Fundamentals of Internet of Things

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
(NBA Accredited)

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

(22OE0EC01)

III B Tech II Semester [Branch: CSC]

Y. JEEVAN
Assistant Professor

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(A UGC Autonomous Institution & Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Ibrahimpatnam, R.R.District – 501 506 (T.S)

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

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 Fundamentals of Internet of Things

UNIT-I
Introduction to Internet of Things:

Characteristics of IoT, Physical design of

IoT, Functional blocks of IoT, Sensing,
Actuation, Basics of Networking,
Communication Protocols, Sensor
Networks.

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 Fundamentals of Internet of Things

1.1 Introduction to IoT:

The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internet -connected
appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Kevin Ashton
(born 1968) is a British technology pioneer who is known for inventing the term "the Internet of
Things" to describe a system where the Internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous
sensors. IoT is able to interact without human intervention. Some preliminary IoT applications
have been already developed in healthcare, transportation, and automotive industries. IoT
technologies are at their infant stages; however, many new developments have occurred in the
integration of objects with sensors in the Internet. The development of IoT involves many issues
such as infrastructure, communications, interfaces, protocols, and standards. The objective of this
paper is to give general concept of IoT, the architecture and layers in IoT, some basic terms
associated with it and the services provided. The below fig 1.1 give an example things connected
to internet.
The IOT concept was coined by a member of the Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) development community in 1999, and it has recently become more relevant to the
practical world largely because of the growth of mobile devices, embedded and ubiquitous
communication, cloud computing and data analytics

Fig 1.1: Things connected to Internet

Definition of IoT:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices,
instruments, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, circuits , software,
sensors and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The
Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across
existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the
physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency and accuracy.

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IoT refers to the interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded
in everyday objects, enabled them to send and receive the data.
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self- configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols, where physical and virtual “things”
have identities, physical attributes, and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated
into information network that communicate data with users and environments.
➢ The Internet of Things represents the whole way from collecting data, processing it,
taking an action corresponding to the signification of this data to storing everything in the
cloud. All this is made possible by the internet
➢ The Internet of things has become a very widely spread concept in the last few years. The
reason for this is mainly the need to computerize and control most of the surrounding objects
and have access to data in real time.
➢ Example: Parking sensors, about phones which can check the weather and so on
1.2 Characteristics of IoT :
1. Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT device and system may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user’s context, or sensed environment. For example, consider a surveillance adpt
their modes based on the weather it is day or night, cameras could switch from lower
resolution to higher resolution modes when any motion is detected and alert nearby cameras
to do the same.
2. Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large
number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality (such as weather
monitoring). These devices have the ability configure themselves, setup the networking and
fetch latest software upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention.
3. Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may support a number of
interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also
with the infrastructure.
4. Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as
an IP address). IoT systems may have intelligent interface which adapt based on the context,
allow communicating with user and the environmental contexts, IoT device interfaces allow
users to query the devices, monitor their status and control them remotely.
5. Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are usually integrated into the
information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with ot her
devices and systems, IoT dvices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other
devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe themselves to other devices
or user applications.
Applications of IoT:
1) Home
2) Cities

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3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health &LifeStyle

DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs

1) Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status information
to the users remotely.
c) Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors) to
detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to the
user. d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings
to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors
can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the presence
of harmful gases such as CO, LPGetc.,
2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots
and send information over internet to smart application backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.

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c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition,
travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition and
accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels
in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud
based scalable storage solution.
f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage
detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructures.
3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send
the data to cloud based applications and storage back ends. The data collected in cloud
can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud based applications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases (CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological
sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
control approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels in
cities have increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based
noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are
deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is collected
on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property
and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human resources
and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level and
flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a no. of sensor nodes that
monitor the water level and flow rate sensors.
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that
collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission, distribution
and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage
power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health of equipment
and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the point
of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid.
For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point
of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides power support
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the substations. The
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information received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of
the system and for predicting failures.

5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using data
collected by RFIDreaders.
b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies such
as Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machine monitors its operations
and send the data to cloud which can be used for predictive maintenance.
6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first
response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large transportation
network.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temp,
humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect
foods poilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data
on Vehicle operations(speed, RPMetc.,) and status of various vehicle subsystems.
7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in the soil.
b) Green House Control: to improve productivity.
8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis and prognosis
b) Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
9) Health and Lifestyle:
a) Health & Fitness Monitoring
b) Wearable Electronics
1.3 Physical Design of IoT :
The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
IoT devices can:
➢ Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or
➢ Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
➢ Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing the
data,
➢ Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
➢ Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can perform sensing, actuating
and monitoring capabilities.

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1.4 Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device:

An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices, both wired
and wireless. The below Fig 1.2 shows the block diagram of an IoT Device.
➢ I/O interfaces for sensors
➢ Interfaces for internet connectivity
➢ Memory and storage interfaces
➢ Audio/video interfaces

Fig 1.2: Block Diagram of an IoT Device

➢ HDMI: High-definition multimedia Interface.

➢ 3.5mm: Audio Jack which headphone adapter.
➢ RCA: Radio corporation of America.
➢ UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
➢ SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface.
➢ I2C: Inter integrated circuit
➢ CAN: Controller Area Network used for Micro-controllers and devices to communicate.
➢ SD: Secure digital (memory card)
➢ MMC: multimedia card
➢ SDIO: Secure digital Input Output
➢ GPU: Graphics processing unit.
➢ DDR: Double data rate
1.5 Sensing, Actuation
Sensing
The process of gathering information from the environment, such as temperature, pressure, or
motion. Sensors are transducers that convert physical characteristics into electrical signals.
Types of sensors
Some examples of sensors include temperature sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and rain
detectors.
Actuation

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The process of creating physical actions based on the information gathered by sensors. Actuators
are transducers that convert electrical signals into physical actions.

Types of actuators
Some examples of actuators include hydraulic actuators, pneumatic actuators,
and servo motors
Here are some more details about sensing and actuation in IoT:
Transduction
The process of converting one form of energy into another. Sensors and actuators are both
transducers.
Control center
In an IoT system, a sensor collects information and sends it to a control center. The control
center uses logic to decide on a command, which is then sent to an actuator.
Applications
IoT sensors and actuators can be used for a variety of applications, such as monitoring crop
health, measuring greenhouse gas emissions, and powering smart supply chains.
1.5.1 Sensors
Generally, sensors are used in the architecture of IOT devices.
Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.
A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.
The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for processing (e.g.
electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or material to detect the presence
of a particular physical quantity.
The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable form like changes in
characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance, etc.

Fig 1.3: IoT Hardware

Transducer:
• A transducer converts a signal from one physical structure to another.
• It converts one type of energy into another type.
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• It might be used as actuator in various systems.
Sensors characteristics:
1. Static
2. Dynamic
1. Static characteristics:
It is about how the output of a sensor changes in response to an input change after steady state
condition.
➢ Accuracy: Accuracy is the capability of measuring instruments to give a result close to
the true value of the measured quantity. It measures errors. It is measured by absolute and
relative errors. Express the correctness of the output compared to a higher prior system.
Absolute error = Measured value – True value
➢ Relative error: Measured value/True value
➢ Range: Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity within which the
sensor can actually sense. Beyond these values, there is no sense or no kind of response.
e.g. RTD for measurement of temperature has a range of -200`c to 800`c.
➢ Resolution: Resolution is an important specification for selection of sensors. The higher
the resolution, better the precision. When the accretion is zero to, it is called the threshold.
Provide the smallest changes in the input that a sensor is able to sense.
➢ Precision: It is the capacity of a measuring instrument to give the same reading when
repetitively measuring the same quantity under the same prescribed conditions.
It implies agreement between successive readings, NOT closeness to the true value.
It is related to the variance of a set of measurements.
It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for accuracy.
➢ Sensitivity: Sensitivity indicates the ratio of incremental change in the response of the
system with respect to incremental change in input parameters. It can be found from the
slope of the output characteristics curve of a sensor. It is the smallest amount of difference
in quantity that will change the instrument’s reading.
➢ Linearity: The deviation of the sensor value curve from a particularly straight line.
Linearity is determined by the calibration curve. The static calibration curve plots the
output amplitude versus the input amplitude under static conditions.
A curve’s slope resemblance to a straight line describes linearity.
➢ Drift: The difference in the measurement of the sensor from a specific reading when kept
at that value for a long period of time.
➢ Repeatability: The deviation between measurements in a sequence under the same
conditions. The measurements have to be made under a short enough time duration so as
not to allow significant long-term drift.
2. Dynamic Characteristics:
Properties of the systems
➢ Zero-order system: The output shows a response to the input signal with no delay. It does not
include energy-storing elements.
Ex. potentiometer measure, linear and rotary displacements.

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➢ First-order system: When the output approaches its final value gradually.
Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element.
➢ Second-order system: Complex output response. The output response of the sensor oscillates
before steady state.
Sensor Classification :
Passive & Active
Analog & digital
Scalar & vector
1. Passive Sensor
Can not independently sense the input. Ex- Accelerometer, soil moisture, water level and
temperature sensors.

2. Active Sensor
Independently sense the input. Example- Radar, sounder and laser altimeter sensors.
3. Analog Sensor
The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its input parameter. Ex-
Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor and analog hall effect.
4. Digital sensor
Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors. Along
with the analog sensor, it also comprises extra electronics for bit conversion. Example –
Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital temperature sensor(DS1620).
5. Scalar sensor
Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude. The answer for the sensor is a
function of magnitude of some input parameter. Not affected by the direction of input
parameters.
Example – temperature, gas, strain, color and smoke sensor.
6. Vector sensor
The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction and orientation of input
parameter. Example – Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field and motion detector sensors.
Types of sensors
Electrical sensor:
Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non-contact. Simple contact sensors operate
by making the sensor and the component complete an electrical circuit.
Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either induction
for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non-metals as well.
Light sensor:
Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor.
Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.
The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the
ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s resistance decreases and vise
versa.

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Touch sensor:
Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor.
It’s name suggests that detection of something.
They are classified into two types:
1. Resistive type
2. Capacitive type
Today almost all modern touch sensors are of capacitive types.
Because they are more accurate and have better signal to noise ratio.
Range sensing:
Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from the sensing position,
although they can also be used as proximity sensors.
Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short range sensing, between
a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres is carried out using electrical capacitance,
inductance and magnetic technique. Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted
energy waves of various types eg radio waves, sound waves and lasers.
Mechanical sensor:
Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain amount
of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-switches.
Pneumatic sensor:
These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow.
The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor. These cannot be
used where light components may be blown away.
Optical sensor:
In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a light beam which
falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell. These are examples of non contact
sensors. Care must be exercised with the lighting environment of these sensors for example
optical sensors can be blinded by flashes from arc welding processes, airborne dust and
smoke clouds may impede light transmission etc.
Speed Sensor:
Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known as
speed sensor .For example – Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed
Radar .
Temperature Sensor:
Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives temperature’s measurement
as an electrical signal are termed as temperature sensors .These electrical signals will be in
the form of voltage and is directly proportional to the temperature measurement .
PIR Sensor:
PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is used for the
tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view
and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor .It is mainly used for detecting human motion and
movement detection .
Ultrasonic Sensor:
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The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of SONAR or RADAR
in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the attributes
of a target by generating the high frequency sound waves .
1.5.2 Actuator
An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”) + Sensors +
Actuators + Networks (Internet). An actuator is a machine component or system that moves or
controls the mechanism of the system. Sensors in the device sense the environment, then control
signals are generated for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform.
A servo motor is an example of an actuator. They are linear or rotatory actuators, can move to a
given specified angular or linear position. We can use servo motors for IoT applications and
make the motor rotate to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc., as per our need.
The following diagram shows what actuators do, the controller directs the actuator based on the
sensor data to do the work.

Fig 1.4: Working of IoT devices and use of Actuators

The control system acts upon an environment through the actuator. It requires a source of energy
and a control signal. When it receives a control signal, it converts the source of energy to a
mechanical operation. On this basis, on which form of energy it uses, it has different types given
below.
Types of Actuators:
1. Hydraulic Actuators –
A hydraulic actuator uses hydraulic power to perform a mechanical operation. They are actuated
by a cylinder or fluid motor. The mechanical motion is converted to rotary, linear, or oscillatory
motion, according to the need of the IoT device. Ex- construction equipment uses hydraulic
actuators because hydraulic actuators can generate a large amount of force.
Advantages:
➢ Hydraulic actuators can produce a large magnitude of force and high speed.
➢ Used in welding, clamping, etc.
➢ Used for lowering or raising the vehicles in car transport carriers.
Disadvantages:
➢ Hydraulic fluid leaks can cause efficiency loss and issues of cleaning.
➢ It is expensive.
➢ It requires noise reduction equipment, heat exchangers, and high maintenance systems.
2. Pneumatic Actuators –
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A pneumatic actuator uses energy formed by vacuum or compressed air at high pressure to
convert into either linear or rotary motion. Example- Used in robotics, use sensors that work
like human fingers by using compressed air.
Advantages:
➢ They are a low-cost option and are used at extreme temperatures where using air is a safer
option than chemicals.
➢ They need low maintenance, are durable, and have a long operational life.
➢ It is very quick in starting and stopping the motion.
Disadvantages:
➢ Loss of pressure can make it less efficient.
➢ The air compressor should be running continuously.
➢ Air can be polluted, and it needs maintenance.
3. Electrical Actuators –
An electric actuator uses electrical energy, is usually actuated by a motor that converts electrical
energy into mechanical torque. An example of an electric actuator is a solenoid based electric
bell.
Advantages:
➢ It has many applications in various industries as it can automate industrial valves.
➢ It produces less noise and is safe to use since there are no fluid leakages.
➢ It can be re-programmed and it provides the highest control precision positioning.
Disadvantages:
➢ It is expensive.
➢ It depends a lot on environmental conditions.
Other actuators are –
Thermal/Magnetic Actuators
These are actuated by thermal or mechanical energy. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) or Magnetic
Shape‐Memory Alloys (MSMAs) are used by these actuators. An example of a thermal/magnetic
actuator can be a piezo motor using SMA.
Mechanical Actuators
A mechanical actuator executes movement by converting rotary motion into linear motion. It
involves pulleys, chains, gears, rails, and other devices to operate. Example – A crankshaft.
Soft Actuators
Shape Memory Polymers
Light Activated Polymers
With the expanding world of IoT, sensors and actuators will find more usage in commercial and
domestic applications along with the pre-existing use in industry.
1.6 Basics of Networking, Communication Protocols
The IoT devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet Protocol) network.
However, devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect locally. In these
cases, there’s a difference in power, range, and memory used. Connection through IP
networks are comparatively complex, requires increased memory and power from the IoT

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devices while the range is not a problem. On the other hand, non-IP networks demand
comparatively less power and memory but have a range limitation.
As far as the IoT communication protocols or technologies are concerned, a mix of both IP
and non-IP networks can be considered depending on usage.
Fig 1.5 shows Four Layer of IoT Protocol
1. Link Layer
2. Network Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer

Fig 1.5: Four Layer of IoT Protocol

1. Link Layer:
In computer networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet protocol suite, the
networking architecture of the Internet.
The link layer is the group of methods and communications protocols confined to the link that a host
is physically connected to. The link is the physical and logical network component used to
interconnect hosts or nodes in the network and a link protocol is a suite of methods and standards
that operate only between adjacent network nodes of a network segment.

Table 1.1: different methods of link layer with standards.

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Ethernet Standard

Sr.No Standard Shared medium

802.3 Coaxial cable
1
2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic

4 802.3.ae Fiber 10Gbits/s

WiFi Standard

S.No Standard Operates in

1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b& 802.11g 2.4GHz band

3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 802.11.ac 5GHz band

5 802.11.ad 60Hz band

WiMax Standard
S.No Standard Data Rate

1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations, 1Gb/s for fixed stations

Mobile Communication Standard

Sr.No Standard Operates in

1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE
The above Table 1.1 shows the different method of link layer with different standards.
For Ethernet method Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and higher. Collection
of Wireless LAN Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s. Collection of Wireless Broadband
standards Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. LR-WPAN: Collection of standards for
low-rate wireless personal area networks, Basis for high level communication protocols such
as Zigbee, Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s. 2G/3G/4G
Mobile Communication: Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G).

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2. Network/Internet Layer:
The internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in
the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets from the originating host
across network boundaries; if necessary, to the destination host specified by an IP address. The
internet layer derives its name from its function facilitating internetworking, which is the
concept of connecting multiple networks with each other through gateways.
➢ Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination network
➢ Performs the host addressing and packet routing
➢ Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such as
IPV4 or IPV6
3. Transport Layer:
In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the
layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet protocol suite and the OSI
model. The protocols of this layer provide host-to-host communication services for
applications. It provides services such as connection-oriented communication, reliability, flow
control, and multiplexing.
The best-known transport protocol of the Internet protocol suite is the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP). It is used for connection-oriented transmissions, whereas the
connectionless User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used for simpler messaging transmissions.
➢ Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying network
➢ It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow-control and
congestion control
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
➢ Connection Oriented
➢ Ensures Reliable transmission
➢ Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicacy of packets and retransmit
lost packets
➢ Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the
receiver process
➢ Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to degradation
of n/w performance
4. Application Layer:
An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communications protocols
and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer
abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking: the Internet
Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. Although both models use the same term for their
respective highest level layer,
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
➢ Connectionless
➢ Does not ensures Reliable transmission
➢ Does not do connection before transmitting

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➢ Does not provide proper ordering of messages
➢ Transaction oriented and stateless
the detailed definitions and purposes are different.
Hyper Transfer Protocol:
➢ Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)
➢ Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc
➢ Follows a request-response model
➢ Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP
Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response model
Uses client –server architecture
XMPP:
➢ Extensible messaging and presence protocol, For R e a l - t i m e communication and
streaming XML data between n/w entities, Used for Applications such as Multi-
party chat and voice/video calls.

IoT Enabling Technologies:

1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
➢ Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental and physical
conditions
➢ Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too
➢ Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that connects WSN to
internet
➢ Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.
Example:
➢ Weather monitoring system
➢ Indoor Air quality monitoring system
➢ Soil moisture monitoring system
➢ Surveillance systems
➢ Health monitoring systems
Protocols:
Zigbee

Fig 1.6: wireless Sensors

2. Cloud Computing:
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Deliver applications and services over internet

Provides computing, networking and storage resources on demand
Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas and Saas
Iaas : Rent Infrastructure
Paas : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering and
managing software applications.
Saas : method for delivering software applicat ions over the Internet, on demand and
typically on a subscription basis.

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