Chapter-3 (added notes)
Chapter-3 (added notes)
Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in
everyday life. They also developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena
and in explaining the world around them. The system of knowledge is called indigenous
knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science.
Some examples of Indigenous Knowledge that are taught and practiced by the
indigenous people are:
Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing
animals’ behavior and celestial bodies;
Using herbal medicines;
Preserving foods
Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural
properties
Preserving and selecting goods seeds for planting
Using indigenous technology
Building local irrigation systems
Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties
Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
Indigenous Science uses Science Process Skills
Observing - Indigenous peoples have developed deep observational skills to
notice patterns in nature, such as changes in animal behavior, weather patterns,
and plant growth cycles. Example: The Ivatan people of Batanes observe cloud
formations, wind directions, and sea conditions to predict approaching storms,
helping them prepare for extreme weather.
Comparing - They compare different species, ecosystems, and environmental
conditions to determine the best times for hunting, fishing, and planting.
Example: The Mangyan of Mindoro compare different rice varieties based on
growth rate, resistance to pests, and yield to determine which is best suited for
their land and climate.
Classifying - Indigenous knowledge systems categorize plants, animals, and
natural elements based on their properties, uses, and relationships within
ecosystems. Example: The Tagbanua of Palawan classify plants into
medicinal, poisonous, edible, and spiritual categories, using this knowledge
for healing, food, and rituals.
Measuring - Traditional measurement systems exist, such as using the sun's
position, star movements, and seasonal changes to track time, predict weather,
and plan agricultural activities. Example: The Ifugao use precise land
measurement techniques to construct their famous Banaue Rice Terraces,
ensuring proper water flow and soil stability.
Problem Solving - Indigenous communities develop solutions to environmental
challenges, such as sustainable farming methods, water conservation
techniques, and natural medicine preparation. Example: The Aeta develop
sustainable farming techniques by practicing kaingin (slash-and-burn
agriculture) in a controlled manner, allowing the land to regenerate before
reusing it.
Inferring - Based on years of observation, Indigenous peoples draw conclusions
about natural events, such as predicting droughts by analyzing signs in animal
migration or plant conditions. The T’boli of Mindanao infer changes in fish
populations by observing river water clarity and the presence of certain aquatic
plants, guiding their fishing practices.
Communicating - Knowledge is passed down orally, through storytelling, art,
songs, and ceremonies, ensuring the preservation and transmission of scientific
understanding. The Maranao people pass down knowledge of their torogan
(traditional house) construction techniques orally, ensuring homes are built to
withstand earthquakes and strong winds.
Predicting - Indigenous Science forecasts future events based on past
experiences and patterns, such as using animal behavior to predict weather
changes or ecological shifts. The Bontoc predict seasonal changes by observing
the blooming of specific trees and the migration of birds, helping them plan
their agricultural activities.