bars:

1𝑥26 = 26 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 35𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!
 Curtailment of main bars
Bottom: curtail
75% main bars 0.08𝑙 from end support = 480 𝑚𝑚 say 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴
70% main bars 0.30𝑙 – 𝑎 = 0.3 × 6000 − 1.125 × 𝑑
= 1800 − 1.125 × 392
= 1359 mm say 1350 from A
Top: curtail
40% main bars 0.15𝑙 + 𝑎 = 900 + 441
= 1341 mm say 1350 from B

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

65% main bars 0.30𝑙 + 𝑎 = 1800 + 441

= 2241 mm say 2250 from B
At supports:
25% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 to be anchored at supports
25% 𝑜𝑓 962.55 𝑚𝑚 = 240.64 𝑚𝑚
Use min. 2𝜙14 (308 𝑚𝑚 ) at supports A and C.
In accordance with SMDSC [9] detail MB1 lap U-bars tension lap with main steel
= 780 mm (in C30/37 concrete, H12, ‘poor’ bond condition)
= say 800 mm
Summary of reinforcement details

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 9: Design of L-Beam

The section through a simply supported reinforced concrete footbridge of 7 m effective span is
shown in Fig. below. The characteristic imposed load is 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and the materials to be used are
𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 reinforcement. Design the L-beams that support
the bridge. Concrete weighs 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , and the unit mass of the handrails is 16 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 per side.
The beam will be in XD1 environment.

Cross section of a foot bridge

Solution
 Material Properties
. .
For C25 concrete: 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 →𝑓 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
/ /
→𝑓 = 0.3𝑓 = 0.3(25) = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓 = = = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎

.

 Design Loads
The total load is carried by two L-beams. All the load acting on 0.8 m width acts on an L-beam.
The dead load carried by each L-beam is
[(0.12 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + 0.03 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑) × 0.8 + 0.2 × (0.4 – 0.12) 𝑟𝑖𝑏] × 25
+ 16 × 9.81𝑥 10 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 = 4.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
The total live load acting on each beam is 0.8 × 5 = 4.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Design load = (1.35 × 4.6) + (1.5 × 4) = 12.21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Analysis
Ultimate moment at mid-span = 12.21 × 7 /8 = 74.8 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
Shear Force 𝑉 at support:
𝑤𝑙 12.21𝑥7
𝑉= = = 42.74 𝑘𝑁
2 2

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

The load, shear force and bending moment diagrams are:

 Effective Width
1600 − 2𝑥200
𝑏 = = 600 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑙 = Span of simply supported beam = 7000 mm

𝑏 = 𝑏 , +𝑏 ≤𝑏

𝑏 , = 0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ≤ 0.2𝑙

𝑏 , = 0.2𝑏 + 0.1𝑙 ≤ 0.2𝑙
𝑏 , = 0.2(600) + 0.1(7000) = 820 𝑚𝑚 ≤ min (1400, 600) = 600 mm
Therefore, 𝑏 , = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 𝑏 , + 𝑏 = 600 + 200 = 800 ≤ (𝑏 = 1400 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐)
∴Effective width 𝑏 of flange = 800 𝑚𝑚
 Effective Depth
Assume exposure class as XD1, 𝑐 , = 35 𝑚𝑚 for structural class S4. Assume 20 mm bars
for reinforcement.
Cover, 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟; 𝑐 , ; 10 𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (20; 35; 10) = 35 𝑚𝑚.
The effective depth d is estimated as
𝑑 = 400 – 35 (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟) – 8 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) – 20/2 = 347 𝑚𝑚
 Check the Position of the Neutral Axis
Assume the depth of compression block 𝑎 = 𝑡 = 120 𝑚𝑚. Then,
𝑡 120
𝑀 =𝑓 𝑏 𝑡 𝑑− = 14.167 𝑥 800 𝑥 120 𝑥 347 − = 390.33 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
The design moment that the concrete flange (𝑀 ) can resist is greater than the design moment
(= 74.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚). The stress block is inside the slab and the beam can be designed as a rectangular
section.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

 Flexural Design
𝑀 74.8 𝑥 10
𝐾= = = 0.055
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 800 𝑥 3472 𝑥 14.167
𝑑 347
𝑧= 1 + √1 − 2𝐾 = 1+ 1 − 2(0.055) = 337.18 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2
𝑀 74.8 𝑥 10
𝐴 = = = 521.9 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 𝑧 434.783 𝑥 329.65 𝑚𝑚
⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟎 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

𝐴 , = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 but not less than 0.0013𝑏 𝑑

.
= 0.26𝑥 𝑥200𝑥347 = 93.83 𝑚𝑚 > 0.0013𝑥200𝑥347 = 90.22 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 , = 0.04𝐴 = 0.04𝑥200𝑥400 = 3200 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.
 Curtailment of bars: As there are only two bars, all bars will be taken right to the end.
 Design for Shear
At d distance from face of support (from center of support for simplification):
𝑉 = 42.74 − 12.2 𝑥 0.347 = 38.51 𝑘𝑁
 Shear Resistance of Concrete (𝑉 , ):
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
.

𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.76 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:
.
ρ = = = 0.009 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘

𝜎 =0
/ / / /
𝑣 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓 = 0.035(1.76) (25) = 0.409 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑉 , = [𝐶 , 𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) + 𝑘 𝜎 ]𝑏 𝑑

= 0.12 𝑥 1.76(100 𝑥 0.009 𝑥 25) 200𝑥 347

= 41.38 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑣 +𝑘 𝜎 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.409 𝑥 200 𝑥 347 = 28.38 𝑘𝑁

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Since 𝑉 , > 𝑉 no shear reinforcement is required but nominal minimum reinforcement will
be provided.
 Check for crushing of the concrete strut at the maximum shear force
Crushing strength of diagonal strut:
(𝑉 /𝑏 𝑑)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin
0.153𝑓 (1 − 𝑓 /250)
(38510/200𝑥347)
𝜃 = 0.5 sin = 4.638
0.153𝑥25(1 − 25/250)
cot 𝜃 = 12.33
The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. Therefore, assume cot 𝜃 = 2.5:

𝑣 = 0.6 1 − = 0.6 1 − = 0.54

𝑉 , = 𝑏 𝑍𝑣𝑓 /(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) = [200 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 347) 𝑥 0.54 𝑥 14.17/(2.5 + 0.4)]

= 164.8 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉 = 38.51 𝑘𝑁 𝑂𝑘 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
 Minimum shear reinforcement, 𝜌 , :

𝜌 , = (0.08 𝑓 )/𝑓

= (0.08√25)/500 = 0.0008
𝜌 , = 𝐴 /(𝑠𝑏 sin 𝛼)

⇒ = 0.0008 𝑥 200 𝑥 1 = 0.16 𝑚𝑚 (using vertical links)

𝐴
𝑠≤ = 628 𝑚𝑚
0.16
Provide 𝜙 8 at 250 mm c/c (𝑨𝒔𝒘 /𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐)
 Maximum spacing of links, 𝑠 , is
𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 𝑥 347 = 260 𝑚𝑚
 Drawing
2𝜙12 bars are provided to carry the links at the top of the beam.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Check possible satisfactory conditions:

 Spacing of Bars:

1𝑥20 = 20 𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance = 74 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 + 5 𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, it is ok!
 End anchorage
 The area of bottom reinforcement provided at supports with little or no end fixity
should be at least 25% of the area of steel provided in the span.
 The tensile force 𝐹 to be anchored is given by
𝑎
𝐹 = |𝑉 |
𝑧
𝑎 is given as
𝑧
𝑎 = (cot 𝜃 − cot 𝛼)
2
𝛼 = angle of shear reinforcement and for vertical links, 𝛼 = 90° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛼 = 0.
𝑎
cot 𝜃 ≈ 2.5 = 1.25
𝑧
𝐹 = 1.25𝑉
The bond length needed is measured from the line of contact between the beam and the support.
At support, 𝑉 = 38.5 𝑘𝑁. 𝐹 = 1.25 × 38.51 = 48.14 𝑘𝑁.
Area of steel required to resist this force =

48.14𝑥10
= = 110.72 𝑚𝑚
434.783
As all the steel is carried over to the support, area of steel provided is that of 2𝜙20 equal to
628.32 𝑚𝑚 > 110.72 𝑚𝑚 .
For 𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎, the bond length is 40 bar diameters.
The bond length ℓ = (𝐴 /𝐴 ) × (40 × 20).
110.72
𝑙 = 𝑥(40𝑥20) = 141 𝑚𝑚
628.32
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 Reinforced Concrete Structures I

 Deflection check
The deflection of the beam is checked using the equation:
, .
= = 1.23
, .

.
𝜌= = = 0.009, 𝜌% = 0.91

𝜌 = 10 𝑥√25 = 0.005, 𝜌 % = 0.5 𝜌>𝜌

Simply supported beam, K = 1.
No compression steel, 𝜌′ = 0.
𝑏/𝑏 = 800/200 = 4.0 > 3.0. Therefore 𝐿/𝑑 from equation is multiplies by 0.8.
Load at ULS = (1.35 × 4.6) + (1.5 × 4) = 12.21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Load at SLS = (1.0 × 4.6) + (1.0 × 4) = 8.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Stress 𝜎 in steel at 𝑆𝐿𝑆 = (8.6/12.21 ) × 𝑓 = 306 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐿 𝜌 1 𝜌
= 𝐾 11 + 1.5 𝑓 + 𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌
𝑑 𝜌−𝜌 12 𝜌

= 20.38
= 20.38 𝑥 0.8 = 16.3
,
𝐿/𝑑 ratio corrected for is 16.3𝑥1.23 = 20
,

Actual 𝐿/𝑑 = 7000/347 = 20.2.

Deflection will not exceed the permitted L/250.
 Check for cracking
Steel stress at SLS = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆 × [𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆]
= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑈𝐿𝑆
.
= 434.78 𝑥 = 306 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.

From Table of maximum bar spacing for crack control, for 0.3 mm crack width, maximum spacing
is approximately 117 mm. The actual spacing provided is 74 mm does not exceed 117 mm. The
beam is satisfactory with regard to cracking.

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