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pow e r a n d pos se s sion i n t h e
­r us si a n r e volu t ion
 h i s t or i e s of e c onom ic l i f e
Jeremy Adelman, Sunil Amrith, Emma Rothschild, and
Francesca Trivellato, Series Editors

Power and Possession in the ­Russian Revolution by Anne O’Donnell

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Power and Possession in
the ­Russian Revolution

a n n e o’don n e l l

pr i nce­t on u n i v e r sit y pr e ss
pr i nce­t on & ox for d
Copyright © 2024 by Prince­ton University Press
Prince­ton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the
intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the pro­gress and
integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting ­free speech and the global
exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to
reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission.
Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work
should be sent to permissions@press​.­princeton​.­edu
Published by Prince­ton University Press
41 William Street, Prince­ton, New Jersey 08540
99 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6JX
press​.­princeton​.­edu
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data
Names: O’Donnell, Anne, 1980–­author.
Title: Power and possession in the ­Russian Revolution / Anne O’Donnell.
Description: Prince­ton : Prince­ton University Press, [2024] | Series: Histories of
economic life | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023026800 (print) | LCCN 2023026801 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780691205540 (hardback) | ISBN 9780691255897 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Right of property—­Soviet U ­ nion. | Eviction—­Soviet ­Union. |
Government owner­ship—­Soviet ­Union. | Soviet ­Union—­Economic conditions—
1917–1945. | Soviet ­Union—­History—­Revolution, 1917–1921—­Confiscations and
contributions. | BISAC: BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History |
­POLITICAL SCIENCE / ­Political Ideologies / Communism,
Post-­Communism & Socialism
Classification: LCC DK265.9.E2 O36 2024 (print) | LCC DK265.9.E2 (ebook) |
DDC 323.4/60947—­dc23/eng/20230728
LC rec­ord available at https://­lccn​.­loc​.­gov​/­2023026800
LC ebook rec­ord available at https://­lccn​.­loc​.­gov​/­2023026801
British Library Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data is available
Editorial: Priya Nelson, Emma Wagh, and Morgan Spehar
Production Editorial: Nathan Carr
Production: Danielle Amatucci
Publicity: William Pagdatoon
Jacket/Cover Credit: The Russian Photographic Society, c. spring 1921.
Photograph taken by B.N. Maklakov. Courtesy of TsAGM
This book has been composed in Arno
Printed on acid-­free paper. ∞
Printed in the United States of Amer­i­ca
10 ​9 ​8 ​7 ​6 ​5 ​4 ​3 ​2 ​1
For my ­mother
They saw the spectre of socialism and became afraid; nor is this surprising, for
they have something to lose, something to be afraid of. But we are not in that
position at all . . .
­Europe is sinking ­because it cannot rid itself of its cargo—­that infinity of
­treasures . . .
In our case, all this is artificial ballast; out with it and overboard, and then
full sail into the open sea!
—­a l e x a n de r h e r z e n
 c on t e n t s

Illustrations and ­Tables xi

Acknowl­edgments xiii
Note on Usage xvii

Introduction
An Infinity of ­Treasures 1

Prologue
Municipal Socialism 27

1 Making Space for Revolution: Sorting ­People and Spaces

in the Revolutionary City 51

2 Movable ­People, Immovable Th­ ings: The Dispossession,

Destruction, and Re­distribution of House­hold Goods 89

3 Accounting for Socialism: Inventories of the

Built Environment 138

4 The Wealth of the ­W hole Nation: Searching for Value

at Gokhran 180

5 Return and the Revolution’s End 233

Conclusion 270

Notes 287
Select Bibliography 333
Index 347

ix
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 i l lu s t r at ions a n d ­t a bl e s

Illustrations
1.1. Vladimir Bonch-­Bruevich and Vladimir Lenin explore the
Kremlin, 1918 76
2.1. Lubyanka Headquarters of the Cheka as it appeared before
the Revolutions of 1917 111
3.1. Inspection form from the Housing Department of Gorodskoi
Neighborhood, Moscow c. 1921 170
4.1. No. 3 Nastasinsky Lane, home of Gokhran from 1920 197
4.2. ­People’s Commissar of Foreign Trade, Leonid Krasin 217
4.3. Plenipotentiary to Gokhran and executioner of the imperial
­family, Yakov Yurovsky 218
6.1.–6.2. Interior, The R
­ ussian Photographic Society, c. spring 1921
(2 images). 282
6.3. “The House­warming (Workers’ Petrograd)” by Kuzma
Petrov-­Vodkin (1937) 284

­Tables
2.1. “Normal usage of furniture” and acquisition cost in rubles
in Petrograd (Prepared Winter 1919) 126
3.1. Per capita housing stock in Moscow, 1915–1925
(Prepared 1925) 151
3.2. Apartments and population per geographic district in
Moscow, c. 1912 (Prepared 1919) 156

xi
 ac k now l­e d g m e n t s

it is a delight to acknowledge the many debts I have accrued in the

course of writing this book. I gratefully acknowledge funding for research
and writing from the American Council of Learned Socie­ties, the U.S. De-
partment of Education, Harvard University’s Center for History and Eco-
nomics, the Mellon Foundation, Prince­ton University’s History Department
and Institute for International and Regional Studies, and the Social Science
Research Council. A grant from the Prince­ton University Press offered
through an innovative program for first-­time authors was crucial to getting
this book over the finish line. I am deeply indebted to the archivists at the State
Archive of the R ­ ussian Federation, the Manuscript Division at the ­Russian
State Library, the ­Russian State Archive of the Economy, the ­Russian State
Archive of Socio-­Political History, the R ­ ussian State Historical Archive, the
Central Archive of the City of Moscow, the Central Historical Archive of
Moscow, and the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg, all of whom pro-
vided impor­tant guidance to the papers of a jumbled time, during which
standard filing systems did not always obtain.
As it is with ­great teachers, I ­will never be able to repay what I owe to Ste-
phen Kotkin. Nevertheless, I register my abiding gratitude h­ ere for all he has
taught me, for the rigor and empathy he brings to study of history, for his
unwavering support, dedication, and optimism. Ekaterina Pravilova taught me
new ways of thinking about R ­ ussian history and new methods for accessing
the history of the material world. She has been an essential interlocutor
throughout my work on this book and generously agreed to read several of its
chapters. Michael Gordin’s clarity of mind and collegiality have helped me at
many turns and I am grateful for his encouragement over the years. At Berke-
ley, I benefited from seminars with John Connelly, David Henkin, and Yuri
Slezkine, who posed questions about Soviet history and what neighbors
should expect of one another that left a deep impression. As an undergraduate,
I received a summer stipend to work at a nonprofit on the South Side of

xiii
 xiv a c k n o w l­e d g m e n t s

Chicago directed by Sokoni Karanja, who suggested a proj­ect: that I interview

the residents of apartment buildings owned by the city, which the city planned
soon to demolish. The questions raised in ­these encounters continue to guide
my research and teaching, and I am deeply grateful to Dr. Karanja for welcom-
ing me into his work. When I returned to school, I enrolled in a one-­of-­a-­kind
course on the history of housing and urbanism taught by the late Robert Gutt-
mann, which provided an enriching foundation for my ­later inquiries.
This book began on Kazakova Street, in the com­pany of an antique dining
­table that miraculously survived the turmoil described in t­ hese pages, and of
the ­family who gathers around it. I am one of many travelers to have found
respite in the Zhivovs’ magical apartment; given its inhabitants, I am prob­ably
one of many to have found a dissertation topic t­ here. In the best tradition of
their parents, Lina Zhivova and her siblings have not only fed and ­housed me
all ­these years, they have brought me along on their lives. My gratitude to them
all is boundless. In the archives, it was a privilege to work alongside so many
erudite and welcoming historians, including Seth Bern­stein, Miriam Dobson,
Sylvain Dufraisse, and James Heinzen. Katja Bruisch shared her capacious
knowledge of RGAE as well as her friendship. Juliette Cadiot helped me get
my footing intellectually and practically as I began this proj­ect, and has been
a role model in the art of thoughtful and generous scholarship ever since.
Not every­one wants to spend their twenties in a small town in New Jersey.
But in the com­pany of Ryan Davis, Mayhill Fowler, Jamie Kreiner, Kyrill Ku-
nakhovich, Elidor Mëhilli, Dael Norwood, Jamie Reuland, Chris Shannon,
and Fadzilah Yahaya, Prince­ton always felt like a big place, rich with ideas and
companionship. At Harvard, I had the good fortune to talk the history of real
estate with Alexia Yates, and to absorb the fascinating scholarship on offer at
the Center for History and Economics, where Emma Rothschild exercises her
unique gift for cultivating scholarly connections across disciplines and fields.
I have profited greatly from conversations and conferences with ­these scholars,
at the Center and now in other spaces, especially t­ hose o­ rganized by Rohit De
and Catherine Evans. Seth Bern­stein and Elidor Mëhilli generously read drafts
of the introduction, each with characteristic lucidity.
At New York University, I have been fortunate to join a thriving community
devoted to the study of Rus­sia. Anne Lounsbery and Eliot Borenstein have
provided advice, encouragement, and good humor at e­ very step. Thank you
to Leydi Rofman for making every­thing run smoothly, Alla Roylance for in-
credible skill and speed in tracking down obscure sources, and Evelina Men-
delevich for com­pany. In the history department, Stephen Gross, Monica Kim
 a c k n o w l­e d g m e n t s xv

(now at Wisconsin-­Madison), Tatiana Linkhoeva, Andrew Needham, Susanah

Romney, and Andrew Sartori read draft chapters with acumen. Karl Appuhn,
Ayşe Baltacıoğlu-­Brammer, Jane Burbank, Rossen Djagalov, Stef Geroulanos,
Becky Goetz, Ilya Kliger, Yanni Kotsonis, Kim Phillips-­Fein (now at Colum-
bia), and Brandon Schechter served as sounding boards, suggested readings,
and posed questions that sharpened my thinking. Robyn d’Avignon did all this
and more; her camaraderie, wisdom, and careful readings of much of this book
have been invaluable.
This book has benefited from the opportunity to pre­sent it at a number of
institutions and other forums. I spent a fruitful month as a visiting scholar at
the École des hautes études en sciences sociales, where I benefited from semi-
nars with Juliette Cadiot, Sabine Dullin, and Alessandro Stanziani. For invita-
tions and enjoyable visits over the years I am grateful to Jeff Hardy, Charis
Marantzidou, Stephen Norris, Benjamin Schenk, and Melissa Stockdale, and
to audiences at Brigham Young University, the Miami University of Ohio, The
University of Oklahoma, the Penn Economic History Forum/Rus­sian History
and Culture Workshop, Georgetown University, and Sciences Po. Conversa-
tions at t­ hese and other meetings with Rachel Applebaum, Betty Banks, Xenia
Cherkaev, Franziska Exeler, Anna Ivanova, Boris Kolonitskii, Eric Lohr, Clara
Mattei, Liudmila Novikova, Alex Oberlander, Bhavani Raman, Aaron Retish,
and Anna Safronova stimulated new ideas about the entangled histories of
revolution, law, and economic life. Michael David-­Fox and Peter Holquist of-
fered incisive critique and useful suggestions at the very earliest p­ resentations
of my research, and have continued to do so on many occasions in all the years
since then. Trevor Perri brought an ideal balance of rigor and sensitivity to this
manuscript, and I am grateful for his clarifying interventions. I am grateful to
the incredible staff at Prince­ton University Press, not just for bringing this
book to fruition, but for supporting my work on it in so many dif­fer­ent ways.
Priya Nelson steered the manuscript through ­every stage of this p­ rocess with
an awe-­inspiring combination of intelligence and skill. Emma Wagh has kept
the manuscript, and me, in line with enthusiasm and efficiency. I am grateful
to Nathan Carr for guiding production, and especially for matching this text
with Anna Badkhen, whose skill in improving it has been matched only by her
good humor. My thanks are due to the two anonymous readers of the manu-
script, for their thoughtful engagement with this work. I am grateful to all the
series editors for the confidence they showed in the manuscript, especially
Emma Rothschild, who shepherded it through the first steps, and Jeremy
Adelman, who offered clarifying advice when I most needed it.
 xvi a c k n o w l­e d g m e n t s

April Williams made it pos­si­ble for me to write this book, taking care of my
­children with skill and superhuman reliability amid a global pandemic. My
thanks to Neva Durand, Charlotte Walker-­Said, Johanna Winant, and Alexan-
dra Shaw for their companionship in writing and life, and to Chris and Jay
LeGore, Judith Grace, and Jeffrey Mabee for making life in Maine the way it
is. I am grateful to my ­family, Chuck and Karen Whisler, Bill Whisler, Carrie
Lee, George Lee, Rachel Levy, Catherine Hinman, Francesca O’Donnell, and
Nicholas O’Donnell for their constant encouragement and generosity, and
especially to Roger Lee, for making Belfast my home, and to my ­brother Colin,
for looking out for me even still. My husband Ben vowed that, if it meant I
finished this book even one moment sooner, I did not have to thank him in
­these acknowl­edgments. Combined with his steadfast love, encouragement,
wit, and the long days he spent alone with our ­children, this made all the dif-
ference. In my wildest dreams I could never have conjured up c­ hildren as won-
derful as Henry and Vivian. I marvel ­every day at my incredible good fortune
to be their ­mother. This book is for my m­ other, Gail, who died as I was just
beginning it. I could never have started, let alone finished, without her bot-
tomless well of confidence in me, her example of diligence, her joy in our lives
together, her curiosity about the world—in short, without her ­great love.
 no t e on u s ag e

rus­s ia adhered to the Julian calendar through February 1918, ­after which
it switched to the Gregorian calendar, which ran thirteen days ahead. The dates
given in this book reflect the calendar systems in use at the time. Where a
publication or document makes use of both dates, as was common during the
transition, I include them, following the practice of giving the Gregorian date
followed by the Julian (in parentheses). Transliterations generally follow the
Library of Congress system, with the exception of common ­English versions
of R­ ussian proper names.

Institutional Abbreviations
Central Committee Central Committee of the Communist Party
Cheka/VChK All-­Russian Extraordinary Commission for the
­ attle against Counterrevolution and Sabotage;
B
changed in 1918 to the All-­Russian Extraordinary
Commission for the ­Battle against Counter­
revolution, Speculation, and Abuse of Power
domkom residential building committee
MChK Moscow Cheka
Gokhran State Depository of Valuables, department of
Narkomfin
gorprodukt municipal provisioning agency
Goskon ­People’s Commissariat of Government Control,
succeeded by the Worker-­Peasant Inspectorate
(Rabkrin)
IEI Institute for Economic Research, unit of Narkomfin

xvii
 xviii not e on usage

kvartkhoz block economic unit; neighborhood-­level

administrative unit responsible for registry of built
space in Moscow
Mossoviet Moscow Soviet of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red-­
Army Soldiers’ Deputies (subsequently ­People’s
Deputies)
MUNI Moscow Directorate for Real Estate, successor to
TsZhZO
Narkomfin ­People’s Commissariat of Finance
Narkomiust ­People’s Commissariat of Justice
NKVD ­People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs
NKVT ­People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade
partkom Communist Party Committee at an enterprise or
institution
Petrokommuna Petrograd City Consumers’ Commune, city
provisioning body in Petrograd
Petrosoviet Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies
Rabkrin/RKI Worker-­Peasant Inspectorate, successor to the
­ eople’s Commissariat of Government Control
P
RSFSR ­Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Soviet raionnykh dum Council of Neighborhood Dumas, municipal
administration of Moscow ­after the February
Revolution, incorporated into the Mossoviet in
spring 1918
Sovnarkom Council of ­People’s Commissars
TsZhZO Central Housing-Land Department of the
Mossoviet, succeeded by MUNI
VSNKh Supreme Council of the National Economy
VTsIK All-­Russian Central Executive Committee
ZhZO Housing and Land Department, unit of a local
soviet
 not e on usage xix

Units of ­Measure
Arshin 2.3 feet or 71.12 cm
Sazhen’ 3 arshins
Desyatina 2,400 sazhens
Funt 0.9 lbs or 409.5 grams
Pood 40 funts
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Other documents randomly have
different content
 joins Holy League, 16;
his Council, 22;
his expedition into France, 25;
abandoned by Ferdinand and Maximilian, 28;
allies with Louis XII., 32-35;
asks for Wolsey's cardinalate, 33, 39;
his dealings with Maximilian, 41-45;
a candidate for the empire, 53-55;
allies with Charles V., 90;
costliness of his policy, 102;
his management of Parliament, 129;
question of his divorce, 151;
rebukes Wolsey, 167-170;
his last interview with Wolsey, 181, 182.
Howard, Sir Edward, 24.

Ipswich, 18;
college of, 143, 195.
Isabella of Portugal, 117.

James V., set up King of Scotland, 108.

Jordan, Isabella, 166.
Julius II., Pope, and Italian politics, 9, 15.

Katharine, Queen of England, 13, 16;

confides in Wolsey, 25;
Regent of England, 26;
opposed to French alliance, 60;
signs of her breach with king, 118;
divorce question moved, 151-153;
her attitude before the legatine court, 174.
Kingston, Sir William, 202-207.
Knight, secretary, sent to Rome, 158-161.

Lady Margaret Professorships, 145.

League, the Italian, 6, 7.
—— of Cambrai, 8, 9, 14, 15.
—— the Holy, 16.
Legate, Wolsey nominated, 50;
his legatine courts, 147.
Leicester Abbey, death of Wolsey at, 203-206.
Leo X., Pope, accession of, 27;
refuses Wolsey's cardinalate, 33, 34;
 creates Wolsey cardinal, 39;
annoyed at Wolsey's success, 50;
sides with Charles V., 66, 73, 74;
death of, 85.
Lincoln, Wolsey Dean of, 22;
Bishop of, 29.
Longueville, Duke of, 32.
Louis XI., King of France, his policy, 5.
Louis XII., King of France, and League of Cambrai, 9,
10;
his dealings with Julius II., 15;
defeated in Italy, 25;
makes truce with Ferdinand and Maximilian, 28;
marries Mary of England, 33;
dies, 34.
Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I., makes peace
with England, 119.
Lymington, Wolsey Vicar of, 19.

Madrid, Treaty of, 120.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 18, 19.
Margaret, queen of James IV. of Scotland, marries Earl
of Angus, 69;
allies with Albany, 91;
managed by Wolsey, 108.
Marignano, battle of, 38.
Mary, Princess, daughter of Henry VII., married to
Louis XII., 32;
marries Duke of Suffolk, 37.
Mary, Princess, daughter of Henry VIII., married by
proxy to Dauphin, 49;
betrothed to Charles V., 63, 64;
betrothed to Duke of Orleans, 122.
Maximilian, Emperor, joins Italian League, 6;
allied with Ferdinand, 14;
relations of Henry VII. with, 21;
at Terouenne, 25;
deserts Henry VIII., 27, 28;
makes a futile expedition against Milan, 40-42;
signs peace of Noyon, 45;
dies, 52.
Medici, Guilio dei, candidate for the Papacy, 87;
 elected Clement VII., 99, 100.
Montdidier, capture of, 97.
More, Sir Thomas, Speaker in 1523, 103-105;
Chancellor, 190.

Nanfan, Sir Richard, 19.

Norfolk, Thomas Howard I., Duke of, 30, 34.
Norfolk, Thomas Howard II., Duke of, puts down
tumult, 113, 114;
plots against Wolsey, 177, 181;
receives great seal from Wolsey, 186;
president of the Council, 190.
Norwich, tumult in, 113.
Noyon, Treaty of, 44, 45.

Oxford, Wolsey's influence in, 145-147.

Pace, Richard, his mission to Maximilian, 41-43;

mission to the German Elector, 55;
mission to Venice, 95;
mission to Bourbon, 106, 107.
Parliament, of 1523, 103, 105;
Wolsey's attitude to, 129, 130.
Paulet, Sir Amyas, 19.
Pavia, battle of, 109.
Picardy, invasion of, 90.
Putney, Wolsey at, 187.

Rhodes, captured by Turks, 93.

Richmond Lodge, Wolsey at, 193.
Ruthal, Bishop of Durham, 22.

St. Alban's, Wolsey made Abbot of, 83.

Sanctuary, right of, 135.
Scrooby, Wolsey at, 195.
Sheffield Park, Wolsey at, 202.
Southwell, Wolsey at, 194.
Spinelly, Thomas, 31.
Standish, Henry, 135-138.
Stile, John, 31.
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, 30;
ambassador to France, 36;
marries Mary of England, 37;
 commander in France, 97;
insults Wolsey, 176;
receives great seal from Wolsey, 186.
Surrey, Thomas Howard I., Earl of, member of Henry
VII.'s Council, 22, 23;
created Duke of Norfolk (q.v.) 1514.
Surrey, Thomas Howard II., Earl of, commander in
France, 90, 91;
put in charge of the Border, 92;
takes the field against Albany, 98;
succeeded Duke of Norfolk (q.v.) 1524.
Swiss troops in Milan, 38, 41, 42.

Terouenne, capture of, 25.

Tournai, capture of, 25;
Wolsey, Bishop of, 29;
ceded to France, 47-49;
captured by, 81.
Tunstal, Cuthbert, ambassador to Charles V., 67, 68;
speech as chancellor, 103.

Venice, attacked by League of Cambrai, 8, 9;

England's dealings with, 95, 96.
Vives, Juan Luis, 146.

Walshe, Sir Walter, 199.

Walsingham, Wolsey's pilgrimage to, 47.
Warham, Archbishop, 20, 147, 154, 155.
Wingfield, Sir Richard, 31, 41-43, 116.
Worms, Diet of, 73.
Wykeham, William of, 141.

York, archbishopric of, given to Wolsey, 29.

THE END

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.

 BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
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 Twelve English Statesmen.
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