Solutions

1. a. H0: μ ≤ 600 Manager’s claim

Ha: μ > 600

b. We are not able to conclude that the manager’s claim is wrong.

c. The manager’s claim can be rejected. We can conclude that μ > 600.

2. a. H0: μ ≤ 14

Ha: μ > 14 Research hypothesis

b. There is no statistical evidence that the new bonus plan increases sales volume.

c. The research hypothesis that μ > 14 is supported. We can conclude that the new

bonus plan increases the mean sales volume.

3. a. H0: μ = 32 Specified filling weight

Ha: μ ≠ 32 Overfilling or underfilling exists

b. There is no evidence that the production line is not operating properly. Allow the

production process to continue.

c. Conclude μ ≠ 32 and that overfilling or underfilling exists. Shut down and adjust

the production line.

4. a. H0: μ ≥ 220

Ha: μ < 220

Research hypothesis to see if mean cost is less than $220.

b. We are unable to conclude that the new method reduces costs.

c. Conclude μ < 220. Consider implementing the new method based on the

conclusion that it lowers the mean cost per hour.

5. a. Conclude that the population mean annual consumption of beer and cider in

Milwaukee is greater than 26.9 gallons and hence higher than throughout the
 United States.

b. The type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true. This error occurs if the researcher

concludes that the population mean annual consumption of beer and cider in

Milwaukee is greater than 26.9 gallons when the population mean annual

consumption of beer and cider in Milwaukee is actually less than or equal to 26.9

gallons.

c. The type II error is accepting H0 when it is false. This error occurs if the

researcher concludes that the population mean annual consumption of beer and

cider in Milwaukee is less than or equal to 26.9 gallons when it is not.

6. a. H0: μ ≤ 1 The label claim or assumption

Ha: μ > 1

b. Claiming μ > 1 when it is not. This is the error of rejecting the product’s claim

when the claim is true.

c. Concluding μ ≤ 1 when it is not. In this case, we miss the fact that the product is

not meeting its label specification.

7. a. H0: μ ≤ 8,000

Ha: μ > 8,000 Research hypothesis to see if the plan increases average sales

b. Claiming μ > 8,000 when the plan does not increase sales. A mistake could be

implementing the plan when it does not help.

c. Concluding μ ≤ 8,000 when the plan really would increase sales. This could lead

to not implementing a plan that would increase sales.

8. a. H0: μ ≥ 220

Ha: μ < 220

b. Claiming μ < 220 when the new method does not lower costs. A mistake could be

implementing the method when it does not help.

not implementing a method that would lower costs.

9. a.

b. Lower-tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –2.12: p-value =.0170.

c. p-value  .05, reject H0.

d. Reject H0 if z  –1.645

–2.12  –1.645, reject H0.

10. a.

b. Using normal table with z = 1.48: p-value = 1.0000 – .9306 = .0694.

c. p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

d. Reject H0 if z  2.33

1.48 < 2.33, do not reject H0.

11. a.

b. Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area.

Using normal table with z = –2.00: p-value = 2(.0228) = .0456.

c. p-value  .05, reject H0.

d. Reject H0 if z  –1.96 or z  1.96

–2.00  –1.96, reject H0.

12. a.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –1.25: p-value =.1056.

p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –2.50: p-value =.0062.

p-value  .01, reject H0.

c.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –3.75: p-value ≈ 0.

p-value  .01, reject H0.

d.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = .83: p-value =.7967.

p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

13. Reject H0 if z  1.645.

a.

2.42  1.645, reject H0.

b.

.97 < 1.645, do not reject H0.

c. .

1.74  1.645, reject H0.

14. a.

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area.

p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

b.

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area.

Using normal table with z = 2.68: p-value = 2(1 – .9963) = .0074.

p-value  .01, reject H0.

c.

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area.

Using normal table with z = –1.73: p-value = 2(.0418) = .0836.

p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

15. a. H0: μ  1,056

Ha: μ < 1,056

b.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –1.83: p-value = .0336.

c. p-value  .05, reject H0. Conclude the mean refund of “last minute” filers is less

than $1,056.

d. Reject H0 if z  –1.645

–1.83  –1.645, reject H0.

16. a. H0: μ  3,173

Ha: μ > 3,173.

b.

p-value = 1.0000 – .9793 = .0207.

undergraduate students has increased compared to the previous all-time high of

$3,173 reported in the original report.

23. a.

b. Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 24.

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic.

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.31 is .0149.

c. p-value  .05, reject H0.

d. With df = 24, t.05 = 1.711

Reject H0 if t  1.711.

e. 2.31 > 1.711, reject H0.

24. a.

b. Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 47.

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area.

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value

is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = –1.54 is .1303.

c. p-value > .05, do not reject H0.

d. With df = 47, t.025 = 2.012

Reject H0 if t  –2.012 or t  2.012.

t = –1.54; do not reject H0.

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 35.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using t table: p-value is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = –1.15 is .1290.

p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

b.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using t table: p-value is between .005 and .01.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = –2.61 is .0066.

p-value  .01, reject H0.

c.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using t table: p-value is between .80 and .90.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.20 is .8809.

p-value > .01, do not reject H0.

26. a.

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 64.

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area.

Using t table; area in upper tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value

is between .02 and .05.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.10 is .0397.

p-value  .05, reject H0.

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area.

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .005 and .01; therefore, p-value

is between .01 and .02.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = –2.57 is .0125.

p-value  .05, reject H0.

c.

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area.

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value

is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.54 is .1285.

p-value > .05, do not reject H0.

27. a. H0: μ  32.48

Ha: μ < 32.48

b.

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 55.

p-value is the lower tail area at the test statistic.

Using t table: p-value is between .05 and .10.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = –1.45 is .076.

c. p-value > .05; do not reject H0. We cannot conclude that the price in Providence

for a bottle of red wine that scores 4.0 or higher on the Vivino Rating System is

less than the population mean of $32.48.

d. df = 55 t.05 = –1.673
 Reject H0 if t  –1.673

–1.45 > –1.673; do not reject H0.

28. a. H0: μ  9

Ha: μ < 9

b.

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 84

Lower tail p-value is P(t ≤ –2.50).

Using t table: p-value is between .005 and .01.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = –2.50 is .0072.

c. p-value  .01; reject H0. The mean tenure of a CEO is significantly lower than

nine years. The claim of the shareholders group is not valid.

35. a.

b. Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area.

Using normal table with z = –1.25: p-value = 2(.1056) = .2112.

c. p-value > .05; do not reject H0.

d. z.025 = 1.96

Reject H0 if z  –1.96 or z  1.96

z = 1.25; do not reject H0.

36. a.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –2.80: p-value =.0026.

p-value  .05; Reject H0.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –1.20: p-value =.1151.

p-value > .05; Do not reject H0.

c.

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = –2.00: p-value =.0228.

p-value  .05

Reject H0.

d. .

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = .80: p-value =.7881.

p-value > .05

Do not reject H0.

37. a. H0: p  .113

Ha: p > .113

b.

Using normal table with z = 1.07: p-value = 1.0000 – .8577 = .1423.

p-value > .05; do not reject H0. We cannot conclude that there has been an
 increase in union membership.

38. a. H0: p μ .64

Ha: p  .64

b.

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area.

Using normal table with z = –2.50: p-value = 2(.0062) = .0124.

c. p-value  .05; reject H0. Proportion differs from the reported .64.

d. The results of the hypothesis test provide evidence that the proportion differs from

.64, and the sample proportion = .52 suggests that fewer than 64% of the

shoppers believe the supermarket brand is as good as the name brand. So the

manufacturer has some evidence that the percentage of supermarket shoppers who

believe the supermarket ketchup is as good as the national brand is less than 64%.

However, the manufacturer would have more appropriate evidence if a lower

tailed hypothesis test had been used.