Aim: The Challenge of Resource Management topic.

Paper 2, Section C.
It’s the final topic everyone! (Except for the March 20 Paper 3 pre-release).

Reward
wheels:
…

Notices:
….
GCSE Geography:
Three exams at the end of Year 11:

Unit 1: Living with the Unit 2: Challenges in Unit 3: Geographical

Physical Environment the Human Applications
Environment
(1 hour 30 mins) (1 hour 15 mins)
(1 hour 30 mins)
Section A: The Challenge Section A: Issue
of Natural Hazards. Section A: Urban Issues Evaluation. March 20
and Challenges.
Section B: The Living Section B: Fieldwork.
World. Section B: The Changing
Economic World.
Section C: Physical
Landscapes in the UK. Section C: The
Challenge of Resource
Management. Feb
 BOOKLET FRONT PAGE
GCSE GEOGRAPHY TOPIC GUIDE

Paper 2, Section C:
THE CHALLENGE OF
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Note about GCSE Geography Paper 2 - Challenges in the Human Environment.

In Paper 2 you will answer:
Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges. Q1. 33 marks.
Section B: The Changing Economic World. Q2. 30 marks.
Section C: The Challenge of Resource Management.
Answer Q3 Resource Management and Q6 Energy (not Q4 Food and not Q5 Water). 25 marks.
KEY CASE STUDIES: BOOKLET FRONT PAGE

CANADA’S OIL SANDS CHAMBAMONTERA’S

(aka TAR SANDS) MICRO-HYDRO SCHEME,
PERU
Fossil fuel extraction
advantages and Sustainable and renewable
disadvantages. energy on a small scale.
KW: This means key word. Know your case studies!
They are underlined and you
should try to learn all of them!

KW: Energy security. KW: Energy mix. This means all the methods a country uses to provide
This means a country can energy resources. For example, the UK’s energy mix includes:
generate enough
electricity to meet Electricity from gas power Oil for petrol, diesel and Natural gas comes
demand, and it has stations, biomass power jet fuel comes from the from the North
enough energy resources stations, nuclear power North Sea and is also Sea and is also
for home heating and stations, offshore wind farms, imported from abroad imported from
cooking, hot water, onshore wind farms, and e.g. countries in the countries such as
industries and transport. hydro-electric power stations. Middle East. Norway and Qatar.

Practice exam questions: See page 23, and online at your Google Classroom.
THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TOPIC PLC (personal learning checklist)
BOOKLET PAGE 2 PLC
1: THE GLOBAL 1.1: Can you explain how food, water and energy are important to economic (money) and social
DISTRIBUTION (people) well-being?
OF RESOURCES 1.2: Can you explain some examples of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of
resources?

2: PROVISION 2.1: Can you explain the growing demand in the UK for food exports from low income countries?
OF FOOD IN
2.2: Why is there all-year demand for seasonal food?
THE UK
2.3: What is organic farming, and why is there a demand for organic food?
2.4: What are ‘food miles’ and how does this link to the discussion around carbon footprints?
2.5: Why do some people prefer to buy local food?
2.6: What does ‘agribusiness’ mean?

3: PROVISION 3.1: Can you explain why demand for water in the UK is increasing?
OF WATER IN
3.2: Can you explain where tap water comes from in the UK and how it’s made suitable for
THE UK
drinking?
3.3: Can you explain how the Environment Agency manages water quality and water pollution in
the UK?
3.4: What is meant by the terms ‘water deficit’ and ‘water surplus’?
3.5: Which areas of the UK have a water deficit and which parts have a water surplus?
3.6: Can you explain how water transfer schemes could help to deal with water deficit areas in the
UK? And can you explain why many water transfer plans have been abandoned?
3.7: Why are there are plans to build more reservoirs in the UK?

4: PROVISION 4.1: What does ‘energy mix’ mean?

OF ENERGY IN
4.2: How is ‘electricity’ different from ‘total energy’?
THE UK
4:3: To what extent does the UK rely on fossil fuels for its electricity generation?
4.4: Are renewable sources increasingly important in the UK’s electricity generation?
4.5: What is happening with the UK’s stocks of fossil fuels? (coal, oil and gas).
5: STRATEGIES 5.1: How are non-renewable fossil fuels used? What are the economic and environmental issues?
TO INCREASE
5.2: How does nuclear energy work? What are the economic and environmental issues? BOOKLET PAGE 2 PLC
ENERGY
SUPPLY 5.3: How do the following renewable energy sources work? Biomass, wind, hydro-electric, wave,
tidal, solar and geothermal. What are the economic and environmental issues?

6: MOVING 6.1: What does ‘sustainable’ mean?

TOWARDS A
6.2: Can you describe ways to reduce energy demand? How does this link to ‘carbon footprints’?
SUSTAINABLE
RESOURCE 6.3: Can you explain how energy can be conserved through: home design, workplace design,
FUTURE transport design and the use of technology?

7: ENERGY 7.1: What is ‘energy security’ and ‘energy mix’?

SECURITY AND
7.2: Which parts of the world are in ‘energy surplus’, and which are in ‘energy deficit’?
INSECURITY.
7.3: Can you outline the global distribution of energy consumption and supply?
CAUSES OF
7.4: Can you give reasons for increasing energy consumption? Economic development, rising
CONFLICT.
population, technology.
7.5: Can you explain these factors affecting energy supply? Physical factors; cost of exploitation
and production; technology; and political factors.
7.6: Can you explain these impacts of energy insecurity? Exploration of difficult and
environmentally sensitive areas; economic and environmental costs; food production; industrial
output; potential for conflict where demand exceeds supply.

8: CASE STUDY: 8.1: CASE STUDY: Can you describe what happens in Canada’s Oil Sands (or tar sands)
CANADA’S OIL (or region?
TAR) SANDS REGION
8.2: Can you explain the advantages of extracting oil in Canada’s Oil Sands region?
(fossil fuel extraction
pros and cons) 8.3: Can you explain the disadvantages of extracting oil in Canada’s Oil Sands region?

9: CASE STUDY: 9.1: CASE STUDY: Can you describe the location of Chambamontera and why it needed a
CHAMBAMONTERA’S sustainable energy scheme? How to say it: ‘CHAM-BA-MON-TERA’!
MICRO-HYDRO
9.2: Can you describe how the Chambamontera micro-hydro scheme works with a supply of
SCHEME, PERU
sustainable and renewable energy?
(local sustainable
energy) 9.3: Can you explain how the Chambamontera micro-hydro scheme has benefited the local
community?
Discussion time

How much food do we need?

How much water do we need?

What energy resources do we need?

1: THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
BOOKLET PAGE 3
1.1: Can you explain how food, water and energy are important to economic
(money) and social (people) well-being?
Food Water Energy
What should my daily The NHS website says: Humans use energy
intake of calories be? We should drink 6 to 8 cups or glasses resources for electricity,
The NHS website says: of fluid a day. Water, lower-fat milk and cooking, heating, hot
An ideal daily intake of calories varies sugar-free drinks, including tea and water and transport.
depending on age, metabolism (the coffee, all count. Energy resources are also
rate we change food into energy) and Source: www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well crucial for society as a
levels of physical activity, among other whole, for example for
things. Generally, the recommended How long can a human survive
street lights, public
daily calorie intake is 2,000 calories a without water?
transport, industry and
day for women and 2,500 for men. Exactly how long someone can survive
workplaces
without water is still debated. Most
What are calories? scientists agree humans can only go KW: Economic wellbeing.
KW: Calories. These are a measure of for a few days without taking in any This means having enough
how much energy food or drink water. On average, water makes money for basic needs.
contains. The amount of energy you up about 60-70% of the human body, Without a secure supply of
need will depend on: largely depending on your age. Our food and water, humans would
• Your age – for example, growing bodies lose water through our urine, not have the energy and
children and teenagers may need more health to work and therefore
sweat, faeces and breath, so we have have economic (money)
energy. to continually replace this by drinking security.
• Your lifestyle – for example, how
and eating (around a third of the water
active you are.
we consume comes from our food). If KW: Social wellbeing. This
• Your size – your height and weight
can affect how quickly you use energy. we don’t do this, our bodies can means living day-to-day with
sufficient food and water, and
become dehydrated.
Source: (Read more below) other aspects such as
Source: (Read more below)
www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-
connection with friends.
www.bbc.com/future/article/20201016-why-we-cant-
your-weight/understanding-calories/
survive-without-water
Task 1.1: Explain why each of the following resources are important: BOOKLET PAGE 3

Food Water Energy

_______________ _______________ ________________

_______________ _______________ ________________
_______________ _______________ ________________
_______________ _______________ ________________
_______________ _______________ ________________
_______________ _______________ ________________
_______________ _______________
KW: Economic wellbeing.
_______________ _______________ This means
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ KW: Social wellbeing.
This means
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ p3
Discussion time

Where is the world’s crude oil?

Why is it important?
1.2: Can you explain some examples of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources?
BOOKLET PAGE 4
Resource inequality example 1: KW: Crude oil. This is a fossil fuel used to
Crude oil supply make petrol, diesel and jet fuel.
Some countries have much larger stocks of KW: OPEC. This means the Organisation
crude oil than others. The 12 OPEC of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is a
member countries account for about 38% group of the 12 leading oil producers,
of global oil production and 81% of the founded in 1960. OPEC has a major
world's ‘proven’ oil reserves. influence on global oil prices.
OPEC flag
MAP OF
OPEC
COUNTRIES

South
America: Africa:
▪ Venezuela Middle East:
▪ Algeria ▪ Iraq
▪ Libya ▪ Iran
▪ Nigeria ▪ Kuwait
▪ Equatorial ▪ Saudi Arabia
Guinea ▪ United Arab
▪ Gabon Emirates
▪ Republic of
the Congo
▪ Angola (left
in 2023) OPEC map source:
https://en.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/OPEC
Task 1.2a:
BOOKLET PAGE 4
KW: Crude oil. This is
OPEC countries
KW: OPEC. This means
South America:
Task 1.2b: Show the 12 OPEC countries on the outline world map. ▪ Venezuela

Africa:
▪ Algeria
▪ Libya
▪ Nigeria
▪ Equatorial Guinea
▪ Gabon
▪ Republic of the
Congo

Middle East:
▪ Iraq
▪ Iran
▪ Kuwait
▪ Saudi Arabia
▪ United Arab
Emirates

p4
Resource inequality example 1 (continued): Crude oil consumption
BOOKLET PAGE 5
Figure 1.2: Map showing world oil consumption in 2016.

Source: AQA GCSE 2018

Task 1.2c: Describe the pattern of world oil consumption. Task 1.2d:
The figure shows that world oil consumption is dominated by What is the percentage increase between…
these regions: i: Africa and South and Central America’s
▪ A______ P_____________ share of world oil consumption?
▪ E__________ and E________________
▪ N__________ A____________ ii: Africa and North America’s share of world
▪ M______________ E_______ oil consumption?
Trade and movements of oil are also mainly within these
regions. Meanwhile, ___________ consumes the least oil. iii: Africa and Asia Pacific’s share of world
oil consumption?
Oil in the news BOOKLET PAGE 5

Read more: BBC News, Feb 2015.

Read more: BBC News, Feb 2018.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-31604164
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43138948
BBC report 2015: Oil and food (and let's include water
BBC report 2018: The world currently consumes in that, to avoid argument) are the two most important
around 100 million barrels per day and BP resources on the planet.
estimates that number will go up by another 10%
before levelling off. BP also estimated that oil The United States consumes 19 million barrels of oil a
output of 85 million barrels per day would satisfy day. A barrel of oil is about a bath's worth. China
the Paris Agreement on climate change [this was consumes 10.3 million, Japan 4.5 million and the UK
an agreement to keep global warming below 2 1.5 million.
degrees Celsius since the 1800s].
Every week, 1.5 million people are added to the
KW: BP.
world's urban population. And that tends to add to our
This is a British multinational
consumption of oil as societies move from an agrarian
oil and gas company, with
economy (farming) to a consumption and
headquarters in London.
manufacturing economy.
Task 1.2e:
i: How many barrels of oil does the world The growth of the “emerging seven” countries (China,
currently consume? India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey)
will only add to this upward pressure on demand.
ii: How many barrels of oil does the USA
Read more with four videos: Planet Oil – The Treasure
consume per day? that Conquered the World.

iii: How many barrels of oil does the UK www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/14RCDJGGVbf64qP

1s4dwz98
consume per day?
p5
Discussion time

What does this Source:

image show? https://overshoot.footprintnetw
ork.org/newsroom/press-
release-2024-english/
Resource inequality example 2: BOOKLET PAGE 6
‘Earth Overshoot Day’ website
This website says that humanity is using the
resources of 1.7 Planet Earths.

KW: Earth Overshoot Day. This means the date

when humanity’s demand on nature’s resources
surpasses Earth’s capacity to regenerate them for
the given year.

In 2024, Earth Overshoot Day fell on the 1st of

August. The day is calculated by the Global
Footprint Network.

If everyone in the world lived like people in the USA,

Earth Overshoot Day would fall on March 13.
If everyone in the world lived like people in the UK,
Earth Overshoot Day would fall on May 20.

The Earth Overshoot website campaigns for people

to help #MoveTheDate by living in a more
sustainable way by using fewer resources.

Video link about the 2024 Earth Overshoot Day:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2dTI1LRiGs
Task 1.2f:
i: How many Planet Earths are needed to sustain iii: What was the date of Earth Overshoot Day in 2024? BOOKLET PAGE 6
humanity’s current use of resources?

iv: What is the aim of the #MoveTheDate campaign?

ii: What does Earth Overshoot Day mean?

What action are we taking?

Individuals have the power to better their homes and communities. The greatest potential for large-scale
impact, however, lies with governments and businesses who align their policies and strategies with the
reality of our finite planet.
KW: Finite. This means something which will one day run out.
There are several ways people are tackling the resource overshoot – see the table below.

Task 1.2g: Complete the personal resource sustainability table below. My score is ________ / 35.
I often help reduce vehicle emissions by walking instead of using a car. 1 2 3 4 5
I would put a jumper on before the heating. 1 2 3 4 5
There are LED light bulbs where I live to help reduce energy demand. 1 2 3 4 5
I am ok with taking holidays closer to home to reduce air travel. 1 2 3 4 5
I put old clothes in a recycling bank (or give to a charity shop) instead of landfill. 1 2 3 4 5
I am prepared to eat less meat (score 5 if you are vegetarian / vegan). 1 2 3 4 5
I support the UK’s focus on offshore wind farms for electricity. 1 2 3 4 5
Find out more: https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org www.footprintnetwork.org p6
Discussion time

Where does the UK’s food come from?

2: PROVISION OF FOOD IN THE UK BOOKLET PAGE 7
2.1: Can you explain the growing demand in the UK for food exports
from low income countries?
The population of the UK is 67.7 million and this figure is rising. This means there are
many people to provide food for. The UK imports most of the fruit it consumes, and
about half of the vegetables. This is possible because of the network of container ship BBC documentary source: What
ports dotted around the coastline, for example London Gateway Port in the Thames Britain Buys and Sells in a Day (2019).
Estuary. BBC documentary: “We simply can’t grow all the fruit and veg we want to eat,
which is why we turn to others to grow and ship it across the world. Refrigerated UK population 67.7 million source:
containers, known as ‘reefers’, help transport the food in perfect condition.” www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-
18023389
We import fruit and veg from more than 100 different countries. This includes sweetcorn
from Senegal, pineapples from Costa Rica and kiwi fruit from Chile. More than 80% of
our tomatoes are imported from Europe, for example from the Netherlands.

LIC food import example 1: Avocados from Peru to the UK

In recent years the avocado has become one of the most popular fruits
in the UK. Thanks to a growing interest in healthy eating, and an A-list
following, they have become a major food trend. The UK imports over An avocado packing
half a million avocados each day. facility in Peru.

However, we simply cannot grow avocados in the UK climate. A key country which grows avocados in large
quantities is Peru in South America, and the UK is a key export market (customer). In Peru there are over 1
million avocado trees. It takes 3 weeks for the avocados to reach the UK by sea. As well as Peru, the UK
also imports avocados from the USA, South Africa and Israel.
LIC food import example 2: Bananas
The UK market for bananas is one of the biggest in Europe. The UK-based charity
Video Food Trade 1
BananaLink reports that bananas available in British supermarkets are exported from regions
London Gateway 2019.
such as Latin America (for example the country of Ecuador) and the Caribbean (for example
If time, Video Food
the country of St Lucia). Find out more: www.bananalink.org.uk/all-about-bananas Trade 2 and 3.
Task 2.1: BOOKLET PAGE 7
1: What is the population of the UK? 67.7m
2a: Complete:
fruit
The UK imports most of the ______________ vegetables
it consumes, and about half of the ______________________.
2b: What makes this possible?
The UK’s network of container ship ports
3: Give an example of a container ship port.
London Gateway (Thames Estuary)
4: Why are refrigerated containers important?
Transport food in perfect condition
T
5a: True or false? The UK imports fruit and veg from more than 100 different countries.
Senegal
5b: This includes sweetcorn from _______________________, Costa Rica
pineapples from __________________ and
Chile
kiwi fruit from ________________________.

Netherlands
6: More than 80% of our tomatoes are imported from Europe, for example from the __________________.

7: How many avocados does the UK import each day?

Over half a million
8: Why can’t we grow avocados in the UK?
We don’t have the required climate
9: How many avocado trees are there in Peru? Over 1 million
10: How long does it take for avocados from Peru to reach the UK by sea?
3 weeks
11: Where does the UK import bananas from? Ecuador, St Lucia
p7
2.2: Why is there all-year demand for seasonal food? BOOKLET PAGE 8
KW: Seasonal food. This means buying food around the time it is being harvested. For example, the main
apple harvesting time in the UK is in September and October. (source: www.countryfile.com)

However, there is all-year demand for seasonal food, as many people expect to have a full range of fruit
and veg to choose from in supermarkets at any time. Many people want to buy foods which cannot be
grown in the UK’s climate, such as cocoa, tea and kiwi fruit.

2.3: What is organic farming, and why is there a demand for organic food?
KW: Organic farming. This means producing food without the use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides. Instead, fertilizers of organic origin such as animal and
plant wastes are used. Organic farming reduces the risk of local habitats and
rivers becoming polluted with harmful chemicals.

There is a demand for organic food because many people say there are health Food grown using
benefits to eating food produced without chemicals. organic farming

2.4: What are ‘food miles’ and how does this link to the discussion around carbon footprints?
KW: Food miles. This means how far food Food miles:
Textbook
has been transported to where it is sold. page 259.
KW: Carbon footprint.
This means a person’s
contribution to the enhanced
greenhouse effect, which is
where greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere trap heat like There are three main areas
a blanket making the Earth to your carbon footprint: Apples travel 9700km from South Africa.
warmer. Food, home, transport. Rice travels 7,500km from India.
 Task 2.4:
Task 2.2: BOOKLET PAGE 8
KW: Food miles. This means
KW: Seasonal food. This means
how far food has been transported
to where it is sold.
buying food around the time KW: Carbon footprint. This means
it is being harvested. a person’s contribution to the
enhanced greenhouse effect.
Draw a diagram to explain carbon footprint:
Why is there all-year demand
for seasonal food?
Many people expect to have a
full range of fruit and veg to
choose from in supermarkets at
any time.
Task 2.3:
KW: Organic farming. This
means
food produced without the Give at least 2 examples of food miles:
9700
Apples travel ________km from South Africa.
use of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides. 7500
Rice travels _________km from India.
Why is there a demand for
organic food? Home food survey:
Can you find an item of food produced in the UK?
Many people say there are
health benefits to eating food Can you find an item of food from abroad?
produced without chemicals. How could you reduce your food miles? Video Carbon
Footprint A and B
p8
2.5: Why do some people prefer to buy local food? Video (1:43): New Covent Garden BOOKLET PAGE 9
Some people prefer to buy local food because it is likely to have a Market: The fast fresh food market
lower carbon footprint. They will look for food made in the UK, and feeding London.
BBC News, Oct 2022.
even better in their local area. This means that an individual will
have a lower personal carbon footprint, and ‘do their bit’ to help slow www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-
london-63411139
down global warming.
One way to buy local food is at a farmer’s Duck
market. An example in Ruislip is Duck Pond Pond
Market BBC video ‘Class Clips’.
Market held on Sundays at Manor Farm.
logo For extra research…
Find out more here: The development www.bbc.co.uk/tea
www.duckpondmarket.com/ruislip of agribusiness ch/class-clips-
in the UK (6:14) video/geography-
ks3-ks4-the-
2.6: What does ‘agribusiness’ mean? development-of-
KW: Agribusiness. This means large-scale intensive farming which agri-
business/z698qp3
uses modern technology and chemicals to produce the maximum
amount of food possible from a piece of land. It is designed to lower Why do dairy www.bbc.co.uk/tea
farmers go ch/class-clips-
food prices and reduce the UK’s reliance on food imports. organic? (6:07) video/geography-
Example of a large-scale Elveden Farm in Norfolk has over ks3-ks4-the-
development-of-
farm in the UK: 10,000 acres of farmland.
organics-
Elveden Farm. The website says: Our farm specialises
farming/zfj76v4
in the production of vegetables,
especially potatoes, onions, carrots and How do UK www.bbc.co.uk/tea
parsnips. Around 6% of the UK’s onions farmers compete ch/class-clips-
are grown at Elveden! We are proud to on the global video/geography-
grow potatoes and carrots for market? (4:58) ks3-ks4-
McDonalds and have been specially competition-from-
the-global-market-
chosen by them as a “Flagship Farm”
farming/zksygwx
Source: www.elveden.com/farm-land
Task 2.5: Why do some people prefer to buy local food? Video: New Covent Garden Market: BOOKLET PAGE 9
The fast fresh food market feeding
It is likely to have a lower carbon footprint. London.
My notes:

Give an example of a
farmer’s market.

Duck Pond Market held on Video: The development of

Sundays at Manor Farm, Ruislip. agribusiness in the UK.
My notes:

Task 2.6:
KW: Agribusiness. This means
large-scale intensive farming which uses
modern technology and chemicals. Video: Why do dairy farmers go
organic?
Example of a large-scale Elveden Farm facts: My notes:
farm in the UK:
It produces 6% of the
UK’s onions.

It grows potatoes Video: How do UK farmers compete

on the global market?
and carrots for My notes:
McDonalds.

p9
Discussion time

Where does the UK’s water come from?

3: PROVISION OF WATER IN THE UK BOOKLET PAGE 10
3.1: Can you explain why demand for water is increasing in the UK?
▪ The UK’s population of 67.7 million is rising. More people means more Power
water demand. The average person uses 150 litres per day. showers use
▪ More houses and flats are being built, connected to the water network. more water.
▪ More domestic appliances are being used which use a lot of water, such
as power showers and pressure washers.
3.2: Can you explain where tap water comes from in
the UK and how it’s made suitable for drinking?
Our fresh water comes from rivers and aquifers. It may
be stored until needed in a reservoir.
Before reaching our homes, the water is treated and
cleaned at a water treatment plant, for example those run
by Thames Water. The water companies filter the water to
remove sediment, then chlorine is added to purify the KW: Aquifer. This means a
water of bacteria. water-bearing rock under ground
Video (2:15): Why was there a hosepipe ban in 2018? www.bbc.co.uk/news/
from which we can extract water.
BBC News, July 2018. av/uk-44877608
KW: Reservoir. This means an
3.3: Can you explain how the Environment Agency manages artificial lake made to store
water quality and water pollution in the UK? water. An example is Brent
The government-run Environment Agency is responsible for Reservoir near Wembley.
managing water quality in the UK. High-tech labs check the quality
of drinking water. The EA also checks river and groundwater for
pollution, for example from agricultural (farming) fertilisers.
Video (1:33): Who makes sure our tap water is clean? Hampshire lab
tests water quality every day of the year. BBC News, Aug 2019.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-49421485
Task 3a: Why is demand for water is increasing in the UK? BOOKLET PAGE 10
Population rise. More people using
More houses and flats being built, power showers.
connected to the water network.
Task 3b: Annotate the diagram and photo to explain how water is provided in the UK.

Our fresh water comes from rivers and aquifers. It

may be stored until needed in a reservoir.

Aquifer diagram Brent Reservoir near Wembley

A reservoir is an artificial lake

An aquifer is a water-bearing made to store water. An
rock under ground from which example is Brent Reservoir
we can extract water. near Wembley.
p10
 BOOKLET PAGE 11
Reservoir example near
Ruislip:
An example is the King
George VI Reservoir
near Heathrow Airport.
The reservoir opened in
1947 and is owned
by Thames Water. It is an
entirely man-made.
Video Thames
Water Treatment
featuring Jerry.

Map and photo: King George

VI Reservoir and Staines
Reservoir both receive their
input from the River Thames.

Source: Geog.1 4th edition

Stanwell and the Staines Reservoirs
 3
Task 3c: Complete Water is cleaned at BOOKLET PAGE 11
the stages of
a water treatment
where our tap
plant.
water comes from.

1
Two-thirds of our
2
water supply is
taken from rivers. The rest is groundwater
from an aquifer.

4 The clean water is

stored in a covered
storage reservoir.

5
We use the water in our homes.
Dirty water goes into sewage 6
pipes. Dirty water is treated at a sewage
treatment plant. It then goes back
into the water cycle! p11
Task 3d: How is fresh water provided in the UK? BOOKLET PAGE 12
Complete this
mind map.

It is cleaned at a
Water is taken treatment plant
from rivers and
aquifers

It meets high
It is stored in safety standards
reservoirs

If there is a shortage, there

will be a hosepipe ban
Discussion time
Textbook
page 260.
Why do some areas have ‘water stress’?
Task 3e: Here you have answers. Your task is to write the questions. BOOKLET PAGE 12
Question Answer Question Answer
150 litres Reservoir
How much water does Where do we store
the average person fresh water?
use per day?

Rivers and Environment

aquifers Agency
Where does our fresh What organisation
water come from? checks water is safe?

Task 3f: Why does AI need a lot of water?

Artificial intelligence
Sir Keir Starmer's plan to make the UK a “world leader” in Artificial data centres use a lot
Intelligence (AI) could put already stretched supplies of drinking
water under strain, industry sources have told the BBC. The giant
of water for cooling /
data centres needed to power AI can require large quantities of prevention of over-
water to prevent them from overheating. The tech industry says it is
developing more efficient cooling systems that use less water.
heating.
Read more: BBC News, Feb 2025
www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ce85wx9jjndo
p12
Thirlmere
3.4: What is meant by the terms ‘water deficit’ and ‘water surplus’? BOOKLET PAGE 13
KW: Water deficit. This means the demand for water is greater than the supply.
KW: Water surplus. This means the supply of water is greater than the demand.
N
3.5: Which areas of the UK have a water deficit and
which parts have a water surplus? W E
The south and east of the UK have a water deficit. This is because
S
population density is higher so water demand is greater. Also, rainfall is lower
compared to the north and west.
The north and west of the UK have a water surplus. This is because
population density is less so water demand is lower, and rainfall is higher.
Water stress in England
(textbook page 260)
3.6: Can you explain how water transfer schemes could help to deal with water deficit areas in the UK?
KW: Water transfer. This means transporting water,
via a pipe or channel, from an area of surplus to an
area of deficit.

Water can be transferred by pipes and/or aqueducts

across fairly large distances. For example, in the 19th
Century a reservoir was made called Thirlmere in the
Lake District in the North West of England. A small
natural lake was dammed for this to happen. The
Thirlmere in the English Lake A section of the
reservoir was made to provide water for the growing District. It provides water to cities Thirlmere Aqueduct.
industrial city of Manchester via the 96 mile- such as Manchester.
long Thirlmere Aqueduct.

KW: Aqueduct. This means an artificial channel

for conveying water, sometimes in the form of a
bridge across a valley.
Task 3g: Complete the boxes below.
BOOKLET PAGE 13
KW: Water deficit. KW: Water surplus. KW: Water transfer. KW: Aqueduct.
This means This means This means This means

transporting an artificial
the demand for the supply of
water, via a channel
water is water is
pipe or for conveying
greater than greater than
channel, from water
the supply. the demand.
an area of
surplus to an
area of deficit.

Which areas of the UK Which areas of the UK Do you think the UK

have a water deficit? have a water surplus? should build more water
transfers?
The south The north
and east. and west.

p13
 Figure 3.6: Water
3.6 continued: Water transfers. transfer schemes in BOOKLET PAGE 14
In the UK, water transfer projects are England and Wales,
typically on a smaller scale between including the proposed
reservoirs and large centres of population up water transfer scheme
to 100 miles away. However, there is not a from Kielder reservoir to
supply Greater London.
national network of water transfers.
Source: WideWorld
magazine, Sep 2019.
Most rain falls in the north and west,
whereas crowded areas such as the south-
east are much drier. Therefore, it has been
suggested that surplus water in the north
and west could be used to reduce water
shortages in the south and east. Figure 3.6
shows a possible future plan to transfer
water all the way from Kielder Water
reservoir in the far north of England down to
London. Several other new water transfer
projects have been proposed.

Why have many water transfer plans been

rejected?
▪ Biodiversity would be threatened by the
building of large new waterways. Local
people on the planned route are often
‘NIMBYs’ (they say ‘Not in my back
yard’!)
▪ Economic costs would be very high.
▪ Greenhouse gases would be released by
the energy needed to pump water over
long distances. Note how Manchester receives water
from reservoirs such as Thirlmere.
Figure 3.6: Water
transfer schemes in
England and Wales,
Lake Vyrnwy dam, Wales
.
Source: WideWorld
magazine, Sep 2019.
Task 3h: Complete the boxes below.
BOOKLET PAGE 14
Complete: In the UK, Which reservoir Complete: Figure 3.6 Why have many water
water transfer projects beginning with ‘T’ helps shows a possible future transfer plans been
are typically on a provide fresh water for plan to transfer water all rejected?
Manchester? the way from
smaller scale between
Kielder
______________ Water
Economic cost.
reservoirs and large Thirlmere
centres of reservoir in the far north
population
__________________ of England down to Threat to
up to 100 miles away. London
_________________. biodiversity.
However, there is Several other new water
not
___________ a national transfer projects have
network of water been proposed. CO2 emissions
transfers.

Task 3i: Water word search.

Water
River
Aquifer
Reservoir
Treatment plant
Ropulation rise
Hosepipe ban
Deficit
Surplus
Transfer
Power shower
Short showers
Low flush toilet
p14
Discussion time
Why do some water
companies want more
reservoirs?

The Abingdon reservoir plan could cover 7 square km.

Jan 2023: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-64392760
The proposed artificial lake is known as the
South East Strategic Reservoir (SESRO).

The Oxfordshire branch of Campaign to

Protect Rural England has now released a
statement raising its concerns about the
“mega reservoir”.

Campaigners say the proposal would have

“massive environmental and carbon costs”.

In a statement, the local group said: “It would

be the biggest reservoir in Europe and its
construction would threaten over 200 veteran
and ancient trees in the area, along with the
wildlife that depend on them.”
Feb 2025: www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c74e70gx1k3o
3.7: Why are there are plans to build more reservoirs in the UK? BOOKLET PAGE 15
Within 25 years England will not have enough water to meet demand, the head of the Sir
Environment Agency warned in 2019. The impact of climate change, combined with James
population growth, means the country is facing an “existential threat”, said Sir James Bevan. Bevan
However, many people argue that extra reservoirs
are unnecessary if we all simply use less water.
Currently, people in England use an average of 140
Read more: BBC News, Mar 2019. litres of water a day. Sir James is calling on people
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47620228 to cut their usage to 100 litres - the target set by
Waterwise, which campaigns for water efficiency.
As a result, we often see plans for new water
storage reservoirs in the news. For example,
there are proposals for a new reservoir near
Sir James’ list of “things we can all do”
Abingdon in Oxfordshire.

Read more: BBC News, Jan 2023. Dual-

www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-64392760 flush
loo.
Oxfordshire County Council
said the proposed £1.2bn
project was “a destructive
scheme, both environmentally
and in its impacts on local
people”. Thames Water has The Abingdon reservoir Video (2:43): Five ways to avert a water crisis.
previously said “lots” of people plan could cover 7 BBC News, Aug 2019
square km.
support the reservoir plans. www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-49451325
Task 3j: 4: Look at the 7 ‘things we can all do’ to use less BOOKLET PAGE 15
water. Copy this list, then highlight the actions you
1a: What did the head of the Environment Agency could take at home.
warn in 2019?
Within 25 years England will not have
enough water to meet demand.
1b: What are the two factors behind this?

Climate change. Population growth.

2a: Complete: As a result, we often see plans for
reservoirs
new water storage ____________________ in the
news. For example, there are proposals for a new
reservoir near Abingdon in
Oxfordshire
_________________________.

2b: Give at least 2 facts about the proposed

Abingdon reservoir plan.
£1.2 billion cost.
It could cover 7 square km
3: Complete: Many people argue that extra
reservoirs are unnecessary if we all simply use
less
________ water. Currently, people in England use
140 litres of water a day. Sir
an average of _______
James is calling on people to cut their usage to 5: Make a few notes on this Feb 2025 news update
100
______ litres - the target set by Waterwise, which about the Abingdon Reservoir plan
campaigns for water efficiency. www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c74e70gx1k3o
p15
Recap 5
1: The 12 countries which have 81% of the world's proven
OPEC
oil reserves are called the ___________ group.

2: The UK imports most of the fruit it consumes, and

vegetables
about half of the ___________________.

3: Our fresh water mostly comes from

aquifers
rivers and _____________.
reservoir
4: Water may be stored until needed in a _____________.

5: People can help save water by taking shorter

______________________
showers
Discussion time

Where does electricity come from?

4: PROVISION OF ENERGY IN THE UK
BOOKLET PAGE 16
4.1: What does ‘energy mix’ mean? 4.2: How is ‘electricity’ different from ‘total energy’?
KW: Energy mix. This means the KW: Electricity supply. This means electricity for homes and
range of energy sources a country businesses.
uses. It is often shown as a pie chart, KW: Total energy supply. This means electricity, plus energy
with the percentage of a country’s for other areas such as transport, cooking and heating.
energy supply from each source, e.g. Electricity, cooking, heating and transport can all be powered
natural gas, hydro-electric. by renewable sources or non-renewable fossil fuel sources.
Interesting website! Visit:
www.energydashboard.co.uk/live
www.energydashboard.
Electricity recap:
The diagram (right) shows the process of
co.uk/live
making electricity in a thermal power station.

KW: Thermal power station. This means a

power station which uses steam to drive
turbines. Fossil fuels are usually burnt to
heat water to create the steam.

An important point is that electricity cannot

be stored. Demand and supply must run in
unison (at the same time). In the UK this is
The process of making electricity in a thermal power station.
managed by the National Grid.
Electricity video (2:05)
KW: National Grid. This company manages
the electricity network in the UK, and also the www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zxy4cmn/articles/zncyn9q
gas distribution network.
National Grid video (2:06) Video National Grid
www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained Britain From Above.
Task 4a: The process of making electricity in a thermal power station.
BOOKLET PAGE 16
Missing words: Generator, turbine, fuel, heat, electricity, water, homes.

2: The jet of steam makes the 3: Next to the turbine is a

turbine
____________________ spin. generator
______________________________.
It contains the electromagnet and coil.

4: When the turbine spins,

so does the electromagnet.
electricity
So ___________________
is produced.

1: First they boil water

______________
to make steam. They heat the
water:
5: Cables carry it
fuel
▪ by burning a _____________ – away to
oil, gas, coal, wood, or even homes
_________________,
rubbish! schools, offices and
heat factories.
▪ or using the _______________
given out by nuclear fuel.

p16
Task 4b: Complete the boxes below.
BOOKLET PAGE 17
KW: Energy KW: Thermal KW: National KW: Electricity KW: Total
mix. power station. Grid. supply. energy supply.
This means This means This company This means This means
the range a power manages electricity electricity,
of energy station the for homes plus energy
sources a which uses electricity and for other
country steam to network in businesses. areas such
uses. drive the UK. as transport,
turbines. cooking and
heating.
Fossil fuels
are usually
burnt to heat
water to
create the
steam.

What is the Great Grid Upgrade? Visit the website below and watch the video (1:10).
www.nationalgrid.com/the-great-grid-upgrade
My notes:
4:3: To what extent does the UK rely on fossil fuels for its electricity generation? BOOKLET PAGE 17
Read: Clean electricity overtaking fossil fuels in Britain.
BBC News, June 2019. UK energy mix (recent
www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-48711649
year example)
The UK has a broad energy mix to
generate electricity. Here are the
most important sources: ▪ Gas generates
41
_______% of our
▪ Gas generates 41% of our
electricity. electricity.
▪ Renewables generate 24% of our
electricity (with wind power being the To understand
▪ Renewables generate
most significant). ‘biomass’, you will 24
_____% of our electricity
watch a video
wind
(with _______ power
▪ Nuclear generates 18% of our about Drax power
station in Yorkshire.
electricity. being the most
National Grid said that in the past
significant).
decade, coal generation has
plunged from 30% to only 3%. ▪ Nuclear generates
Meanwhile, wind power has shot up
from 1% to 19%.
18
_____% of our
In 2019, it was reported that for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, Britain was obtaining more electricity.
electricity from zero-carbon sources than fossil fuels. National Grid said clean energy has nudged
ahead with 48% of generation, against 47% for coal and gas. The other 5% is biomass burning. The
transformation reflects the decline of coal energy, and a boom from wind and solar.
Key point: The UK relies on fossil fuel electricity to a medium extent (about 47%). Video BBC Coal
What are imports? This means electricity from abroad, for example nuclear power stations in France. p17 Electricity Decline.
Oct 2024

www.bbc.co.uk/news/vi
deos/c98ye7ewwlwo
Nov 2024

www.bbc.co.uk/news/
videos/c0rgy5j41yjo
2020

www.bbc.co.uk/news/a
v/world-europe-
52985841
Record
holder in
2022!
2023 – record broken again!
The world's largest offshore wind
farm has started producing electricity
for the first time.

Power from the first turbine at the

Dogger Bank project, which is
construction in the North Sea, is now
being sent to the UK's national grid.
4.4: Are renewable sources increasingly important in the UK’s electricity generation? BOOKLET PAGE 18
Renewables are increasingly important, providing 24% of the UK’s electricity.
Wind energy is by far the most important of the renewables, with wind providing 19%* of electricity in the UK.
*On windy days, wind can provide more than 50% of the UK’s electricity, as seen at this website:
www.energydashboard.co.uk/live
World leader in offshore wind
The UK is the world leader in offshore wind, with
more capacity than any other country. Already,
offshore wind powers the equivalent of 4.5 million Read more: BBC News, Oct 2023.
homes annually. The cost of new offshore wind www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-67060017
has fallen by 50% since 2015 and it is now one of
The world's largest offshore wind farm has
the lowest-cost options for new power in the UK –
started producing electricity for the first
cheaper than new gas and nuclear power.
time. Power from the first turbine at the
Source:
Dogger Bank project, which is construction
www.renewableuk.com/page in the North Sea, is now being sent to the
/WindEnergy
UK's national grid.

In total 277 turbines will be powered-up at

the location, situated between 81 and 124
miles (130-200km) off the Yorkshire coast.
Read more: Hornsea 2
BBC News, Aug 2022.
The wind farm is due for completion in
www.bbc.co.uk/news/scie
nce-environment- 2026. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has
62731923 hailed the milestone, saying it would bolster
energy security, create jobs and lower
The world's largest offshore wind farm is now fully
electricity bills.
operational, 55 miles off the coast of Yorkshire.
The Hornsea 2 project can generate enough Video (2:31):
electricity to power about 1.3 million homes - In 2013 the ‘London Array’ was the record holder.
that's enough for a city the size of Manchester. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23183868
 Task 4c: Describe the distribution
of the UK’s offshore wind farms. BOOKLET PAGE 18

They are mostly located

off the east coast of
England, with a few to
the west.

There are also some

east of Scotland.

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-
environment-62731923 Video Wind London
Array 2012 (some of).
p18
Discussion time

What’s happening
in the North Sea?
4.5: What is happening with the UK’s stocks of fossil fuels? (coal, oil and gas).
BOOKLET PAGE 19
▪ Oil and gas have been extracted in the North Sea on a large
scale since the 1960s.
▪ The UK meets 48% of its gas demand from domestic
supplies (source below*). This means that gas must be
imported from countries such as Norway and Qatar.
Oil and gas
▪ Likewise, energy companies drill for oil under the North Sea,
but to meet UK demand oil must also be imported from The UK extracts oil
OPEC countries. and gas from under
▪ North Sea oil and gas supplies are expected to last for at
least another 20 years but after that it’s uncertain. the North Sea.
▪ Coal mining and coal imports have declined significantly.
This is because burning coal creates the most CO2. It should last another
*48% of gas demand source: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14432401
20 years.
See a map of the UK’s natural gas network here:
www.nationalgrid.com/uk/gas-transmission/land-and-assets/network-route-maps However, supply
does not meet
The North Sea off the coast of England
and Scotland (worldatlas.com) demand.
Video (0:44): BBC News, July 2023.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66354478

Prime Minister Rishi Sunak defended the decision to Read more: BBC News, Nov 2018.
grant 100 new North Sea oil and gas licences. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-
shetland-46137555
Campaigners said that extracting more fossil fuels from
the North Sea would “send a wrecking ball through the
UK's climate commitments”. But Mr Sunak said Video North Sea
granting the new licences was “entirely consistent” with Coast 1 and 2.
net zero commitments [by 2050].
Task 4d: What is happening with the UK’s stocks
BOOKLET PAGE 19
of fossil fuels? (coal, oil and gas).
Complete the true/false table.

Statement True or false? If false, explain why.

The North Sea is to the west of the UK.

False – it’s to the east
Oil and gas have been extracted in the North Sea on a
large scale since the 1960s.
True
The UK meets 88% of its gas demand from domestic
supplies.
False – 48%
The UK imports gas from countries such as Norway and
Qatar.
True
Energy companies drill for oil under the North Sea.
True
To meet UK demand oil must also be imported from
True
OPEC countries.
North Sea oil and gas supplies are expected to last for at
False – 20 years
least another 90 years.
Coal mining and coal imports have increased in recent
False – this has declined
years.
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has granted 100 new North
Sea oil and gas licences.
True
Climate campaigners approve of energy companies False – concerned about the
searching for more oil and gas in the North Sea. climate
p19
4.5 (continued): Gas security in the UK BOOKLET PAGE 20

Gas imports

The main
countries are:

Norway

Qatar

Source: BBC News, Netherlands

March 2018.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/
business-43421431

▪ Throughout Europe, 37% of gas demand was KW: LNG. This means
met with Russian-sourced gas in 2017. liquefied natural gas. It
has been cooled down to
▪ However, in the UK, most of the natural gas liquid form for ease and
imported comes by pipeline from Norway. safety of non-pressurized
storage or transport.
▪ LNG from Qatar is also a significant provider.
Task 4e: Provision of energy in the UK. Recap word search.
BOOKLET PAGE 20

Energy mix Gas National grid Non renewables Zero-carbon

Thermal power station Oil Nuclear Renewables Imports
Electricity supply Coal Wind North Sea LNG
Total energy supply Biomass Dogger Bank p20
5: STRATEGIES TO INCREASE ENERGY SUPPLY BOOKLET PAGE 21
5.1: How are non-renewable fossil fuels used? What are the economic and environmental issues?

As shown in Section 4.3, gas

is used to generate 41% of the
UK’s electricity. The main
economic issue is that the UK KW: Biomass. This means
has to pay to import gas from any type of organic matter,
countries such as Norway. for example these wood
pellets made from trees.
This cost is passed on to
consumers for their home Coal is now only
heating and cooking. Some used in 2 of
Drax power station Drax’s 6 boilers.
gas is also produced in the
North Sea although stocks are What’s happening at Drax power station in Yorkshire?
declining. Drax power station opened in 1974 and makes 5% of Britain’s electricity. For
much of Drax’s history, coal powered its six turbines. These days the UK is
The main environmental issue increasingly going coal-free. In 2013 a new fuel came on-stream at Drax.
is that burning gas to generate Four of its boilers now burn biomass, a wood product which comes from
electricity creates a lot of commercial forests in North America.
carbon dioxide emissions
Drax will soon turn its coal boilers off for good, and
(though less than burning
in switching to biomass the plant has pinned its
coal). This makes the
long-term future on renewable energy. The power
greenhouse effect stronger,
station that was once the biggest polluter in Britain
adding to global warming.
has seen its CO2 emissions tumble. Drax plans to Source: Powering
use new technology such as carbon capture to be Britain (BBC, 2020)
Meanwhile, coal is only used
carbon negative by 2030. Read: Carbon capture
for 3% of UK electricity. (BBC News, Dec 2023)
KW: Carbon capture. This means technology to capture
www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-
Video Drax Powering Britain
and store the CO2 released from a power station. environment-64723497 and A4 question sheet.
 BOOKLET PAGE 21
Task 5.1a: Using gas to generate electricity.
1: What fossil fuel is used to generate 41% of
the UK’s electricity?
Gas
2: Which county do most UK gas imports
come from?
Norway
3: What is happening to stocks of gas in the
North Sea off the east coast of the UK?
Declining (will last 20 years)
4: What is the main environmental issue with
burning gas to generate electricity?
Releases CO2
Task 5.1b: Drax power station.
5: What percent of the UK’s electricity does
Drax power station provide?
5% Task 5.1c: Carbon capture and storage
6: What fuel does 4 of its 6 boilers now burn? In your book, draw a diagram to explain
‘carbon capture and storage’.
Biomass wood pellets
7: Where does this fuel come from?
North America To what extent do you think carbon capture
8: What technology does Drax plan to use to and storage is a good idea?
be carbon negative by 2030? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Disagree Agree
Carbon capture p21
Recap 5
1: The range of energy sources a country uses is called its
energy mix________ (2 words).
____________

2: Electricity cannot be stored. Demand and supply must

run in ______________
unison (at the same time).

3: Gas provides ______%

41 of the UK’s electricity. Gas and
20 years or so.
oil in the North Sea should last another ______
4: The world’s largest offshore wind farm, off the east coast
Hornsea 2 (now Dogger Bank)
of England, is called __________________.

OPEC
5: We also import oil from ________ countries, and gas
orway
from N_________ and Q_______________.
atar
Discussion time

Is this the UK’s

only nuclear power
project?
(Decommissioned
means it’s being
taken out of service
and dismantled)

Discussion time

Should the UK be
proud of this?
5.2: How does nuclear energy work? Hinkley Point C:
The UK is building another nuclear power station, Hinkley Point C
BOOKLET PAGE 22
in Somerset. The plant will meet 7% of the UK's electricity needs
when it opens in 2029 (at the earliest).
Main economic issue: It will cost £18 billion and therefore will
raise energy bills for people in the UK.
KW: Nuclear energy. This means Key environmental issue: There is a small risk of a nuclear
electricity made from splitting atoms of a radiation leak.
fuel such as uranium. This creates heat,
Video (2:39): Hinkley Point C.
which is used to turn water into steam to
BBC News, Sep 2019.
drive turbines.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/busine
ss-49757280
Nuclear energy provides 18% of the UK’s
electricity. Regarding emissions, nuclear
power is considered to be clean. It
produces zero carbon emissions.

Is nuclear energy renewable?

This is a good question because nuclear
fuels are partly recyclable. Nuclear fuels,
such as uranium, are not considered
renewable as they are a finite material
mined from the ground and can only be
found in certain locations. However,
nuclear waste is recyclable. Once reactor
fuel (e.g. uranium) is used in a reactor, it
can be treated and put into another
reactor as fuel.
Newsround nuclear power video (3:57):
www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhPsqqbCXuE
Source: www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37369786
 Task 5.2a:
BOOKLET PAGE 22
Nuclear power station map.
Describe the distribution of
nuclear power stations.

They are mostly in

remote coastal locations
(Decommissioned in the east, south and
means it’s being west.
taken out of service
and dismantled)
(This minimises risk is
there is a radiation leak).

There are 2 active

stations on the east
coast of England
(Hartlepool and Sizewell).

There is one active

station on the south
coast of England
(Dungeness).

Read more about www.nationalgrid.com/stories/ene https://whatisnuclear.com/

nuclear energy at rgy-explained/what-nuclear- recycling.html Map source:
these sources: energy-and-why-it-considered- www.bbc.co.uk/news/busine
clean-energy ss-59212992 p22
 Task 5.2b: Nuclear energy BOOKLET PAGE 23
1: What percent of electricity in the UK is provided by
nuclear power stations? (look back to Section 4.3)
18%
And another one! BBC News Online, July 2022.
2: KW: Nuclear energy. This means
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-62235221
electricity made from splitting
Environmental issues surrounding nuclear energy: atoms of a fuel such as uranium.
The two most well-known nuclear disasters.
3a: What is the name of the nuclear power station
1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster, Ukraine. currently under construction?
Video (0:27) (2016): Giant shield begins move towards Hinkley Point C
reactor.
3b: What percent of the UK's electricity needs will it
www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37978482 meet?
Video (1:05) (2019): The end of a three-decade experiment. 7%
www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47227767 3c: What is the economic cost?
£18bn
2011: Fukushima nuclear power plant meltdown, Japan.
This was caused by a tsunami. Following the disaster, 3d: What is the environmental risk?
Germany announced it would follow a non-nuclear energy Small risk of a radiation leak
future.
4: What is the name of the additional nuclear power
Video (3:39) (2019): Radioactive water may be dumped in station, to be built in Suffolk, announced in 2022?
the Pacific.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-49649687 Sizewell C
5: What are the two most well-known nuclear energy
Video (4:22) (2021): Fukushima 10 years on.
disasters?
www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-56340249
2023 update with www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia- Chernobyl (Ukraine) 1986
video (3:28). 66106162 Fukushima (Japan) 2011
Practice exam questions: The Challenge of Resource Management. BOOKLET PAGE 23
Food questions: Water questions: Energy questions (our chosen Energy questions (continued)
topic focus)
R1: Outline one reason R6: Outline how demand R18: With regard to energy, what
why some countries for water is changing in R10: Outline how two renewable is the meaning of a ‘sustainable
have a significant risk to the UK. [2 marks] sources of energy are produced. resource future’? [2 marks]
food security. [2 marks] [4 marks]
R7: Explain the meaning R19: Explain how energy
R2: Explain why there is of ‘water deficit’ and ‘water R11: Give one reason for the conservation in homes,
a demand for organic surplus’. [2 marks] decline in the use of coal as an workplaces and transport can
food. [2 marks] energy source in the UK. [1 mark] help towards a more sustainable
R8: Suggest why there energy resource future.
R3: What is might be a need for more R12: Describe how electricity is [6 marks]
‘agribusiness’? water transfers from one generated in a nuclear power
[2 marks] part of the UK to another station. [2 marks] R20: Suggest one way in which
[4 marks] energy insecurity might affect
R4: How does R13: Give two causes of energy quality of life.
increasing food miles R9: ‘In the UK there is a insecurity. [2 marks] [2 marks]
lead to a larger carbon good match between
footprint? water demand and R14: Explain how energy security R21: Using an example you have
[2 marks] supply.’ To what extent do can be improved. studied, examine how the
you agree with this [6 marks] extraction of a fossil fuel creates
R5: Explain why statement? both advantages and
changes in people’s [4 marks] R15: Explain why the process of disadvantages. [6 marks]
eating habits have fracking for gas causes conflict (Canada Oil Sands case study!)
meant that an increasing Top tip! between groups of people.
amount of food has to A key phrase to try and use [6 marks] R22: Use an example from a
be imported into the UK. regularly is ‘This means that…’ LIC/NEE to explain how local
[4 marks] Remember: Teenage Mutant R16: Outline the global distribution strategies are being used to
Turtles: of energy consumption and supply. increase sustainable supplies of
[4 marks] energy. [6 marks]
Example: The UK government
(Chambamontera, Peru, case
has approved a new nuclear
power station called Hinkley R17: Suggest how an individual can study!)
Point C. It’s currently under lower their carbon footprint.
construction in the south-west. [2 marks] R23: Discuss the potential for
This means that the UK will increasing the supply of energy
have a new and reliable supply
for 7% of its electricity demand.
sustainably. [6 marks]
p23
Video Three Gorges
Dam Simon Reeve.
Dinorwig HEP video (1:35).
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06zxtrt
5.3: How do the following renewable energy sources work?
BOOKLET PAGE 24
KW: Biomass. This means KW: Wind KW: Hydro-electric power (HEP). This
any type of organic matter, energy. means electricity generated when river,
for example wood pellets This means lake or reservoir water is used to turn
made from trees. electricity from a turbines.
wind turbine built
on land or at HEP diagram
sea.

Biomass example: Drax. Wind example: Hornsea 2.

Biomass wood pellets are ‘Hornsea 2’ off the coast of
burned in Drax power Yorkshire is the world’s
station in Yorkshire (see largest offshore wind farm
section 5.1). (see section 4.4). The UK is
the world leader in offshore
Economic issue: In the wind farms. HEP example 1: Dinorwig.
case of Drax, the biomass The Dinorwig HEP station in North Wales (known
wood pellets are imported Economic issue: It is locally as Electric Mountain).
from North America which is expensive to build wind farms Dinorwig HEP video (1:35).
expensive. in the sea, but the cost has
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06zxtrt
fallen in recent years.
Environmental issue: HEP example 2: Three Gorges Dam.
Burning biomass releases Environmental issues: Three Gorges Dam in China is the largest HEP
CO2, however CO2 is Some people say that wind station in the world.
absorbed as trees are farms in the sea have a Economic issue: It cost up to $40 billion.
Environmental issue: The dam’s reservoir
grown to make the wood negative effect in ocean submerged 13 cities (and 1.3 million people had
pellets. Many argue that it’s ecosystems and biodiversity. to relocate from their former homes).
better to burn biomass wood Wind turbines built on land
pellets than coal. can be noisy and have a Read more (Three Gorges Dam): BBC News, 2011.
negative visual impact. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13451528
5.3: Continued (renewable energy) BOOKLET PAGE 24
KW: Solar energy. This KW: Tidal energy. This KW: Wave energy. KW: Geothermal
means electricity from means electricity generated This means energy. This means
the sunlight, for example as the ocean tides goes electricity made from using heat from
using photovoltaic cells. and out. ocean waves. magma near the
Earth’s surface to
Solar example 1: Spain. Tidal example 1: Orbital O2. There have been many
Spain gets 9% of its
generate electricity
The Orbital O2, off the coast of experimental wave
electricity from solar power. Orkney in Scotland. and provide hot water.
energy projects, but
Read more: Wikipedia. costs are high and there
Video (2:27). BBC, July 2021. Geothermal example:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S are environmental Iceland has several
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- concerns.
olar_power_by_country geothermal power
scotland-north-east-orkney-
stations. This is thanks to
shetland-57991351 Wave energy example:
Solar example 2: Kent, UK. the country lying over a
The go-ahead has been given The Agucadoura Wave constructive plate margin
Economic issue: Orbital O2 is
to the UK’s biggest solar farm an expensive project to only
Farm off the coast of which brings hot magma
on the Kent coastline. It could Portugal was shut down close to the surface.
provide power for 2000 homes.
power 140,00 homes. only two months after Economic issue: They
Environmental issue: Clean
Environmental issue: This opening in 2008. are only economically
energy helps progress towards
solar farm will cover 900 ‘net zero’ CO2 and help slow viable in locations with
acres of land. Read more: Wikipedia. tectonic plate margins.
down global warming.
Economic issue: The cost of https://en.wikipedia.org/ Environmental issue:
solar panels has tumbled by Tidal example 2: Swansea. wiki/Agu%C3%A7adour Adding cold water to the
two thirds since 2010. Swansea tidal lagoon: a_Wave_Farm crust may eventually cool
'Significant' steps for £1.7bn it down, so that the power
Read more: BBC, 2024. station becomes less
project.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ effective.
cgj7nzlzwlxo Video (0:55). March 2022.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales- Geothermal energy
Solar video (1:38): 60757939 video (2:08).

www.youtube.com/watch?v=f www.youtube.com/watch
8_NdUb8sjc ?v=DFQrE91kZwk

p24
5.3: How do the following renewable energy sources work? (Complete using booklet page 24) (A3 sheet)
KW: Biomass. KW: Wind energy. KW: Hydro- KW: Solar energy. KW: Tidal energy. KW: Wave KW: Geothermal
This means This means electric power This means This means energy. energy.
(HEP). This means This means
This means
Example 1: Spain Example 1:
Orbital O2
Example: Drax Example:
Hornsea 2 Example 1:
Dinorwig
Example: Example:
Economic issue:
Example 2: UK

Environmental
Economic issue: Economic issue: issue:
Example 2: Three
Gorges Dam
Economic issue: Economic issue:

Economic issue: Example 2:

Environmental Environmental Swansea Environmental
issue: issues: issue:
Environmental
Environmental issue:
issue:
 In 2020, plans were approved for the
UK’s biggest solar farm.

The controversial scheme on the north

Kent coast will supply electricity to
91,000 homes.

The project could include one of the

world’s largest energy storage systems.

Energy Secretary Alok Sharma said the

project would be a world leader in solar
BBC News, May 2020.
and power storage.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52841223
 BBC News: Sep 2020.
BBC News: Oct 2020. www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54285497
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-54421489
Prime Minister Boris Johnson says he
Offshore wind farms will generate enough
wants to make a “big bet” on renewables,
electricity to power every home in the UK within
turning the UK into the "Saudi Arabia" of
a decade, Boris Johnson has pledged. The PM
wind power.
announced £160m to upgrade ports and
factories for building turbines to help the
He said the UK should embrace a range of
country “build back greener”. The plan aims to
new technologies to achieve its goal of net
create 2,000 jobs in construction and support
zero emissions by 2050.
60,000 more He said the UK would become
“the world leader in clean wind energy”.

“Your kettle, your washing machine, your

cooker, your heating, your plug-in electric
vehicle - the whole lot of them will get their juice
cleanly and without guilt from the breezes that
blow around these islands,” he said.
UK Mind Map Task: Create a mind map on ENERGY SECURITY IN THE UK. BOOKLET PAGE 25
Remember, a mind map is an extended spider diagram about a particular theme.
Studies show that mind map information sticks in your brain if it uses a mixture of:
Colour; Numbers; Words; Humour; Rhymes; Symbols; Exaggeration; Wacky ideas.

ENERGY SECURITY
IN THE UK
 BOOKLET PAGE 25

To what extent is
the UK in a state of
energy security?
To what extent do you agree with Drax power
station moving from burning coal to biomass?
Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Agree

To what extent do you agree with the UK

building Hinkley Point C nuclear power station?
Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Agree

To what extent do you agree with the UK’s

development of offshore wind farms? (World leader!)
Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Agree

p25
 Booklet page 25

The National Grid The website ‘Energy Dashboard’

makes sure there shows we mainly generate electricity
is enough from gas (non-renewable) and wind
electricity (renewable).
generated.
The UK has some fossil
fuel resources left in the
North Sea (oil and gas).
About 20 years left.
Appliances such as vacuum
cleaners are now more The UK also imports oil to
efficient, which helps reduce meet petrol and diesel
electricity demand. demand, for example from
OPEC countries.

However, the UK still needs to

import a lot of gas to meet the
demand for electricity, heating
and cooking.
Recap 5
1: The main way the UK generates electricity
gas
is by burning _______ in a power station.

2: The UK is home the the world’s largest

offshore wind farm. It’s called
Hornsea 2
___________________________.
3: Drax power station in Yorkshire now
biomass
burns mostly ___________________.
capture
4: There are plans to ______________ more
CO2 from power stations.

5: Our new nuclear power station is called

Hinkley Point C
__________________________.
6: MOVING TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE FUTURE
BOOKLET PAGE 26
6.1: What does ‘sustainable’ mean?
KW: Sustainable. This means meeting the needs of people today while also trying to conserve
resources for future generations. With regard to energy resources, sustainable means a focus on
renewable energy and less use of fossil fuels.
6.2: Can you describe ways to reduce energy 6.3: Can you explain how energy can be conserved?
demand? How does this link to ‘carbon Home design: building homes which are well-insulated
footprints’? helps to keep in heat and reduce the need for heating.
KW: Carbon footprint. This means a person’s Double glazed windows have a similar effect.
individual contribution to the enhanced greenhouse Double or triple
effect and global warming. glazed windows

Energy demand can be reduced through using

more energy efficient home appliances. Individuals Loft insulation
can also turn electric items off standby when not in
use, and turn their home heating down by 1 degree Read more: LED lights making dent in UK LED
or more. The UK government charges more road energy demand. BBC News, Jan 2019. light
bulbs
tax for higher-polluting cars, and offers reduced www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46741346
road tax for greener vehicles.
Workplace design: Some offices have photovoltaic
Read more: Top 10 tips to reduce carbon footprint solar panels on their roofs.
revealed. BBC News, May 2020. Transport design: Public transport systems and cycle
www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52719662 lanes encourages people to drive their cars less.
Technology: Electric cars mean that petrol resources
are conserved (however, a lot of lithium has to be
mined to make electric car batteries).

Read more about “net zero”.

The UK government has a “net zero” target by 2050. Net zero means no longer adding to the total
amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This will be achieved through actions such as www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-
promoting more wind and solar energy, and ending the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030. environment-58874518
Task 6a: Complete the boxes below.
BOOKLET PAGE 26
KW: Sustainable. KW: Carbon How can energy demand be What is the UK
footprint. reduced? government’s 2050 target?
This means This means Individual:
meeting the ▪ Use more energy efficient
Greenhouse gas
a person’s
needs of people home appliances. emissions in the UK
individual
today while also ▪ Turn home heating down by will be cut to almost
contribution to
trying to the enhanced 1 degree or more. zero by 2050.
conserve
greenhouse UK government:
resources for This is often the
effect and
future ▪ More road tax for higher- called ‘net zero’
generations. global
polluting cars.
warming. target.
▪ Less road tax for greener
vehicles.

Task 6b: Can you explain how energy can be conserved?

Home design: Workplace design: Transport design: Technology:

Well-insulated: Public Electric cars mean

Some offices
keep in heat transport. that petrol
have
and reduce the Cycle lanes. resources are
photovoltaic
need for conserved (however,
solar panels on
heating. This means a lot of lithium has
their roofs.
people drive to be mined to make
Double glazed their cars electric car
windows. less. batteries).
p26
7: ENERGY SECURITY AND INSECURITY. CAUSES OF CONFLICT.
BOOKLET PAGE 27
7.1: What is ‘energy security’? 7.2: Which parts of the world are in ‘energy surplus’,
and which are in ‘energy deficit’?
KW: Energy security.
This means a country can generate KW: Energy surplus. This means a KW: Energy deficit (or
enough electricity to meet demand, country has a greater supply of energy insecurity). This means a
and it has enough energy resources resources than it has a demand for. country has a greater demand
for home heating and cooking, hot for energy than supply.
water, transport and industries. Energy surplus example: Oil
OPEC countries are the Organisation Energy deficit examples:
To be energy secure, the country will of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Many countries in Western
also be able to afford the required This group of 12 countries hold over Europe are in energy deficit,
resources, and the resources will 80% of the world’s oil. such as the UK, as they partly
come from reliable sources. depend on fossil fuel imports,
Many of these countries are in the particularly oil and gas.
Energy security is greater when a Middle East region, such as Saudi
country has a broader energy mix. Arabia. OPEC countries therefore The USA has an energy
have considerable energy security. deficit because it has huge
KW: Energy mix. This means all the energy demand (the USA
methods a country uses to provide Energy surplus example: Natural gas does produce some oil and
energy resources, e.g. gas power Nearly 80% of the world's total proven gas, however).
stations and wind turbines. natural gas reserves are located in ten
countries. Russia tops the list, holding In Asia, highly populated
about 25% of world's total gas countries such as India also
reserves, followed by Iran and Qatar in have to import a lot of fossil
the Middle East. fuels to help meet energy
demand. India has to import
Textbook fact p291: The Middle East
82% of its oil needs.
produces 40% of the world’s gas and
56% of its oil. Read more:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_g
as_industry_in_India
Task 7a: Complete the boxes below.
BOOKLET PAGE 27
KW: Energy security. KW: Energy surplus. KW: Energy deficit (or insecurity).
This means This means This means
a country can a country has a greater a country has a greater
generate enough supply of energy demand for energy than
electricity to meet resources than it has a supply.
demand. demand for.

Energy security is Energy surplus example: Oil Energy deficit example:

greater when a UK in western Europe.
country has a OPEC: This group of 13 The UK partly depend on
broad energy mix. countries hold over 80% fossil fuel imports,
of the world’s oil. particularly oil and gas.

Energy deficit example: USA.

The USA has huge energy

KW: Energy mix. Energy surplus example:
demand, and over 300m
This means Natural gas people.
all the methods a Russia has about
Energy deficit example: India in Asia.
country uses to 25% of world's total
provide energy gas reserves. The world’s most
resources, e.g. gas populated country.
power stations and
wind turbines. India has to import 82%
of its oil needs. p27
7.3: Can you outline the global distribution Figure 7.3: BOOKLET PAGE 28
of energy consumption and supply? Global energy
consumption.
Energy consumption is highest in countries
such as the USA, Canada and Australia (see (Textbook
Figure 7.3, right). p288)

Example from Section 1.2: Crude oil.

Consumption is dominated by North
America, Europe and the Asia Pacific regions.
Supply is dominated by the OPEC countries.
7.4: Can you give reasons for increasing energy consumption?
1: Economic development. 2: Rising population. 3: Technology. Car factories and
As countries develop, they The population of the UK has grown to food factories increasingly use
have more industries needing 67.7 million (21st highest in the world). robots on their production lines, and
electricity, and more vehicles In 2023, India overtook China as the industries such as these use a lot of
requiring fuels such as petrol world’s most populated country. electricity. In homes more people
or diesel. Read more: now have computers and other
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries
electronic items which use electricity.

A perhaps surprising fact is Taxes and grants are another way to

that the average UK make us use less energy. With petrol
household is using less and cars, road tax is higher and about
Video (2:31): BBC less energy every year. It’s 60% of the fuel cost is tax. Whereas,
News, 2019. partly due to more energy electric cars have no road tax, and
www.bbc.co.uk/news/ efficient appliances such as you pay only 5% tax when charging it
av/science- vacuum cleaners using fewer at home. So, energy use is reducing
environment-
49728391 watts, thanks to better design. thanks to a combination of technology
and personal choices.
Task 7b: BOOKLET PAGE 28
1: Looking at global energy consumption, where is this highest?
__________________________________________________
Energy consumption is very high in the USA, Canada and Australia.
__________________________________________________
Crude oil consumption is dominated by North America, Europe and the
__________________________________________________
Asia Pacific regions.
__________________________________________________
Figure 7.3: Global energy
2: Explain three reasons for increasing global energy consumption. consumption.
__________________________________________________
i) Economic development – e.g. more industries such as manufacturing need electricity.
(Textbook p288)
__________________________________________________
More vehicles require fuel such as petrol.
Figure 1.2: Map showing world
__________________________________________________
ii) UK population is rising: 67.7 million (21st in the world).
oil consumption in 2016.
__________________________________________________
Rising population in India – it has overtaken China!
__________________________________________________
iii) Car factories and food factories now use robots which need a lot of electricity.

__________________________________________________
3: What is the ‘surprising truth’ about UK energy use?
__________________________________________________
Many homes are using LESS electricity because of energy efficient appliances.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
p28
Discussion time

What is fracking?
 “Prime Minster Rishi Sunak's
decision to bring back a ban on
fracking in England has been
welcomed by those opposing it near
the UK's only shale gas wells.”
2022

Pause the
fracking!
7.5: Can you explain these factors affecting Political factors: Government policies on energy
energy supply? are important. For example the UK government
BOOKLET PAGE 29
Physical factors: has made several U-turns on fracking.
An area’s geology determines if fossil fuels are KW: Fracking. This means extracting gas from
available to extract. For example, the UK has been shale rock under ground. It involves drilling down
extracting oil and gas from under the North Sea for then injecting water, sand and chemicals to
several decades. A sunnier climate will enable more release gas (its full name is hydraulic fracturing).
solar power to be generated (for example in Spain). Note: Fracking can also take place for oil.
Similarly, a windier climate will enable more wind
power to be generated (e.g. UK offshore wind farms).
Boris Johnson: Wind farms could power every home by 2030.
Oil and gas company
Read more: BBC News, Oct 2020. Cuadrilla wants to explore
more fracking sites in the UK
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-54421489
The process of
UK can be ‘Saudi Arabia of wind power’ – PM. fracking for gas
Read more: BBC News, Sep 2020.
stored in shale
www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54285497 rock deep
underground.
If a country is near a plate boundary (e.g. Iceland)
then it can use geothermal energy (See 5.3). What is fracking and why is it controversial?
Video (0:50) and reading: BBC News, 2022.
Cost of exploitation and production: “It is thought that fracking has given energy security to the
US and Canada for the next 100 years.”
The UK government has decided to build Hinkley
Point C nuclear power station in Somerset. However, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14432401
it is costing £18 billion and will raise electricity prices
Fracking ban welcomed near UK's only shale gas wells.
for everyone. Read more: BBC News, 2022.
“Prime Minster Rishi Sunak's decision to bring back a ban on
Technological factors: fracking in England has been welcomed by those opposing it
Technology allows the development of high-tech near the UK's only shale gas wells.”
facilities such as a nuclear power station. Better www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-63404758
drilling technology also allows energy companies to
look for oil and gas in deeper ocean water.
Task 7c: Explain how these factors can affect energy supply. Task 7d: Political decisions about fracking. BOOKLET PAGE 29
Physical KW: Fracking. This means
factors: Geology (rock types).
extracting gas from shale rock
The UK gets oil and gas from under ground.
under the North Sea.
2022 news:
Offshore wind farms require a Cuadrilla
windy climate. carried out
hydraulic
Cost of fracturing at
Hinkley Point C is costing £18 its site near
exploitation
and billion. Blackpool.
production:
This will raise electricity Task 7e: Draw a diagram to explain fracking.
prices for everyone.
Drill down then inject
Technological Nuclear power stations are water, sand and
factors: high-tech. chemicals to release
Better drilling technology gas (its full name is
allows access to deeper oil and hydraulic fracturing).
gas.
Political To what extent do you agree with
factors: fracking for natural gas?
The UK government has made
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
several U-turns on fracking.
Disagree Agree
p29
Fracking
The process of fracking
accesses gas stored in shale
rock deep underground.
Positives Negatives
Increases the Process can
UK’s supply of cause small
natural gas. earthquakes.

Fewer Gas released

imports can pollute
needed. ground water.
7.6: Can you explain these impacts of Fuel or food?
In Brazil, most cars run on a biofuel called ethanol. It’s BOOKLET PAGE 30
energy insecurity?
made from fermenting sugar cane crop. In Brazil this
Exploration of difficult and environmentally
makes sense because the county has so much farm
sensitive areas:
land, whereas in other counter it’s more important to use
Energy companies are increasingly searching in
farm land for food, not fuels.
regions such as the Arctic, where an oil spill
would have a negative impact on the fragile ActionAid
environment and wildlife. charity’s
‘Food not fuel’
Video (2:02): The BBC takes a tour of Gazprom's
campaign
remote Arctic oil rig. BBC News, 2013.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-24427891 Industrial output:
Economic and environmental costs: If there is a power cut, this will have a negative impact
Some energy sources are costly to exploit – on factories and other businesses. This is especially
e.g. oil rigs in deep ocean water. Nuclear power the case in LICs where power cuts are more common.
stations require a lot of investment, which many Potential for conflict where demand exceeds
LICs can’t afford. supply:
Fossil fuel power stations have high carbon There is potential for conflict because
dioxide emissions. some countries have vast stocks of
fossil fuels which other countries need.
Food production: E.g. Russia has the world’s largest
Making food uses 30% of global energy. For stock of natural gas (25%).
example, energy is used to power farm
machinery and make fertilisers. Without decent
energy security, countries may lack food
supplies.
In the UK, food factories have a huge demand
for electricity so it’s important this is maintained. Read more: BBC News, updated regularly.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine led to energy price rises across Europe.
The UK government had to intervene with an energy price cap.
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58090533
Task 7f: What are the impacts of energy insecurity? Complete a mind map below. BOOKLET PAGE 30

Environmental Economic costs:

impacts: Energy Nuclear power
companies are stations require a
increasingly searching lot of investment.
for fossil fuels in
sensitive regions such
as the Arctic.

Food production is at risk:

In the UK, food factories
have a huge demand for
electricity so it’s important
this is maintained.
p30
8: CASE STUDY: CANADA’S OIL (or tar) SANDS REGION
Fort McKay First BOOKLET PAGE 31
8.1: CASE STUDY: Can you describe what happens in Nation tribe logo.
Canada’s Oil Sands (or tar sands) region?
KW: Oil sands. This means sandy ground containing crude oil in a sticky
tar-like form called bitumen.
Canada has oil reserves in the world top 5. The oil sands region is in the
province of Alberta in western Canada. There are an estimated 170 billion
barrels of oil lying beneath extensive coniferous (evergreen) forest.
Oli sands extraction is mainly by open-cast mining, digging straight into the
ground from the surface. This removes trees and soil to access the oil to a
depth of about 75 metres. 2.9 million barrels of oil are extracted every day.
8.2: Can you explain the advantages of extracting oil in
Canada’s Oil Sands region?
▪ Canada makes a lot of money by selling the oil to the USA as well as
other countries via pipelines.
▪ Canada has a high level of energy security.
▪ Thousands of jobs are available for local tribal groups, for example the
Fort McKay First Nation. The Athabasca oil sands region
▪ The central town of Fort McMurray has become an employment hotspot. in Alberta province, Canada.

8.3: Can you explain the disadvantages of extracting oil in Canada’s

Oil Sands region?
▪ There have been several reported water pollution problems. Local tribes
report that fish in Lake Athabasca can no longer be eaten by humans.
▪ The mining process involves blasting the oil sands with water. The toxic
waste water creates polluted lakes called ‘tailings ponds’.
▪ Migrating birds die in oil-polluted rivers and lakes.
▪ Coniferous forest is cut down, which releases CO2.
▪ When the oil is used to make petrol and other products, there are high Deforestation and open-cast
carbon emissions. This speeds up global warming. mining scars the landscape.
Task 8: Canada’s oil sands region. Advantages of Canada’s Disadvantages of Canada’s BOOKLET PAGE 31
Oil Sands region Oil Sands region
KW: Oil sands. This means
This means sandy ground containing Canada makes a lot of Water pollution problems.
crude oil in a sticky tar-like form money by selling the oil to Local tribes say the fish in
called bitumen. the USA Lake Athabasca can no
longer be eaten by humans.
1: True or false? Canada has oil
Canada has a high level of
reserves in the world top 5. Migrating birds die in oil-
T energy security.
polluted rivers and lakes.
2: In which province of Canada is the oil
Thousands of jobs are
sands region? Coniferous forest is cut
available for local tribal
Alberta down, which releases CO2.
groups, e.g. the Fort
3: How many barrels of oil are estimated
McKay First Nation.
to be here? Global warming speeds up.
170 billion
4: What is the main style of oil mining
here called?
Open-cast
5: How many barrels of oil are extracted
every day?
2.9 million
6: Give your opinion on the oil sands
mining:
I think we should use fewer Source: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-
fossil fuels for our transport. us-canada-49899113
Did you know? In June 2019, the Canadian government
declared a national climate emergency. The next day, the
government approved another oil sands pipeline project.
Climate activist Greta Thunberg tweeted to call this ‘shameful’.
p31
9: CASE STUDY: CHAMBAMONTERA’S MICRO-HYDRO SCHEME,
PERU (local sustainable energy) BOOKLET PAGE 32
9.1: CASE STUDY: Can you describe the location of Chambamontera
and why it needed a sustainable energy scheme?
Chambamontera is an isolated community in the Andes Mountains of Peru.
It is more than two hours’ drive on a rough track from the nearest town. Until
recently, Chambamontera’s development had been restricted by a lack of
electricity. The
location
Its remoteness and steep slopes meant that it could not be connected to the of Peru
main electricity grid, and the small population meant that it was uneconomic in South Chambamontera: this
to build an electricity grid to serve the area. A local energy production America. village in Peru now has
sustainable electricity!
scheme was therefore much needed to provide heat, light and power.
9.2: Can you describe how the Chambamontera micro-
hydro scheme works with a supply of sustainable and
renewable energy?
This is a small-scale hydroelectric power (HEP) project. As
shown in the diagram, right, water is taken from the local river
channel and has its sediment filtered out in a tank.
The water is then sent down a steep slope to build up speed,
and through a powerhouse with a turbine and a generator to
convert the energy of the water into electricity.
9.3: Can you explain how the Chambamontera micro-
hydro scheme has benefited the local community?
▪ Computers, lights and fridges, and other electrical appliances,
can now be used.
▪ Homework can be completed after dark.
▪ There is a lower flood risk, as the scheme regulates river flow.
▪ The streets are safer, as they can be lit at night-time.
▪ Healthcare has improved because medicines can be
refrigerated.
▪ There is a smaller fire risk, because flammable oil lamps are Micro-hydro scheme diagram: how the project in
no longer needed for light. Chambamontera works!
Task 9: Write a key points revision card. BOOKLET PAGE 32
Chambamontera (Peru) sustainable energy case study.

Chambamontera – an isolated village in the

__________________________________
Andes of Peru.
__________________________________
__________________________________
Development held back by a lack of electricity.
A micro-hydro project has given electricity to the
village.
__________________________________
Water from the local river channel is sent down a
__________________________________
steep slope then through a powerhouse with a
__________________________________
turbine and a generator
Now the locals:
__________________________________
Can use computers, lights and fridges.
__________________________________
Do homework after dark.
__________________________________
Have safer streets with lights.
No longer use flammable and air-polluting oil lamps.
p32
Recap 5
1: Chambamontera is an isolated village in the
Peru
Andes Mounains of _____________.

2: Development has been held back by a lack

electricity
of ______________________.

hydro
3: A micro-_____________ project has
given electricity to the village.

4: Water from the local river channel is sent down a

steep slope then through a powerhouse with a
turbine
___________________ and a generator
computers
5: Now the locals can use c________________,
lights
l____________ fridges
and f_______________.
Paper 2C: The Challenge of Resource management. Key words. Page 27
KW: Energy security.
Page 3 Page 8 Page 16 Page 24
KW: Economic wellbeing. KW: Carbon footprint. KW: Energy mix. KW: Biomass.

KW: Wind energy. KW: Energy mix.

KW: Social wellbeing. Page 9
KW: Agribusiness.
KW: Thermal power station.
Page 4 KW: Hydro-electric power
KW: Crude oil. (HEP).
Page 10
KW: Energy surplus.
KW: Aquifer. KW: National Grid. .
KW: OPEC. KW: Solar energy.

KW: Reservoir.
KW: Electricity supply. KW: Tidal energy. KW: Energy deficit.
Page 6
KW: Finite.
Page 13
KW: Water deficit. KW: Wave energy.
Page 8 Page 29
KW: Total energy supply.
KW: Seasonal food. KW: Fracking.
KW: Water surplus. KW: Geothermal energy.

KW: Organic farming.

KW: Water transfer. Page 26
Page 22 Page 31
KW: Sustainable.
KW: Nuclear energy. KW: Oil sands.
KW: Food miles. KW: Aqueduct.