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3.3 Quantum Mechanical Model, 3.4 Quantum Numbers(1)

The document discusses the quantum mechanical model of atoms, highlighting Schrödinger's wave equation that describes the probability of electron locations. It explains the four quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin) that uniquely define each electron in an atom and their significance in understanding atomic structure and behavior. The Pauli Exclusion Principle is also mentioned, stating that no two electrons can share the same set of quantum numbers.

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4 views

3.3 Quantum Mechanical Model, 3.4 Quantum Numbers(1)

The document discusses the quantum mechanical model of atoms, highlighting Schrödinger's wave equation that describes the probability of electron locations. It explains the four quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin) that uniquely define each electron in an atom and their significance in understanding atomic structure and behavior. The Pauli Exclusion Principle is also mentioned, stating that no two electrons can share the same set of quantum numbers.

Uploaded by

marwanoor.1134
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

3 Quantum
Mechanical Model of
the Atoms
3.4 Quantum Numbers
SCH4U
Quantum Mechanics
Schrödinger developed a
mathematical equation which
takes into account both the
wave and particle nature of
matter.
It is known as quantum
mechanics.
The wave equation gives the
probability of where an electron
has a certain statistical
likelihood of being at any given
instant in time.
Quantum Numbers
Solving the wave equation gives a set of wave functions, or ORBITALS,
and their corresponding energies.
Electrons are found in these orbitals which have various 3D shapes and
sizes.
An orbital is described by a set of four quantum numbers.
BOHR failed….because
Bohr used only one quantum number, n, to describe the spectrum;
Bohr’s single quantum number, n, was expanded to a total of four
quantum numbers (n, ł, mł, ms).
These quantum numbers were necessary to explain a variety of
evidence associated with spectral lines and magnetism.
Quantum Numbers

There are FOUR Quantum Numbers:


Each electron
• Principal quantuminnumber,
an atomn has a unique set of 4
quantum numbers which describe it.
• Angular momentum quantum number, ł
• Magnetic quantum number, ml
• Spin quantum number, ms
Principal Quantum Number, n

• represents the main energy level, or shells, the electrons


can occupy in an atom
• has whole number values: 1, 2, 3, 4 …

Number of electrons that


can fit in a shell: 2n2
Angular Momentum Quantum Number, ł
Each shell has a number of subshells
ł = 0 to n-1
gives the shape of the subshell, s, p, d, or f

L=0.....n-1

L=0, 1, 2, 3

L=0, 1, 2

L=0, 1

L=0
s Orbitals
The value of ł for s orbitals is 0
Only one s orbital per shell
Can hold 2e- in total.

p Orbitals
• The value of ł for p orbitals is 1
• has greater energy than s orbitals
• 3 p subshells per shell
• can hold 2 e- each and 6 e- in total
d Orbitals
The value of ł for a d orbital is 2
has greater energy than p orbitals
5 d subshells in each shell
Can hold 2 e- each so total of 10 e-
f Orbitals
The value of ł for f orbitals is 3
has greater energy than d orbitals
7 f subshells in each shell
Can hold 2 e- each and total of 14 e-
Magnetic Quantum Number, mł
• represents the orientation of the subshells
• has values of – l to + l

value of ł Value of mł (-ł to +ł)


0→s 0 (one possible orientation)
1→p -1, 0, +1 (three possible orientations)
2→d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 (five possible orientations)
3→f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (seven possible orientations)
Spin Quantum Number, ms
• represents the spin of the electron
• has values of – ½ or + ½

Possibilities for electron spin:


The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in
an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
Ex) For a given atom, n = 3.
(a) What are all possible values of ł for this atom?
ł = 0 … n-1
ł = 0, 1, 2

(b) What are all possible values for mł for this atom?
mł = - ł to + ł
mł = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

(c) What is the maximum number of electrons this


atom could have in this energy level?
n=3
maximum e- = 2n2 = 2(3)2 = 18e-

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