ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. MODALS
2. USE ‘UNLESS’
3. REMOVE ‘TOO’ USE ‘SO THAT …..NOT’.
4. ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
5. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
6. USE ‘NO SOONER….THAN’
7. TENSES
8. DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH

CHANGE FROM ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE AND VICE VERSA

ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT A SENTENCE IN PASSIVE VOICE HAS A FORM OF ‘BE

‘ AND THE VERB IS CHANGED TO ITS PAST PARTICIPLE FORM AND IT ALSO HAS
THE PREPOSITION ‘BY’. SOMETIMES IT IS WRITTEN , SOMETIMES NOT BUT IT
IS DEFINITELY THERE.
 1. The gardener has planted some trees.
2. Doctor Brown will give you some advice.
3. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.
4. Someone has broken the crystal vase.
5. They will advertise the product on television.
6. Someone is repairing that fence.
7. I have finished my assignment.
8. John collects money.
9. Anna opened the window.
10.We have done our homework.
11.I will ask a question.
12.He can cut out the picture.
13.The sheep ate a lot.
14.We do not clean our rooms.
15.William will not repair the car.
16.I did not beat her.
17.I will never forget this experience.
18.The boy teased the girl.
19.A novel has been written by her.
20.Her lessons have been learned by her

USE ‘UNLESS’/ ‘IF NOT’

REMEMBER– ‘UNLESS’ MEANS ‘IF NOT’ . WHEN U R USING ‘UNLESS’ U R ALREADY USING
ONE ‘NOT’. TO AVOID ERRORS RE-READ AFTER YOU CHANGE THE SENTENCE.

1. Unless you finish the job in time, you will be sacked.

If you do not finish the job in time, you will be sacked.

2. Unless the boys reach school in time, they will be punished.

If the boys do not reach school in time, they will be punished.

3. Unless he works hard, he will not pass.

If he does not work hard, he will not pass.
IF THERE ARE TWO ‘NOT’S’ BY USING ‘UNLESS’ YOU'RE USING ONLY ONE ‘NOT’.
THE OTHER ‘NOT’ REMAINS IN THE SENTENCE.
1. The body cannot perform any function, if there are no specific
nutrients.
2. Your science teacher says, If you do not heat the solution properly,
you will not get the expected result.
3. Unless we read of great periods in the life of nation, we cannot
imagine ourselves back in those days.
4. Tree-nesting birds can live only where there are trees.
5. Without the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
6. Unless they are willing to defend to the last, they will not conquer.
7. If you do not insist on dragging him into court, I shall be thankful.
8. Unless you invite me, I will not come to you.
9] If I had never dropped in on that course in college, the Mac would have
never had multiple typefaces,
10] If we don’t seize it, it’s curtains for us earthlings.
11] If it increases the sale of goods, industry prospers.
12] You won’t pass, unless you work hard.
13] I shall not read this report, unless you allow me.
14] If you cannot do this, do not make war upon us.
15] If you do not keep quite, you will be punished.
16] If you are brave, you will not fear.
17] If you do not study hard, you will fail in the exam.
18] They will not bite a man, unless he touches or hurts them.
19] If you are brave, you will not fear.
20] Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life.
INSERT SUITABLE MODAL AUXILIARIES

1. You ____ improve your handwriting (necessity).

2. There ______ be about fifty chocolates in that box. (possibility)
3. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she ……………… still read and write
without glasses. (Ability)
4. ………………. you help me with the housework, please? (Polite request)
5. There was a time when I ………….. stayed up very late. (Past ability)
6. You …………….. not lose any more weight. You are already slim. (Necessity)
7. We …………… make the first move.
8. It is snowing outside so I …………… stay at home. (Intention)
9. I ………………. get you a shawl from Kashmir. (Promise)
 10.…………….. you mind if I borrowed your car? (Permission)
11.……………. you take care of my dog for a day? ( Request)
12.Our country ………………. become a superpower by 2025. (possibility)
13.She …………… sell her home because she needs money. ( possibility)
14.We have lots of work tomorrow. You------------- must not be late.
(Obligation)
15.____________-you swim when you were 10? (Ability)

REMOVE ‘TOO’ USE ‘SO THAT…….NOT’

1. He is too fast to run fast.
He is so fast that he cannot run fast.
2. This man was too old to walk.
This man was so old that he could not walk.

WHEN IT IS ‘IS’ USE CANNOT. WHEN IT IS ‘WAS’ USE COULD NOT.

Rewrite the following sentences using so…that.

1. She is too proud to live on alms.
2. The theory was too complicated for me to understand.
3. He ran too fast for me to catch up.
4. She is too impatient to be a teacher.
5. It is too late to start now.
6. The tea is too hot for me to drink.
7. He is too haughty to apologise.
8. The box was too heavy for him to lift.
9. The mangoes are too ripe to be eaten.
10. She is too selfish to help others.

USE ‘NO SOONER ………THAN’.

1. As soon as I reached the station, the train arrived.
No sooner had I reached the station than the train arrived.
or
No sooner did I reach the station than the train arrived.
You can change in any one way. But note the use of the verb.
1) As soon as he saw the police, the thief ran away.

2) As soon as l turned, a snake landed on my shoulder.

3) As soon as she met her father, she started crying.

4) As soon as he received the call, he left for his home.

5) As soon as the bell was given, the students went into their classrooms.

6) As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up in

respect.

7) As soon as they started, they met with an accident.

8) As soon as the relief team arrived there, their joy knew no bounds.

9) As soon as they arrived at their destinations, the rain poured down.

10) As soon as I reached home, they welcomed me.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

No other boy in class is Mike is better than any Mike is the best boy in
as good as Mike. other boy in class. class.

No other animal is as The cow is more useful The cow is the most
useful as the cow. than any other animal. useful animal.

Very few boys in class He is better than most He is one of the best
are as good as him. other boys in class. boy in class.

Very few girls are as Rani is prettier than Rani is one of the
pretty as Rani. most other girls. prettiest girls.
1. John is as tall as Sam. (Comparative degree)
2. Platinum is the most expensive of all the metals. (Positive degree)
3. Ravi is smarter than Raju. (Positive degree)
4. Russia has a larger area than Canada. (Positive degree)
5. Sana is the most intelligent girl in the class. (Positive degree)
6. Bhopal is the greenest city in India. (Comparative degree)
7. Very few students in the class are as diligent as Rina. (Superlative degree)
8. This pencil is not as sharp as the other. (Comparative degree)
9. Ramesh is the most athletic of all the boys. (Positive degree)
10.Mushin was one of the best philanthropists in the world. (Positive) ii.
11.Cox’s Bazar is one of the most beautiful sea-beaches in the world.
(Positive
12.Madhusudan Dutta was one of the greatest dramatists in Bangla
literature. (Positive)
13. The rose is the best of all flowers. (Positive)
14. A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man. (Positive)
15.Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. (Comparative)
16. Corruption is one of the worst evils. (Comparative)
17. William Wordsworth is one of the most famous poets in English
literature. (Comparative)
18.No other thing is as interesting as reading books. (Comparative)
19. Strategy is the most important thing in the examination. (Comparative)
20.No other student in the class is as bad as a failed student. (Superlative)
21.Musin was more generous than most other men in the sub-continent.
(Superlative)
22.No other person is as hated as a corrupted man. (Superlative)
23. Very few conquerors of the world were as great as Taimur. (Superlative)
24.Very few curses of 21st century are as big as child labour. (Superlative)

DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH
 PLZ. CHECK CLASS NOTES FOR RULES.
1. Rahul told me, “When are you leaving?”
Rahul asked me when I was leaving.
2. “Where do you live?” the stranger asked Aladdin.
The stranger asked Aladdin where he lived.
3. The teacher said to Shelly, “Why are you laughing?”
The teacher asked Shelly why he was laughing.
4. She said, ‘I am happy’.
She said that she was happy.
5. “I have been to Boston”, she told me.
She told me that she had been to Boston.
6. “Where do you live?” asked the boy.
The boy enquired where I lived.
7. She said, ‘Will you come for the party’?
She asked whether we would come for the party.
8. She said to her ‘Please complete it’.
She requested her to complete it.
9. Hamid said to Ramid, ‘Sit down’.
Hamid ordered Ramid to sit down.

1. Dhronacharya said to Arjun, “Shoot the bird’s eye.”

2. “Call the first convict,” said the jury.
3. “Call the ambulance,” said the man.
4. Bruce said to me, “I shall do the work.”
5. My mother said to me, “You were wrong.”
6. Mr Richard said to me, “Please wait here till I return.”
7. The captain said to me, “Bravo! You have played well.”
8. Raj said, “Alas! My pet died.”
9. Ruchi said, “I may go there.”
10. Bucky said to Steve, “Do you hear me?”
11. The boy said, “Let me come in.”
12. Granny said to me, “May God bless you.”

TENSES
Q1. I __________ working all afternoon and have just finished the
assignment.
A have been
B had been
C shall be
D am

Q2. Rohan __________ the movie before he read the review.

A watches
B have watched
C had watched
D was watching

Q3. He __________ in the States but he still does not have a

command over the English language.
A have been living
B has been living
C have lived
D living

Q4. By the next month, we shall __________ the project.

A has completed
B completing
C completed
D have completed

Q5. Every boy and girl __________ in the class today.

A are present
B is present
C have present
D had present

Q6. He __________ daily for a year now.

A exercises
B was exercising
C has been exercising
D have been exercising
Q7. I __________ this book since morning.
A had been reading
B has been reading
C have had read
D shall be reading

Q8. Which tense is used to express general truths and facts?

A Present continuous tense
B Present perfect tense
C Past perfect tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q9. According to the prevailing rate, two dozen __________ rupees

one hundred.
A costs
B cost
C costing
D costed

Q10. The Council __________ made its decision.

A have
B have had
C has
D having

Q11. What do tenses as the form of a verb help to determine?

A The time of the action
B The state of the action
C Both (A) and (B)
D The number of action

Q12. Which tense is used to show the completion of an action by a

certain time in the future?
A Future perfect tense
B Present indefinite tense
C Future perfect continuous tense
D Both (A) and (C)

Q13. Identify the tense used in the following sentence. “When I

reached the bookstore, all the copies had already been sold.”
A Past perfect tense
B Past indefinite tense
C Present perfect tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q14. The wise leader and politician __________ assassinated.

A are
B has been
C have been
D have had been

Q15. Neither of the paintings __________ sold.

A have been
B were
C are
D was
Correct Ans. D

Q16. Sita or her brothers __________ to be blamed.

A is
B has
C are
D was

Q17. The Chief guest, with his wife, __________.

A has left
B are leaving
C have left
D left

Q18. The quality of products __________ over time.

A are degrading
B has been degrading
C have degrading
D were degraded
Correct Ans. B

Q19. The news __________ not updated timely.

A were
B have
C is
D are

Q20. They __________ into their cars and drove away.

A has got
B have got
C gets
D got

Q21. Choose the sentence with the future perfect tense.

A They shall have arrived by then.
B They shall be arriving by then.
C They shall arrive by then.
D They shall have been arriving by then.

Q22. Identify the tense used in the following sentence. “We are
going to reach the destination as scheduled.”
A Present continuous tense
B Future perfect continuous tense
C Future continuous tense
D Present perfect continuous tense

Q23. Which tense is used to express an action going at some point

in the past?
A Past indefinite tense
B Past perfect continuous tense
C Past continuous tense
D Past perfect continuous tense

Q24. Each of the four army soldiers __________ for the mission.
A were ready
B are ready
C was ready
D have been ready

Q25. The thief and the eye-witness __________.

A has escaped
B has been escaping
C was escaping
D have escaped

Q26. Back in my native place, I __________ a smartphone.

A did not have
B do not have
C did not had
D do not had

Q27. Choose the correct sentence.

A When I woke up, he has already eaten breakfast.
B When I woke up, he had already eaten breakfast.
C When I had woken up, he had already ate breakfast.
D When I had woken up, he has already ate breakfast.

Q28. I __________ the medicine as prescribed by the doctor for a

week now.
A takes
B have been taking
C would have taken
D have had been taking

Q29. You and I __________ the obligations.

A am fulfilled
B has been fulfilling
C have fulfilled
D has fulfilled

Q30. Identify the tense used in the sentence. “Her brother will walk
her down the aisle.”
A Future indefinite tense
B Future perfect tense
C Present indefinite tense
D Present perfect tense

Q31. Choose the past perfect continuous tense form of the sentence.
“The children played in the park throughout the evening.”
A The children played in the park throughout the evening.
B The children have been playing in the park throughout the
evening.
C The children had played in the park throughout the evening.
D The children had been playing in the park throughout the evening.

Q32. Identify the tense used in the sentence. “Here comes the soon-
to-be bride!”
A Present continuous tense
B Present indefinite tense
C Future indefinite tense
D Present perfect tense

Q33. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “The

weatherman forecasted that it’s going to rain.”
A Present indefinite tense
B Future indefinite tense
C Future perfect continuous tense
D Present continuous tense

Q34. Two-thirds of the food supply __________ for the month.

A has been used
B were used
C have been using
D has been using

Q35. The technique of paraphrasing __________.

A are practised
B has to be practised
C have to be practised
D is practising

Q36. “Shyam and his brothers” __________ a famous sweet shop in

our neighbourhood.
A are
B have been
C is
D have

Q37. Which tense is used to express that an action started in the

past and is continuing till now?
A Present perfect tense
B Past perfect continuous tense
C Past continuous tense
D Present perfect continuous tense

Q38. Identify the tense used in the sentence. “While he was in the
military, he still regularly wrote to me.”
A Past indefinite tense
B Past perfect tense
C Present indefinite
D Past perfect continuous tense

Q39. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “He is always
found reading the newspaper.”
A Present indefinite tense
B Present perfect continuous tense
C Present continuous tense
D Present perfect tense

Q40. Fill in the blank with the present perfect tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “James ___________ to visit her grandmother.”
(go)
A have been going
B had gone
C has gone
D has been going

Q41. Fill in the blank with the future perfect continuous tense form of
the verb given in the bracket. “We __________ for an hour now.”
(wait)
A shall have been waiting
B have been waiting
C shall be waiting
D had been waiting

Q42. Choose the present indefinite tense form of the sentence. “He
had been sleeping.”
A He has been sleeping.
B He had slept.
C He has slept.
D He sleeps.

Q43. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “He joined the
cooking school late but only in a few months had mastered the
recipes.”
A Past indefinite tense
B Past perfect tense
C Present perfect tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q44. By the time she was fifteen, she __________ a beautiful singer.
A shall become
B become
C had become
D has becoming

Q45. Fill in the blank with the present perfect continuous tense form
of the verb given in the bracket. “Adam __________ a health regime
everyday.” (follow)
A follows
B have been following
C has been following
D has followed

Q46. Neither she nor I __________ at home.

A were
B was
C has been
D be

Q47. My friends and I __________ stuck there.

A had been
B was
C has been
D have had been

Q48. Choose the correct sentence.

A Sam have gone to buy some groceries.
B Sam had going to buy some groceries.
C Sam be going to buy some groceries.
D Sam is going to buy some groceries.

Q49. Which tense is used to express an action taking place in the

future?
A Future perfect tense
B Future perfect continuous tense
C Future indefinite tense
D Future continuous tense

Q50. Chris __________ to attend the programme.

A did not wanted
B did not want
C do not wanted
D does not wanted

Q51. Meera __________ for the charitable cause.

A came to contribute
B come to contributed
C came to contributed
D comes to contributed

Q52. Fill in the blank with the past continuous tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “Monica __________ since last week.” (plan)
A did plan
B has been planning
C had been planning
D was planning

Q53. The crowd that __________ due to the quarrel has dispersed
now.
A have gathered
B has been gathered
C had gathered
D has been gathering

Q54. Identify the tense used in the sentence. “Nick has purchased a
new laptop.”
A Present perfect tense
B Past indefinite tense
C Past perfect tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q55. The stars __________ bright at night.

A shines
B shine
C has shine
D shining

Q56. Identify the tense used in the sentence. “When shall our
application be approved?”
A Future perfect tense
B Present indefinite tense
C Past perfect tense
D Future indefinite tense

Q57. Which tense is used to express an action completed in the

immediate past?
A Past indefinite tense
B Present indefinite tense
C Present perfect tense
D Past perfect tense

Q58. Choose the past perfect continuous tense form of the sentence.
“George travels around the world.”
A George has been travelling around the world.
B George had been travelling around the world.
C George shall have been travelling around the world.
D George was travelling around the world.

Q59. You should not __________ back with your teacher.

A talk
B talks
C had talked
D talked

Q60. Pentagon __________ five sides.

A have had
B had
C has
D have

Q61. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “My father’s shop
has been sold out.”
A Past perfect tense
B Present perfect tense
C Past indefinite tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q62. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “I am visiting her
now.”
A Present indefinite tense
B Future perfect continuous tense
C Future perfect tense
D Present continuous tense

Q63. Fill in the blank with the future perfect tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “Peter __________ had it been possible.”
(adjust)
A would adjust
B would have adjusted
C has adjusted
D had adjusted

Q64. Choose the future perfect tense form of the given sentence.
“He has a lot of experience.”
A He had a lot of experience.
B He will have a lot of experience.
C He will have had a lot of experience.
D He will be having a lot of experience.

Q65. I probably __________ left.

A should have
B will
C has
D having

Q66. Fill in the blank with the present perfect tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “I __________ here for a month now.” (be)
A had been
B would have been
C have been
D have had been

Q67. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “By the time I
was informed, the registrations had been closed.”
A Past perfect tense
B Present perfect tense
C Past indefinite tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q68. Choose the correct sentence.

A Harry inviting me to his farmhouse once.
B Harry shall invited me to his farmhouse once.
C Harry had invited me to his farmhouse once.
D Harry has been inviting me to his farmhouse once.

Q69. Has the itinerary __________ yet?

A been deciding
B been decided
C decided
D be decided

Q70. It is a tradition that __________ ever since.

A have been celebrated
B had been celebrated
C has been celebrated
D has been celebrating
Correct Ans. C

Q71. Jackson and Kate __________ all this time.

A have been collaborating
B have to collaborate
C collaborate
D collaborates

Q72. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “Welcome to the
ceremony.”
A Present perfect tense
B Present indefinite tense
C Past indefinite tense
D Past perfect tense

Q73. Fill in the blank with the past perfect continuous tense form of
the verb given in the bracket. “The area __________ from an
earthquake.” (recover)
A is recovering
B has been recovering
C had been recovering
D has recovered

Q74. Choose the present perfect tense form of the given sentence.
“The manager shall be on leave.”
A The manager is on a leave.
B The manager had been on leave.
C The manager was on leave.
D The manager has been on leave.

Q75. Mathematics __________ difficult by many students.

A is found
B has found
C has been founding
D are found

Q76. I __________ you my last year’s books.

A have had lend
B shall lend
C lends
D lending

Q77. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “As soon as I
was ready to leave, it started to pour.”
A Present perfect tense
B Past perfect tense
C Past indefinite tense
D Present indefinite tense

Q78. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “Someone picked
my pocket.”
A Present indefinite tense
B Past indefinite tense
C Past perfect tense
D Present perfect tense

Q79. Choose the future perfect tense form of the given sentence.
“Charlie is the headboy of our school.”
A Charlie will be the headboy of our school.
B Charlie has been the headboy of our school.
C Charlie have had been the headboy of our school.
D Charlie would have been the headboy of our school.

Q80. Which tense is used to express a person’s habitual or regular

activities?
A Present perfect tense
B Present perfect continuous tense
C Present indefinite tense
D Present continuous tense

Q81. Joey __________ from the vacation just now.

A has returned
B had returned
C had been returning
D returns

Q82. You should not __________ the worst.

A assumed
B assuming
C assume
D assumes

Q83. Choose the future indefinite tense form of the given sentence.
“The parcel has been delivered.”
A The parcel had been delivered.
B The parcel will be delivered.
C The parcel was delivered.
D The parcel would have been delivered.
Q84. Fill in the blank with the present perfect continuous tense form
of the verb given in the bracket. “Workers __________ day and
night.” (work)
A had been working
B have been working
C has been working
D are working

Q85. Fill in the blank with the past perfect tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “Vikram __________ his job.” (do)
A did
B was doing
C had done
D had been doing

Q86. Choose the correct sentence.

A I did not accompanied them.
B I do not accompanied them.
C I does not accompany them.
D I do not accompany them.

Q87. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “Sasha scolds
and asks her to go away.”
A Past indefinite tense
B Past perfect tense
C Present indefinite tense
D Present perfect tense
Correct Ans.C

Q88. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “John met the
officer in the evening.”
A Past continuous tense
B Past perfect continuous tense
C Past perfect tense
D Past indefinite tense

Q89. The whole family __________ for the ceremony.

A has been invited
B have been invited
C invites
D invited

Q90. Fill in the blank with the past indefinite tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “After a long day at work, Rachel _________
tired.” (be)
A is
B are
C had been
D has been

Q91. Which tense is used to express an action that is taking place at

the time of speaking?
A Present perfect continuous tense
B Present indefinite tense
C Present continuous tense
D Present perfect tense

Q92. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “She has
decided to distribute the duties after everyone completes their
work.”
A Past perfect tense
B Present perfect tense
C Present indefinite tense
D Past indefinite tense

Q93. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “Everyone shall
be reaching by tomorrow.”
A Future indefinite tense
B Present continuous tense
C Future perfect continuous tense
D Future continuous tense

Q94. Joseph __________ by everyone after he won the competition.

A was congratulated
B congratulate
C shall be congratulated
D have been congratulated

Q95. Choose the correct sentence.

A He visit the temple frequently.
B He visits the temple frequently.
C He had visiting the temple frequently.
D He have had visited the temple frequently.

Q96. Fill in the blank with the future perfect tense form of the verb
given in the bracket. “Mary __________ seats for us.” (save)
A ought to save
B should save
C would have saved
D would save

Q97. Identify the tense used in the underlined phrase. “She speaks
less but has strong opinions.”
A Present indefinite tense
B Present perfect tense
C Past perfect tense
D Past indefinite tense

Q98. Identify the tense used in the given sentence. “You are always
working on your laptop.”
A Present indefinite tense
B Present perfect tense
C Present continuous tense
D Present perfect continuous tense

Q99. Jack and John __________ helpful.

A be
B have been
C was
D had been

Q100. Which tense is used to express an action that began in the

past before some point and continued up to that point?
A Past indefinite tense
B Past perfect tense
C Past perfect continuous tense
D Past continuous tense