LECTURE- 26

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

PAPER CODE- EI 502

FSK & PSK Modulation and Demodulation

Technique

SANTANA DAS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
APPLIED ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
 Topics:-
• FSK Basic
• FSK Modulation Technique
• FSK Demodulation Technique
• Different Types
• PSK basics
FSK Basic:-
Frequency Shift Keying:-

FSK is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier
signal varies according to the digital signal changes.

FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.

The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input
and is low in frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark
and Space frequencies.

The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated

waveform along with its input.
FSK Waveform:-

fH
fL

• In case of Binary FSK (BFSK), the frequency increased when binary ‘1’ is transmitted and the frequency is
decreased when binary ‘0’ is transmitted.

• The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary HIGH input and is low in
frequency for a binary LOW input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.
Modulation Technique:-
FSK Modulator:-

The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators with a clock and the input
binary sequence.
Working:-

• The two oscillators, producing a higher and a

lower frequency signals, are connected to a
switch along with an internal clock.

• To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of

the output waveform during the transmission
of the message, a clock is applied to both the
oscillators, internally.

• The binary input sequence is applied to the

The block diagram of the FSK Modulator transmitter so as to choose the frequencies
according to the binary input.
FSK Demodulator :-
FSK Demodulator:-

➢ There are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave.

• Asynchronous detector
• Synchronous detector

The synchronous detector is a coherent one, while asynchronous detector is a non-coherent one.
• Following is the diagrammatic representation.
Asynchronous FSK Detector:-

➢ The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK

detector consists of

• Two band pass filters,

• Two envelope detectors,
• A decision circuit.
 Continued……

• The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass

Filters BPFs, tuned to Space and Mark frequencies.

• The output from these two BPFs look like ASK signal,
which is given to the envelope detector.

• The signal in each envelope detector is modulated

asynchronously.

• The decision circuit chooses which output is more likely

and selects it from any one of the envelope detectors.

• It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular one.

Synchronous FSK Demodulator:-

Synchronous FSK Detector:-

The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector

consists of

• Two mixers with local oscillator circuits,

• Two band pass filters

• and a decision circuit.

 Asynchronous FSK Demodulator:-
Working:-

The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with local oscillator
circuits.

➢ These two are connected to two band pass filters. These

combinations act as demodulators

➢ and the decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and
selects it from any one of the detectors.

➢ The two signals have a minimum frequency separation.

➢ For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each of them

depends on their bit rate.

• This synchronous demodulator is a bit complex than

asynchronous type demodulators.
 PSK- Phase shift Keying:- The phase of the output signal gets shifted
depending upon the input.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital

modulation technique in which the phase of
the carrier signal is changed by varying the
sine and cosine inputs at a particular time.

PSK is of two types:-

Depending upon the phases the signal gets
shifted.
Namely BPSK and QPSK, according to the
number of phase shifts.
PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-
metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and The other one is DPSK which changes the
Bluetooth communications. phase according to the previous value.
BPSK Modulator:-
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying
consists of the balance modulator which has the
carrier sine wave as one input and the binary
sequence as the other input.

Following is the diagrammatic representation.

For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high input, the phase
reversal is of 180°.
BPSK Modulated waveform:-

This is also called as 2-phase PSK (or) Phase Reversal Keying.

➢ In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as
0° and 180°.
➢ BPSK is basically a DSB-SC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier)
modulation scheme, for message being the digital information.
BPSK Demodulator:-
➢ By recovering the band-limited message
signal, with the help of the mixer circuit and
the band pass filter, the first stage of
demodulation gets completed.
➢ The base band signal which is band limited is
obtained and this signal is used to regenerate
the binary message bit stream.

➢ In the next stage of demodulation, the bit

clock rate is needed at the detector circuit to
produce the original binary message signal.

➢ A decision-making circuit may also be inserted

at the 2nd stage of detection.
 QPSK Modulated waveform:-

➢ This is the phase shift keying

technique, in which the sine wave
carrier takes:-

Four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°,

180°, and 270°.

➢ Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at
once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees).

➢ QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the same bandwidth.

➢ QPSK is used for satellite transmission of MPEG2 video, cable modems, videoconferencing, cellular phone
systems, and other forms of digital communication over an RF carrier.

Quaternary Phase Shift Keying/4-PSK/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying/ Quadriphase Phase Shift Keying
 DPSK Modulated waveform:-
➢ In DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) the phase of
the modulated signal is shifted relative to the previous
signal element.

➢ No reference signal is considered here.

➢ The signal phase follows the high or low state of the

previous element.

➢ This DPSK technique doesn’t need a reference

oscillator.

➢ If the data bit is LOW i.e., 0, then the phase of the signal If we observe the above waveform, we can say that
is not reversed, but is continued as it was. the HIGH state represents an M in the modulating
signal and the LOW state represents a W in the
➢ If the data is HIGH i.e., 1, then the phase of the signal is modulating signal.
reversed, as with NRZI, invert on 1 (a form of
differential encoding).
THANK YOU