1

Periodic Table Chapter 03

Periodic Table
A table showing systematic arrangement of elements is called periodic table.
★ The elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number.(Modern
periodic table was introduced by “Mosley” ).
★ It is based on periodic law which states that,
“If the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number then their
properties are repeated in a periodic manner”.
It was first discovered by Russian Scientist “Mendeleev” in increasing order of
atomic mass number. Which was his main error because at this time protons were
not discovered or atomic number were not known.
★ Modern periodic table has
→ Vertical columns (Groups 18)
→ Horizontal rows (Periods 07)
Period 1 comprises only 02 elements H and He and called shortest period.
Period 2 and 3 have 08,08 elements and are called short periods.
Period 4 and 5 have 18,18 elements and called long periods.
Period 6 and 7 have 32,32 elements and called longest periods.
02 series are withdrawn from group 6 and group 7 due to similar properties and
called lanthanides and actinides comprises of 14 elements in each series.
Periodic table replaced the triad and octave system of elements.
Triad: The German scientist Dobriener classified 03 elements in each group.
Octave: The English scientist Newland classified 08 elements in each group.
He arranged 24 elements in increasing order of atomic masses.
★The periodic elements are known by letters A,B etc.
Group 1 and Group 2 are called (s-series) representative elements.
Group 3 to Group 12 are called (d-series) outer transition elements.
Group 13 to Group 18 are called (p-series) representative elements.
Lanthanides and actinides are called (f-series) inner transition elements.
Group 1 Alkali metals
Group 2 Alkaline earth metals
Group 13 Boron family
Group 14 Carbon family
Group 15 Chalcogens
Group 16 Oxygen family
Group 17 Halogens
Group 18 Noble gases
Blocks

03343713195
2
Periodic Table Chapter 03
On the basis of outer most valence sub shell, elements in the periodic table can
also be classified into four blocks.
★Elements of Group IA and Group IIA contain their valence electrons
in s sub-shell. Therefore, these elements are called s-block elements.
★The elements of Group IIIA to VIIIA (except He) are known as p – block
elements, because their valence electrons lie in p sub-shell.
There are 04 blocks in periodic table.
s-block: Group 1, Group 2 and He are placed in s-block elements because their
valence electron enters in s-subshell.
p-block: Group 13 to 18 are placed in p-block elements because their last
electron enters into p-subshell.
d-block: Group 3 to 12 (transition metals) are d-block elements due to their last
electron enters into d-subshell.
f-block: lanthanides and actinides are placed in f-block because their valence
electron enters into f-subshell.
Periodicity of properties
The elements also show periodic variation in their physical and chemical
properties. Elements having similar valence shell electronic configuration have
been placed in the same group, one below the other.
★Chemical properties depend on the valence shell electronic configuration.
Because all the elements of a particular group have similar valence shell
electronic configuration, they possess similar chemical characteristics.
Variation of physical properties across the Group from Top to bottom:
★Physical properties depend on the sizes of atoms. Since sizes of atoms change
gradually from top to bottom in a group. Therefore, elements show gradation in
physical properties in the same group.
Variation of physical properties across the period from left to Right:
★In a period of periodic table the number of electrons present in the valance
shell increase gradually from left to right. Their chemical and physical properties
also show variation in the same manner.
1) Atomic size
2) Ionization energy
3) Shielding effect
4) Electron affinity
5) Electronegativity

Atomic Size

03343713195
3
Periodic Table Chapter 03
“The size of an atom is the average distance between the nucleus of an atom
and the outer electronic shell”.
The size of an atom depends on it’s electronic configuration.
★ Across the period from left to right the size of atoms decrease due to
→ More numbers of electrons in the same shell and attractive force in increase.
→ High nuclear charge due to increase of electrons
→ low level of energy
★ Across the group from top to bottom the size of atoms increase due to
→ More number of shells and attractive force between last electron and nucleus
decrease.
→ less nuclear charge due to more distance of last electron to nucleus.
→ Higher shielding effect due to which repulsion between electrons increase and
size of atoms become larger.
→ High energy level.
Ionization Energy
“The minimum amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron
from an isolated gaseous atom”.
Mg→Mg+ + e-
Ionization energy is a measure of the extent to which the nucleus attracts the
outermost electron.
★ A high value of ionization energy means stronger attraction between the
nucleus and the outermost electron. Whereas a low ionization energy indicates a
weaker force of attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electron.
★ Values are given in units of kJ/mole.
Trends in the values of ionization energies.
★ The ionization energy value decreases from top to bottom in a group. This is
because the shielding effect in atoms increases as we descend.
Greater shielding effects results in a weaker attraction of the nucleus for the
valence electrons. So, they are easier to remove. This leads to decrease in
ionization energy from top to bottom in a group.
★ As we move from left to right in a period, the shielding effect remains
constant. But progressively nuclear charge increases. A stronger force of
attraction between nucleus and the valence electron increases. This leads to
increase in ionization energy from left to right in a period.

Electron Affinity

03343713195
4
Periodic Table Chapter 03
“The amount of energy released when an electron adds up in the
valence shell of an isolated atom to form a uninegative gaseous ion”.
X+e- →X-
★ As we move from left to right across a period, the electron affinity
generally increases. This is due to
increase in nuclear charge and decrease in atomic radius,
which binds the extra electron more tightly to the nucleus. But
shielding effect remains constant in each period. Therefore,
alkali metals have lowest and halogens have the highest electron
affinities in each period.
★ The electron affinity decreases from top to bottom in a group. This is
due to increase in shielding effect. Due to increase in shielding effect
added electron binds less tightly to the nucleus. As a result less energy
is released.
Shielding effect
“The reduction in force of attraction between nucleus and the valence electrons
by the electrons present in the inner sub-shells is called shielding effect”.
★ As we move from top to bottom in a group the number of electronic shells
increase. So the number of electrons in the inner shell also increase. As a result
shielding effect increases.
★ As you move from left to right in a period the number of electrons in the inner
shells remains constant, therefore, shielding effect remains constant.
Electronegativity
“Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of
electrons towards itself in a chemical bond”.
★ Across the periods the electronegativity value increase due to high nuclear
charge and high Ionization potential.
★ Across the group the electronegativity value decrease due to low nuclear
charge and low ionization potential.
★ In periodic table the Fluorine “F” has the highest electronegative value of o4.o
And Cesium “Cs” has the lowest electronegative value of 0.7.
★ The electronegativity has no units.

03343713195
5
Periodic Table Chapter 03
★If electronegativity difference is 1.7 then it means that this compound is
50%ionic and 50% covalent.
★ If electronegativity difference is lesser than 1.7 then it is covalent compound.
★ If electronegativity difference for covalent compound is lesser than 0.7 then it
is non-polar covalent compound.
★ If electronegativity difference for covalent compound is greater than 0.7 then it
is polar covalent compound.

03343713195