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 Computational Techniques for
Process Simulation and Analysis
Using MATLAB®
 Computational Techniques for
Process Simulation and Analysis
Using MATLAB®

Niket S. Kaisare
MATLAB ® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy
of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB ® software or related products does not constitute
endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB ® software.

CRC Press
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To Pradnya for her unending love, patience, and support
and
To my parents, Komal and Satish Kaisare
Contents

Preface, xix
Author, xxiii

Chapter 1   ◾    Introduction 1

1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.1.1 A General Model 1
1.1.2 A Process Example 2
1.1.3 Analysis of Dynamical Systems 3
1.2 STRUCTURE OF A MATLAB® CODE 3
1.2.1 Writing Our First MATLAB® Script 5
1.2.2 MATLAB Functions
® 7
1.2.3 Using Array Operations in MATLAB ® 9
1.2.4 Loops and Execution Control 10
1.2.5 Section Recap 11
1.3 APPROXIMATIONS AND ERRORS IN NUMERICAL METHODS 12
1.3.1 Machine Precision 12
1.3.2 Round-Off Error 14
1.3.3 Taylor’s Series and Truncation Error 15
1.3.4 Trade-Off between Truncation and Round-Off Errors 18
1.4 ERROR ANALYSIS 20
1.4.1 Convergence and Stability 20
1.4.2 Global Truncation Error 21
1.5 OUTLOOK 23

vii
viii   ◾    Contents

Section I  Dynamic Simulations and Linear Analysis

Chapter 2   ◾    Linear Algebra 27

2.1 INTRODUCTION 27
2.1.1 Solving a System of Linear Equations 27
2.1.2 Overview 28
2.2 VECTOR SPACES 30
2.2.1 Definition and Properties 30
2.2.2 Span, Linear Independence, and Subspaces 32
2.2.3 Basis and Coordinate Transformation 34
2.2.3.1 Change of Basis 34
2.2.4 Null (Kernel) and Image Spaces of a Matrix 35
2.2.4.1 Matrix as Linear Operator 35
2.2.4.2 Null and Image Spaces in MATLAB ® 39
2.3 SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION 41
2.3.1 Orthonormal Vectors 41
2.3.2 Singular Value Decomposition 42
2.3.3 Condition Number 47
2.3.3.1 Singular Values, Rank, and Condition Number 47
2.3.3.2 Sensitivity of Solutions to Linear Equations 47
2.3.4 Directionality 51
2.4 EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS 54
2.4.1 Orientation for This Section 54
2.4.2 Brief Recap of Definitions 54
2.4.3 Eigenvalue Decomposition 56
2.4.4 Applications 58
2.4.4.1 Similarity Transform 62
2.4.4.2 Linear Differential Equations 63
2.4.4.3 Linear Difference Equations 64
2.5 EPILOGUE 65
EXERCISES 67

Chapter 3   ◾    Ordinary Differential Equations: Explicit Methods 69

3.1 GENERAL SETUP 69
3.1.1 Some Examples 69
3.1.2 Geometric Interpretation 72
 Contents   ◾    ix

3.1.3 Euler’s Explicit Method 74

3.1.4 Euler’s Implicit Method 76
3.1.5 Stability and Step-Size 78
3.1.5.1 Stability of Euler’s Explicit Method 78
3.1.5.2 Error and Stability of Euler’s Implicit Method 79
3.1.6 Multivariable ODE 80
3.1.6.1 Nonlinear Case 81
3.2 SECOND-ORDER METHODS: A JOURNEY THROUGH THE WOODS 82
3.2.1 Some History 82
3.2.2 Runge-Kutta (RK-2) Methods 83
3.2.2.1 Derivation for RK-2 Methods 83
3.2.2.2 Heun’s Method 84
3.2.2.3 Other RK-2 Methods 86
3.2.3 Step-Size Halving: Error Estimate for RK-2 87
3.2.4 Richardson’s Extrapolation 89
3.2.5 Other Second-Order Methods (*) 91
3.2.5.1 Trapezoidal Rule: An Implicit Second-Order Method 91
3.2.5.2 Second-Order Adams-Bashforth Methods 92
3.2.5.3 Predictor-Corrector Methods 92
3.2.5.4 Backward Differentiation Formulae 93
3.3 HIGHER-ORDER RUNGE-KUTTA METHODS 93
3.3.1 Explicit Runge-Kutta Methods: Generalization 93
3.3.2 Error Estimation and Embedded RK Methods 97
3.3.2.1 MATLAB® Solver ode23 100
3.3.3 The Workhorse: Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta 101
3.3.3.1 Classical RK-4 Method(s) 102
3.3.3.2 Kutta’s 3/8th Rule RK-4 Method 103
3.4 MATLAB® ODE45 SOLVER: OPTIONS AND PARAMETERIZATION 103
3.5 CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES 105
3.5.1 An Ideal PFR 106
3.5.1.1 Simulation of PFR as ODE-IVP 106
3.5.1.2 Numerical Integration for PFR Design 108
3.5.1.3 Comparison of ODE-IVP with Integration 110
3.5.2 Multiple Steady States: Nonisothermal CSTR 111
3.5.2.1 Model and Problem Setup 111
x   ◾    Contents

3.5.2.2 Simulation of Transient CSTR 113

3.5.2.3 Step Change in Inlet Temperature 115
3.5.3 Hybrid System: Two-Tank with Heater 116
3.5.4 Chemostat: Preview into “Stiff ” System 120
3.6 EPILOGUE 125
EXERCISES 125

Chapter 4   ◾    Partial Differential Equations in Time 127

4.1 GENERAL SETUP 127
4.1.1 Classification of PDEs 128
4.1.2 Brief History of Second-Order PDEs 128
4.1.3 Classification of Second-Order PDEs and Practical Implications 129
4.1.3.1 Elliptic PDE 129
4.1.3.2 Hyperbolic PDE 130
4.1.3.3 First-Order Hyperbolic PDEs 131
4.1.3.4 Parabolic PDE 132
4.1.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions 132
4.2 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NUMERICAL METHODS 133
4.2.1 Finite Difference 133
4.2.2 Method of Lines 134
4.2.3 Finite Volume Methods 134
4.2.4 Finite Element Methods 135
4.3 HYPERBOLIC PDE: CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS 135
4.3.1 Finite Differences in Space and Time 136
4.3.1.1 Upwind Difference in Space 136
4.3.1.2 Forward in Time Central in Space (FTCS) Differencing 138
4.3.1.3 Lax-Friedrichs Scheme 139
4.3.1.4 Higher-Order Methods 139
4.3.2 Crank-Nicolson: Second-Order Implicit Method 140
4.3.2.1 Preview of Numerical Solution 141
4.3.3 Solution Using Method of Lines 141
4.3.3.1 MoL with Central Difference in Space 142
4.3.3.2 MoL with Upwind Difference in Space 145
4.3.4 Numerical Diffusion 149
 Contents   ◾    xi

4.4 PARABOLIC PDE: DIFFUSIVE SYSTEMS 150

4.4.1 Finite Difference in Space and Time 152
4.4.2 Crank-Nicolson Method 153
4.4.3 Method of Lines Using MATLAB ODE Solvers
® 154
4.4.3.1 MoL with Central Difference in Space 154
4.4.4 Methods to Improve Stability 157
4.5 CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES 157
4.5.1 Nonisothermal Plug Flow Reactor 157
4.5.2 Packed Bed Reactor with Multiple Reactions 164
4.5.3 Steady Graetz Problem: Parabolic PDE in Two Spatial Dimensions 170
4.5.3.1 Heat Transfer in Fluid Flowing through a Tube 170
4.5.3.2 Effect of Velocity Profile 174
4.5.3.3 Calculation of Nusselt Number 174
4.6 EPILOGUE 176
EXERCISES 177

Chapter 5   ◾    Section Wrap-Up: Simulation and Analysis 179

5.1 BINARY DISTILLATION COLUMN: STAGED ODE MODEL 181
5.1.1 Model Description 181
5.1.2 Model Equations and Simulation 183
5.1.3 Effect of Parameters: Reflux Ratio and Relative Volatility 185
5.2 STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR LINEAR SYSTEMS 186
5.2.1 Motivation: Linear Stability Analysis of a Chemostat 187
5.2.1.1 Phase Portrait at the Steady State 190
5.2.1.2 Trivial Steady State and Analysis 190
5.2.2 Eigenvalues, Stability, and Dynamics 191
5.2.2.1 Dynamics When Eigenvalues Are Real and Distinct 192
5.2.2.2 An Example 197
5.2.2.3 Summary 197
5.2.3 Transient Growth in Stable Linear Systems 198
5.2.3.1 Defining Normal and Nonnormal Matrices 198
5.2.3.2 Analysis of Nonnormal Systems 199
5.3 COMBINED PARABOLIC PDE WITH ODE-IVP: POLYMER CURING 201
xii   ◾    Contents

5.4 TIME-VARYING INLET CONDITIONS AND PROCESS DISTURBANCES 208

5.4.1 Chemostat with Time-Varying Inlet Flowrate 208
5.4.2 Zero-Order Hold Reconstruction in Digital Control 212
5.5 SIMULATING SYSTEM WITH BOUNDARY CONSTRAINTS 215
5.5.1 PFR with Temperature Profile Specified 216
5.6 WRAP-UP 219
EXERCISES 219

Section II  Linear and Nonlinear Equations and Bifurcation

Chapter 6   ◾    Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 225

6.1 GENERAL SETUP 225
6.1.1 A Motivating Example: Equation of State 226
6.2 EQUATIONS IN SINGLE VARIABLE 227
6.2.1 Bisection Method 228
6.2.2 Secant and Related Methods 233
6.2.2.1 Regula-Falsi: Method of False Position 235
6.2.2.2 Brent’s Method 235
6.2.3 Fixed Point Iteration 236
6.2.4 Newton-Raphson in Single Variable 238
6.2.5 Comparison of Numerical Methods 240
6.3 NEWTON-RAPHSON: EXTENSIONS AND MULTIVARIATE 241
6.3.1 Multivariate Newton-Raphson 241
6.3.2 Modified Secant Method 245
6.3.3 Line Search and Other Methods 247
6.4 MATLAB® SOLVERS 249
6.4.1 Single Variable Solver: fzero 249
6.4.2 Multiple Variable Solver: fsolve 250
6.5 CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES 253
6.5.1 Recap: Equation of State 253
6.5.2 Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 253
6.5.2.1 Bubble Temperature Calculation 254
6.5.2.2 Dew Temperature Calculation 254
6.5.2.3 Generating the T–x–y Diagram 255
6.5.3 Steady State Multiplicity in CSTR 257
 Contents   ◾    xiii

6.5.4 Recap: Chemostat 261

6.5.5 Integral Equations: Conversion from a PFR 262
6.5.5.1 First-Order Kinetics 263
6.5.5.2 Complex Kinetics 266
6.6 EPILOGUE 268
EXERCISES 271

Chapter 7   ◾    Special Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Equations 273
7.1 GENERAL SETUP 273
7.1.1 Ordinary Differential Equation–Boundary Value Problems 274
7.1.2 Elliptic PDEs 274
7.1.3 Outlook of This Chapter 275
7.2 TRIDIAGONAL AND BANDED SYSTEMS 275
7.2.1 What Is a Banded System? 275
7.2.1.1 Tridiagonal Matrix 276
7.2.2 Thomas Algorithm a.k.a TDMA 276
7.2.2.1 Heat Conduction Problem 277
7.2.2.2 Thomas Algorithm 281
7.2.3 ODE-BVP with Flux Specified at Boundary 285
7.2.4 Extension to Banded Systems 288
7.2.5 Elliptic PDEs in Two Dimensions 289
7.3 ITERATIVE METHODS 290
7.3.1 Gauss-Siedel Method 291
7.3.2 Iterative Method with Under-Relaxation 295
7.4 NONLINEAR BANDED SYSTEMS 296
7.4.1 Nonlinear ODE-BVP Example 296
7.4.1.1 Heat Conduction with Radiative Heat Loss 297
7.4.2 Modified Successive Linearization–Based Approach 298
7.4.3 Gauss-Siedel with Linearization of Source Term 302
7.4.4 Using fsolve with Sparse Systems 304
7.5 EXAMPLES 304
7.5.1 Heat Conduction with Convective or Radiative Losses 304
7.5.2 Diffusion and Reaction in a Catalyst Pellet 305
xiv   ◾    Contents

7.5.2.1 Linear System and Thiele Modulus 305

7.5.2.2 Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetics in a Pellet 308
7.6 EPILOGUE 311
EXERCISES 311

Chapter 8   ◾    Implicit Methods: Differential and Differential Algebraic

Systems 313
8.1 GENERAL SETUP 313
8.1.1 Stiff System of Equation 313
8.1.1.1 Stiff ODE in Single Variable 315
8.1.2 Implicit Methods for Distributed Parameter Systems 316
8.1.3 Differential Algebraic Equations 316
8.2 MULTISTEP METHODS FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 317
8.2.1 Implicit Adams-Moulton Methods 318
8.2.2 Higher-Order Adams-Moulton Method 319
8.2.3 Explicit Adams-Bashforth Method 320
8.2.4 Backward Difference Formula 322
8.2.5 Stability and MATLAB Solvers® 325
8.2.5.1 Explicit Adams-Bashforth Methods 325
8.2.5.2 Implicit Euler and Trapezoidal Methods 325
8.2.5.3 Implicit Adams-Moulton Methods of Higher Order 325
8.2.5.4 BDF/NDF Methods 325
8.2.5.5 MATLAB® Nonstiff Solvers 326
8.2.5.6 MATLAB® Stiff Solvers 326
8.3 IMPLICIT SOLUTIONS FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 327
8.3.1 Trapezoidal Method for Stiff ODE 327
8.3.1.1 Adaptive Step-Sizing 329
8.3.1.2 Multivariable Example 330
8.3.2 Crank-Nicolson Method for Hyperbolic PDEs 331
8.3.2.1 Exploiting Sparse Structure for Efficient Simulation 337
8.4 DIFFERENTIAL ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 337
8.4.1 An Introductory Example 338
8.4.1.1 Direct Substitution 338
8.4.1.2 Formulating and Solving a DAE 339
 Contents   ◾    xv

8.4.2 Index of a DAE and More Examples 340

8.4.2.1 Example 2: Pendulum in Cartesian Coordinate System 341
8.4.2.2 Example 3: Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactor 341
8.4.3 Solution Methodology: Overview 342
8.4.3.1 Solving Algebraic Equation within ODE 343
8.4.3.2 Combined Approach 345
8.4.4 Solving Semiexplicit DAEs Using ode15s in MATLAB® 348
8.5 CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES 351
8.5.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactor: Single Complex Reaction 351
8.5.2 Flash Separation/Batch Distillation 353
8.6 EPILOGUE 359
EXERCISES 360

Chapter 9   ◾    Section Wrap-Up: Nonlinear Analysis 363

9.1 NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF CHEMOSTAT: “TRANSCRITICAL”
BIFURCATION 364
9.1.1 Steady State Multiplicity and Stability 364
9.1.2 Phase-Plane Analysis 365
9.1.3 Bifurcation with Variation in Dilution Rate 366
9.1.4 Transcritical Bifurcation 368
9.2 NONISOTHERMAL CSTR: “TURNING-POINT” BIFURCATION 372
9.2.1 Steady States: Graphical Approach 372
9.2.2 Stability Analysis at Steady States 374
9.2.3 Phase-Plane Analysis 376
9.2.4 Turning-Point Bifurcation 377
9.3 LIMIT CYCLE OSCILLATIONS 379
9.3.1 Oscillations in Linear Systems 379
9.3.2 Limit Cycles: van der Pol Oscillator 381
9.3.2.1 Relaxation vs. Harmonic Oscillations 382
9.3.3 Oscillating Chemical Reactions 383
9.4 SIMULATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS IN TUBULAR REACTOR 387
9.4.1 Steady State PFR with Pressure Drop 388
9.4.1.1 Reaction Kinetics 388
9.4.1.2 Input Parameters and Initial Processing 389
9.4.1.3 Steady State PFR Model 391
9.4.2 Transient Model 394
xvi   ◾    Contents

9.5 TRAJECTORY OF A CRICKET BALL 398

9.5.1 Solving the ODE for Trajectory 399
9.5.2 Location Where the Ball Hits the Ground 400
9.5.3 Animation 403
9.6 WRAP-UP 405
EXERCISES 405

Section III  Modeling of Data

Chapter 10   ◾    Regression and Parameter Estimation 409

10.1 GENERAL SETUP 409
10.1.1 Orientation 410
10.1.2 Some Statistics 411
10.1.3 Some Other Considerations in Regression 413
10.2 LINEAR LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION 413
10.2.1 Fitting a Straight Line 413
10.2.2 General Matrix Approach 415
10.2.3 Goodness of Fit 418
10.2.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Solution 418
10.2.3.2 Error and Coefficient of Determination 419
10.3 REGRESSION IN MULTIPLE VARIABLES 423
10.3.1 General Multilinear Regression 423
10.3.2 Polynomial Regression 424
10.3.3 Singularity and SVD 428
10.4 NONLINEAR ESTIMATION 429
10.4.1 Functional Regression by Linearization 429
10.4.2 MATLAB® Solver: Linear Regression 432
10.4.3 Nonlinear Regression Using Optimization Toolbox 434
10.5 CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES 437
10.5.1 Specific Heat: Revisited 437
10.5.2 Antoine’s Equation for Vapor Pressure 438
10.5.2.1 Linear Regression for Benzene 439
10.5.2.2 Nonlinear Regression for Ethylbenzene 440
 Contents   ◾    xvii

10.5.3 Complex Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetic Model 441

10.5.3.1 Case 1: Experiments Performed at Single
Concentration of B 442
10.5.3.2 Case 2: Experiments Performed at Different Initial
Concentrations of B 444
10.5.4 Reaction Rate: Differential Approach 445
10.6 EPILOGUE 448
10.6.1 Summary 448
10.6.2 Data Tables 449
EXERCISES 450

APPENDIX A: MATLAB® PRIMER, 451

APPENDIX B: NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION, 475

APPENDIX C: GAUSS ELIMINATION FOR LINEAR EQUATIONS, 485

APPENDIX D: INTERPOLATION, 499

APPENDIX E: NUMERICAL INTEGRATION, 511

BIBLIOGRAPHY, 527

INDEX, 529
Preface

S tudents today are expected to know one or more of the several computing or simu-
lation tools as part of their curriculum, due to their widespread use in the industry.
MATLAB® has become one of the prominent languages used in research and industry.
MATLAB is a numerical computing environment that is based on a MATLAB scripting
language. MathWorks, the makers of MATLAB, describe it as “the language of technical
computing.” The focus of this book will be to highlight the use of MATLAB in technical
computing or, more specifically, in solving problems in the analysis and simulation of pro-
cesses of interest to engineers.
This is intended to be an intermediate-level book, geared toward postgraduate students,
practicing engineers, and researchers who use MATLAB. It provides advanced treatment
of topics relevant to modeling, simulation, and analysis of dynamical systems. Although
this is not an introductory MATLAB or numerical techniques textbook, it may however
be used as a companion book for introductory courses. For the sake of completeness, a
primer on MATLAB as well as introduction to some numerical techniques is provided in
the Appendices. Since mid-2000s,we have always used MATLAB in electives in IIT Madras.
The popularity of MATLAB among students led us to start a core undergraduate (sopho-
more) and a postgraduate (first-year masters) laboratory. Since 2016, I have started teach-
ing a massive open online course (MOOC) on MATLAB programming on the NPTEL
platform.* The first two years of this course had over 10,000 enrolled students. Needless to
say, MATLAB has become an important tool in teaching and research. The focus of all the
above courses is to introduce students to MATLAB as a numerical methods tool. Some of
the students who complete these courses inquire about the next-level courses that would
help them apply MATLAB skills to solve engineering problems. This book may also be used
for this purpose. In introductory courses, a significant amount of time is spent in develop-
ing the background for numerical methods itself. In our effort to make the treatment gen-
eral and at a beginner’s level, we eschew real-world examples in favor of abstracted ones.
For example, we would often introduce a second-order ODE using a generic formulation,
such as y″ + ay′ + b(y − c) = 0. A sophomore who hasn’t taken a heat transfer course may
not yet appreciate a “heating in a rod” problem. An intermediate-level text means that it
is more valuable to use a real example, such as T″ + r−1T′ + β(T − Ta) = 0. The utility of such

* NPTEL stands for National Programme for Technology Enhanced Learning and is a Government of India−funded initiative
to bring high-quality engineering and science courses on an online (MOOC) platform to enhance students’ learning.

xix
xx   ◾    Preface

an approach cannot be understated, since it allows the freedom to introduce some of the
complexity that engineers, scientists, and researchers face in their work.
The value of using real-world examples was highlighted during my experience in indus-
trial R&D, where we used MATLAB extensively. We needed to interface with cross-func-
tional teams: engineering, implementation, and software development teams. Individuals
came from a wide range of backgrounds. These interactions exposed me to a new experi-
ence: Your work must be understood by people with very different backgrounds, who may
not speak the same technical language. The codes had to bridge the “language barrier”
spoken in different teams, and the codes were to be combined with a reasonably intuitive
interface. I have tried to adopt some of these principles in this book, without moving too far
from the more common pedagogy in creating such a book.
Thus, a practically oriented text that caters to an intermediate-level audience is my objec-
tive in writing this book.

ORIGIN OF THIS BOOK

There are several excellent books on numerical techniques for engineers. Laurene
Forsell’s book, Numerical Methods Using MATLAB, provides a MATLAB-based
approach to learning numerical techniques. The books on numerical techniques by
Chapra and Canale and by S.K. Gupta are excellent undergraduate textbooks, which
introduce undergraduates to this subject for the first time. Thus, their focus is concep-
tual understanding of numerical techniques themselves. While undergraduate teaching
is in good stead, a textbook that covers core requirements for a balanced postgraduate
curriculum is missing. Such a book will also be useful to practicing engineers, scien-
tists, and researchers who use MATLAB.
This book is borne out of my experience in teaching a postgraduate course called
Process Analysis and Simulation, postgraduate lab in Process Simulation, and theory of
computational techniques. They provide the first-year postgraduates the basis to tackle
research problems in their theses. The former course takes a balanced focus on model-
ing, simulation, and analysis of chemical process systems, while the process simulation
lab gives them a numerical methods perspective. Postgraduate-level books, such as the
evergreen Numerical Recipes by Press et al., are rather advanced and focused on numeri-
cal methods. On the other hand, the book by Strogatz on nonlinear dynamics or other
similar books are not general enough for the needs of an audience interested in simula-
tions. A “bridge” book, which assumes some familiarity with undergraduate material, but
still covers the basics, is missing.
Having said this, I do not intend this to be a postgraduate numerical methods text. This
book aims to introduce students and practitioners to simulation and analysis of process
systems in MATLAB. We often find it difficult to connect the numerical tool to the physical
analysis of a system. This book intends to bring in a strong process simulation treatment to
linear stability and nonlinear analysis.
Thus, this book intends to bring a practical approach to expounding theories: both
numerical aspects of stability and convergence, as well as linear and nonlinear analysis of
 Preface   ◾    xxi

systems. The “process” is the focus. Numerical methods are introduced insofar as is essen-
tial to make a judicious choice of algorithms for simulation and analysis.

PREREQUISITES
Since this is a postgraduate-level text, some familiarity with an undergraduate-level
numerical techniques or an equivalent course is assumed, though we will review all the
relevant concepts at the appropriate stage. So, the students are not expected to remem-
ber the details or nuances of “Newton-Raphson” or “Runge-Kutta” methods, but this
book is not the first time they hear these terms.
Some familiarity with coding (MATLAB, Fortran, C++, Python, or any language)
will be useful, but not a prerequisite. MATLAB primer is provided in the Appendix for
first-time users of MATLAB. Finally, with respect to writing MATLAB code, I focus on
“doing it right the first time” approach—by bringing in good programming practices
that I have learnt over the years. Things like commenting and structuring your code,
scoping of variables, etc., are also covered, not as an afterthought but as an integral part
of the discussion. However, these are dealt with more informally than a “programming
language” course.

HOW THIS BOOK IS LAID OUT

This book derives examples from three different courses I have taught: (i) Numerical
Methods, (ii) Process Analysis and Simulation, and (iii) Computational Programming
Lab. It is structured so that it may be used for any of the three courses. Each chapter
deals with one approach to solving computational problems (e.g., ODEs, PDEs, nonlin-
ear equations, etc.), culminating in case studies that utilize the concepts discussed in the
chapter.
I have split the book into three sections, which are laid out with a “Process Analysis”
viewpoint: Section I covers system dynamics and linear system analysis; Section II covers
solving nonlinear equations, including differential algebraic equations (DAEs); and Section
III covers function approximation and optimization for modeling of data. The following
table summarizes the various chapters in the book:

Basics Chapter 1 Appendix A

Introduction MATLAB® Primer
Appendices Appendix B Appendix C Appendix E
Differentiation Linear Equations Integration
Section I. Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5
Dynamics Linear Algebra ODE-IVP Transient PDEs Simulation
Section II. Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9
Equations Nonlinear Equations Special Methods Implicit Methods Nonlinear Analysis
(ODE-BVP/PDE) (DAEs)
Section III. Appendix D Chapter 10
Data Fitting Interpolation Regression
xxii   ◾    Preface

LAYOUT FOR PROCESS ANALYSIS

The layout of this book is largely based on the postgraduate-level process simulation and
analysis course. The material I cover in this course is chronologically as laid out in the book.
The course starts with an introduction to the role of simulation and analysis in engineering,
and a primer on MATLAB. Thereafter, I introduce concepts in linear algebra (Chapter 2),
ODEs (Chapter 3), and solving hyperbolic and parabolic PDEs (Chapter 4). Problems in
either linear analysis or dynamical simulations (Chapter 5) typically form mid-term proj-
ects for students. The second part of the course also follows a similar structure, with nonlin-
ear equations (Chapter 6), ODE-BVPs and elliptic PDEs (Chapter 7), and DAEs (Chapter 8)
providing the adequate background for end-semester projects involving nonlinear analysis
and bifurcation (Chapter 9). I have added Chapter 10 (Parameter Estimation) for the sake
of completion.

LAYOUT FOR NUMERICAL METHODS

This book may also be used for an advanced numerical methods course. In such a case,
I suggest treating the material column-wise. This course may start with the first row to
cover the basics (Introduction, MATLAB Primer, Differentiation, Integration, and Linear
Equations). Thereafter, Chapter 2 and Chapter 6 may be covered, to equip students to solve
linear and nonlinear equations. Chapters 3 and 7 cover ODE-IVP and ODE-BVP, respec-
tively, followed by Parameter Estimation (Chapter 10). A four-credit course may also cover
PDEs (Chapter 4). Typically, Chapters 5 and 9 will be beyond the scope of such a course.

LAYOUT FOR NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The shaded chapters (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9), along with appendices on numerical
differentiation and integration, can form a numerical differential equations course.

FOR PRACTICING ENGINEER OR NEW RESEARCHER

A practicing engineer or researcher can embark on a self-guided journey through case
studies and examples covered in this book. This includes not only the case studies analyzed
in Chapters 5 and 9 but also the ones discussed in other chapters (penultimate section in
the other chapters).

MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information,

please contact:

The MathWorks, Inc.

3 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA
Tel: 508-647-7000
Fax: 508-647-7001
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.mathworks.com
Author

Dr. Niket S. Kaisare is currently an associate professor in the Department of Chemical

Engineering at IIT Madras. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from Georgia
Institute of Technology, working in the area of model-based advanced process control.
He then joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Delaware,
where he worked on multiscale modeling of reacting flows in microreactors, as a postdoc-
toral researcher. After this, he joined IIT Madras as assistant professor in 2007. While in IIT
Madras, he taught several courses in process analysis and simulation, computational tech-
niques, process simulation laboratory, and advanced control theory. MATLAB was used
extensively in most of these courses. He has also taught an online course called “MATLAB
Programming for Numerical Computations” as a part of NPTEL (National Programme for
Technology Enhanced Learning). This course was popular, with more than ten thousand
students enrolling in it.
He spent three years, from mid-2011 to 2014, in industrial R&D. During this stint, he
worked on numerous simulation problems related to modeling of vehicle catalytic conver-
tors, cryogenic hydrogen storage, monitoring and control of oil and gas wells, and auto-
mation engineering. As a part of the R&D team, he used MATLAB extensively and spent
a significant part of his time interfacing with engineering and development teams.
He has extensive experience working in MATLAB and FORTRAN as well as simulation
softwares Fluent and Comsol. He also has good working experience with various other
simulation tools, such as Aspen-Plus/Unisim, Gaussian, and Abacus. His current research
program is focused on “multiscale modeling, analysis, and control of catalytic microreac-
tors for energy- and fuel-processing applications.”

xxiii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 OVERVIEW
1.1.1 A General Model
This book is targeted toward postgraduate students, senior undergraduates, researchers, and
practicing engineers to provide them with a practical guide for using MATLAB® for process
simulation and numerical analysis. MATLAB was listed among the top ten programming
languages by the IEEE Spectrum magazine in 2015 (a list that was topped by Java, followed by
C and C++). While the basics of MATLAB can be learnt through various sources, the focus
of this book is on the analysis and simulation of processes of interest to engineers.
The terms “analysis” and “simulation” are generic terms that define a rather broad spectrum
of problems and solution techniques. Engineering is a discipline that deals with the transfor-
mation of raw material, momentum, or energy. Thus, this book will focus on those process
examples where the variables of interest vary with time and/or space, including the relationship
of these state variables with their properties. I will use an example of a reactor-separator process
in Section 1.1.2 to illustrate this. While this is a chemical engineering example, the treatment in
this book is general enough for other engineering and science disciplines to also find it useful.
The problems mentioned above that are considered in this book include ordinary and
partial differential equations (ODEs and PDEs), algebraic equations (either linear or non-
linear), or combinations thereof. The three sections of this book are organized based on the
computational methodology and analysis tools that will be used for the respective problems.
Section I of this book includes Chapters 2 through 5 and deals with ODE-IVPs (initial
value problems) as well as the problems that can be converted into a standard form that can
be solved with ODE-IVP tools. A generic ODE-IVP is of the type
dy
= f ( t ,y ;f
f) (1.1)
dt

where
t is an independent variable
y ∈ R n is a vector of dependent variables
ϕ represents parameters
1
2   ◾    Computational Techniques for Process Simulation and Analysis Using MATLAB®

Examples include simulations of level and temperature in a stirred tank, simulations of a

reactor, mass-spring-damper, pendulum (in cylindrical coordinates), and others.
Section II of this book includes Chapters 6 through 9 and deals with the problems of
the type

0 = g ( x;f
f) (1.2)

where
x ∈ R m is a vector of dependent variables
ϕ represents parameters

Nonlinear algebraic equations, such as Equation 1.2, fall under this category. Moreover,
ODE-BVPs (boundary value problems) and several PDEs are also converted into the form
of Equation 1.2. Section II will not only cover techniques to solve algebraic equations but
also expound methods to convert ODEs/PDEs to this form. A combination of Equations 1.1
and 1.2, called differential algebraic equations (DAEs), is covered in Chapter 8. Chapters 5
and 9 are the concluding chapters of the first two sections. They build on the concepts from
the preceding chapters in the respective sections for the analysis of dynamical systems and
provide an introduction to advanced topics in simulations.
Finally, Chapter 10, included in Section III, deals with the parameter estimation prob-
lem, that is, to compute the parameter vector, ϕ, that best fits the experimental data.

1.1.2 A Process Example

I will use an example from a typical chemical process to motivate the discussion. Figure 1.1
shows a flow sheet of a typical process with a recycle. A reaction of the type A → B takes
place in the plug flow reactor (PFR); the two species are separated in the distillation column;
product B is obtained as the bottoms product, whereas the lighter species A is recycled back.
The PFR is modeled using the following ODE:

dx A
F = -r ( x A ) , x A V =0 = xin (1.3)
dV

Ffeed Fr, xr P, xp

D, xD Purge
Fin, xin

F, xf

F, xf

B, xB

FIGURE 1.1 A typical process consisting of a reactor and a separator, with a recycle.
 Introduction   ◾    3

The reactor outlet conditions are obtained by solving the ODE-IVP above. ODE-IVP prob-
lems are covered in Chapter 3 of this book. If a dynamic response of the PFR is required,
the resulting model is a PDE, where the state variable of interest varies in both space and
time. Solutions to transient PDEs are covered in Chapter 4. Advanced topics in simulation
are presented in Chapter 5, for example, when the inlet conditions or model parameters
vary with time and/or space.
The distillation column consists of N nonlinear algebraic equations in N unknowns (mole
fractions on each tray). For example, one of the model equations for the kth tray is given by

ax i
0 = ( Li -1 xi -1 - Li xi ) + (Vi +1 yi +1 - Vi yi ) where yi = (1.4)
1 + ( a - 1) xi

Such balance equations are written for each ideal stage of the distillation column, resulting
in N nonlinear algebraic equations that need to be solved simultaneously to obtain N vari-
ables. These are further discussed in Chapter 6.
Axial dispersion is neglected while deriving the model (Equation 1.3). Inclusion of the
axial dispersion term converts this IVP to a BVP, which is covered in Chapter 7. Discretizing
the ODE-BVP results in a set of equations with a special matrix structure. Mass transfer
limitations result in DAEs, which are covered in Chapter 8.

1.1.3 Analysis of Dynamical Systems

There is an equal amount of focus on the analysis of dynamical systems. To this end,
Chapter 2 revisits concepts in linear algebra. I present a more contemporary treatment of
linear algebra. Chapter 5 presents transient analysis of dynamical systems and their linear
stability behavior. In addition to stability and dynamics based on eigenvalues of the linear
dynamical system, the topic of transient growth in nonnormal systems is discussed. Related
concepts of directionality and analysis using eigenvalue and singular value decompositions
are discussed.
Chapter 9, which wraps up Section II of this book, is dedicated to nonlinear analysis
and bifurcation. Well-known examples of stirred reactor, chemostat, mass-spring-damper
system, and van der Pol oscillator will be used in this chapter. Chapter 10 is devoted to an
important topic of parameter estimation.
Furthermore, advanced topics in efficient simulation and analysis are also presented.
These include handling time-varying inputs and boundary constraints (Chapter 3), com-
bination of ODE and PDE (Chapter 5), and a fun example of tracking the trajectory of a
cricket ball (or baseball) with simulation and animation.
Before we get to these examples, I will review good practices and structuring of MATLAB
codes as well as errors in numerical approaches.

1.2 STRUCTURE OF A MATLAB® CODE

A brief introduction to some programming practices specific to MATLAB is covered in
this section. The intention of this section is to introduce the reader to good MATLAB
programming practices, rather than “Introduction to MATLAB.” A basic primer on using
4   ◾    Computational Techniques for Process Simulation and Analysis Using MATLAB®

MATLAB is instead provided in Appendix A. This book follows the principle of “learn it
right the first time.” Good programming hygiene, in writing MATLAB codes, is evange-
lized and implemented right from the first example. The book follows another principle
that the best way to learn programming is through extensive practice. MathWorks, the
parent company that develops MATLAB, has good introductory video tutorials, available
at: http://in.mathworks.com/products/matlab/videos.html.* A beginner may want to start
with their “Getting Started” videos.† I also have an introductory MOOC course on using
MATLAB for numerical computations on National Programme for Technology Enhanced
Learning.‡
Figure 1.2 shows a screenshot of MATLAB window. The main section contains two
­windows: MATLAB editor at the top and MATLAB command window at the bottom. The
MATLAB editor currently shows the MATLAB file firstFlowSheet.m, which is a
“driver script” to simulate the reactor-separator flow sheet described above. Line number
13 shows the following statement:

[F,x,err] = solveFlowSheet(Ffeed,Vpfr,purge,initVal);

FIGURE 1.2 Screenshot of MATLAB® window.

* Last accessed on October 13, 2015.

† http://in.mathworks.com/videos/getting-started-with-matlab-68985.html.

‡ http://nptel.ac.in/courses/103106118/ (Last accessed on June 16, 2017).

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sermons for
the Day
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Sermons for the Day

Author: Edward Hoare

Release date: April 17, 2018 [eBook #56993]

Language: English

Credits: Transcribed from the 1866 Hatchard and Co. edition by

David Price

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SERMONS FOR

THE DAY ***
Transcribed from the 1866 Hatchard and Co. edition by David Price,
email [email protected]

SERMONS FOR THE DAY.

BY
REV. EDWARD HOARE,
INCUMBENT OF TRINITY CHURCH, TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

LONDON:
HATCHARD AND CO. 187 PICCADILLY,
Booksellers to H. R. H. the Princess of Wales
and the Royal Family.

1866.

LONDON:
Strangeways and Walden, Printers,
28 Castle St. Leicester Sq.
 TRANSUBSTANTIATION.

Heb. x. 12.
“But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for
ever, sat down on the right hand of God.”

We live in very anxious times. Different phases of error are following

each other with great rapidity, like waves before the gale on a
stormy sea. A very short time ago we were deeply distressed by the
sceptical tendencies of certain able writers,—tendencies still in rapid
progress, though public attention has been recently directed into
another channel. Now we are startled by the open declaration of
Romish doctrine, and open practice of Romish ceremonial, by men
who have accepted office in a church which declares these very
doctrines to be “blasphemous fables and dangerous deceits.” It has
become, therefore, absolutely necessary that we should understand
the reasons why the Church of England has separated from that of
Rome, and why it is that we raise our voice against these
innovations. I am well aware that such a subject is distasteful to
many minds. Some shrink from the trouble of controversy, and
would rather have their whole attention fixed on that which they find
helpful to their own souls. Others think it uncharitable; and maintain
that, provided a person be conscientious in his practice, we need
feel no anxiety about the truth or error of his creed. But I am
persuaded that it will not do so to deal with truth. These are days in
which we must know what we believe, and why we believe it. If we
desire to stand fast, we must know our standing-ground. And if we
desire to see our young people growing up as witnesses for the Lord
Jesus Christ, we must not merely strive to call forth in them a
religion of feeling, but must train them in sound Scriptural principles,
that they may be able to give an answer to every one who asketh
them a reason of the hope that is in them. The Romish question is
forced upon us by the enormous efforts which the Church of Rome is
making for the recovery of its ancient supremacy in England; and I
must say, and say it with the deepest grief and humiliation, I fear we
have been betrayed, in many cases, by men who, as clergymen of
the Church of England, have pledged themselves to the very
principles they are betraying. It is high time, therefore, that we
should understand the ground of our solemn protest against Rome,
and that we should not merely study truth in its simplicity, but study
it likewise in its opposition to Romish error. I purpose, however, God
helping me, to direct your thoughts this morning to one point of the
controversy. I cannot attempt the many points on which we are at
issue. I confine myself, therefore, to one; and that is, the teaching
of the word of God with reference to our exalted Saviour, in
opposition to the teaching of Rome in the doctrine of
transubstantiation. May the Lord direct our studies, and write His
own truth most deeply on our hearts!
A glance at the text will show us that it refers to two subjects; the
completeness of the sacrifice offered on the cross, as in the words,
“after He had offered one sacrifice for sin for ever,” and the present
session at the right hand of God; as in the words, “sat down at the
right hand of God.” It is the second of these that we shall study this
morning.
The words teach us that at the present time our Blessed Lord and
Saviour is at the right hand of God, and they suggest two subjects,
His place, and His employment.
His place, then, is heaven itself; and His seat at the right hand of the
throne of the Father. In His real human body He has ever been like
ourselves, in one place at one time. When He was here he passed
from place to place; from Galilee to Jerusalem, and from Jerusalem
to Galilee. So when Lazarus died He was absent from Bethany, and
after his death He went there. Just so in His ascension He passed
into the heavens, and, being there, He is as much absent from us in
the body as He was absent from Martha and Mary in their deep
anxiety about their brother. When present here, in His human
person, He was absent there. Being present there, He is now absent
here. [6]
Then, again, with the place there has been a complete change in His
employment. He was here to found His kingdom and to make
atonement. He is there to carry out the results of that atonement
and to reign. His office was represented by the high priest of old,
who first in the outer court offered the sacrifice, and afterwards
went in before the mercy-seat to sprinkle the blood. So Christ Jesus
here on earth offered Himself as the sacrifice, and now He is gone
into the holy of holies there to present the blood before the mercy-
seat of God. Thus He is described by St. Peter (Acts, v. 31) as being
exalted to be a “Prince and a Saviour;” a Prince, because He is
exalted as King of kings and Lord of lords; a Saviour, because as a
living friend, He is saving those whom, when on earth, He redeemed
by His blood. Every passage, therefore, which describes Him in His
present condition, represents Him as in the possession of living
power. Sometimes He is said to be reigning, as (1 Cor. xv. 25), “He
must reign till He hath put all enemies under His feet.” Sometimes
we see Him as the Priest (Heb. iv. 14), “Seeing then that we have a
great High Priest, that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of
God.” Sometimes He is the Advocate (1 John, ii. 1, 2), “If any man
sin we have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the
righteous;” and sometimes He is the loving Friend, watching the
struggles of His faithful disciples, and waiting to welcome His dying
servant in the solemn moments of his rough and stormy
martyrdom. “Behold,” said Stephen, “I see the heavens opened, and
the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God;” and so, having
seen it, he followed up the vision by the dying prayer, “Lord Jesus,
receive my spirit.” (Acts, vii. 56.)
Here, then, is our delightful assurance. We look back to the work of
the cross, and there see the whole burden of all our sin borne by
Him, and so put away for ever. We ask no further sacrifice, for we
know that He made there upon the cross “a full, perfect, and
sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and satisfaction, for the sins of the
whole world;” and we now look to our Blessed Saviour as reigning
and saving. Because He reigns we know that all is rightly ordered,
and because He saves we believe that we ourselves shall be safe for
eternity. We see many things in the world that are altogether
opposed to what we think best; but we know that God has put all
things under His feet, and given Him to be the Head over all things
to His Church; and, therefore, that all is in His hand, and all will
work together for good. We find deep sin in ourselves, and we
know how hard a thing it is really to walk with God. We find defect
in our prayers, defect in our faith, defect in our service, defect in our
best efforts, defect everywhere; but we look up to yonder throne,
and there we find a loving Saviour; one who knows our deep need,
—one who has died for us,—one who loves us,—one who can feel
with us, and who vouchsafes to act as our Priest and Advocate, so
that in the midst of all our shortcomings and deficiencies we may, in
His Name, and through His most precious blood, “come boldly to the
Throne of Grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help
in time of need.”
Let any one search the Scriptures, and they must be convinced that
this is the truth there plainly taught. But what can be more palpably
contradictory to it than to suppose that He is present, in body, soul,
and divinity, in the form of the small piece of lifeless bread which we
receive in the Lord’s Supper? In other words, that there is not only
the one Saviour in heaven at the right hand of God; but that there
are two or three hundred living Saviours collected together on the
table every time that the Lord’s Supper is administered. I am not
surprised if some of you feel shocked at such a statement, and I
know that there is enough to shock any religious mind. I am
shocked at it myself, and am sorry to have to make it. But this is the
real teaching of the Church of Rome. The decree of the Council of
Trent is as follows:—“If any man shall say that the body and blood of
the Lord Jesus Christ, together with his soul and divinity, and, in
short, that a whole Christ, is not contained, truly, really, and
substantially, in the sacrament of the most holy Eucharist; but shall
say that he is in it only in sign, or figure, or power, let him be
anathema.” (Sess. xiii. Can. 1.) Another decree goes on to declare,
“If any man shall say that in the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist,
Christ the only begotten Son of God, is not to be adored, and that
outwardly with the worship of latreia, and that he ought not to be
carried solemnly about in processions, or that he ought not to be set
before the people that he may be worshipped, and that the
worshippers of him are idolaters, let him be anathema!” (Sess. xiii.
Can. 6.) [10]
The wafer, therefore, or the piece of bread, is here said to be after
consecration nothing less than a real, living Saviour, with body, soul,
and divinity, to be worshipped with that holy, reverential worship
which belongs exclusively to the God of heaven and earth, for that is
the meaning of the word Latreia. There is something very awful in
such a statement. It shows that there can be no peace with Rome—
no compromise, no middle path. If they are right, we are awfully
wrong. If we are right, they are guilty of idolatry. If all these pieces
of bread are living Saviours, we have been terribly guilty in never
worshipping any one of them; but if, on the other hand, they have
remained bread still—plain, simple, unchanged bread—then we have
idolatry of the most unquestionable character when that bread is
exalted by the priest for adoration, and men fall down and worship it
as the living God.
Now, on what does all this tremendous fabric rest? What is there in
the word of God to warrant it? What is there in the Scriptures of
truth to give a sanction to such a system? So far as the word of God
is concerned all hangs on the one text, “This is my body which is
given for you: this do in remembrance of me.” To these words
Romanists appeal again and again, as if they taught the doctrine,
whereas the most cursory study of the different passages in which
they are contained is sufficient to show that they mean nothing of
the kind.
Let me briefly give you four reasons.
1. The words themselves prove that they are figurative. Turn to 1
Cor. xi. 25, where we read: “This cup is the new testament in my
blood.” Is there any one blind enough to suppose that the cup was
changed into the new testament? The words must mean that the
cup was an emblem of the covenant. When our Lord said, “I am the
vine,” “I am the door,” “I am the bread of life,” He did not mean that
He was changed into a vine, into a door, or into bread, but that all
these things were emblems of His work. So He says of the cup, that
it is an emblem of the covenant; and if we would be consistent
interpreters, we must believe also of the bread that it was declared
to be an emblem of the body.
2. The bread is called bread, and the wine wine, after consecration,
both by our Lord Himself and His Apostles.
In Matt. xxvi. 29, our Lord calls the wine the fruit of the vine after
consecration.
In 1 Cor. x. 17; xi. 26, 27, 28, we are all said to partake of bread:
“Let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and
drink of that cup.”
3. Even if these words were taken literally, they would not teach the
doctrine of Rome.
I have quoted the passage from Rome in which it says there is
“body, soul, and divinity.” But what does any one of those passages
say about soul and divinity? If He had meant to teach us that the
bread was changed into His broken body, what one word is there
about the soul, or the Godhead? All that is added by Rome, and the
whole fabric of superstition based upon it is without a shadow of
foundation in the word of God. It is a vast superstructure, but, as
far as the teaching of Holy Scripture is concerned, utterly baseless.
4. Nay more, it is contrary to the words of our Lord. The words, as
given by St. Matthew (xxvi. 26–28) were: “And as they were eating,
Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the
disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body. And he took the cup,
and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; for
this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for
the remission of sins.” Of the bread, therefore, He said, “This is my
body;” and of the wine, “This is my blood.” The bread did not
represent the body and blood together, but the body only, and the
wine the blood; or, if the doctrine of transubstantiation were taught,
the passage would teach that the bread was changed into the body,
and the wine into the blood. But the teaching of Rome defies all
such distinctions, though thus plainly laid down by no less an
authority than our Lord Himself, and fearlessly hurls her anathemas
against all who do not believe that the bread, and the bread alone,
is changed into body, blood, soul, and divinity, and becomes, to use
their own expression, “a whole Christ,” to be exalted, carried in
processions, and adored as a living God. The words themselves,
taken literally, are dead against such a doctrine. I am not surprised,
therefore, when I read our 28th Article, which says:
“Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of bread and
wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by Holy Writ, but
is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture.” But I am surprised
that Christian people in the Church of England should sit so light as
some seem to do to a heresy of so fearful a character, and that men
should be so indifferent to truth as even to speak of the possibility of
peace with Rome.
But now, believing that there is no change whatever in the bread
and wine—that the bread remains bread, and the wine wine, what
shall we say of the practice of adoring the bread as God Himself?
What can we say of it? What is our duty to say of it? I doubt not
that some may think me very uncharitable and bigoted, but these
are days in which the truth must be spoken, and that truth I firmly
believe to be that such worship is idolatry. I do not doubt that many
are sincere and conscientious in adopting it. But that does not touch
the question. Sincerity does not prove truth. Are there none sincere
when they sacrifice their lives under the car of Juggernaut? Was not
Saul of Tarsus sincere when he persecuted the Lord Jesus in the
persons of His people? I fully admit likewise that the worship may in
some be based on a deep sense of love and reverence for our
blessed Lord. But, again, that does not touch the question. If it is
bread, it is idolatry to worship it as God. If it be still a lifeless wafer,
it is idolatry to adore it as a living Saviour. God forbid that I should
speak harshly of many who have set us an example of self-denial;
and it is in no harsh spirit that I speak as I do. We should rather
feel the most tender compassion for conscientious persons, who
have been thus misled. But whatever we may think of motives, it is
impossible to alter the facts, and I see not how we can avoid the
conclusion that such worship is an awful sin in the sight of God. It is
almost impossible to turn aside the stern reproof of God by the
ministry of His prophets, Isa. xliv. 16, 17: “He burneth part thereof
in the fire; with part thereof he eateth flesh; he roasteth roast, and
is satisfied: yea, he warmeth himself, and saith, Aha, I am warm, I
have seen the fire: And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even
his graven image: he falleth down unto it, and worshippeth it, and
prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me; for thou art my god.”
The sense of reverence may take a wrong as well as a right
direction. It led John himself to worship an angel, and to bring on
himself the severe reproof which he has so faithfully recorded, and it
may lead misguided men to give that which is not God the worship
due to God alone. But while we think this, let none fall short in the
deepest reverence. None can adore Him enough; none can be holy
enough in His presence and at His feet. But it is the living Saviour at
the right hand of God whom we will adore. It is the Prince on the
throne, the Priest at the right hand of the Father. It is the living,
reigning, triumphant Saviour, “far above all principalities and powers,
and might and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in
this world, but also in that which is to come;” and not a small piece
of lifeless bread, which is said to have been turned into God by the
miraculous powers of a priest.
 THE MASS.

Heb. x. 12.
“But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for
ever, sat down on the right hand of God.”

When I drew your attention to this text on Sunday last, I pointed out
the two great subjects contained in it, viz. the work of atonement
completed by our blessed Lord on earth, and His present session at
the right hand of God. The latter of these we studied on Sunday
last, but the former is of such vast importance to every one of us
that it would be wrong to leave the passage without devoting this
morning to the careful examination of it.
The text stands very near the conclusion of a most important
argument, in which the Apostle has been drawing the contrast
between the Jewish sacrifices under the ceremonial law and the one
perfect sacrifice wrought out for us by the Son of God on the cross.
The contrast commences with the 25th verse of the 9th chapter, and
extends to the 14th verse of the 10th; after which we are led to the
practical application of the whole epistle. Let us, then, first, carefully
study the point of contrast, and then the reason of it.
I. The contrast.
The one point brought out in these eighteen verses is, that in the
case of the Jewish sacrifices there was unceasing repetition; and in
the case of our blessed Lord, His one offering was once and for ever.
It is scarcely needful to point out the unceasing repetition of the
Jewish sacrifices. Not only were they offered on the occasion of
every special fault, but every period of time was marked by them.
The day, the week, the month, the year—each had its appointed
sacrifice. Not a day, nor even a night, passed without sin, and
therefore there was a sacrifice each morning for the sins of the
night, and another each evening for those of the day. (Exod. xxix.
38–40.) Not a week passed without adding its quota to the
accumulating guilt of the sinner, and, therefore, notwithstanding the
daily sacrifices, there was another burnt-offering in the morning of
every sabbath. (Num. xxviii. 9, 10.) But, notwithstanding all this,
sin, and the guilt of it, still gathered around the people, so that at
the beginning of each month there was, in addition, a monthly
burnt-offering unto the Lord: “the burnt-offering of every month
through the months of the year.” (Ibid. 11, 14.) But sin gathered
still. Lamb after lamb was brought to the altar, but it seemed as
though nothing could satisfy: for every year, on the tenth day of the
seventh month, there was the great day of atonement for sin; and of
the solemn sacrifices of that great day it was said, “This shall be an
everlasting statute unto you, to make an atonement for the children
of Israel for all their sins once a-year.” (Lev. xvi. 34.) Thus, day
after day, week after week, month after month, year after year,
there was an unceasing system of perpetual sacrifice. There was no
end to the unceasing shedding of blood. Sometimes the victim was
a bullock, sometimes a ram, sometimes a goat, sometimes a lamb,
and sometimes a pair of turtle-doves. But there was always a
sacrifice. There were two every day, and sometimes many more,
besides those which were offered for special sins.
With all this the Apostle contrasts the one perfect sacrifice of our
blessed Lord, made on the cross once and for ever. There are no
less than six places in which he brings out this one point, and brings
it out with such clearness that it really seems as if the whole
passage was written as a prophetic safeguard against the doctrine of
the mass. In Heb. ix. 25, 26, he says: “Nor yet that he should offer
himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every
year with blood of others; for then must he often have suffered
since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the
world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself.”
So in vv. 27, 28, he draws a comparison between the death of the
Lord Jesus and the natural death of man, and says: “As it is
appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: so
Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them
that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto
salvation.” So that it would be just as absurd to expect men to die
twice, as to believe that there can be any second offering of the
Lord Jesus Christ for sin. The one death throughout mankind is the
type or pattern of the one Sacrifice once made for sin. So, again, in
x. 10, we read,—“By the which will we are sanctified through the
offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.” And again, in vv,
11, 12, St. Paul returns to the contrast between our Lord and the
Jewish priest, and says, “Every priest standeth daily ministering and
offering oftentimes the same sacrifices, which can never take away
sins: but this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for
ever, sat down on the right hand of God.” And once more, in ver. 14,
he sums up all by saying, “By one offering He hath perfected for
ever them that are sanctified.” It would be a matter of deep interest
to study carefully the meaning of the word “perfected” in this most
important text. It does not mean perfect in personal holiness, i.e. in
the inward work of the Spirit on the soul; but perfect in justification:
perfect, because the curse was perfectly blotted out, the law being
perfectly satisfied, and the sinner, after propitiation, perfectly free.
But we must not stop to dwell on that now, our one point at present
is that the sacrifice of the Lord Jesus was once, and for ever; and
this is most remarkably brought out in the words,—“By one offering
He hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified.”
The point of contrast, therefore, is this, that in the ceremonial law
there was a multitude of sacrifices day by day, and year by year,
repeated; whereas in the new covenant there was but one, and that
one effectual for ever. In the one there was multiplicity, in the other
oneness; in the one unceasing repetition, in the other one final act,
which set the whole at rest for ever. The contrast stands out so
plainly that he may run that readeth it. Nay, more, it is written with
that perfect clearness, and often-repeated statement, that I confess
myself perfectly unable to comprehend how any person, reading
these two chapters, with a real desire to discover the mind of the
Spirit, can arrive at the conclusion that there can be any repetition of
the sacrifice of the Lord Jesus Christ under any form whatever, or
any supplementary work of any kind whatever to complete or fill up
His one perfect sacrifice for sin.
II. Such, then, is the contrast; and now let us turn, in the second
place, to the reason of it. Why were those ancient sacrifices so
often repeated? and why was ours once and for ever? The same
passage that brings out the contrast explains the reason of it; and
the reason is that, in themselves, they have no saving power, and
that ours has. They were ineffectual for the blotting out of sin, but
the one offering of our Blessed Lord was perfectly effectual in the
very point where they failed. There was as great a contrast in
respect of efficiency as there was in respect of frequency; and, in
fact, the repetition was the result of weakness, as the oneness was
the result of complete sufficiency. This insufficiency is placed in two
points of view in the chapter, for we are there taught, first, that
these sacrifices could not take away sin, and, secondly, that they
could not satisfy the conscience.
In x. 3, 4, we are distinctly taught that the one reason why these
sacrifices were repeated was, that it was impossible for them to be
effectual in removing guilt. “In those sacrifices there is a
remembrance again made of sins every year. For it is not possible
that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins.” The
dark stain of sin is far too dreadful a thing to be blotted out by the
blood of any animal. Those sacrifices did very well as
remembrancers. They were daily reminders, and daily
acknowledgments of guilt; but as for putting it away, they had no
virtue in them, and they were powerless. They were most important
likewise as types; as helping believers, with the eye of faith, to look
on and trust to the one sufficient sacrifice of the Lord; and so
believers, looking to Christ as represented in the slain lamb, could,
through faith in Him, find pardon and peace to their souls. But in
themselves they were utterly powerless, for nothing short of the
perfect sacrifice of the Son of God could ever really take away sin.
They could never, therefore, satisfy the conscience; as you read,
Heb; x. 1, 2:—“For the law, having a shadow of good things to
come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those
sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the
comers thereunto perfect. For then would they not have ceased to
be offered? because that the worshippers once purged shall have
had no more conscience of sins.”
A man might bring any number of lambs, goats, and bullocks, and
lay them all on the altar; but, unless by the eye of faith he looked to
Christ, he would, after all, carry guilt with him in his conscience; and
the still small voice within would bring him in guilty before God. The
sense of guilt demanded repetition; but unless the heart looked
forward, through that sacrifice, to the coming Christ, no offering,
however often repeated, was sufficient: the conscience remained
uneasy still, and the sense of guilt clung to the soul.
How gloriously different is the one sacrifice of the Son of God! It,
and it alone, was sufficient for all the sins of the whole world. The
substitution of the Son of God for the sinner satisfied the whole law,
and cleared away the whole curse. It not only in God’s counsels
removed the guilt, but it reaches the very depths of the human
heart, and gives peace to the conscience wounded for sin. Observe
the words in ix. 13, 14, as contrasted with those in x. 2. In x. 2 we
are taught, that if those sacrifices could have purged the conscience,
they would have ceased. But in ix. 14 we read, that through the
sacrifice of our blessed Lord, this very thing is done; for the Apostle
says:—“How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the
Eternal Spirit offered Himself without spot to God, purge your
conscience from dead works to serve the living God?” The one
sacrifice was effective to purge the conscience; while all the whole
multitude of often-repeated offerings left the conscience just where
it was; without rest, without peace, without any real satisfaction,
under the painful pressure of a deeply-felt sin. Let us never forget
this great result; for it shows that we have that which the Jew, in his
sacrifices taken alone, could never have—a conscience at rest, a
conscience set free, because all sin is blotted out for ever; a
conscience released from its burden, because the Lord Jesus Christ,
the Son of God, was a divinely-appointed substitute for guilt.
Such, then, is the contrast, and such the reason for it. What, then,
are we to think of the teaching of the Church of Rome when it says,
—“In this divine sacrifice which is performed in the Mass, that same
Christ is contained, and sacrificed without blood, who once, with
blood, offered Himself upon the altar of the Cross?” [27] And again:
—“If any man shall say that the sacrifice is not propitiatory, and
profits the receiver only, and ought not to be offered for the living
and the dead, for sins, punishments, satisfaction, and other
necessities, let him be anathema?” Now, what do these passages
teach?
1. That the sacramental bread is changed into the Lord Jesus Christ,
the Living Saviour, God and man.
2. That whenever the Mass is administered, He, the living Saviour, is
again sacrificed and put to death.
3. That this sacrifice is a sacrifice of propitiation for sin. There is a
sacrifice of self-dedication, which every loving heart is required to
offer: as in the words after the Lord’s Supper,—“Here we offer and
present unto Thee ourselves, out souls and bodies, to be a
reasonable, holy, and lively sacrifice unto Thee.” But in that case the
offering is ourselves, and the motive is not propitiation, but
dedication. According to the teaching of Rome the offering is the
Lord Jesus Christ, and the object is to make a propitiation for sin.
Now, this is the doctrine that persons are striving to reintroduce into
our land and church. The real object of this modern movement is to
re-establish the belief in transubstantiation and propitiatory
sacrifice. Those vestments of which we have heard so much are not
introduced simply from a love of ornament and decoration, but they
are folds in which to wrap the doctrine of the Mass; and that
doctrine, as I have just stated it, is, that the bread is first changed
into a living Saviour, and then the living Saviour offered afresh as a
propitiation for sin. [29]
Now, such a doctrine seems to me so utterly contrary to all that we
are taught in the Scriptures respecting the perfection and
consequent oneness of the one offering of our Blessed Lord upon
the Cross, that I am utterly unable to comprehend how any person
who takes the Scriptures as their authority can, by any process of
mind, be brought to believe it. As I have already said, these
chapters seem to have been written with a prophetic reference to it;
and I do not hesitate to express my firm and fixed conviction, that if
we mean to abide by God’s word as our guide, we must protest
against the whole movement. Nor must we allow ourselves to be
led away by the religious feelings of pious and earnest men; or
permit the holy reverence with which, as believing communicants,
we regard the holy communion of the body and blood of Christ, to
induce us to think lightly of a deadly error, even though men make
use of it in order, apparently, to exalt the peculiar sanctity of the
sacrament. We must stand firm to the great principle of Scripture;
the principle for which our martyred Reformers did not hesitate to
shed their life-blood, that the bread is bread, and the wine wine,
after consecration, just as they were before it; that neither the one
nor the other is changed into the Lord Jesus Christ; that the Lord
Jesus Christ is not sacrificed in the sacrament; and that there never
can be, so long as the world lasts, any further sacrifice for sin.
When the Lord Jesus Christ died on the cross, to use the language
of our Church, He “made there (by His one oblation of Himself once
offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and
satisfaction, for the sins of the whole world:” and, unless we are
prepared to deny the sufficiency of the one complete atonement, we
must set our face with a holy determination against all ideas of
repetition, or perpetuation, of any propitiatory sacrifice for sin.
But we must not leave the matter there, for it is not enough for us
to be deeply convinced that the doctrine of the Mass is opposed to
the whole truth of God, for such a conviction, though it may keep us
clear of Rome, will not, if it be all, bring us to God. What we want is
not merely a conviction of the truth, but a personal appropriation of
it in our own hearts. It is a blessed thing to know that a perfect
sacrifice has been offered, and that no further sacrifice is either
necessary or possible; but that knowledge, blessed as it is, may
leave the heart dissatisfied, and the conscience ill at ease. When
that is the case, we cannot be surprised at persons restlessly feeling
after anything that promises peace; and I believe there is no state of
mind in which persons are so liable to be led away by Rome, as
when the conscience is awakened, but the heart not at rest in Christ
the Saviour. It is when we can look to that cross of Christ, assured
that the atonement there made was sufficient even for us, and when
we can rest in the conviction that, because the atonement was
sufficient, we, even we, are free; and when we learn to rest, not on
feelings, not on sacraments, not on our doings of any kind whatever,
but simply on the great, grand, glorious fact, that a full propitiation
has been made even for the chief of sinners, so that we, though the
chief of sinners, are no longer under the guilt of sin; then it is that
we discover the strength of the rock under our feet, and, resting on
it, we need no other stay. It is enough, for Christ hath died, and
through Him God is reconciled. Blessed! oh, blessed that Christian
believer, who can thus rest in a perfect Saviour; and be kept in
perfect peace through the Saviour’s perfect work!
 SELF-SACRIFICE.

Rom. xii. 1.
“I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that
ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto
God, which is your reasonable service.”

We studied last Sunday the one perfect and final sacrifice made for
the sins of the whole world, when our Lord Jesus Christ completed
our propitiation on the cross. We found that that sacrifice differed
from those of the ceremonial law, in the great fact that it was once
and for ever; that it was so perfect, so complete, so fully sufficient to
satisfy the whole claim of the law, that when it was once offered
there was no place left for repetition, perpetuation, or addition. The
veil of the temple was then rent from the top to the bottom, and
there was no space left for any further rending. The Lord himself
said, “It is finished;” so the whole was done, and done for ever.
But still we read in Scripture of another sacrifice—a sacrifice which
Christian people are called to offer. Thus in this text St. Paul says, “I
beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye
present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable unto God,
which is your reasonable service.” To this appeal the words in our
Communion Service are the Christian’s reply:—“And here we offer
and present unto thee ourselves, our souls and bodies, to be a
reasonable, holy, and living sacrifice unto thee.” It clearly remains,
therefore, for us to examine the character of this second sacrifice,
and also its relationship to the great and perfect sacrifice completed
on the cross for sin. This, then, if God permit, shall be our subject
this morning. May the Lord dispose our hearts to bring to Him this
holy sacrifice, that we, if we live, may live not unto ourselves, but
unto Him “that died for us, and rose again!”
I. What, then, is the nature of the sacrifice? or, What is it we are to
offer? It is not a lamb, or a goat, or a bullock, but, according to the
language of our Communion Service, the offering which we are to
render is ourselves. “Here we offer and present unto thee ourselves,
our souls and bodies.” Just so we read of the churches of
Macedonia, “that they first gave their own selves unto the Lord.” A
moment’s thought will suffice to show that such a sacrifice as this is
much more costly than any other. It would be a light matter to
sacrifice a bullock, but it is a very costly one to sacrifice Self—an
easy thing for the wealthy prince to bring a thousand lambs to the
altar, but a hard thing for either rich or poor to bring his own will to
be crucified with Christ.
But here a question will arise in the minds of all those who really
desire to make this sacrifice to the Lord, viz. What does it practically
involve? What is the real meaning of it? What will be the practical
result of such a sacrifice in our own life and character? Some will
tell us that it involves the necessity of conventual life, a separation
from common duties, and the seclusion of a nunnery, or the vows of
a sisterhood. Let any one read this chapter through, and he will see
at a glance that this is not the meaning of the Apostle. There are no
rules there for a monastic order, but there are very full directions for
common business, and common life. All such ideas, therefore, may
be dismissed at once. That is not the meaning of the sacrifice.
Then, what is? What is the sacrifice which we, living at home, are to
offer to God?
1. There must be the sacrifice of our sins.
In this present world we are in a mixed condition, and however truly
we may be walking with God, there is the old man and the old
nature left. It is just the same with us as it was of old with Canaan.
Israel had taken possession, but the Canaanites were still in the
land. So, even when the Lord Jesus has taken possession of the
heart, there are sins still abiding there—tempers, lusts,
covetousness, selfishness, pride, and a thousand others—some
prevailing in one character and some in another. Now of all these
the Christian man must be prepared to make a sacrifice—his temper,
his pride, his ambition, his covetousness, his self-love; he must be
prepared to bring all to the altar, without mercy and without
reserve. Thus, in Col. iii. 5, St. Paul addresses those who are risen
with Christ, and says, “Mortify therefore,” or put to death, or
sacrifice, “your members which are of the flesh: fornication,
uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and
covetousness, which is idolatry.” There is no occasion to be shut up
within the walls of a nunnery for this; nor will the walls of a nunnery
in the least help us to it, for they are just as effectual in shutting sin
in as in shutting it out. Here is work for home life, and for all classes
in home life—for husbands and wives, parents and children, masters
and servants: we all have our great temptations, so we all have to
throw ourselves heart and soul into the great struggle, and with an
unsparing hand deal resolutely with besetting sin.
2. But the sacrifice goes farther, and involves the dedication of our
powers to the Lord’s most sacred service. The text implies this when
it says, “Present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable
unto God, which is your reasonable service.” There is clearly,
therefore, to be service,—a service involving the active use of human
powers. In some cases the body has been actually surrendered to
bleed, or burn, in martyrdom. Many a noble man of God has given
his body to be burnt rather than acknowledge the doctrine of the
Mass. To this, however, we are not called. But still there may be
sacrifice without martyrdom, dedication without death, and such a
surrender of the living powers as may correspond to the description,
“That they which live should not henceforth live unto themselves,
but unto Him that died for them, and rose again.” This is the secret
of the missionary spirit; this it is which has led some of the noblest
young men in our Universities to abandon all home prospects, and to
devote their whole lives to the great work of proclaiming Christ in
distant lands. This, again, is the spirit that at this present time is
stirring thousands of our own people at home, devoted men and
devoted women, to spend their lives labouring for God, helping the
poor, comforting the afflicted, nursing the sick, and striving in every
possible way to make known the sweetness of the sacred Name
which has brought life and peace to their own souls.
3. Once more: the sacrifice involves the free gift of money. Money
with most men lies very near the heart. Open the heart, and you
open the purse. Let the heart become dull, lifeless, cold, and
unfeeling, and the purse soon closes. Thus the sacrifice of Self is
almost sure to lead to the offering of money. Cold hearts give little;
but when the heart is full the offerings flow freely. The men of
Macedonia were poor people, but no sooner had they given their
own selves to the Lord than “the abundance of their joy, and their
deep poverty, abounded unto the riches of their liberality.” Now
these offerings are described in the Scriptures as a sacrifice to God.
St. Paul alludes to them, in Philip, iv. 18. It is not perfectly clear
whether he alludes to a contribution towards his own maintenance,
or to the collection in which he took so deep an interest for the poor
saints in Jerusalem; but, either way, he describes the offerings as an
odour of a sweet smell, a “sacrifice acceptable, well pleasing to
God.” This gives a delightful view of contributions in a right spirit for
the service of the Lord. It shows that the free and generous giver
thereby offers a sacrifice well pleasing to God. It rebukes at the
same time the niggardly and parsimonious spirit, the spirit that gives
reluctantly, and complains of many calls. Yet I verily believe that to
give freely can scarcely be called a sacrifice, for no money gives so
much pleasure as that freely offered to the Lord’s service; and no
people enjoy property so much as they do who are free and open-
hearted givers. I have not the slightest hesitation, therefore, in
appealing to you for free and generous offerings, for I can say as St.
Paul said (Philip, iv. 17), “I desire fruit that may abound to your
account;” and I am thoroughly persuaded, that no person who is
induced to give freely will ever repent of “a sacrifice acceptable and
well pleasing to God.”
II. We may turn, then, to our second subject, the relationship of
this sacrifice to the great and perfect sacrifice offered once and for
ever on the cross.
One thing is perfectly clear, that these sacrifices are not a
supplement to the one great sacrifice for sin. They are not intended
to supply any deficiency in the great work of our Blessed Lord.
There is no deficiency there; and if there were, nothing that we
could do would supply it. There is no deficiency, for by the “one
offering He hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified.” And if
there were deficiency, how could man supply it? Is there not
something dreadful in the thought of a patchwork atonement, partly
by the Son of God and partly by man; partly perfect, and partly
imperfect; partly pure in all the infinite purity of God, and partly
defiled with all the defilements of a fallen and sinful manhood? No!
the propitiation is perfect, unmixed, and undefiled for ever. It is the
sacrifice of the Son of God, and it stands alone for all eternity.
Nor, again, is this sacrifice the means whereby the great sacrifice is
applied to the soul. This is a more common idea than the other, and
one prevailing among many who are thoroughly opposed to Popery.
It is in harmony with human nature to suppose that we must make
our sacrifice in order to gain a share of the blessings of His. Thus
people will sometimes give up, first one thing, and then another,
hoping by these sacrifices to find peace through the blood of
atonement of the Lord Jesus Christ. They have no idea of being
saved through anything but the great sacrifice of the Lord Jesus
Christ; but they consider that they must make their sacrifice in order
to secure the application of his work to themselves. This is the
principle of almost all self-imposed mortifications. People hope
through them to be partakers of reconciliation through the great
atonement. Yet none of these things satisfy the soul. I have myself
known persons who have resolutely made the effort, but utterly
failed. They have become anxious about their soul, and set to work
to reach the cross of Christ by personal self-denial. They have given
up their different pursuits one by one; but at length they have found
that nothing has done them any good. They have been just as far
from the peace of reconciliation as they were the day they began.
None of these sacrifices had helped them in the least. No, and none
could help them. Nothing could help them but a free justification
through faith, and faith alone; and that, thank God! at last they have
found sufficient. And so will every other guilty sinner who throws
himself in utter helplessness, to be freely forgiven, and freely saved,
by the great grace of God in Christ Jesus. Let none suppose, then,
that any sacrifice which we can render can ever make us partakers
of the great salvation once purchased by the one sacrifice of the
Lord Jesus Christ. This salvation is given on altogether different
terms. It is given as a free gift to those who can produce nothing; a
gift bestowed in unfettered mercy on those who can only say, in the
language of the hymn:—

“Nothing in my hand I bring:

Simply to Thy cross I cling.”

What, then, is the relationship between our sacrifice and His? and
how are they connected? There can be no doubt on this subject if
we turn to the text, where we read, “I beseech you therefore, by the
mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice.” It is,
therefore, the deep sense of unmerited mercy that is to call out the
willing sacrifice from a saved and thankful people. This is just how it
stands in our Communion Service. We first come with the
confession of sin; we then partake of the sacred feast; and seek, by
God’s grace, to realise in living faith the body broken and the blood
shed for our sins; after which, but not before, we “offer and present
to Him ourselves, our souls and our bodies, to be a reasonable, holy,
and lively sacrifice unto Him.” Our sacrifice, therefore, is the result
of our deep sense of unmerited mercy shown in His perfect sacrifice
on the cross. It is a sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving. It is the
willing offering of those who have found mercy, and are most deeply
and humbly thankful for it.
This, then, being the case, we see at once why there is not more
self-sacrifice for God. The reason clearly is, that there is a want of
the deep sense of mercy. The sacrifice of Christ is not sufficiently
realised, and the result is that the self-sacrifice is withheld. I fear
there is a great want of self-sacrifice even among those who hold
the truth. Surely there are many whose religion never costs them
any real personal self-denial. They pass through life easily and
respectably, but refer matters more to their own inclination than to
the call of God. They are more ready to pay others to work than to
work themselves, and are prone to stand aloof from distasteful
service, if, as they say, it does not suit them; or, as they might say,
they do not like it. So, again, but few deny themselves in giving,
and though many are liberal, there are few whose personal comforts
are really diminished by their liberality. Now, why is this? and how is
it that the great salvation has not more power over us? Is it not that
the salvation itself is not enough felt and appreciated? It is true of
us, as it was of the Corinthians, that “we know the grace of our Lord
Jesus Christ, who, though He was rich, yet for our sakes became
poor, that we through His poverty might be rich.” But though we
know it, we do not deeply feel it. It is like paint lying on the surface,
but it is not burnt into us, so as to become part and parcel of
ourselves. Everything may be correct; our doctrine scriptural, and
our principles sound: but neither one nor the other has gone home
to the inmost soul with such power that we have learned to “count
all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus
our Lord.” What is it, then, that we want? What must lie at the root
of all? A more powerful sense of mercy, a deeper conviction of
need, a clearer perception of what Christ has done for us, a more
thorough appreciation of His perfect sacrifice; and when that is
given, we shall be better able to understand the appeal,—“I beseech
you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your
bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your
reasonable service.”
 THE MINISTRY OF
RECONCILIATION.

2 Cor. v. 18, 19.

“And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by
Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation;
to wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto
himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath
committed unto us the word of reconciliation.”

In every work carried on by man we are perfectly certain to meet

with human infirmity, and human error; and the work of the ministry
forms no exception to the rule. It is carried on by common men,
with common flesh and blood, exposed to the common temptations
of common life, so that we are sure to find in it the common failures
of our common humanity. Yet, with all this, it fills a most important
place in the life of all of us. It not only imparts a distinctive
character to our public worship, but it reaches our home life; so that
there is not a family in a parish that is not, in some way or other,
more or less affected by the ministry in the Church. The influence
may not always be for good, but it always exists. In some cases it
may be simply negative, and actually do harm by not doing good.
In some cases it may be positively mischievous, as when it is made
the means for the dissemination of deadly error. While in many it is
made God’s means for conferring incalculable blessings; so that
through it the young are instructed, the careless awakened, inquirers
directed to the Lord Jesus Christ, and the children of God confirmed
in faith and aroused to holy energy for their Lord. The position of a
clergyman is such that the influence of his ministry is sure to be felt
throughout his parish. He has the sacred privilege of leading the
worship of the religious portion of his people. They are all brought
into contact with his office, and all are, some way or other, affected
by the manner in which that office is fulfilled.
It follows, therefore, that the subject of the ministry is one
respecting which it is of great importance that our views should be
scriptural. And yet, for obvious reasons, it is one seldom preached
upon. The great object of the servant of the Lord is to throw Self
out of sight; and it is so hard to disconnect the office from the office
bearer, that too little is often said about the office from the fear that
too much attention should be drawn to the man. It will be well,
therefore, for us to take the subject of the ministry for our careful
study this morning. And may God enable me so to speak, and you
so to hear, that we may all receive God’s word in faith, and may,
together, be compacted as a holy people in the Lord!
It is, of course, impossible to attempt a discussion of the whole
subject, so that we must confine our thoughts to the lessons from
this one passage,—“He hath committed to us the ministry of
reconciliation;” and there will be in it quite sufficient important
matter, as the words will suggest three most important points,—the
authority of the ministry, the object of the ministry, and the means
by which that object is accomplished.
I. On the authority of the ministry this text is perfectly clear; for the
Apostle traces it to no human source when he says, “All things are of
God, who hath reconciled us to Himself by Jesus Christ, and hath
given to us the ministry of reconciliation.” The ministry, therefore, is
a gift from God, and not a plan of human contrivance. It is not an
arrangement adopted by the great Christian society as a means for
its own improvement, but it is an institution by the authority of the
Founder of that society, God Himself. Both the office and the men
are gifts from God. In this passage he speaks of the office, and
says, “God hath given us the ministry of reconciliation;” and in v. 19,
“hath committed to us the word of reconciliation.” The men,
therefore, received their office from their God. Just so he said to
Archippus (Col. iv. 17), “Take heed to the ministry which thou hast
received in the Lord, that thou fulfil it.” But perhaps the most
striking passage on this subject is St. Paul’s address to the elders of
the Church of Ephesus, in Acts, xx. 28; for he there teaches not
merely that the ministry in general was given to these elders, but
that they had been made by the Holy Ghost overseers of that
particular people amongst whom they were called to labour. “Take
heed, therefore, unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over which the
Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the Church of God
which He hath purchased with His own blood.” Now, bear in mind
that these persons were not apostles, nor persons holding any
extraordinary office, as some did in those early days, but ordinary
clergymen; some, probably, ordained by St. Paul himself, and some
by Timothy, appointed to labour together amongst the rapidly
increasing church in the large heathen town; and mark well the fact,
that the Apostle does not say, “To which I appointed you,” or “to
which Timothy appointed you,” but he regards the appointment as
from God Himself, and says, “Whereof the Holy Ghost hath made
you overseers.”
I verily believe that the fact of this Divine appointment of the
ministry is too often forgotten; and that thereby God’s people—and
more particularly God’s faithful ministers—often miss the great
encouragement to be derived from it. There is a tendency in some
minds to suppose that God gives a special blessing on irregular
efforts, and that the stated ministry of God’s word in church is not
accompanied by the same blessing as the preaching of laymen in
town-halls, iron-rooms, and theatres. God forbid that I should speak
with the smallest disrespect of these irregular efforts, for I rejoice in
the zeal of those who make them, and I firmly believe that in many
cases God has greatly blessed them; so that, if only these gentlemen
would but be content to act with God’s appointed ministry, instead of
taking their own course entirely independent of it, I believe we
might, with great advantage to ourselves and our people, avail
ourselves of their devotedness and power. But it would be a sin to
believe that God’s blessing is limited in any way to that which is
irregular; that the only fleece on which the dew fails to distil is that
which He Himself has placed to catch it. If He Himself has given us
our ministry, if He has made us overseers of the flock, it would be
doubting the fundamental principles of Divine fidelity to believe that
having called us, having placed us, and having Himself given us our
great commission, He would leave us to struggle on alone, untaught,
unaided, and unblessed by the presence and power of the Holy
Ghost. We may apply to the ministry what St. Paul says to the
Christian,—“Faithful is He that calleth you, who also will do it;” and
all of us, whether ministers or people, while we look for great gifts,
great blessings, and great results, may rest assured that God is
faithful, and will never leave those whom He Himself has appointed
for His work.
II. This then being, I trust, clear, our next subject will be the object
of the ministry; and this is taught very clearly in the words,—“The
ministry of reconciliation.” The reconciliation of the sinner to God is
the great result, to attain which God founded the ministry. The
question has been raised whether, by the reconciliation here
mentioned, is meant the reconciliation of God to the sinner, or the
reconciliation of the sinner to God. Surely both are included. In our
guilty and ruined condition there is a double enmity. Man, through
his corruption, is at enmity with God; and God, through His
righteousness, is at enmity with rebellious man. And as there is a
double enmity through sin, so, likewise, is there a double
reconciliation through Christ. God, His law being satisfied, is
reconciled to the sinner; and the sinner, his heart being changed, is
reconciled unto God.
The reconciliation of God to the sinner has been wrought out for us
by the Lord Jesus Christ. It is the great work of God incarnate, and
He wrought it alone, in His great sacrifice of propitiation. Of this
part of the work, therefore, the Apostle says,—“To wit, that God was
in Christ, reconciling the world unto Himself.”
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