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The Politics of United States Foreign Policy

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A. Cepa (common Onion). fl. white; scape ventricose, longer
than the leaves. June, July. l. fistular, rounded. h. 3ft. For
culture, see Onion.
A. C. aggregatum. Aggregated, Tree, or Potato Onion. See
Onion.
A. cœruleum (blue-flowered).* fl. blue, in large compact
globular heads. June. h. 8in. Russia, 1840. Very distinct.
A. Douglasii (Douglas'). Synonymous with A. unifolium.
A. Erdelii (Erdel's). fl. white, keeled with green, in compact
umbels. h. 6in. Palestine, 1879. A rare but pretty species, and
should be planted in a warm position on the rockery.
A. falcifolium (sickle-leaved).* fl. pale rose, ½in. to ¾in.
across, in few-flowered umbels. August. l. two in number, thick,
broadly linear, falcate. h. 2in. to 3in. North-West America, 1880.
A. falciforme (sickle-formed). Probably a variety of A.
unifolium, with pure white flowers, in several-flowered umbels.
h. 6in. California, 1882.
A. flavum (golden). fl. yellow, bell-shaped, and somewhat
drooping, in pretty umbels; scape leafy at the base. l. round,
not hollow, flattish above the base. h. about 1ft. Italy, 1759. A
slender species.
A. fragrans. See Nothoscordum.
A. karataviense (Karatavian). fl. white, in dense globose
heads. May. l. very broad, flat, glaucous, sometimes variegated.
h. 6in. Turkestan, 1878.
A. Macnabianum (MacNab's).* fl. deep magenta, a colour
quite unique in this family, in large umbels. l. nearly as long as
the stem, channelled, about ¼in. broad. h. 1ft. North America.
A. magicum (enchanting). Synonymous with A. nigrum.
 FIG. 58. ALLIUM MOLY.

A. Moly (Moly).* fl. bright yellow, numerous, in compact

umbels. Spring. l. few, broadly lanceolate. Stem sub-cylindrical.
h. 10in. to 15in. South Europe, 1604. A very old favourite;
bright-flowered and very fine in masses. See Fig. 58.
A. Murrayanum (Murray's).* fl. rosy purple, in large heads. l.
narrow, longer than the stem. h. 1ft. North America. A good
variety of A. acuminatum.
A. mutabile (changeable). fl. white, changing to rose, in many-
flowered umbels. July. l. shorter than the stem, narrow,
channelled. h. 12in. to 24in. North America, 1824.
A. neapolitanum (Neapolitan).* fl. white, with green stamens,
numerous, in a loose umbel, on stems exceeding the leaves in
length; pedicels much longer than the flowers. Early summer. l.
two or three, sheathing the flower stem, strap-shaped, about
1in. across. h. 15in. to 18in. South Europe, 1823. Probably the
most ornamental white-flowered species.
A. nevadense (Sierra Nevada). fl. white, or pale rose, about
½in. across, in several-flowered umbels. July. l. flat, rather
longer than the stem, about ¼in. wide. h. 3in. to 6in. Sierra
Nevada and Utah, 1882.
A. nigrum (blackish).* fl. dull violet, or whitish, with a green
vein, very numerous, in a large umbel. Summer. l. thick, broadly
lanceolate, acute, ciliated, toothed at the edges, at first erect
and glaucescent, afterwards green and spreading, much shorter
than the stem. h. 2½ft. to 3¼ft. South of Europe. Very vigorous
and free flowering. SYN. A. magicum.
A. paradoxum (wonderful). fl. white, gracefully pendulous,
borne on long footstalks springing from little nests of yellow
bulbils. Spring. l. one or two, as long as the scape, linear-
lanceolate, acute, keeled, striated, smooth, ¼in. broad,
drooping and recurved. h. 9in. to 14in. Siberia, 1823.
A. pedemontanum (Piedmont).* fl. rosy-purple, large, bell-
shaped, in large, graceful drooping clusters. July. l. lanceolate,
shorter than the stem. Piedmont, 1817. A neat little plant for
rockwork, or warm border. One of the handsomest species
grown.
A. reticulatum (netted). fl. varying from pink to white.
Summer. l. narrow, or almost filiform, shorter than the stem. h.
9in. to 15in. North-West America, 1882. A rare species.
A. r. attenuifolium (attenuate-leaved).* This may be regarded
as an extremely handsome white-flowered variety. North-West
America.
A. roseum (rose-coloured).* fl. pale lilac-rose, large, in umbels
of ten or twelve; stems round, rather longer than the leaves.
Summer. l. strap-shaped, channelled, rolled inwards at the top,
not hairy. h. 12in. to 16in. South Europe, 1752.
A. sativum (cultivated). Garlic. fl. white; umbel bulbiferous.
Summer. l. flat. h. 1½ft. Sicily, 1548. For culture, see Garlic.
A. schœnoprasum (rush-leaved onion). Chives. fl. purple;
umbel many-flowered, globose, without bulbils. June and July. l.
cylindrical, somewhat tapering towards the point; stem with one
leaf, or naked. h. 1ft. England. For cultivation, see Chives.
A. Scorodoprasum. Rocambole; Sand Leek. fl., perianth ⅓in.
long, the segments red-purple, with white margins; head loose-
flowered, with purple bulbils; scape slender. May to August. l.
6in. to 8in. long, flat, keeled, the edges scabrid. h. 3ft. Europe
(Britain), 1596. See also Rocambole.
A. sphærocephalum (globe-headed).* fl. densely packed in a
subspherical head; in a bud state the upper ones are reddish-
purple, the lower green. June. l. narrow, shorter than the long
terete stems. h. 1½ft. to 2½ft. South Europe, 1759.
A. stramineum (straw-coloured). fl. yellow, in dense globular
umbels. July. l. narrow, shorter than the stems. h. 1½ft. to 2ft.
Siberia.
A. striatum (striated). See Nothoscordum.
A. triquetrum (three-cornered). fl. white, somewhat bell-
shaped, with a narrow streak of pure green down each petal, in
a loose, slightly drooping umbel, on erect triangular stems
shorter than the leaves. Summer. l. green, broadly strap-
shaped, keeled in a triangular manner, sometimes very long. h.
12in. to 18in. South Europe, 1789.
A. unifolium (one-leaved). fl. bright rose. July. h. 1ft. to 2ft.
California, 1873. A handsome species, from California,
resembling A. roseum, but differing from all known species by
the circumstance that its bulbs are developed at a distance from
each other, and are connected by a thread-like rhizome, ½in. to
1in. long. SYN. A. Douglasii.
 FIG. 59. ALLIUM URSINUM.

A. ursinum (bear). Broad-leaved Garlic; Ramsons. fl. pure

white, with acute perianth segments; umbel level at top; scape
triangular. Summer. l. one or two, radical, ovate-lanceolate,
stalked, large, bright green. h. 1ft. Britain. See Fig. 59.
A. validum (strong). fl. pure white or rose-coloured, in large,
rather drooping umbels. Summer. l. ¼in. to ½in. broad, nearly
as long as the stem. h. 12in. to 30in. Oregon and California,
1881. A pretty species.
A. Victorialis (Victoria's). fl. greenish-white, in many-flowered,
spicate umbels. May. l. broadly ovate-oblong, channelled,
shorter than the stem. h. 1½ft. to 2ft. Southern and Eastern
Europe, 1739. Conspicuous from its broad leaves. Rare.

ALLOBROGIA. A synonym of Paradisia (which see).

ALLOCHLAMYS. A synonym of Pleuropetalum (which see).
ALLOPHYLLUS. A synonym of Schmidelia (which see).
ALLOPLECTUS (from allos, diverse, and pleco, to plait; the calyx
appears as if it was plaited in diverse directions). ORD. Gesneraceæ.
Very handsome stove evergreen shrubs. Corolla tubular or club-
shaped, straightish; calyx coloured. Leaves opposite, one in each
pair smaller than the other, petiolate, fleshy, scattered or
decumbent, or erect, the under surface generally reddish; branches
opposite. For cultivation, see Gesnera.

A. bicolor (two-coloured). fl. yellow, purple; corolla pilose;

pedicels axillary, one-flowered. June. l. ovate, oblong,
acuminate, denticulate, pilose above, downy beneath; branches
tetragonal. h. 1ft. New Grenada, 1840. Plant erect, rather
woody.
A. capitatus (headed). fl. capitate; sepals red, leafy; corolla
silky, ventricose above the middle; peduncles axillary. March. l.
large, ovate, serrated, downy, reddish beneath. Stem bluntly
tetragonal, red. h. 2ft. South America, 1847.
A. dichrous (two-coloured). fl. purple, yellow, axillary,
crowded, nearly sessile. l. ovate-lanceolate, quite entire,
pubescent. Brazil, 1845. A climber.
A. peltatus (peltate-leaved).* fl. whitish, about 2in. long, in
axillary tufts. August. l. opposite, one is 1in. to 2in. long, and
the other 6in. to 9in. long, and 2in. wide, oblong, shortly
acuminate, rounded, peltate at the base, and raised on stout
footstalks, 1in. to 2in. long. h. 1ft. Costa Rica, 1877.
A. repens (creeping). fl. yellow; corolla with curved tube, four
lobed; sepals ovate, spotted; peduncles axillary, solitary.
February. l. ovate, rather fleshy, serrate, on short petioles. St.
Martha, 1845. Plant downy; an evergreen trailer.
A. vittatus (striped). fl., calyx crimson; corolla pale yellow;
terminal and fasciculate, surrounded by vivid red foliaceous
bracts. l. large, shortly-stalked, broadly-ovate, of a deep velvety
green, having a broad greyish-green band down the centre,
branching off along the course of the principal veins. Stems
erect, fleshy. Peru, 1870.
 A. zamorensis (Zamora).* fl. yellow; sepals orange-red. h. 1ft.
Columbia, 1875.

ALLOSORUS. See Cryptogramme and Pellæa.

ALLOTMENT GARDENS. A system of assigning small portions of
land to be cultivated by labourers after their ordinary day's work.
The following are the most important rules to be carried out; but,
should occasion arise, other rules must be made to meet particular
cases:—
1. Each Allotment should consist of a rood of land (=¼ acre) to be
let yearly at a rent of not more than 10s.
2. The Allotment to be let for one year only, to be re-let to the same
occupier, provided his character has been satisfactory during the
preceding year.
3. The rent shall be considered due at Michaelmas. If it remains
unpaid for one month after that date, the Allotment shall be
forfeited.
4. The Allotment to be cultivated solely by spade husbandry, and the
same crop shall not be planted on the same part two years in
succession.
5. Separate Allotments shall be divided by a space not less than
18in.
6. Any occupier trespassing on his neighbour's Allotment, or in any
way interfering or damaging the same, shall not be allowed to hold
his Allotment after the expiration of the year.
ALLSPICE. See Calycanthus.
ALLSPICE TREE. See Pimenta.
ALMEIDEA (in honour of J. R. P. de Almeida, a Brazilian, who was
of great assistance to St. Hilaire while travelling in Brazil). ORD.
Rutaceæ. Stove trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, entire,
stalked leaves. Racemes terminal, divided at the apex into
compound thyrse-like panicles. The undermentioned species will
grow freely in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Partly ripened
cuttings will root in sand under a hand glass, in heat.

A. rubra (red). fl. pink; petals very blunt; racemes compound.

September. l. lanceolate, acute at base. h. 12ft. Brazil, 1849.
Evergreen shrub.

ALMOND. See Amygdalus.

ALMOND-LEAVED WILLOW. See Salix triandra.
ALNUS (from al, near, and lan, the bank of a river; general habitat
of the genus). The Alder Tree. ORD. Betulaceæ. A genus of
deciduous trees and shrubs. Flowers monœcious; barren ones in
long drooping autumnal catkins, lasting through the winter; fertile
ones, produced in spring, in oval catkins, resembling a fir-cone in
shape, the fleshy scales of which become indurated and ligneous as
they approach maturity. Leaves stalked, roundish, blunt. Propagated
usually by seeds, which are gathered towards the end of October;
they require to be well dried, in order that the cones do not become
mouldy. The seeds are sprinkled lightly on the ground with the
slightest possible covering. Towards the end of the year, the
seedlings will be about 10in. high. They are then planted in rows
1½ft. apart, and 6in. from each other, where they may remain for
two years, after which they can be placed out in the situations
where they are intended to stand. Planting is best done in November
or March; and, if it is designed to make a plantation of Alder, the
young trees should be put in holes, made with an ordinary garden
spade, about 9in. deep, and about 4ft. apart. They are also
increased, but rarely, by cuttings, by suckers, and by grafting.

A. cordifolia (heart-shaped-leaved).* fl. greenish-brown.

March and April, before the development of the leaves. l. heart-
shaped, acuminate, dark green, and shining. h. 15ft. to 50ft.
Calabria and Naples, 1820. A large, very distinct, and handsome
round-headed tree. It grows rapidly in dry soil, and is one of the
most interesting of ornamental trees.
A. firma (firm).* l. oval lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrated,
many-nerved. Japan. One of the most distinct of all the Alders.

FIG. 60. ALNUS GLUTINOSA, showing Catkins and Fruit.

A. glutinosa (sticky).* barren catkins long, large, and

cylindrical, pendent, their footstalks branched. fertile catkins
small, ovate, with deep red scales. Spring. l. roundish-
cuneiform, obtuse lobed at the margin, and serrated, somewhat
glutinous, downy in the axils of the nerves beneath. h. 50ft. to
60ft. Britain. The Alder affects moist and damp situations, and,
as it grows quickly, it is a useful tree to plant in bare situations.
It is valuable as a nurse to other trees by the sea-side. See Fig.
60.
A. g. aurea (golden).* Foliage golden colour.
 A. g. incisa (incised).* Compact form, with leaves quite like
those of common hawthorn. SYN. A. g. oxyacanthifolia.
A. g. laciniata (cut).* l. oblong and pinnatifid, with the lobes
acute. This has elegant drooping branches and fern-like leaves,
and is one of the best.
A. g. oxyacanthifolia (sharp-prickled). Synonymous with A. g.
incisa.
A. g. quercifolia (oak-leaved).* l. with a sinuate outline, like
that of the common oak. A very distinct form. The variety
imperialis (=asplenifolia) slightly differs in its more or less lobed
or cut foliage; A. g. variegata is a variegated form.
A. incana (hoary).* l. broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the
base, sharply serrate, whitened, and mostly downy beneath. h.
8ft. to 20ft. North Temperate regions. This affects drier
situations than our native A. glutinosa.
A. viridis (green). fertile catkins slender stalked, clustered,
ovoid. l. round oval or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and
smooth or softly downy beneath, serrate, with very sharp and
closely set teeth. Mountainous regions of northern hemisphere.

ALOCASIA (from a, without, and Colocasia). Allied to Colocasia.

ORD. Aroideæ. Stove plants of great beauty, often with large and
handsomely variegated, usually peltate, leaves, and shortly petiolate
glaucous spathes. They are not difficult to grow, with a strong moist
heat, and an abundant supply of water to the roots. The soil should
consist of fibrous peat, with a little light fibry loam, in large lumps;
to this add a good proportion of sphagnum and lumps of charcoal,
with plenty of silver sand. Keep the bulbs and soil raised well above
the rim of the pots, and finish off with a surfacing of either
sphagnum or cocoa-nut fibre. The latter will soon encourage new
rootlets. Crock the pot quite two-thirds up with clean, broken
potsherds. Water freely when in good growth, and give liquid
manure once or twice a week through the growing season. Shade
during bright sunshine in the spring and summer months. Increased
by seeds and division of the stems or rhizome. Winter temperature,
60deg. to 65deg.; summer, 75deg. to 85deg. See also Caladium
and Colocasia.

A. alba (white). fl. white. h. 1½ft. Java, 1854.

A. amabilis (lovely). Synonymous with A. longiloba.
A. chelsonii (Chelsea).* An interesting hybrid between A.
cuprea and A. longiloba. l. large, upper surface deep green,
glossy and metallic, under side purplish, as in A. cuprea.
A. cucullata (hood-leaved). fl. green, whitish. Spring. h. 2ft.
India, 1826.
A. cuprea (coppery).* fl., spathe purplish-red, with short
lamina. l. cordate-ovate, peltate, deflexed, 12in. to 18in. long,
rich bronze colour, purple beneath. h. 2ft. Borneo, 1860. SYNS.
A. metallica, Xanthosoma plumbea.
A. gigantea (gigantic). Synonymous with A. longiloba.
A. guttata (spotted). fl., spathe white, spotted with purple. l.
leafstalk also spotted. h. 2½ft. Borneo, 1879.
A. hybrida (hybrid).* A cross between A. Lowii and A. cuprea.
l. elliptic in outline, with a very short acuminate point, and very
slightly parted at the base, deep olive-tinted green on the upper
surface, having stout, well-defined ribs, and the margin of an
ivory white; dull purple at the back.
A. illustris (bright). l. ovate-sagittate, rich green, with olive-
black patches, deflexed, 1½ft. long. India, 1873.
A. Jenningsii (Jennings's).* l. peltate, cordate-ovate,
acuminate, with their blades deflexed from the top of the erect
mottled stalks, ground colour green, surface marked with large
wedge-shaped blotches of dark brown; veins bright green, 6in.
to 8in. long. India, 1867. A very distinct and free growing
species.
A. Johnstoni (Johnston's).* l. semi-erect, arrow-shaped,
peltate, the front lobe being about 12in. long, and the two back
lobes 14in. long and divergent, olive-green, prettily variegated
and strikingly veined with bright rosy red. The leafstalks are
furnished at intervals with irregular whorls of stiff spines, the
points of which are turned upwards. Stem darkly mottled with
flesh-coloured bands just above the spines. Solomon Isles,
1875. This plant has quite a unique appearance.
A. Liervalii (Lierval's). l. bright green. Philippines, 1869.
A. longiloba (long-lobed). l. large, sagittate, with the upper
part spreading out, green, with silvery veins. h. 4ft. Java, 1864.
SYNS. A. amabilis, A. gigantea.
A. Lowii (Low's). fl., spathe white. l. cordate-sagittate, 14in. to
16in. long, peltate, deflexed, olive-green, with thick white ribs,
deep purple beneath. Borneo, 1862.
A. macrorhiza (long-rooted). fl. green, whitish. h. 5ft.
Polynesia.
A. m. variegata (variegated). l. large, somewhat cordate, with
slightly waved margins, bright green, blotched and marbled with
white, sometimes nearly quite white; footstalks broadly streaked
with pure white. Ceylon. A very striking and effective large
growing plant.
A. Marshallii (Marshall's). l. green, with dark blotches, and
broad central silvery band. India, 1811.
A. metallica (metallic). Synonymous with A. cuprea.
A. navicularis (boat-shaped spathe). fl., spathe boat-shaped,
whitish. h. 1ft. India, 1855.
A. Roezlii. See Caladium marmoratum.
A. scabriuscula (roughish).* fl., spathe entirely white; limb
3in. long, oblong, cuspidate. l. spreading, not deflexed,
sagittate, not in the least peltate, deep shining green above,
 pale green beneath, extreme length 22in. to 31in. h. 4ft. to
4½ft. North-West Borneo, 1878. Although this is not such an
ornamental species as A. Lowii, A. Thibautiana, or A. cuprea, it
has the merit of being a much larger and bolder plant than
either of these, and is one of the largest species in the genus.
A. Sedeni (Seden's).* A hybrid between A. Lowii and A.
cuprea. l. oval, cordate, sagittate, deflexed, bronzy green,
purple beneath, veins distinct ivory white.
A. Thibautiana (Thibaut's).* l. ovate-acute, deeply cordate;
basal lobes rounded and not sharply pointed, deep olive
greyish-green, traversed by numerous grey veinlets branching
from the midrib, which is greyish-white, purple beneath. Borneo,
1878. This is said to be by far the finest of the genus.
A. variegata (variegated). fl. whitish. l. leafstalk mottled with
violet. India, 1854.
A. zebrina (zebra).* l. erect, broadly sagittate, rich dark green
borne upon stout footstalks, which are pale green, mottled and
striped with zigzag bands of dark green. h. 4ft. or more.
Philippine Isles, 1862.

ALOE (from Alloeh, its Arabic name). Allied genera: Apicra,

Haworthia, Pachidendron, Phylloma. Including Rhipodendron. ORD.
Liliaceæ. This hitherto much confused genus, and its allies, have
been completely revised by Mr. J. G. Baker (vide "Journal of the
Linnean Society," vol. xxviii. pp. 152-182), to whose account we are
indebted for many of the following particulars:—Plant with or without
stems; shrubs or (rarely) trees; leaves thick, fleshy, frequently in a
rosette; peduncles simple or racemed, endowed with few or many
empty bracts. Flowers racemed; pedicels bracteated at base,
solitary; perianth-tube straight or slightly recurved; segments
elongated; stamens hypogynous, as long as the perianth, or longer.
Mr. Baker describes over eighty species, many of which, for various
and important reasons, have no claim upon our space. Natives of the
Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise stated. These very
interesting and curious plants thrive well in a mixture of open loam
and peat, together with a small quantity of well decomposed
manure. If old brick rubbish, or any other similar material is mixed
with the soil to ensure perfect and rapid drainage, so much the
better. Water, especially during winter, must be carefully
administered. They thrive in an ordinary greenhouse, and cannot
have too much light at any time.

A. abyssinica (Abyssinian).* fl., perianth twelve to fifteen lines

long; raceme dense-oblong, 3in. to 4in. long, and 2in. to 3in.
broad; lower pedicels nine to twelve lines long; peduncle
branched, 1½ft. to 2ft. l. about twenty in a rosette, ensiform,
1½ft. to 2½ft. long, acuminate, green, sometimes spotted, five
to six lines thick in middle; back rounded; marginal prickles
distant, deltoid, one to two lines long. Stem simple, 1ft. to 2ft.
long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Abyssinia, 1777. SYN. A. maculata.
A. a. Peacockii (Peacock's). This is a rare variety.
A. africana (African). fl., perianth yellow, fifteen to eighteen
lines long; racemes dense, 1ft. in length, 3in. in diameter;
peduncle very strong, branched. l. in a dense rosette, ensiform,
1½ft. to 2ft. long, 2½in. to 3in. broad, slowly narrowing from
base to the apex, channelled above the middle, where it is four
to five lines thick; marginal prickles close, one and a half to two
lines long. Stem simple, when fully grown, 20ft.
A. albispina (white-spined).* fl., perianth red, 1½in. long;
raceme dense, nearly 1ft. long, 4in. broad; lower pedicels
fifteen to eighteen lines long; peduncles simple, 1½ft. l. loosely
disposed, lanceolate, ascending, 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. broad,
green, without spots or lines; face concave upwards; middle
three to four lines thick; back sparingly tubercled; marginal
prickles white, horny, two lines long. Stem simple, short, 1in. to
1½in. in diameter. 1796.
A. albocincta (white-banded).* fl., perianth brilliant red, ten to
twelve lines long; racemes twenty or more, shortly capitate, 2in.
to 2½in. in diameter when expanded; pedicels ascending, six to
nine lines long; scape stout, branched, 1½ft. to 2ft. l. twelve to
twenty in a dense rosette, outer ones recurved, lanceolate,
1½ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, glaucous, obscurely lined
and spotted; middle three to four lines thick; margin red or
white tinted. Stems in old specimens, 1ft. to 2ft. long, 3in. to
4in. in diameter. SYNS. A. Hanburyana, A. paniculata, and A.
striata.
A. arborescens (tree-like).* fl., perianth red, fifteen to
eighteen lines long; raceme dense, about 1ft.; pedicels
ascending, twelve to fifteen lines long; peduncles strong, 1½ft.,
simple or branched. l. (rosette 3ft. to 4ft. in diameter) dense,
aggregate, ensiform, 1½ft. to 2ft.; base 2in. broad, thence to
apex attenuated, acuminated, green, rather glaucous, without
spots or lines; middle three to four lines long; base five to six
lines thick; upper surface beyond the base channelled; marginal
prickles close, one and a half to two lines long, horny. Stem
simple, finally 10ft. to 12ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. 1700.
A. a. frutescens (shrubby). Dwarfer. l. often loose, and shorter,
intensely glaucous; peduncle simple. Stem slender, sometimes
racemosed.
A. aristata (awned). fl., perianth red, fourteen to sixteen lines
long; raceme simple, loose, 4in. to 6in. long, and about 4in.
broad; pedicels sub-patent, thirteen to eighteen lines long;
scape simple, 1ft. l. about fifty in a dense rosette, ascending,
lanceolate, 3in. to 4in. long, six to eight lines broad, without
spots or lines; face flat, sparingly tubercled; middle one and a
half lines thick; back copiously tubercled; apex bearded with a
pellucid awn; marginal teeth diffuse, white, half line long. 1824.
A. Bainesii (Baines').* fl., perianth fifteen to sixteen lines long,
yellowish red; raceme simple, dense, oblong, 3½in. to 4in. in
diameter when expanded; pedicels thick, two to three lines
long; peduncles upright, strong, eight to nine lines in diameter.
l. closely packed at the top of the branch, ensiform, 1ft. to
1½ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter, green, spotted, deeply
channelled, recurved; middle two to three lines thick; marginal
prickles pale, rather distant, one to one and a half lines long.
Arborescent, branched. h. 40ft. to 60ft.; trunk 4ft. to 5ft. in
diameter. SYNS. A. Barberæ, A. Zeyheri.
A. barbadensis (Barbadoes). Synonymous with A. vera.
A. Barberæ (Barber's). Synonymous with A. Bainesii.
A. brevifolia (short-leaved).* fl., perianth red, fifteen to
eighteen lines long; raceme dense, 6in. long, 2½in. to 3in. in
diameter; pedicels upright, six to twelve lines long; peduncles
simple, hardly 1ft. long. l. thirty to forty in a dense rosette,
lanceolate, 3in. to 4in. long, and 1in. broad at the base,
glaucous, without spots or lines; face unarmed, below swollen
or flat; middle three to four lines thick; back convex, sparingly
tubercled; marginal teeth whitish, one to one and a half lines
long. Stem short, simple. SYN. A. prolifera.
A. b. depressa (depressed). fl. somewhat larger; peduncles
1½ft. to 2ft. long. l. 6in. long; bottom 1½in. to 2in. broad; face
sometimes sparingly tubercled.
A. cæsia (bluish-grey).* fl., perianth red, fifteen to sixteen lines
long; racemes dense, nearly 1ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter;
pedicels twelve to fifteen lines long; scape simple, 6in. l. rather
dense, lanceolate acuminate, 1ft. to 1½ft.; bottom 2in. to 3in.
broad, intensely glaucous, without spot or lines, slightly
channelled upwards; middle 3in. to 4in. thick; marginal prickles
red, one to one and a half lines long. Stem simple, finally, in old
specimens, 12ft. to 14ft. 1815.
A. Candollei (De Candolle's). A mere form of A. humilis.
A. chinensis (Chinese). fl., perianth yellow, 1in. long; raceme
loose, simple, 6in. to 8in. long, and 2in. broad; pedicels one and
a half to two lines long; peduncle simple, 6in. to 12in. l. fifteen
to twenty in a dense rosette, ensiform, 9in. to 12in. long, 1½in.
broad at the bottom, pale green, not lined; base nearly flat;
middle three to four lines thick; upper surface channelled;
marginal prickles distant, pale, one to one and a half lines long.
Stem short, simple. China, 1817.
A. ciliata (ciliated).* fl., perianth brilliant red, twelve to fifteen
lines long; raceme simple, loose, 2in. to 4in. long; pedicels three
to four lines long; peduncles slender, simple. l. linear, widely
spreading, amplexicaul, green, 4in. to 6in. long; base six to nine
lines broad, slowly narrowing towards the apex, without spots
or lines; middle one line thick; marginal teeth minute, white.
Stems long, sarmentose; branches three to four lines in
diameter; internodes six to twelve lines long, obscurely striated
with green. 1826.
A. Commelyni (Commelin's). A mere form of A. mitræformis.
A. consobrina (related). fl., perianth yellowish red, twelve to
fifteen lines long; raceme rather loose, oblong, cylindrical, 3in.
to 4in. long, and 2in. in diameter; pedicels three to four lines
long; scape 1½ft., slender, branched. l. loosely disposed,
ensiform, 6in. to 8in. long, and 1in. broad, green, spotted white;
face channelled; middle three lines thick; marginal prickles
minute, brownish; rosette 10in. to 12in. (sometimes 2ft.) in
diameter; upper leaves ascending; central ones spreading half
open; lower ones deflexed. Stem 2ft., simple, 1in. in diameter.
South Africa, 1845.
A. Cooperi (Cooper's).* fl., perianth fifteen to eighteen lines
long; raceme close, 3in. to 6in. long, and 3in. to 4in. in
diameter; lower pedicels 1in. to 2in. long; scape simple, 1½ft.
to 2ft. l. when mature, 8in. to 10in. long, distichous, falcate,
lined; outer ones 1½ft. to 2ft., above the base six to eight lines
broad, greenish, deeply channelled, sparingly spotted; middle
one and a half to two lines thick; marginal teeth minute, close,
white. Plant stemless. Natal, 1862. SYN. A. Schmidtiana.
A. dichotoma (two-branched).* Quiver-tree. fl., perianth
oblong, ten to twelve lines long; raceme loose, 2in. to 4in. long,
and 2in. in diameter; pedicels three to four lines long; peduncles
stout, branched. l. closely packed, at the top of the branch,
lanceolate, 8in. to 12in. long; bottom twelve to fifteen lines
broad, glaucous, without spots or lines, slightly channelled
above the base; middle three to four lines thick, narrow-
margined with white; marginal prickles minute, pale. Trunk
short, sometimes 3ft. to 4ft. in diameter. h. 20ft. to 30ft. 1781.
Arborescent, branched.
A. distans (distant).* fl., perianth pale red, fifteen to eighteen
lines long; raceme densely capitate, 3in. to 4in. in diameter;
lower pedicels twelve to fifteen lines long; peduncles 1½ft.,
usually simple. l. ascending, loosely disposed, ovate-lanceolate,
3in. to 5in. long, and 1½in. to 2in. broad, green, slightly
glaucous, without spots and lines; face concave; middle three to
four lines thick; back sparingly tubercled; marginal prickles
close, white, horny, one to one and a half lines long. Stem
short, simple, 1in. in diameter; internodes pale, striated green.
1732.
A. glauca (milky-green).* fl., perianth pale red, fifteen to
sixteen lines long; peduncles simple, 1ft. to 1½ft. long, 3½in.
to 4in. in diameter; pedicels 1in. to 1½in. long. l. thirty to forty
in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 6in. to 8in. long; at the base
1½in. to 2in. broad, slowly narrowing towards the apex,
intensely glaucous, spotless, obscurely lined; middle three to
four lines thick; face above the base slightly concave; back
tubercled at apex; marginal teeth spreading, brownish, one to
one and a half lines long. Stem simple, at length, about 1ft.,
1½in. to 2in. in diameter. 1731.
A. gracilis (graceful). fl., perianth yellow, straight, fourteen to
sixteen lines long; raceme densely packed, simple, 2in. to 3in.;
pedicels three to four lines long; peduncle simple, 6in. to 9in.
long, two-edged at the base. l. loosely disposed, spreading, 6in.
to 10in. long; base ten to twelve lines broad, ensiform,
acuminated, glaucous, spotless and without lines; face slightly
channelled; back rounded; marginal prickles close, minute. Stem
leafy, simple. 1822.
A. Greenii (Green's).* fl., perianth pale red, fourteen to fifteen
lines long; raceme oblong, 4in. to 8in. long, and 3in. in
diameter; lower pedicels five to six lines long; scape 2ft. long. l.
in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 15in. to 18in. long; bottom 2½in.
to 3in. broad, slowly narrowing from middle to the apex; middle
three to four lines thick; face flat, shining green, obscurely lined
and spotted white; marginal prickles spreading, one and a half
to two lines long, horny. Stem short, simple, 1½in. in diameter.
South Africa, 1875.
A. Hanburyana (Hanbury's). Synonymous with A. albocincta.
A. humilis (humble).* fl., perianth brilliant red, eighteen lines
long; raceme loose, simple, 6in. long, and 2in. to 2½in. in
diameter; pedicels nine to twelve lines long; peduncles about
1ft. l. thirty to forty in a dense rosette, ascending, lanceolate,
acuminate, 3in. to 4in. long, six to eight lines broad, glaucous
green, obscurely lined; face slightly concave above, sparingly
tubercled; middle three lines thick; back convex; marginal
prickles pale, one line long. Plant stemless. 1731.
A. h. acuminata (taper-pointed). l. ovate-lanceolate, 4in. to
5in. long, fifteen to eighteen lines broad; marginal prickles pale,
two to two and a half lines long. A. incurva, A. suberecta, and
A. subtuberculata, of Haworth; A. Candollei, and A. macilenta,
of Baker, are mere forms of the foregoing species.
A. incurva (incurved). A mere form of A. humilis.
A. latifolia (broad-leaved).* fl., perianth brilliant golden scarlet,
fifteen to eighteen lines long; raceme dense, corymbose,
terminal, 4in. to 5in. long and wide; lower pedicels 1½in. to 2in.
long; peduncle robust, 2ft., often branched. l. twelve to twenty
in a dense rosette, ovate-lanceolate, 6in. long, 2½in. to 3½in.
broad at bottom, slowly narrowing from below the middle
upwards, green, not lined, but copiously spotted white; middle
three to four lines thick; marginal prickles one and a half to two
lines long, horny, brownish. Stem at length, 1ft. to 2ft., 1½in. to
2in. in diameter, simple. 1795.
A. lineata (line-marked).* fl., perianth red, fifteen to eighteen
lines long; raceme dense, 6in.; pedicels hardly perpendicular,
fifteen to eighteen lines long; scape simple, 1ft. l. in a dense
rosette, lanceolate, 6in. long, 2in. broad at base, narrowing
slowly from thence to the apex, pale green, spotless, lined;
middle three lines thick, channelled upwards on both sides,
unarmed; marginal teeth numerous, red, one and a half to two
lines long. Stem finally 6in. to 1ft., simple, 2in. in diameter.
1789.
A. macilenta (thin). A mere form of A. humilis.
A. macracantha (long-spined). fl. unknown. l. fifteen to
twenty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 15in. to 20in. long, and
3in. to 4in. broad at the bottom, slightly narrowed from middle
to apex; middle four lines thick; face flat, green, obscurely lined,
spotted; marginal prickles horny, three to four lines long. Stem
simple, 2ft. to 3ft., 1½in. to 2in. in diameter. South Africa, 1862.
A. macrocarpa (large-fruited).* fl., perianth club-shaped,
brilliant red, fifteen to sixteen lines long; raceme loose,
terminal, 6in. long, and 2½in. to 3in. in diameter; lower
pedicels ½in. long; peduncles 2ft. l. twelve to twenty in a dense
rosette, ovate-lanceolate, less than 1ft. long; bottom 3in. to 4in.
broad; top channelled; middle three to four lines thick, green,
copiously spotted; marginal prickles spreading, half line long.
Stem short, simple. Abyssinia, 1870.
A. maculata (spotted). Synonymous with A. abyssinica.
A. margaritifera (pearl-bearing). See Haworthia
margaritifera.
A. mitræformis (mitre-shaped).* fl., perianth brilliant red,
eighteen to twenty-one lines long; raceme dense, corymbose,
4in. to 6in. long, and nearly as much in diameter; pedicels
ascending; lower ones fifteen to eighteen lines long; peduncles
strong, 1½ft., sometimes branched. l. rather loosely disposed,
ascending, lanceolate, about 1ft. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; green,
slightly glaucous, without spots or lines; face concave; middle
three to four lines thick; back convex, sparingly tubercled; apex
horny, pungent; marginal prickles rather close, pale, one to one
and a half lines long. Stem finally 3ft. to 4ft., simple, 1in. to 2in.
in diameter.
A. m. flavispina (yellow-spined). Differs from the type in
having narrower and more lanceolate leaves, and yellow spines.
A. Commelyni, A. spinulosa, A. pachyphylla, and A.
xanthacantha, are also forms of this species.
A. myriacantha (many-spined). fl., perianth pale red, eight to
nine lines long; racemes densely capitate, 2in. in diameter;
pedicels four to six lines long; peduncles slender, simple, 1ft. l.
ten to twelve, falcate, linear, 5in. to 6in. long, four to five lines
broad, green, glaucous; face deeply channelled; back convex,
spotted white; marginal teeth numerous, white. Plant stemless.
1823.
A. nobilis (noble).* fl., perianth red, fifteen to eighteen lines
long; raceme dense, 6 or more inches long, 4in. broad; lower
pedicels 1½in. to 2in. long; peduncles simple, 1½ft. l. rather
loosely disposed, lanceolate, 9in. to 12in. long, 2¼in. to 4in.
broad; face green, without spots or lines, concave above the
base; middle three to four lines thick; apex rather pungent;
back prickly upwards; marginal prickles rather close, one and a
half to two lines long, horny. Stem simple, at length 3ft. to 4ft.
high, 1½in. to 2in. in diameter. 1800.
A. pachyphylla (thick-leaved). A mere form of A. mitræformis.
A. paniculata (panicled). Synonymous with A. albocincta.
A. Perryi (Perry's).* fl., perianth greenish, nine to ten lines
long; raceme dense, 3in. to 4in. long; pedicels three to four
lines long; inflorescence 1½ft. long, commonly two-headed. l. in
a rosette, lanceolate, 7in. to 8in. long, and 2½in. broad, from
below the middle to the apex narrowed, pale glaucous green,
spotless, obscurely lined, channelled above the base; middle
three to four lines thick; marginal teeth close, horny, one line
long. Stem simple, 1in. in diameter. Socotra, 1879.
A. prolifera (proliferous). Synonymous with A. brevifolia.
A. purpurascens (purplish). fl., perianth reddish, twelve to
fifteen lines long; raceme dense, 6in. to 9in. long, and about
3in. in diameter; pedicels nine to twelve lines long; scape
strong, simple, 1½ft. to 2ft. l. forty to fifty in a dense rosette,
1ft. to 1½ft. long, ensiform, 2in. broad at the base, slowly
narrowed towards the apex, green; base flat; middle three lines
thick, slightly channelled upwards, sometimes spotted; marginal
prickles small, white. Stem 2ft. to 3ft., sometimes forked. 1789.
A. rhodocincta (red-margined), of gardens, is probably a form
of A. albocincta.
A. saponaria (soapy).* fl., perianth brilliant red, eighteen to
twenty-one lines long; raceme dense, corymbose, 3in. to 4in.
long and wide; lower pedicels 1½in. to 2in. long; scape 1ft. to
2ft., simple, or sparingly branched. l. twelve to twenty in a
dense rosette, lanceolate, 9in. to 12in. long, eighteen to twenty-
four lines broad, narrowed from below the middle upwards;
middle three to four lines broad; face flat at bottom; back
swollen, green, copiously spotted, distinctly lined; marginal
prickles adjoining, horny, one and a half to two lines long. Stem
short, simple, 1½in. to 2in. in diameter. 1727.
A. Schimperi (Schimper's).* fl., perianth bright red, eighteen
to twenty-one lines long; racemes densely corymbose, 4in. in
diameter; pedicels twelve to fifteen lines long; scape strong, 3ft.
long, strongly branched above. l. twenty in a dense rosette,
oblong-lanceolate, about 1ft. long, 4in. broad, glaucous green,
lined, sometimes spotted, three to four lines thick at middle,
above which they are channelled; teeth minute, spreading.
Stem short, simple. Abyssinia, 1876.
A. Schmidtiana (Schmidt's). Synonymous with A. Cooperi.
A. serra (saw). fl., perianth brilliant red, eighteen lines long;
raceme simple, dense, 6in. long or more, 3in. to 4in. in
diameter; pedicels six to twelve lines long; scape simple, 1½ft.
to 2ft. l. thirty to forty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 3in. to 5in.
long, twelve to eighteen lines broad below, without spots and
lines; base swollen, concave towards the apex; middle three to
four lines thick, sparingly tubercled; marginal prickles close, one
to one and a half lines long. Plant shortly stemmed. 1818.
A. serratula (finely-toothed).* fl., perianth red, fifteen to
eighteen lines long; raceme rather dense, 6in. long; pedicels six
to nine lines long; peduncles simple, about 1ft. l. twelve to
twenty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 6in. to 9in. long; bottom
1½in. to 2¼in. broad, pale green; face below the top flat or
slightly concave, obscurely lined, spotted; margin minutely
denticulated. Stem simple, finally 1ft. to 2ft. high, 1½in. to 2in.
in diameter. 1789.
A. spinulosa (spiny). A mere form of A. mitræformis.
A. striata (striated). Synonymous with A. albocincta.
A. striatula (slightly striped).* fl., perianth yellow, twelve to
fifteen lines long; raceme oblong, rather dense, simple, 3in. to
6in. long, and 2in. in diameter; pedicels short; peduncles
simple, nearly 1ft. l. linear, spreading, green, 6in. to 9in. long;
base not dilated, six to eight lines broad, above the base
upwards narrowed, slightly channelled; middle one line thick;
marginal prickles deltoid. Stem long, sarmentose; floral
branches three to six lines in diameter; internodes 6in. to 12in.
long. 1823.
A. suberecta (slightly erect). A mere form of A. humilis.
A. subtuberculata (slightly knobbed). A mere form of A.
humilis.
A. succotrina (Socotrine).* fl., perianth reddish, fifteen lines
long; raceme dense, about 1ft. long, 2½in. to 3in. in diameter;
lower pedicels nine to twelve lines long; peduncles simple,
1½ft. l. thirty to forty in a dense rosette, ensiform, acuminate,
falcate, 1½ft. to 2ft. long; base 2in.; middle 1in. broad, green,
slightly glaucous, sometimes spotted, slightly channelled
upwards; marginal prickles pale, one line long. Stem 3ft. to 5ft.,
often forked. Isle of Socotra. 1731.
A. tenuior (thinned). fl., perianth pale yellow, five to six lines
long; racemes rather loose, simple, oblong, nearly 1ft. 2in. in
diameter; pedicels three to four lines long; peduncles slender,
simple, 4in. to 8in. l. loose, linear, 5in. to 8in. long, slowly
narrowing from middle towards apex, green, spotless, slightly
channelled; middle one line thick; marginal prickles minute,
pale. Stem long, sarmentose. 1821.
A. tricolor (three-coloured).* fl., perianth coral red, fleshy;
raceme loose, oblong, 3in. to 4in. long, and 2in. broad; pedicels
ascending, three to four lines long; scape 1½ft. long, glaucous
purple; panicle deltoid. l. twelve to sixteen in a close rosette,
lanceolate, 5in. to 6in. long, 1½in. to 2in. broad at bottom,
slowly narrowing from below the middle to apex; middle five to
six lines thick; back rounded; face slightly swollen, copiously
spotted, not lined; marginal prickles close, spreading, about one
line long. Stem short, simple. South Africa, 1875.
A. variegata (variegated).* fl., perianth reddish, fifteen to
sixteen lines long; raceme simple, loose, 3in. to 4in. long and
about 3in. in diameter; pedicels three to four lines long; scape
simple, tapering, 6in. to 8in. l. close, erecto-patent, lanceolate,
4in. to 5in. long, 1in. broad; face concave; back keeled, bright
green, copiously spotted grey on both sides; margin whitish,
denticulated. 1790. This is the variegated Aloe so frequently
seen in cottage windows.
 FIG. 61. ALOE VERA.

A. vera (true).* fl., perianth yellow, cylindrical, ¾in. to 1in.

long; raceme dense, 6in. to 12in. long; scape strong, 2ft. to 3ft.
long, simple or branched. l. ensiform, dense, aggregate, 2in. to
4in. broad, narrowing from the base to apex, pale green; middle
about ½in. thick; face channelled above the base; marginal
prickles subdistant, deltoid, horny. Stem rarely more than 1ft. or
2ft. 1596. SYNS. A. barbadensis, A. vulgaris. See Fig. 61.
A. vulgaris (common). Synonymous with A. vera.
A. xanthacantha (yellow-spined). A mere form of A.
mitræformis.
A. Zeyheri (Zeyher's). A garden synonym of A. Bainesii.

ALOMIA (from a, not, and loma, a fringe). ORD. Compositæ. Allied

to Eupatoria. An ornamental half-hardy evergreen plant. Grows
freely in sandy loam, and may be propagated by cuttings.
 A. ageratoides (ageratum-like). fl.-heads white, many
flowered; involucrum campanulate, imbricate; scales narrow,
acute; receptacle naked, convex. July. l. opposite, or upper ones
alternate, petiolate, denticulated. h. 1½ft. New Spain, 1824.

ALONA (primitive name, Nolana—letters transposed; from nola, a

little bell, in allusion to the shape of the flowers). ORD. Nolanaceæ. A
genus of pretty evergreen shrubs closely allied to Nolana, but
differing principally in having several ovaries from one to six-celled,
whereas Nolana has five four-celled ovaries. Leaves fasciculate;
stems woody. They require ordinary greenhouse treatment, in a peat
and loam compost. Cuttings root freely in sandy loam, with a very
gentle bottom heat, in about a fortnight.

A. cœlestis (sky-blue).* fl. pale blue, very large, axillary,

solitary; peduncle elongated. July. l. terete, fascicled; plant
nearly glabrous. h. 2ft. Chili, 1843. This pretty species is an
excellent one for growing out-of-doors during summer months.

ALONSOA (in honour of Z. Alonso, formerly Spanish secretary for

Santa Fe de Bogota). ORD. Scrophularineæ. A genus of very pretty
little half-hardy shrubs, herbaceous perennials, or annuals, with
axillary, sub-racemose flowers, which are resupinate, with a sub-
rotate five-cleft limb. Leaves opposite, or ternately whorled. They
will grow freely in light rich soil; and are readily increased by
cuttings in August or March, which should be placed in sandy soil in
gentle heat, or by seeds sown in March. The herbaceous species
may be treated as outdoor summer annuals, and should be raised in
a little heat, and planted out early in May.

A. albiflora (white-flowered).* fl. pure white, with yellow eye,

in long terminal spikes. h. 1½ft. to 2ft. Mexico, 1877. This is
recommended for pot culture, as in the conservatory it will
provide a succession of flowers throughout the autumn and
winter.
 A. caulialata (wing-stemmed). fl. scarlet, racemose. June. l.
ovate, acute, serrated. Stems and branches quadrangular,
winged. h. 1ft. Peru, 1823. Half-hardy, herbaceous.
A. incisifolia (cut-leaved).* fl. scarlet; peduncles long,
alternate, disposed in terminal racemes. May to October. l.
opposite, ovate, acute, deeply toothed, or serrate. h. 1ft. to 2ft.
Chili, 1795. Glabrous greenhouse shrub. SYN. Hemimeris
urticifolia.
A. linearis (linear-leaved). fl. scarlet, with a dark bottom, like
most of the species. May to October. l. opposite, or three in a
whorl, linear, entire or remotely denticulated; young leaves
fascicled in the axils of the old ones. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1790.
Greenhouse shrub. SYN. Hemimeris coccinea.
A. linifolia (flax-leaved).* fl. scarlet. h. 1ft. to 1½ft. New
Holland. This is an elegant little annual, forming symmetrical,
graceful, and very free flowering plants, either for pot or
outdoor culture.
A. Matthewsii (Matthew's). fl. scarlet, in loose, terminal
racemes. July. l. lanceolate, toothed, about 1in. long. Stem
slender, quadrangular. h. 1ft. Peru, 1871. Greenhouse shrub.
A. myrtifolia (myrtle-leaved). fl. scarlet, very large. New and
pretty species.
A. Warscewiczii (Warscewicz's).* fl. rosy scarlet. h. 1½ft.
Chili, 1858. This is probably a herbaceous variety of A.
incisifolia, and one of the best annuals.

ALOYSIA (in honour of Maria Louisa, mother of Ferdinand VII., King

of Spain). Sweet-scented Verbena. ORD. Verbenaceæ. This genus is
nearly allied to Verbena, which see for generic characters. A
greenhouse deciduous shrub, with a very fine perfume and graceful
habit. The most satisfactory plan of culture is to obtain well-grown
thrifty young plants in spring, and grow them on for the season. As
the wood ripens, give less water until they are at rest, when it must
be nearly withheld. About the end of January, bring into the light
and warmth, and water thoroughly. As soon as the plants break, cut
back to three or four eyes; and when the young shoots are about an
inch long, transfer into rich sandy soil, using pots a size or two
smaller than those they were in before. When the pots are full of
roots, transfer to those that are to hold the plants for the season. By
this mode of culture, good plants are to be maintained for any
length of time. Aloysias form excellent pillar subjects for either a cold
greenhouse, or out-of-doors, in which latter situation they thrive
remarkably well, but require thorough protection, with straw bands
or mats, from November until March, and afterwards at night, until
danger from severe frosts has passed. They require no summer
training, their young growth being continually cut off for the many
purposes of decoration to which they are applied, and to which they
are so well adapted. They are easily increased by young cuttings in
spring, which should be placed in sandy soil and gentle heat, when
they will root in about three weeks.

A. citriodora (lemon-scented).* fl. whitish or lilac, very small,

in terminal panicles. August. l. pale green, lanceolate, agreeably
scented, arranged in whorls of threes; branches slender. Chili,
1781. SYNS. Lippia citriodora, Verbena triphylla.

ALPINE GARDEN. A very interesting style of gardening, which

succeeds best by imitating Nature as closely as possible. The
situation may be an open or a sheltered one. In building a Rock or
Alpine Garden, it should be so arranged that all aspects are secured
—shady and sunny—fully or in degree only. Pockets and crevices of
various sizes may be made, and filled with soil suitable for the
subjects to be planted therein, each one having a direct connection
with the bulk of the soil; and the constructing material should be
arranged with a gentle fall, so that moisture drains towards rather
than from the roots. Alpine plants, as a rule, flourish better on a
properly constructed rockery than if placed in any other position,
because thorough drainage is effected, and the long and fine roots
can run down in the crevices, where the soil is cool and moist.
Although most alpine plants are naturally exposed to the full action
of sun and wind, they should be placed out in early autumn, or early
spring, so as to become thoroughly established before the approach
of scorching summer weather. Failing materials necessary for the
construction of a rockery, many alpines are easily grown in the
ordinary border, in a naturally or artificially well drained situation.
Excavate to the depth of 18in., put in a layer of stones, broken
bricks, &c., 6in. deep; fill up with rich fibrous loam and leaf mould,
adding sufficient sand to keep the soil porous. When the desired
subjects are firmly planted, cover the surface with small gravel or
stone chippings, which, while allowing the rain to penetrate the soil,
effectually checks evaporation, and keeps it moist and cool, as well
as giving the appearance of rocky débris. The effect will be better if
the surface is slightly undulated.
ALPINE ROSE. See Rhododendron ferrugineum.
ALPINIA (in honour of Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist). ORD.
Zingiberaceæ. A rather large genus of stove herbaceous perennials,
with considerable grace and beauty. Flowers disposed in terminal
spikes. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, even, entire, sheathed at the
base, and having transverse veins. Roots fleshy, branched, having
much of the smell and taste of ginger. The soil can hardly be too rich
for the successful culture of these plants. A mixture of equal parts
loam, peat, leaf mould, or thoroughly rotted hotbed manure, freely
mixed with sharp sand or fine charcoal dust, forms an excellent
compost. During the growing season, a top dressing of rotten dung,
and a frequent application of weak manure water, prove excellent
stimulants. They grow rapidly and consume a great deal of food in
the production of so much stem and so many leaves. Unless the
former is vigorous and of considerable thickness, it will fail to be
crowned with spikes of flower. Alpinias require a high temperature, a
rich, light soil, abundance of water, and not a little space, to grow
them well. Soon after flowering, the plants will assume the yellow
leaf, when water may be gradually withheld; but no attempt should
be made to dry them off too severely, even after the stems die
down. Nor must they be stored when at rest in a low temperature;
in fact, they require as much heat to preserve them in health when
resting as at any other time. The best time to divide the plants is
after the young shoots have made an inch of growth in spring.

A. albo-lineata (white-lined).* l. elliptic lanceolate, pale green,

marked with oblique broad bands of white. h. 3ft. to 4ft. New
Guinea, 1880.
A. mutica (beardless). fl. in pairs on a spike-like raceme; calyx
white; corolla duplex, consisting of three outer oblong white
segments; upper lobe concave and projecting, broad; lip large,
bright yellow, veined with crimson; mouth finely crispulate at
the edge. Borneo, 1882. A very handsome species.
A. nutans (nodding).* fl. pink, sweetly-scented; racemes
drooping. May. l. lanceolate, smooth, even, entire. h. 13ft.
India, 1792. This species looks best in considerable masses,
even larger than those shown in the illustration, grown in large
pots or tubs, or planted out in borders of tropical houses. It
should on no account be severely divided. See Fig. 62.
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