General Knowledge Questions:

1. What is a computer?

2. Explain the cycle of information production in a computer.

3. What are the different parts of a computer? Describe the function of each part.

4. What is the difference between input, processing, and output in a computer system?

5. What are peripheral devices? Give examples.

6. Define the term 'program' in the context of computer studies.

7. What is the difference between data and information?

8. What is the function of the CPU in a computer system?

Classification of Computers:

1. Classify computers according to their physical size and processing power, and describe each
category.

2. What are the main differences between supercomputers and microcomputers?

3. What are the main applications of mainframe computers?

4. Define a microcomputer and give examples of different types of microcomputers.

5. What are the differences between general-purpose and special-purpose computers?

Types of Computers Based on Functionality:

1. Explain the differences between digital, analog, and hybrid computers.

2. What kind of data do digital computers process?

3. Give an example of an application where an analog computer would be used.

History and Development of Computers:

1. Who is regarded as the father of modern computers, and what was his contribution?

2. What was the first computing machine, and what was its use?

3. Explain the different generations of computers and their key features.

4. What was the role of Charles Babbage in the development of computers?

5. What improvements were made in the 2nd generation of computers over the 1st generation?

Applications of Computers:

1. How are computers used in supermarkets?

2. Describe the role of computers in modern banking systems.

 3. What are some uses of computers in the healthcare industry?

4. How are computers used in transportation and communication industries?

5. Explain how computers are used in industrial processes and by remote-controlled robots.

True/False and Multiple-Choice Questions:

1. True or False: The first microcomputer was the Apple II.

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of mainframe computers?

o a) They are used for personal tasks

o b) They are the fastest type of computer

o c) They are used in large organizations like banks

o d) They are portable and lightweight

3. Which of the following is not a component of the system unit?

o a) CPU

o b) Monitor

o c) Hard disk

o d) Power supply unit

4. What type of computer is best suited for controlling manufacturing processes?

o a) Microcomputer

o b) Analog computer

o c) Supercomputer

o d) Hybrid computer

Application-Based Questions:

1. Explain how a computer system in an office improves efficiency and productivity.

2. Describe how ATM machines use computers to perform their tasks.

3. Give an example of how a digital computer would be used in scientific research.

These questions cover key concepts from the chapter and test the understanding of both definitions and
applications in the real world.

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Here are more questions based on the ICT notes:

Understanding Computer Components:

1. What is the function of the motherboard in a computer system?

2. Describe the role of the system unit in a computer.

3. How does a mouse function as a pointing device in Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)?

4. What is the difference between softcopy output and hardcopy output?

5. Explain the difference between a tower system unit and a desktop system unit.

6. What devices are considered peripheral devices?

Detailed Classification of Computers:

1. Compare and contrast mini computers and microcomputers in terms of processing power, size,
and usage.

2. Why are supercomputers mainly used for scientific research?

3. What factors make supercomputers the most expensive type of computer?

4. How do mainframe computers support a variety of peripherals?

5. Explain why microcomputers are also known as personal computers.

Historical Development:

1. What were the main limitations of the first-generation computers?

2. Describe the role of John Napier in the development of computing.

3. What key technological advancement allowed for the development of second-generation

computers?

4. How did the use of Integrated Circuits (IC) impact the development of third-generation
computers?

5. What were the main features of the 4th generation computers?

6. How did the invention of the microprocessor affect the development of personal computers?

Applications of Computers in Specific Areas:

1. In what ways are computers used to enhance productivity in modern offices?

2. How do computers assist in the management of traffic and navigation in the transport
industry?

3. What role do computers play in the healthcare sector, particularly in diagnostics and patient
care?
 4. How does computer automation improve efficiency in large-scale industrial operations?

5. Explain how robots controlled by computers are used in hazardous environments.

Generation of Computers and Their Impact:

1. What improvements did the use of transistors bring to second-generation computers over the
vacuum tubes used in first-generation computers?

2. Explain the significance of the Apple II in the history of personal computers.

3. What are some examples of the types of tasks performed by fourth-generation computers?

4. How do fifth-generation computers utilize artificial intelligence (AI)?

5. What is the main difference between the processing power of second-generation computers
and third-generation computers?

Digital vs Analog Computers:

1. What types of data are processed by digital computers, and how is this different from analog
computers?

2. Give an example of a situation where an analog computer would be more efficient than a
digital computer.

3. Explain the function of a hybrid computer and provide an example of where it might be used.

Computer Uses in Business and Industry:

1. How do computers assist in the stock control system of supermarkets?

2. Describe how computer technology improves customer service in the banking industry,
specifically through ATMs.

3. How are computers used to monitor and control industrial machines or processes?

4. Explain how computers are used in telecommunication for switching calls.

Matching or Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. Fill in the blank: The ________ is the brain of the computer, located inside the system unit.

2. Match the following:

o a) Microcomputer

o b) Supercomputer

o c) Mainframe computer

o d) Mini computer

o
 1. Used in scientific research

2. Small-scale, used for industrial applications

3. Personal use, including laptops and desktops

4. Used by large organizations for complex data processing

3. Fill in the blank: A computer that processes continuous data such as temperature readings or
pressure measurements is called an ________ computer.

Conceptual and Analytical Questions:

1. Why do supercomputers need special cooling systems, and how do they manage to maintain
such high speeds?

2. How does the shift from vacuum tubes to transistors in second-generation computers
contribute to energy efficiency?

3. Discuss how the development of artificial intelligence is influencing the evolution of the fifth
generation of computers.

True/False and Multiple-Choice Questions (Continued):

1. True or False: A microcomputer is more powerful than a mini computer.

2. Which of the following devices is considered a peripheral device?

o a) CPU

o b) Motherboard

o c) Keyboard

o d) Power supply

3. Which of these is a characteristic of hybrid computers?

o a) They only process digital data

o b) They combine analog and digital processing capabilities

o c) They are used primarily in personal applications

o d) They are used in supercomputers

Applications of Computers:

1. How do computers help in the coordination of railway operations?

 2. In what ways do computers assist in air traffic control and surveillance?

3. What are the advantages of using computers for air ticket reservations?

4. Explain how computers are used in education, particularly in long-distance learning and
research.

5. What is Computer Aided Learning (CAL) and Computer Aided Teaching (CAT), and how do they
benefit the education sector?

6. How do computers aid in the training of pilots using simulation?

7. What role do computers play in the design and testing work of engineers and architects?

8. How are computers used in space exploration, both manned and unmanned?

9. In what ways do computers assist police and defense sectors in crime prevention and defense
strategies?

10. How does police force utilize face recognition systems to assist in identifying criminals?

11. What are the uses of computers in defense for tracking targets and radar systems?

12. How do computers contribute to entertainment at home?

13. How do computers assist the handicapped, particularly the blind?

14. What types of employment opportunities are created by the widespread use of computers?

15. Explain the role of computers in multimedia applications, especially in business presentations
and entertainment.

16. What are the uses of multimedia disks for training and education?

17. How do computers improve library services?

Advantages of Computers:

1. Why are computers considered faster than devices like calculators and typewriters?

2. What is meant by the phrase "Garbage In, Garbage Out" (GIGO) in relation to computers?

3. Explain how computers can store and retrieve vast amounts of data efficiently.

4. In what ways does the diligence of a computer benefit its performance compared to human
work?

5. How does computer automation improve productivity and efficiency in various sectors?

6. Explain how the versatility of computers enables them to perform different tasks effectively.

The Computer Laboratory:

1. What are the key factors to consider when preparing a computer lab?
 2. Why is security an important consideration in the setup of a computer lab?

3. How should the layout of a computer lab be designed to accommodate the maximum number
of users?

4. What safety precautions should be observed in a computer lab to prevent accidents and
damage?

5. Why is it necessary to have a stable power supply in a computer lab, and how can it be
ensured?

6. What is the role of UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) in protecting computers in a lab?

7. What steps can be taken to prevent theft in a computer lab?

8. Why is proper ventilation important in a computer lab, and how can it be achieved?

9. How can dust and humidity be controlled to protect computers in the lab?

10. What are the considerations for lighting in a computer lab to prevent eye strain?

11. Why is the furniture layout crucial for the comfort and efficiency of computer lab users?

Practical Hands-On Skills:

1. What is the booting process in computers, and what role does POST play?

2. Explain the difference between cold booting and warm booting (restarting) a computer.

3. What are the potential risks of not shutting down a computer properly?

4. Describe the correct procedure for shutting down a computer to prevent data loss and
hardware damage.

5. What is the role of BIOS (Basic Input Output System) during the booting process?

6. Why is it important to save all work before shutting down a computer?

Keyboard Layout:

1. What are alphanumeric keys on a keyboard, and what function do they serve?

2. What is the function of the CapsLock key on a keyboard?

3. Explain the role of the Enter key and when it should be used.

4. How does the Tab key help in editing or navigating text on a computer?

5. Describe the function of the Backspace key and how it differs from the Delete key.

6. What are function keys, and how do they enhance user interaction with software applications?

7. Which function does the F1 key typically serve in most programs?

36. What is the definition of a system in the context of computing?

  Answer: A system is a collection of independent entities that work together to achieve a desired
goal. In computing, a computer system is a collection of entities that work together to process
and manage information using computers.

37. What are the three main components of a computer system?

 Answer: The three main components of a computer system are:

1. Hardware – Physical components like keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit.

2. Software – Programs and instructions that tell the computer what to do.

3. Liveware – The computer user or operator who interacts with the system.

38. What are the four categories of hardware components in a computer system?

 Answer: The four categories of hardware components in a computer system are:

1. Input devices

2. Output devices

3. Storage devices

4. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

39. What is the main purpose of input devices in a computer system?

 Answer: The main purpose of input devices is to convert human-readable data into machine-
readable form, allowing users to enter data and commands into the computer.

40. List and briefly describe the different types of input devices.

 Answer:

1. Keying devices – Used for typing data, e.g., keyboard and keypad.

2. Pointing devices – Used for controlling a pointer on the screen, e.g., mouse and
trackball.

3. Scanning devices – Used for scanning data into the computer, e.g., scanners.

4. Speech recognition devices – Convert spoken words into text.

5. Touch screen digitizers and digital cameras – Used for direct interaction with a screen or
capturing images.

41. What is the difference between a traditional keyboard and a flexible keyboard?

 Answer: A traditional keyboard is a full-sized, rigid keyboard commonly used for desktop
computers. A flexible keyboard, on the other hand, is portable and can be folded for easy
storage or transport.

42. What is an ergonomic keyboard, and why is it important?

  Answer: An ergonomic keyboard is specially designed to reduce strain on the wrists and hands
by allowing a more natural typing position. It is important for comfort, especially for people who
type for extended periods.

43. What is a Braille keyboard, and who is it designed for?

 Answer: A Braille keyboard is designed for use by blind individuals. It consists of keys with raised
dots that allow users to input data using Braille characters.

44. What are pointing devices, and what is their primary function?

 Answer: Pointing devices are input devices used to control a pointer or cursor on the screen.
They allow users to interact with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) more easily.

45. Describe the different types of mice.

 Answer:

1. Standard mouse – A traditional mouse with a ball underneath and two buttons (left and
right) with an optional scroll wheel.

2. Optical mouse – Uses light (no moving parts) to detect movement.

3. Cordless/wireless mouse – Uses radio or infrared waves to communicate with the

computer, and is battery-powered.

46. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a mouse?

 Answer:

o Advantages:

1. Easy and convenient to use.

2. Inexpensive.

3. Allows faster navigation than a keyboard.

o Disadvantages:

1. Requires a flat surface to operate.

2. Not very accurate for drawing.

3. Not ideal for inputting text.

47. What is a trackball, and how does it differ from a traditional mouse?

 Answer: A trackball is a pointing device where the ball is placed on top, and the user rolls the
ball without moving the entire device. Unlike a mouse, it doesn't require a flat surface or extra
space for movement.

48. How does a joystick function, and what is it primarily used for?
  Answer: A joystick is a hand-held device with a movable handle that can be moved in various
directions to control the cursor on the screen. It is primarily used for playing computer games.

49. What is a light pen, and how does it work?

 Answer: A light pen is a light-sensitive device that interacts with a screen by detecting light
emitted from the display. It is used for tasks like drawing or reading barcodes, and it requires a
screen that emits light for interaction.

50. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a light pen?

 Answer:

o Advantages:

1. Provides a direct mode of input.

2. More accurate than using a mouse for some tasks.

o Disadvantages:

1. Can be awkward to use for long periods.

2. Requires a specific type of screen to work effectively.

51. What are the disadvantages of using a light pen?

 Answer:

1. Can only detect the presence and absence of light – Light pens are limited in their
ability to interact with screens since they can only respond to light and not other types
of input.

2. Can only be used with monitors that can sense light – Light pens can only work with
screens designed to detect light emitted by the pen.

52. What are some examples of other pointing devices?

 Answer:

1. Pointing stick – A small device used in laptops to control the pointer on the screen.

2. Touch pad – A flat surface used to move the pointer by sensing the user's finger
movements.

53. What are scanning devices, and how do they work?

 Answer: Scanning devices are input devices that capture data from a source document and
convert it into an electronic signal for the computer. This process is called scanning, and it allows
the capture of documents, such as bank cheques or meter readings, into digital form.

54. What happens after a document is scanned?

  Answer: After a document is scanned, its copy, which looks like a photocopy of the original, is
referred to as a bitmap of the original document. This bitmap is made up of tiny dots called bits
that represent the document in digital form.

55. What are the two main classifications of scanners?

 Answer:

1. Optical scanners

2. Magnetic scanners

56. What is the principle behind optical scanners?

 Answer: Optical scanners use light to sense the contents of a document and convert the data
into digital form, which is then passed to the computer for processing.

57. List and briefly describe the different types of optical scanners.

 Answer:

1. Optical Mark Reader (OMR) – Detects marks (such as pencil or pen marks) in exact
positions on a document.

2. Optical Bar Reader (OBR) – Used to scan barcodes and convert them into digital data.

3. Optical Character Reader (OCR) – Recognizes characters and converts them into
machine-readable form.

58. What is an Optical Mark Reader (OMR), and what is it used for?

 Answer: An Optical Mark Reader (OMR) detects marks made in specific locations on a paper
using a pencil or soft pen. It senses the presence or absence of a mark through reflected infrared
light.

 Uses of OMR:

1. Multiple-choice exams

2. Voter registration

3. Payroll data entry

4. University application forms

5. National exams registration

6. Supermarkets for stock records

7. Insurance premium collection

59. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an Optical Mark Reader (OMR)?

 Answer:
 o Advantages:

1. Data can be prepared at the collection point, such as students marking their
answers in a multiple-choice exam.

2. It does not require special equipment for data preparation.

3. Has low error rates in data collection.

o Disadvantages:

1. The person marking the form must follow precise instructions.

2. It is difficult to verify the accuracy of the data entered.

3. The document may be hard to understand or difficult to fill out properly.

60. What is an Optical Character Reader (OCR), and how does it work?

 Answer: An Optical Character Reader (OCR) is a device that recognizes text, characters, and
objects, and then transforms them into a softcopy that can be manipulated by a computer. It
operates similarly to the human eye, interpreting text and images from documents.

61. What are the uses of an Optical Character Reader (OCR)?

 Answer:

1. Stocktaking sheet – OCR can read stock checklists filled out by hand and update stock
records automatically.

2. Electricity billing – OCR can be used to scan handwritten meter readings and process
them for billing.

62. What are the advantages of using an Optical Character Reader (OCR)?

 Answer:

1. Provides faster data input compared to manual typing.

2. Allows both humans and machines to understand the contents of the documents.

3. Data can be captured at the source, reducing errors.

63. What are the disadvantages of Optical Character Recognition (OCR)?

 Answer:

1. Documents should not be folded or creased – For accurate reading, documents need to
be in good condition.

2. Expensive input method – Requires special techniques and equipment, making it a

costly option.

3. Limited font compatibility – OCR systems typically recognize only specific fonts, which
limits their use.
64. What is Optical Bar Recognition (OBR), and how does it work?

 Answer: Optical Bar Recognition (OBR) involves scanning barcodes, which are lines of varying
thickness that encode product information. The barcodes are read by a laser beam that
generates electrical pulses corresponding to the bars. These pulses are compared with stored
codes in the computer to retrieve details such as product name, price, and description.

65. What is Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)?

 Answer: MICR is a technology that reads characters printed using magnetic ink. The characters,
which have magnetic properties due to the inclusion of iron oxide, are recognized by their
magnetism as the document passes through the MICR reader. This process generates electrical
signals, which are then sent to a computer for processing.

66. What are the uses and advantages of MICR?

 Answer:

o Uses of MICR:

1. Cheque processing in banks

2. Payments by installments for local authorities

o Advantages of MICR:

1. Fast, accurate, and automatic data reading

2. Both human and machine-readable codes

3. Reduces the risk of forgery

67. What are the disadvantages of MICR?

 Answer:

1. Expensive – MICR readers and encoders are costly.

2. Limited character capacity – MICR systems can only process up to 14 characters.

3. Magnetism limitations – MICR systems are sensitive to damage from magnetic

interference.

68. What is magnetic stripe recognition?

 Answer: Magnetic stripe recognition involves reading data stored on a magnetic stripe, typically
found on the back of cards like ATM cards. The magnetic stripe contains encoded information
that can be read by a scanner.

69. What is speech recognition, and how does it work?

 Answer: Speech recognition allows users to input data into a computer using their voice. The
system analyzes the spoken words after training and matches them to pre-recorded vocabulary.
It typically requires the user to train the system to recognize their specific voice.
70. What are the uses and limitations of speech recognition?

 Answer:

o Uses of speech recognition:

1. Helps handicapped users, especially those with impaired hands.

2. Electronic funds transfer and financial applications.

3. Voice-activated security for houses or cars.

4. Voice-activated toys and games.

o Limitations of speech recognition:

1. Limited vocabulary in many systems.

2. Speaker variability – different speech patterns, tones, and accents can cause
issues.

3. Homophones – Words that sound the same but have different meanings can be
confused.

4. Slow recognition – The process of recognizing speech and generating a response

may be slower compared to other input methods.

71. What are the advantages and disadvantages of touch screens?

 Answer:

o Advantages of touch screens:

1. No extra peripherals required, just the monitor.

2. Effective in environments where keyboards or mice may get wet or dirty.

3. Useful for users who need to work while standing or moving.

o Disadvantages of touch screens:

1. Not suitable for inputting large quantities of data due to the tactile limitations.

72. What is a digitizer or graphic tablet, and what is it used for?

 Answer: A digitizer or graphic tablet is an input device that allows users to draw or trace images
using a stylus pen. The drawing does not appear on the tablet but on the computer screen. It is
commonly used for detailed architectural, engineering, and artistic drawings.

73. What is a digital camera, and how does it function as an input device?

 Answer: A digital camera captures images in digital form, unlike traditional film cameras. The
images can be directly transferred to a computer for editing or printing via a special cable,
turning it into an input device for visual data.
74. What is an interactive whiteboard (smartboard), and where is it used?

 Answer: An interactive whiteboard or smartboard is a large display connected to a computer.

Users control the computer by interacting with the board, and the computer display is projected
onto it. Smartboards are commonly used in classrooms, corporate boardrooms, and
broadcasting studios.

75. What are the components of a Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

 Answer: The CPU, or processor, consists of the following components:

1. Control Unit (CU)

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

3. Main Memory (MM)

4. Auxiliary Processors (AP)

76. What is the function of the Control Unit (CU) in the CPU?

 Answer: The Control Unit (CU) coordinates all processing activities within the CPU, including
input, output, and storage operations. It directs the flow of information within the CPU, main
memory, and storage media, and controls the sequence of instructions the CPU will perform
next.

77. What are the functions of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?

 Answer: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations (e.g., comparisons such as "equal to"
or "greater than"). It uses registers for temporary storage during processing.

78. What are the two main types of computer memory, and what is their purpose?

 Answer:

1. ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Stores permanent instructions or data that do not need to
change, such as booting instructions.

2. RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU
is actively using, but is cleared when the computer is powered off.

79. What are the different types of ROM?

 Answer:

1. MROM (Mask Read-Only Memory) – Permanently written by the manufacturer; cannot

be changed.

2. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) – Can be programmed by the user once

after manufacture.
 3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) – Can be erased with ultraviolet
light and reprogrammed.

4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) – Can be erased and

reprogrammed using electrical signals.

80. What is the difference between ROM and RAM?

 Answer: ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores permanent or semi-permanent data, such as boot
instructions, and is non-volatile (data is not lost when powered off). RAM (Random Access
Memory) temporarily stores data and instructions currently being processed and is volatile (data
is lost when powered off).

1. What are the main differences between SRAM and DRAM?

 SRAM (Static RAM) is faster and retains data as long as power is supplied. It does not need to be
refreshed and is more expensive.

 DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is slower, needs to be refreshed periodically to maintain data, and is less
expensive compared to SRAM.

2. What does it mean that RAM is volatile?

 Volatile means that the data stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off. RAM
temporarily holds data while the system is running, but once the computer is shut down, the
data is erased.

3. What are special-purpose memories in a computer?

 Buffers, Registers, and Cache memory are special-purpose memories designed to improve the
performance of the CPU by providing temporary storage for data, instructions, and processing
results.

4. How does a buffer improve CPU performance?

 A buffer is a temporary storage area that holds data while the CPU is busy processing other
tasks. For example, a printer buffer holds print data temporarily so the CPU doesn't have to wait
for the printer to finish printing before it can continue with other tasks.

5. What is cache memory and how does it improve processor speed?

 Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located near the CPU. It stores frequently used
data or instructions, allowing the processor to access them much faster than fetching them from
the main memory (RAM). This speeds up overall processing.
6. What are registers used for in a CPU?

 Registers are small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU. They temporarily hold data and
instructions that are being actively processed. Examples include the Accumulator (holds the
result of operations), Instruction Register (holds the current instruction), and Address Register
(holds the memory address of data to be processed).

7. What is the difference between a register and a buffer?

 A register holds a single piece of data at a time and is located inside the CPU, used for
immediate processing. A buffer, on the other hand, can hold multiple pieces of data temporarily
and is often located outside the CPU to free up the CPU to continue processing other tasks.

8. How is memory capacity measured in computers?

 Memory capacity is measured in bytes (8 bits = 1 byte), and higher storage units like Kilobytes
(KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), and Terabytes (TB) represent increasingly large amounts
of storage.

9. What is the function of a control bus in a computer system?

 The control bus carries control signals from the Control Unit (CU) to other parts of the system,
ensuring the correct timing and coordination of operations within the CPU and between the CPU
and other devices.

10. What is the purpose of an address bus?

 The address bus carries the memory address of data or instructions that need to be processed. It
tells the CPU where to find or store data in the memory.

11. What are the different types of processor clock speeds, and why are they important?

 Clock speed is measured in Hertz (Hz), and it determines how quickly a processor can execute
instructions. Higher clock speeds mean faster processing. The clock speed is often measured in
Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), or Gigahertz (GHz).

o 1 KHz = 1,000 Hz

o 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz

o 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz
12. What are some examples of processors in the market today?

 Examples of processors include the Intel Pentium (I, II, III, IV) series and Pentium Pro, as well as
processors from other companies like AMD, Cyrix, and Motorola.

13. What is the significance of the clock speed in processors?

 The clock speed of a processor directly impacts its performance by determining how quickly it
can execute instructions. A higher clock speed results in faster processing, which improves
overall system performance.

These are just a few possible questions based on the provided material. If you need further details or
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14. What is the difference between a byte and a bit?

 A bit (Binary Digit) is the smallest unit of data in computing, represented as either a 0 or a 1. A
byte consists of 8 bits and is typically used to represent one character, like a letter or number.

15. How does the CPU communicate with the memory and input/output devices?

 The CPU communicates with the memory and input/output devices using electrical pathways
known as buses. These buses include the control bus, address bus, and data bus.

16. What is the function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?

 The ALU is a part of the CPU that performs mathematical, logical, and decision-making
operations on the data it receives. It executes operations like addition, subtraction, and
comparisons.

17. What is the purpose of the Control Unit (CU) in a CPU?

  The Control Unit (CU) is responsible for directing the operation of the processor. It sends control
signals to different parts of the CPU to ensure that instructions are executed in the correct
sequence.

18. How does the CPU use the main memory (RAM) during processing?

 The CPU uses main memory (RAM) to store and retrieve data and instructions during
processing. The address bus locates the memory positions, the data bus transfers data, and the
control bus ensures correct operation.

19. What are the different types of data stored in RAM?

 RAM stores data that is actively used by the operating system, applications, and the CPU. This
includes program instructions, user data, and operating system data that the CPU needs for
processing.

20. What happens to the contents of RAM when the computer is turned off?

 Since RAM is volatile, all data stored in it is lost when the power is turned off. This is in contrast
to non-volatile memory like hard drives, which retain data without power.

21. What are some real-life examples of how cache memory improves system performance?

 Cache memory speeds up data retrieval. For example, when using a web browser, frequently
visited websites are stored in the cache, allowing faster access the next time you visit them.

22. How do buffer and cache memory differ in terms of their usage?

 Buffer memory temporarily stores data for I/O operations, like printing or reading from a disk.
Cache memory, however, stores frequently accessed instructions and data to speed up the CPU's
processing time.

23. What role do address registers play in the CPU?

 Address registers temporarily hold the memory address of the data to be processed next. They
help the CPU identify the specific location in the main memory where data needs to be read
from or written to.

24. What is the significance of using extended ASCII and EBCDIC in computer systems?
  Extended ASCII and EBCDIC are 8-bit character encoding standards used to represent characters
(like letters, digits, and symbols) in binary form. These codes are essential for data
communication and storage in computers.

25. How does the address bus help in locating data in memory?

 The address bus transmits memory addresses from the CPU to the main memory. It tells the
memory which specific location to access, whether it's to fetch data for processing or to store
results.

26. How do the different types of computer buses (Control, Address, Data) interact during processing?

 The control bus sends signals for operation timing, the address bus carries the memory address,
and the data bus transfers the actual data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices
during processing.

27. Why is RAM used as temporary storage in a computer system?

 RAM is used for temporary storage because it allows for fast data retrieval and writing during
active processing. However, since it is volatile, its contents are cleared when the power is turned
off, making it unsuitable for permanent data storage.

28. How does the CPU interact with secondary storage devices like hard disks or CDs?

 The CPU communicates with secondary storage through the use of I/O operations, which are
managed by the operating system. Data is transferred between the CPU and secondary storage
through data buses and controlled by the control bus.

29. What is the role of the accumulator in the CPU?

 The accumulator is a register that temporarily holds the result of the last operation performed
by the ALU. It is essential for carrying out arithmetic and logical operations, as it stores
intermediate values during processing.

30. What are the advantages and disadvantages of SRAM compared to DRAM?

 Advantages of SRAM: Faster, does not need refreshing, more reliable for high-speed operations.

 Disadvantages of SRAM: More expensive, takes up more space on the chip, lower storage
density.
Advantages of DRAM: More affordable, higher storage density, less power consumption. Disadvantages
of DRAM: Slower than SRAM, needs to be refreshed periodically, and is volatile.