Qualitative Research Methods Matrix

Submit in Week 2
Approach Disciplinary Roots Focus of Central Unique Terminology Primary Data Sampling Issues Analysis Plan Guidelines References
Research Question Sources
Basic Qualitative Philosophy, history  How can the Use of the words Interviews Choice is a function of the Content analysis is a good Elo et al.,
Inquiry constructionism, experience of [an "describe,” "explore," Observations, question choice as it is generic and 2014
phenomenology event, “experience,” and Focus Groups, exploratory Merriam,
circumstance, “meaning” in title and Documents and 2009
program, a context] research questions Artifacts, Saldana,
be described or 2016
Surveys and
explored? Worthington,
Questionnaires
 What is the 2013
meaning of [a
process, program,
or event] to the
target individual(s)
of interest?
 What "practical"
knowledge can be
learned?
Qualitative Case This involves exploring It aims to thoroughly Qualitative case study In-depth Purposeful sampling Thematic
Study and understanding explore a particular research questions Interviews depth: Ensuring depth and analysis: Identify and Yin,2009.
phenomena in their situation or topic. It often use words that Observations richness in purposeful analyze recurring
natural settings to gain seeks to understand prompt exploration, Documents sampling to capture a themes or patterns in the Baskarad,20
insights into the the details, meanings, understanding, and and Artifacts comprehensive range of data, focusing on key 14
underlying meanings and context of that description. Participant perspectives and experiences issues relevant to the
and motivations. subject in a observations relevant to the research research questions.
Examples, comprehensive way. Examples, explore, Field notes question.
Anthropology, describe, understand, Constant
sociology, and It is a method that examine, probe, Generalizability Comparison: Continuo
psychology, and helps us thoroughly capture, and perceive. challenges: Address the usly compare data
education: understand and challenge of limited within and across cases
 Approach Disciplinary Roots Focus of Central Unique Terminology Primary Data Sampling Issues Analysis Plan Guidelines References
Research Question Sources
appreciate the generalizability in qualitative to refine categories and
complexity of a case studies and clearly ensure consistency in
particular situation. communicate the context- interpretation.
specific nature of the
findings.

Grounded Sociology: Used to Grounded Emergence of Theory, Grounded Theory: Grounded Theory: Haig, 1995
Theory and study social processes, Theory focuses on inductive, theoretical Interviews: Theoretical Sampling In the Grounded
Realism interactions, and developing theories sampling, constant Observations Challenges: Theory plan, we will Bakker.
phenomena. derived from data, comparison, open Field Notes Identifying suitable cases break down data into 2019
Psychology: Employed with open-ended coding, axial coding, Documents and for theoretical sampling is codes, compare them
for developing theories questions like "How saturation, memo Artifacts complex and evolves as the constantly, and refine Maxwell,
grounded in individual do individuals adapt to writing Focus Groups research progresses. our understanding 2012
experiences and chronic illness Saturation Concerns: through ongoing
perspectives. challenges?" The Realism Achieving theoretical sampling, aiming to
Nursing and exploratory approach Documents and saturation can be difficult, build categories and a
Healthcare: Commonly allows for evolving Texts leading to uncertainty about theory as we go.
used to explore patient research questions Archival Records when to conclude data
experiences, healthcare based on emerging Surveys and collection. For the Realism plan,
processes, and the themes. Questionnaires Realism: we will recognize the
development of nursing Realism centers on Expert Interviews Representativeness Issues: existence of social
theories. understanding Ensuring the sample is elements independently
Business and underlying structures representative of the broader of our perception, focus
Management Studies: and mechanisms, population poses challenges, on finding the reasons
Applied to understand posing questions like impacting the behind social
organizational behavior, "What social generalizability of findings. phenomena using
leadership, and structures contribute to Quantitative vs. Qualitative various data sources,
management-related educational Tensions: and be mindful of our
phenomena. inequality?" It Balancing qualitative depth own biases throughout.
Education: Utilized for involves a contextual with quantitative Both plans emphasize
studying educational examination and representation is ethics, checking with
 Approach Disciplinary Roots Focus of Central Unique Terminology Primary Data Sampling Issues Analysis Plan Guidelines References
Research Question Sources
processes and student critical analysis of challenging, particularly in participants, and
experiences. power relations within complex social systems. ensuring the credibility
specific contexts. of our findings.

Phenomenology Psychology examines What is the meaning, Use such terms as Phenomenology: Phenomenology: Mihalache,
and Heuristic human behavior and structure, and essence "describe," "explore," Phenomenology: Ensuring richness Data 2019
Inquiry mental processes of the lived experience "experience," and In-Depth Interviews
through an in-depth of this phenomenon "meaning". They Participant Managing bias: addressing Immersion: Immerse in Douglass &
exploration of for this person or align with the core Observation potential researcher bias in the data to grasp the Moustakas,
subjective experiences. group of people? principles of these Text Analysis participant selection and holistic meaning. 1985.
What is my experience qualitative Heuristic Inquiry interpretation. Identification of
Education: Investigatin of this phenomenon approaches, Heuristic Inquiry Themes: Identify Ivan Aldrich
g the lived experiences and the essential emphasizing a deep Researcher's Balancing depth and recurrent patterns and Urcia, 2021
of students and experience of others understanding of Reflections efficiency: Achieving in- themes in participants'
educators to gain who also experience subjective human In-Depth Interviews depth insights while experiences. Creswell, J.
insights into learning this phenomenon experiences. Creative Expression considering time and . W. (2009
processes and intensely? (e.g., art, writing resource constraints. Heuristic Inquiry:
educational phenomena.
Heuristic Inquiry: Experiential
Healthcare: Understand analysis: Analyze
ing the subjective Balancing diversity and personal experiences
aspects of illness, relevance: selecting and reflections as
healing, and the participants who offer primary data.
experiences of both diverse experiences while
patients and healthcare ensuring relevance to the Pattern
professionals. research focus. recognition: Identify
patterns and
Social Managing researcher connections in
Sciences: Exploring influence: navigating the participants' narratives.
subjective dimensions impact of the researcher's
 Approach Disciplinary Roots Focus of Central Unique Terminology Primary Data Sampling Issues Analysis Plan Guidelines References
Research Question Sources
of social phenomena, intuition and personal Iterative
such as cultural identity, experiences on participant Reflection: Engage in
social inequality, and selection. iterative cycles of
the impact of societal Methodological reflection and analysis
changes. rigor: ensuring that intuitive throughout the study.
selection and diverse
Business and sampling maintain
Management: Examini methodological integrity.
ng Personal Experiences
in the workplace,
Leadership Styles, and
the influence of
organizational culture
on individuals.

Submit in Week 3
Approach Disciplinary Roots Focus of Central Research Unique Primary Data Sources Sampling Issues Analysis Plan References
Question Terminology Guidelines
Social Education, The research question in Reflect Social Constructivism: Select individuals Developing an Clandinin, &
Constructivism Psychology, social constructivism Interpret Interviews who have directly analysis plan for Connelly,
and Narrative Sociology, explores how individuals Navigate Dialogues experienced the Social Constructivism (2004).
Inquiry Anthropology construct meaning and Engage Observations phenomenon of involves exploring
knowledge collaboratively Influence Artifacts and Documents interest constructed meanings
through social through interview, Savin-Baden,
interactions, while Narrative Inquiry observational, and M., &
narrative inquiry focuses artifact analyses, Niekerk,
on understanding the Personal Narratives while in Narrative (2007).
significance and impact of Life Histories Inquiry, analysis
 personal storytelling in Field Notes focuses on identifying
shaping individual Interviews themes in personal
experiences and identities. and life narratives,
alongside reflexive
examination of field
notes, all within the
broader consideration
of social and cultural
contexts.
Systems Theory Management, How and why does this Analyze, Observational data, Difficulties in Defining clear Baecker &
ecology, social system as a whole function investigate, interviews, surveys, choosing objectives, selecting Gilgen.
science, education, as it does? explore, examine, archival data, simulation representative appropriate (2013).
Engineering and What are the system’s assess, evaluate, data, experimental data, elements, analytical methods
technology boundaries and synthesize, case studies, network considering to capture system Anaf &
interrelationships, and how compare, contrast, data, statistical data, dynamic dynamics, Sheppard,
do these affect perspectives investigate literature/documentation, interactions, and incorporating (2007).
about how and why the and information on ensuring feedback loops,
system functions as it does? system outputs and diversity, affect considering
outcomes. the reliability and emergent properties,
applicability of and applying
study results. iterative processes to
refine models and
interpretations.
Ethnography and Anthropology The focus is on Explore Ethnography: Sampling issues In both ethnography Ellis, Adams &
Autoethnography Sociology understanding the Examine Participant Observation in ethnography and autoethnography, Bochner, 2011
Education influence of cultural Uncover Interviews include ensuring researchers analyze Hoey, 2014
Business and dynamics on social Describe Field Notes representative data by looking for Rose, 1993
Marketing interactions in Investigate Documents and Artifacts selection, patterns and themes,
Healthcare and ethnography and on negotiating with ethnography Starr, (2010)
Medical Research exploring personal Autoethnography: access with using observations
experiences to contribute Personal Narratives gatekeepers, and and interviews, and
to understanding broader Autoethnographic managing autoethnography
social or cultural Journals ethical focusing on personal
 phenomena in Autoethnographic considerations, experiences within
autoethnography. Interviews while cultural contexts.
Creative Works autoethnography
grapples with
balancing
subjectivity,
addressing
potential bias,
and navigating
ethical self-
disclosure.
Interactive and The focus is on Centers on Action research, Observation, focus The difficulty in This approach relied Merriam, &
Participatory social change of the comprehending, co-researcher, group, interviews, field ensuring the on method of Tisdell,(2015)
Qualitative participants and the examining, and co- participant- notes, group discussion, stakeholders systematic inquiry,
Applications phenomena of creating knowledge with researcher, diary and personal logs, stay committed asking, observing and Berg, Lune,
interests. This the participants. The learning surveys, and to the study immersing participant &Lune,(2004)
approach call for primary research topic organization, questionnaires. throughout the or subject entity into
precise knowledge directs the investigation dialogue, project. the research.
inquiry, and skills and creates an appreciative
environment conducive to inquiry Researchers
Multiple
meaningful participation, may find it
disciplines, history,
engagement, and challenging to
and social
interaction. access and
movements.
understand a
community
deeply,
especially from
a different
cultural
background.
The italics text indicates an example response.

Modified from Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
References
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