ustrial Pharmacy

10.10 Pharmaceutical Aerosol

ch
Gycois such as
polyethylene gycols
Pharmaceutical Aerosol Industrial Pharmacy 10.11
are used. and is capable of
sTEar te
Emulsifying aqent is
propylene glycol 7. Another pressure filling device makes use of piston arrangement
Quick Breaking Foam:
maintaining positive pressure metered
Propeant is in the external inhalation aerosols which have
phase not be used for filling
This type of device can
When dispensed the product is emitted as a 8
valves.
Especialy appicable to topical medicatio foam, which then
collapses into a liquid. Procedure: container at the room
concentrate into the
of the
Formulation 1. This method involves filling
Ethy! alcohol %w/w temperature.
Surfactant 46-66 and crimped.
Then the valve is placed in the container added or it can be added under
are
Water 0.5-5 the propellants
Through the opening of the valve
28-42
Hydrocarbon propeilant the cap.
valve are smaller in size ranging from 0.018-0.030 incn, it
factantSOuld bE soluble in both
alcohol and water,
-15
4 Since the openings of the
becomes slow.
i0nc type can be non-ionic or
cationic or limits the production and the process heads where thae
machines and newer filling
Thermal Foam: But with the use of rotary filling increased
valve stem, the production rate is
1Used to produce
warm foam propellants are filled through before
tor
Used to dispense hair colours shaving. container and air present
in head space is removed
2 6. The trapped air in the affected.
and the products from getting adversely
proolems, are expensive, inconvenient dyes but
to use,
are unsuccessful
and lack of effectiveness.
due to corroSIOn filling the propellant to protect
10.6.2 Cold Filling Apparatus are coiled
with copper tubingS and the tubings
Intranasal Aerosols: 1. It consists of an insulated box fitted
to increase the area exposed to cooling
t isintended to deposit medication into nasal prior to use
passaqes for local or
systemic effect. 2. The insulated box should be filled with dry ice or acetone
Advantages without metered valves
Deliver measured dose of drug. 3. The apparatus can be operated with or
containers using this apparatus
into aerosol
Require lower doses compared to 4. Hydrocarbon propellant can not be filled
other systemic products. because large amount of propellant escapes out and vaponzes
3 Excelent depth of penetration into the nasal mixture.
4 Decreased mucosal irritability, passage way. 5. This may lead to formation of an explosive
or flammable mixtures though
their
6. Fluorocarbon vapours do not form any explosive
Maintenance of sterility from dose to dose. Greater flexibility in the product vapours heavier than air.
are
formulation. Procedure:
10.6
MANUFACTURE OF PHARMACEUTICAL AEROSOLS 1. Non-aqueous products and products which can withstand low temperatre of -40°F
Foilowing apparatus are used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical aerosols: are used in this method.
1 Pressure filling apparatus. 2. The product concentrate is chilled to a temperature of -40°F and filled into already
3.
2. Cold filling apparatus
Compressed gas filling apparatus. chilled container.
10.6.1 Pressure Filling Apparatus the
3. Then the chilled propellant is added completely in 1 to 2 stages, depending on
t consists of a pressure burette capable of mattering small volumes of liquefied gas amount.
2Propellant is added through an iniet vaive located at the bottom or top of the 4. Another method is to chill both the product concentrate and propellant in a separate
pressure burette. pressure vessel -40°F and then filling them into container.
.ihe propellant is aliowed to flow with its own vapour pressure in the container 5. The valve is placed and crimped on to the container.
through aerosol vaive. and of container is carried out by passing conta:ner
6. Then a test for leakage strength
4The trapped air escapes out from the upper valve. into a heated water bath, where the contents of container are heated 130F. After this
h e propellant stops flowing when the pressure of buretie and container becomes
the containers are air dried, capped ari labelled.
equal 10.6.3 Compressed Gas Filling Apparatus
it further propellant is to be added, a rubber pipe leading to a cylinder of nitrogen is
1 Compiessed gases have high pressure hence a pressure-reducing valve is required
attached to the upper valve, the pressure exerted by nitrogen helps in the flow of the
propellant into the container. 2. The appaidtus consists of a delivery gauge
 Pharmaceutical Aerosol
Industrial Pharmacy 1 10.12
inch gauge
3. A flexible hose pipe which can withstands 150 pounds per Square
pressure is attached to the delivery gauge along with the filling head.
4. A flow indicator is also present in specialized equipments.
Procedure:
1. The product concentrate is filled into the container.
22. Valve is placed and crimped on the container.
3 With the help of a vacuum pump, the air is removed from the container
the gas
valve, the valve is depressed, and
is
4. Filling head is put in the opening
4.
of the
allowed to flow into the container.
5. Ihe gas stops flowing if the delivery pressure and the pressure within the container
become equal
6. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide is used if more amount of gas is required.
container
7 High stability of the product can be achieved by shaking the
gas in the
manually or with the help of mechanical shakes.
--1-
STEP 1
Placing of valve
and bag inside
the can.

STEP 2
Crimping and
under cup or
through the
valve gassing

STEP 3
Pressure control
STEP 4
Product filling in
the bag and
weight control.

STEP 5
Actuator and
cap placement.
Fia, 19.: The Filling Process
 Cosmetics ndustrial Pharmacy
9.11 Cosmetics
9.10
Industrial Pharmacy
Formula Detergents: the Ihne following detergents
used in shampoos to clean nair. are
Ingredients Quantity Detergents are
commonly used in shampoo.
Carnauba wax 10.0 9 Sodium lauryl sulphate
Bees wax 15.0 g Triethanlamine oleate
Lanolin 5.0 g
Cetyl alcohol S.0 g
Tiepol
etc.
Castor oil 65.0 g Polyethylene glycol 400 distearate
Colour 2. Disinfectant and germicides:
q.s used in bacteria mediated itching. Examples:
Pigment They are shampoos to prevent
q.s
Perfume q.s. Hexachlorophane
Procedure Actamer
Melt spermaceti, beeswax, anhydrous lanolin and glycerol at 70°C. Antidandruff agents:
Dissolve borax in water and heat the solution to 70°C.
Antidandruf agents (0.5%6)
Add this hot solution into the meited misture and stir continuously until a smooth hehair, Examples:
are used to prevent the formation of scales on theskin under
cream is formed.
Maintain the temperature at 70°C during mixing and stirring.
Benzalkonium chloride
Add perfume and continue the stirring untilit is cold. Cetrimide.
9.6 HAIR CARE PREPARATIONS:SHAMPOOSs AND HAIR DYES 4. Conditioning agents:
9.6.1 Shampoo Conditioning agents improve the condition of the hair, they give smoothness and
The formulations containing surface active agents which are used to remove dirt, grease softnesstothe hair. Examples
from body without affecting the natural
and debris the hair, scalpand other parts of the
gloss of hair, are called as shampoo.
Lanolin
Mineral oils
Shampoos are mostly water-soluble solutions or suspension prepared by dissolving
Amino acids
cleansing agents in suitable liquid to which other agents are added to improve the functions
of the shampoo.
Ideal Properties:
Eggyolk etc.
Preservatives:
I t should remove dust, soil, fatty substances, sebum secreted in excess from the hair
and scalp. They are used to prevent microbial growth in shampoo. Examples:
It should be non-toxic Parahydroxybenzoic acid and its esters.
It should be non-irritant. Phenylmercuric nitrate is used as preservatives.
It should provide sufficient
it should
fragrance to the hair after its use. Sequestering Agents:
get easily removed by washing with water. These ingredients prevent the
It should produce sufficient
foam, both in hard and soft water. formation and deposition
present in water. They also prevent the hair from becoming
of calcium and magnesium salts
I t makes the hair soft and
shiny. dul. Examples:
Compositions: EDTA
Shampoos mainly contain the following ingredients: Pyrophosphates
Detergents 7. Colouring agents:
Disinfectants and germicides Quinizarin green and tartrazine
Antidandruff agents 8. Perfumes:
yellow are used as
colouring agents.
Conditioning agents Perfumes are used in
Preservatives shampoos to provide pleasant
Sequestering agents (a) Lavender oil fragrances. Examples:
Colouring agents (b) Rosemary ail
Perfumes (c) Jasmineoil
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