French Revolution & Its Impact

 1774: Louis XVI ascended the throne of France.

 5th May 1789: Louis XVI called the Estates-General to pass new tax
proposals.
 28th June 1789: Representatives of the Third Estate assembled in an
indoor tennis court.
 14th July 1789: The storming of the Bastille.
 4th August 1789: The feudal system was abolished.
 1791: The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution.
 1791: Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen by Olympe de
Gouges.
 1792: France declared war on Prussia and Austria.
 21st September 1792: France was declared a republic.
 21st January 1793: Louis XVI was executed.
 1793-94: The Reign of Terror.
 1794: Slavery abolished in French colonies.
 1815: The Battle of Waterloo.
 1848: Slavery was finally abolished in France.
Socialist and Communist Movements
 1818-1883: Life of Karl Marx.
 1820-1895: Life of Friedrich Engels.
 1900: Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in Russia.
 1904: Formation of the Assembly of Russian Workers.
 1914: World War I began.
 1917 (February): Russian Revolution overthrew the monarchy.
 16th October 1917: Lenin persuaded the Bolsheviks to seize power.
 24th October 1917: Bolshevik uprising began.
  November 1917: Industries and banks were nationalized.
 December 1922: The USSR was formed.
World Wars & Nazi Germany
 1914-1918: World War I.
 1917: The US joined the Allies.
 November 1918: Germany and the Central Powers were defeated.
 1923: Economic crisis and political radicalization in Germany.
 1929: Wall Street Crash.
 30th January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.
 September 1939: Germany invaded Poland, starting World War II.
 June 1941: Germany attacked the Soviet Union.
 May 1945: Germany surrendered, ending World War II.
Question 1.
In this book, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the
Government between the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Identify
the book. [1]
(A) The Social Contract
(B) The Spirit of the Laws
(C) Two Treatises of Government
(D) Das Capital
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: In this treatise, Montesquieu pleads for a constitutional system of
government with separation of powers the preservation of legality and civil
liberties, and the end of slavery.
Question 2.
Choose the correct option from columns A and B. [1]

Column A Column B

(A) Disguised unemployment (1) Found in industrial areas

(B) Surplus labour (2) Has moved to primary sector

(C) Market activities (3) Are non-profitble

(D) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (4) Universalisation of secondary education

Answer:
Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Sarva Shiksha Abhi an (SSA) is the worlds most successful school
program me in India. It was launched to achieve the goal of universalism of
elementary education in the country. It focuses on compulsory education to
children in the age group 14 years.
Question 3.
Identify the Russian leader: [1]
(A) Lenin
(C) Joseph Stalin
(B) Tsar Nicholas II
(D) Alexander Kerensk
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Tsar Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and
Grand Duke of Finland. He Was abdicated in 1917.
Question 4.
What is meant by social exclusion? [1]
(A) Process by which all individuals are excluded from certain privileges
(B) Process by which all individuals are given privileges
(C) Process in which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities and
opportunities that are enjoyed by the general people.
(D) None of the above
Answer:
Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Social exclusion means a situation in which individuals are unable
to participate in political, economic and social scenarios. They do not enjoy any
benefits and opportunities.
Question 5.
Which country experienced a revolution prior to 1857? [1]
(A) India
(B) France
(C) Both experienced a revolution
(D) Neither experienced a revolution
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: France experienced a revolution prior to 1857, the conditions in
France led to a revolution that brought irreversible changes to the country.
Question 6.
A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the
correct option.
Assertion (A): A broken chain stands for the act of becoming free.
Reason (R): Chains were used to fetter slaves.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
Option (A) is correct
Explanation: In 18th century the majority of men and women could not read or
write. So they used symbols where a broken chain signifies that chains were
used to fetter slaves, and stands for the act of becoming free.
Question 7.
The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the: [1]
(A) President
(B) Council of Ministers
(C) Chief Justice
(D) Prime Minister
Answer:
Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are
appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in
consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
Question 8.
In which of the following states is ‘Mular Lake located? [1]
(A) Rajasthan
(B) Uttar Pradesh
(C) Punjab
(D) Jammu and Kashmir
Answer:
Option (D) is correct.
Explanation:
The Wular 1ake in Jammu and Kashmir is the largest freshwater lake in India.
Question 9.
A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the
correct option. [1]
Assertion (A): Drought creates a shortage of food in the affected areas.
Reason (R): Due to a natural calamity total production of food grains decreases
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
Question 10.
The wind blowing in the Northern Plains in summers is known as: [1]
(A) KaalBaisakhi
(B) Loo
(C) Trade Winds
(D) None of these
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Loo are strong, gust hot, dry winds blowing during the das’ over
the north and north-western India.
Question 11.
Study the table and fill in the gaps:
A farmer has grown wheat during different years. Each year the consumption
of the farmer remains the same, The whole of surplus wheat after
consumption is used as capital for next year’s production. Each year, the
production is twice the capital used in production. Complete the table on the
basis of the given information. [1]

Year Production Consumption Surplus = production – consumption Capital for next

Year 1 100 40 60 60

Year 2 A=? 40 80 80

Year 3 160 140 120 B =?

Choose the correct option:

(A) 120,120
(B) 120,80
(C) 100,60
(D) 100,90
Answer:
(A) 120,120
Question 12.
What is the width of the bhabhar? [1]
(A) 8 to 19 km
(B) 8 to 16 km
(C) 16 to 30 km
(D) 8 to 26 km
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: A narrow belt lying parallel to Shivalik is known as Bhabhar. The
width of this belt is about 8 to 16 km.
Question 13.
Name the only active volcano in India. [1]
(A) Majuli Island
(B) Barren Island
(C) Venadu Island
(D) Kutch Island
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Barren Island is the only active volcano found in Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.
Question 14.
The river Narmada has its source at: [1]
(A) Satpura
(B) Brahmagiri
(C) Amarkantak
(D) Slopes of the Western Chats
Answer:
Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir known as the
Narmada Kund. it is located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the
Anuppur District on Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh.
Question 15.
What is the position of the President in India? [1]
(A) Nominal head of the stater
(B) Real head of the state
(C) Hereditary head of the state
(D) None of these
Answer:
Option (A) is correct
Explanation: The President of India is like the Queen of Britain whose functions
are to a large extent ceremonial. The President supervises the overall
functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they operate in
harmony to achieve the objectives of the State.
Question 16.
Who led the ‘Nyaya Yudh’? [1]
(A) Bhimrao Arnbedkar
(B) Chaudhary Dcvi Lai
(C) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(D) Motilal Nehru
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Chaudhary Devi Lai, then an opposition leader, led a movement
called ‘Nyaya Yudh’ (Sbuggle for Justice) and formed a new party, LokDal.
Question 17.
In a Democratic Government, the decision-making power is divided in the: [1]
(A) legislature
(B) Executive
(C) judiciary
(D) All of these
Answer:
Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: in a Democratic Government, the decision-making power is
divided into three separate organs – the legislature the executive, and the
judiciary.
Question 18.
Which state has the highest literacy rate in India? [1]
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) Kerala
(C) Delhi
(D) Puducherry
Answer:
Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India.
Question 19.
Which plan endeavored to increase the enrolment in higher education of the
18 to 23 years age group to 15 percent? [1]
(A) Eleventh
(B) Ninth
(C) Twelfth
(D) Tenth
Answer:
Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: The eleventh plan endeavoured to increase the enrolment in
higher education of the 18 to 23 years age group to 15 percent by 2011-2012
and to 21 percent by twelfth plan.
Question 20.
What is an indicator of a depressed economy? [1]
(A) Unemployment
(B) Poverty
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of these.
Answer:
Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed
economy. If people cannot be used as a resource they naturally appear as a
liability to the economy.
Section-B
Very Short Answer Questions
(2 × 4 = 8 Marks)
Question 21.
Name any two ‘Estates’ into which French society was divided before the
Revolution. On ascending the throne of France, Louis XVI found the treasury
empty. Why was the treasury empty? [2]
Answer:
The French society was divided into:
 The First Estate: Clergy
 The Second Estate: Nobility
 The Third Estate: Common people
The causes for the empty treasury at the time of his accession were as follows.
 The financial resources of France had drained due to the long years of
war,
 The high cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense Palace
of Versailles also added to the financial drain,
 France had helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their
independence from Britain. This increased the debt to more than 2
billion livres.
Question 22.
Why was every election held in Mexico won by the party called PRI? Explain
any two reasons. [2]
Answer:
Every election was won by PRI because:
 The opposition did not contest and never managed to win.
  All those who were employed in the government office had to attend
party meetings.
Question 23.
What were the main features of the National Food for Work Programme? [2]
Answer:
 NFWP was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the
country
 The programme is open to all the rural poor who are in need of wage
employment and desire to do manual unskilled work.
 Implemented on a 100% centrally sponsored scheme and food grains are
provided free of cost to the states.
Question 24.
Why does the Indian Constitution need to be amended quite regularly? [2]
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is a very long and detailed document. It is in
accordance with people’s aspirational changes in society. There is a provision to
incorporate changes from time to time. It puts limits to what the government
can’t and can do by providing some rights to the citizens that cannot be
violated. Those who crafted the Indian Constitution felt that it has to be in
accordance with people’s aspirations and changes in society.
Section C
Short Answer-Based Questions
(3 x 5 = 15 Marks)
Question 25.
How was the taxation policy responsible for the French Revolution? Explain. [3]
Answer:
The following social conditions led to the outbreak of French Revolution:
 The French society was divided into three Estates.
 The clergy and nobility enjoyed special privileges such as exemption
from paying taxes.
 The Church too extracted its share of taxes called ‘Tithes’ from all
members of the Third Estate. They had to pay taxes to the state as well.
These included a direct tax, called ‘Taille’, and a number of indirect taxes
 which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or
tobacco.
 The nobility enjoyed feudal privileges like feudal dues and services by
peasants.
 All tax burden was on the Third Estate. So common people were very
unhappy.
Question 26.
Why are the Shiwalik ranges prone to landslides and earthquakes? Give
reasons. [3]
Answer:
 Shivalik is the Southern range of the Himalayas. It is a discontinuous
range as it disappears in the East.
 This region is made of loose unconsolidated deposits brought down by
rivers from the main Himalayan ranges.
 The region is prone to widespread erosion, landslides, and earthquakes.
Question 27.
How did General Pervez Musharraf become the President of Pakistan?
OR
What steps were taken by Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe to remain in power?
[3]
Answer:
General Pervez Musharraf became the President of Pakistan in the following
manner:
 In Pakistan, General Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999.
 He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself
the Chief Executive of the country.
 Later he changed his designation to the President, and in 2002 he held a
referendum in the country that granted him a five-year extension.
 Robert Mugabe’s government made changes in the constitution to make
him more powerful and less accountable.
 Opposition party workers were harassed and their meetings were
disrupted.
  Protests by public and demonstrations were declared illegal.
 He made laws to limit the right to criticise the President.
 The media too has been forced to write and speak in favour of the ruling
party. Independent newspapers and journalists were harassed when
write against the President.
Question 28.
How is food security affected by a calamity? Explain. [3]
Answer:
Food security is affected by a calamity as:
 Total production of food grains decreases.
 It creates a shortage of food in the affected areas.
 Due to shortage of food, the price goes up.
 At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food.
Question 29.
What are cooperative societies? [3]
Answer:
The cooperative societies are the societies which are run by the local people,
who are democratically elected by the people. These cooperative societies
provide people the basic necessities of life like food grains. milk, vegetables.
etc. at reasonable rates.
Section-D
Long Answer Based Questions
(5 × 4 = 20 Marks)
Question 30.
What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss
two schemes launched by the government.
OR
Describe the role of co-operatives in providing food and related items. [5]
Answer:
The government has ensured the availability of food grains with the help of a
carefully-designed food-security system. This system involves the maintenance
of a buffer stock of food grains, and the distribution of this food among the
poorer sections of the society with the help of a public distribution system. The
government has also conic up with several poverty-alleviation and food-
intervention programmes that enhance food security, for example, the Ant
odava Anna Yojana and the National Food for Work Programme.
The two schemes launched by the government in this direction are: Antyodaya
Anna Yojana
 Launched in December 2000, it caters to the families below poverty
level.
 Under this scheme, one crore of the poorest among the BPL families
covered under the targeted public distribution system were identified.
National Food for Work Programme
 Launched in November 2004, it caters to 150 most backward districts of
the country. Its objective is to intensify the generation of supplementary
wage employment.
 Any rural poor in need of wage employment and having the desire to do
manual unskilled work can avail this programme.
Or
 The co-operatives are playing an important role in food security in India
especially in the southern and western parts of the country.
 The co-operative societies set up shops to sell low-priced goods to poor
people.
 Out of all fair price shops running in Tamil Nadu, around 94 percent are
being run by the co-operatives.
 In Delhi, Mother Dairy is making strides in the provision of milk and
vegetables.
 In Gujarat, Amul is the success story of cooperatives in milk and milk
products. It has resulted in White Revolution in the country
 In Maharashtra, the Academy of Development Science (ADS) has
facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different
regions.
Question 31.
“Legal Framework Order of August 2002 in Pakistan was non-democratic in
nature.” Justify by giving five reasons.
OR
Why can’t Zimbabwe be considered a truly democratic country under Robert
Mugabe? State any five reason. [5]
Answer:
 The president can dismiss the National/Provincial Assemblies.
 Work of the civilian cabinet was supervised by military officers.
 The National Security Council was dominated by military officers.
 In spite of having elected representatives, final power vests with military
officers.
 Final decisions were taken by those not elected by the people.
OR
Reasons are:
 The President is powerful and less accountable.
 Opposition party workers are harassed.
 Public protests and demonstrations are declared illegal.
 Media and press are controlled by the government.
 The government pressurises the judges and has ignored several court
Judgements.
Question 32.
The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of
great significance. Why?
OR
State the differences between the Hìmadri range and Shiwalik range. [5]
Answer:
Significance:
 The Trans-Indian Ocean route connects countries of Europe in West.
 Countries of East Asia have provided a strategic central location to India.
 Deccan Plateau protrudes into the Indian Ocean. It helps to establish a
close contact with West Asia, Africa, and Europe.
  No country other than India has such a long coastal line on the Indian
Ocean which provides significance and favourable trading ports and
commercial hubs for many MNCs and countries.
 The coastal regions of our country provide important hinterlands for the
ports.
 The sea routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and
commodities
 The ideas of Upanishads and Ramavana, Indian numerals and the
decimal system could reach to many parts of the world.
 Spices, muslin, and other merchandises were taken to other countries.
 Influence of Greek sculpture and styles of domes and minarets can be
seen in our country.
OR
The differences between the Himadri and Shiwalik range are:

Himadri Range Shivalik Range

1. his the innermost or the

northernmost range of the it is the outermost range of the Himalayas.
Himalayas.

2. It has an average height of 6,000

Its height varies between 900 to 1,100 m.
m

3. The core of this part of

This range is composed of unconsolidated rocks.
Himalayas is composed of granite.

Presence of longitudinal valleys or Duns like Dehradun

4. It contains all prominent
Kotli Dun and Path Dun are one of the most prominen
Himalayan peaks.
features of the Shivalik range.

5. Example: It includes, peaks like Example: Dehradun.

K2, Kangchenjunga, Mt. Everest,
 etc.

Question 33.
Describe the incident which took place on the morning of 14th July 1789 in
France.
OR
“A growing middle class in France during the 18th century envisages an end to
privileges.” Analyse the statement. [5]
Answer:
The incident that took place on the morning of 14th July 1789 in France was:
 Sonic 700 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and
decided to form a people’s militia.
 They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.
 Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern
part of the city and stormed the fortress prison, the Bastille.
 The commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released,
though there were only seven of them.
 The fortress was demolished and its stone- fragments sold in the markets
to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.
OR
 The 18th century witnessed emergence of Middle Class.
 It earned wealth from manufacturing and trade.
 it included professionals like lawyers and administrative officers.
 People were educated and believed that no group of society should be
privileged.
 All these ideas were put forward by philosophers like John Locke,
Rousseau, and Mon tesquleu.
Section-E
Case-Based Questions
(4 × 3 = 12 Marks)
Question 34.
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: (1+1+2=4)
India’s contact with the world has continued through ages but her relationships
through the land routes are much older than her maritime contacts. The
various passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to
the ancient travellers, while the oceans restricted such interaction for a long
time. These routes have contributed to the exchange of ideas and commodities
since ancient times. The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories
of Panchatantra, the Indian numerals, and the decimal stem thus could reach
many parts of the world.
The spices, muslin, and other merchandise were taken from India to different
countries. On the other hand, the influence of Greek sculpture and the
architectural styles of domes and minarets from West Asia can be seen in
different parts of our country.
1. Which geographical feature has provided passage to the ancient travellers in
India?
2. Name an epic and a story.
3. Name any two things that India traded with the world.
Answer:
 The various passes across the mountains of Himalayas have provided
passages (Passes) to the ancient travellers.
 Ramayana is an epic and Panchatantra are stories.
 Spices, muslin, and other merchandise.
Question 35.
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: (1+1+2=4)
The revolutionary wars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people.
While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with
the tasks of earning a living and looking after their families, Large sections of
the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as
the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of
society. Political clubs became an important rallying point for people who
wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. The
most successful of these clubs was that of the Jacobins, which got its name
from the former convent of St Jacob in Paris. Women too, who had been active
throughout this period, formed their own clubs.
The members of the Jacobin Club belonged mainly to the less prosperous
sections of society. They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as
shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and
daily-wage workers. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre. A large group
among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long striped trousers similar to
those worn by dock workers. This was to set themselves apart from the
fashionable sections of society especially nobles, who wore knee breeches.
1. When the men were away fighting at the front, who became the bread
earner?
2. Which constitution gave political Rights only to the richer section of the
society?
3. Why did the Jacobins decide to start wearing long striped trousers and knee
breeches?
Answer:
 When the men were away fighting at the front, the women of the family
became the breadwinners.
 The Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections
of society.
 The Jacobins decided to start wearing long striped trousers and knee
breeches as a symbol of equality.
Question 36.
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: (1+1+2=4)
Like South Africa, India’s Constitution was also drawn up under very difficult
circumstances. The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country
like India was not an easy affair. At that time the people of India were emerging
from the status of subjects to that of citizens. The country was born through a
partition on the basis of religious differences. This was a traumatic experience
for the people of India and Pakistan. At least ten lakh people were killed on
both sides of the border in partition-related violence.
There was another problem. The British had left it to the rulers of the princely
states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or with Pakistan or
remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a difficult and
uncertain task. When the Constitution was written, the future of the country
did not look as secure as it does today. The makers of the constitution had
anxieties about the present and the future of the country.
1. Like South Africa, which country’s constitution was drawn under very difficult
circumstances?
2. Why was making the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India
not an easy affair?
3. Why did the makers of the Constitution had anxieties when the Constitution
was being written?
Answer:
 Like South Africa, India’s Constitution was also drawn up under very
difficult circumstances.
 The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India
was not an easy affair because that time the people of India were
emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens.
 When the constitution was being written, the future of the country did
not look as secure as it does today The makers of the constitution had
anxieties about the present and the future of the country.
Section-F
Map Skill-Based Questions
Question 37.
(A)
(1) On the given political map of France mark the following: Bordeaux
(2) Identify the region where the French Revolution took place.

Answer:
1. Bordeaux
2. Paris
(B)
(1) On the given political map of India, locate and label the following:
(i) Kanchenjunga Mt.
(ii) Malabar coast
(2) Identify the lake in the map.
Answer:
(B)
(1)
 Ran than’ibor
 Bharatpur
(2) Pulicat Lake