CEV306E

WATER SUPPLY & WASTE W ATER DISPOSAL

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN

05.03.2020

Res.Assist. Ali İzzet CENGİZ

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Question 1: Population of a town is 14.000 and average daily consumption qave = 160
l /ca/day. Transmission line between the water intake of the town and the reservoir is
given in figure below. Calculate the sufficient pipe diameter for this transmission line
and draw the piezometric grade line. Darcy-Weisbach formula will be used .(f= 0,03)

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Solution:

1,5 ∗ qave ∗ N 1,5 ∗ 160 ∗ 14000

Q tr = = = 39 l/s
86400 86400

Maximum hydraulic slope :

220 − 210
𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 0,00769 𝑚⁄𝑚 = 7,69 𝑚⁄𝑘𝑚
1300

Pipe diameter:

v = 1.0 m/s is estimated.( 0,80-1,80 m/s, min 0,50-0,6 m/s)

𝜋𝐷2
𝑄 = 𝑣. 𝐴 = 𝑣.
4

𝜋𝐷2
0,039 = 1,0. 𝐷 = 0,22 𝑚 𝐷 = 20 𝑐𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑.
4

Re-calculation of velocity:

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,039
𝑣= = = 1,24 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,20)2

Slope of piezometric grade line,

𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (1,24)2
𝐽= . = . = 11,8 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,20 19,62

J > 𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; D = 200 is not appropriate, D = 250 mm is selected.

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,039
𝑣= = = 0,79 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,25)2

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𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (0,79)2
𝐽= . = . = 3,82 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,25 19,62

J < 𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; D = 250 is ok.

ℎ𝑘 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐽𝐿 = 3,82 ∗ 1,3 = 4,97 𝑚

Piezometric head at the inlet of “C” basin : 220 m - 4,97 m = 215,03 m

Operational head at inlet of “C” : 215,03 m – 210 m = 5,03 m

Pressure reducing valves is used to reduce this pressure.

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Question 2: Pumping pipeline which will be used to transmit water to the town is
given below as longitudinal section. The average daily water consumption of town
Qave = 100 l/s. The diameter of the pipeline is 500 mm. The minumum and maximum
operational pressures are (𝑃/𝛾)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =4 mwc and (𝑃/𝛾)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =80 mwc respectively.
Darcy-Weisbach equation will be used. (f= 0,03)

Accordingly:

a. Calculate required power of the pump.( 𝜂; %80)

b. Draw the piezometric grade line of transmission line.

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Solution:

Design flowrate is calculated:

𝑄𝑡𝑟 (𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 1,5 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 100 ∗ 1,5 = 150 𝑙/𝑠

Velocity is calculated by using continuity equation:

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,150
𝑣= = = 0,76 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,50)2

Slope of piezometric grade line is calculated by using Darcy-Weisbach equation:

𝑓 𝑣2 0,02 (0,76)2
𝐽= . = . = 1,18 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,5 19,62

a) Pumping head is calculated:

𝐻𝑚 = 𝐻 + ℎ𝑙 + (𝑃/𝛾)𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐻𝑚 = (70 − 20) + (1,18 ∗ 3) + 4 = 57,54 𝑚

Power requirement of pump is calculated:

𝛾 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ 𝐻𝑚 1000 ∗ 0,150 ∗ 57,54

𝑁= = = 105,8 𝑘𝑤
102 ∗ 𝜂 102 ∗ 0,80

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b) To draw pieozemetric line head losses should be calculated.

77,54 m is the static head of the system. Starting from this point;

𝛥ℎ1 = (1,18) ∗ 3 = 3,54 𝑚

𝛥ℎ2 = (1,18) ∗ 5 = 5,90 𝑚

𝛥ℎ3 = (1,18) ∗ 6 = 7,08 𝑚

Pieozemetric line and necessary elevations of the system is drawn and given below:

(1) Operational pressure = 77,54-20 = 57,54 m.

(2) Operational pressure = 74-70 = 4 m.
(3) Operational pressure = 71,64-40 = 31,54 m.
(4) Operational pressure = 70,64-60= 10,46 m.

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Question 3: Transmission line given below will transmit water to the town which has
30.000 population and average daily water consumption 450 l/ca/day Maximum and
minumum operational pressures are 125 mwc and 5 mwc respectively,

a) Determine the pipe diameter. f= 0,03

b) Draw piezometric line and show necesseary equipments on the transmisson line.

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Solution:

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑁 450 ∗ 30000

𝑄𝑡𝑟 = = = 156,25 𝑙 ⁄𝑠 = 0,156 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
86400 86400

430-280 = 150 > 125 so pressure reducer is required between A and B. Elevation of
pressure reducer:

Minumum elevation of pressure reduction chamber: 430-125= 305 m.

Maximum elevation of pressure reduction chamber: 280+125= 405 m.

By Considering point C, pressure reduction chamber should be located at 405 m to

provide gravity flow and prevent pumping station requirement.

To fing location of pressure reduction chamber, similarity of triangle is used:

405 − 280 𝑥
=
430 − 280 2500

x = 2083,33 m.

Distance between water intake basin(Kaptaj) and Pressure reduction chamber : 2500-
2083,33= 416,67 m.

Maximum slope of piezometric grade line:

405 − (350 + 5)
𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 12,2 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
4083,33

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a) Pipe diameter :

D = 350 mm selected:

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,156
𝑣= = = 1,62 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,35)2

Slope of piezometric grade line:

𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (1,62)2
𝐽= . = . = 11,5 𝑚/𝑘𝑚 < 𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 : is OK.
𝐷 2𝑔 0,35 19,62

Head losses:

ℎ𝑘 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐽. 𝐿 = 11,5 ∗ 0,41667 = 4,79 𝑚

ℎ𝑘 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐽. 𝐿 = 11,5 ∗ 2,083 = 23,96 𝑚

ℎ𝑘 𝑀𝐶 = 𝐽. 𝐿 = 11,5 ∗ 4,083 = 46,96 𝑚

ℎ𝑘 𝑀𝐷 = 𝐽. 𝐿 = 11,5 ∗ 5,083 = 58,46 𝑚

46,54

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Operational pressures are calculated as follows:

Pressure reduction chamber(Maslak):

Piezometric elevation : 430 – 4,79 = 425,21 m.

Operational pressure: 425,21 – 405 = 20,21 m

(B).

Piezometric elevation: 405 – 23,96 = 381,04 m.

Operational pressure: 381,04 – 280 = 101,04 m.

(C).

Piezometric elevation: 405 – 46,96 = 358,04 m.

Operational pressure: 358,04 – 350 = 8,04 m

(D):

Piezometric elevation: 405 – 58,46 = 346,54 m.

Operational pressure: 346,54 – 300 = 46,54 m.

To break 46,54 pressure pressure reducing valve should be located at the enterance of
storage basin.

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Question 4: The 30 cm diameter transmission line of a town with a population of

20,000, transmits the water from the A catchment point to the D reservoir and has
reached its capacity at the end of the project period and a new planning is required for
the 30,000 population. Longitudinal section is given below. Since it is very expensive
to build a new transmission line, find the location and required power of the pumping
station to be built on the existing transmission line. ( Max qg = 200 l//ca/day; f=0,03,
η= 0,65 ) ( At least 2 m head is required at İnlet of the pumping station .)

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Solution:

Current situation:

20.000 ∗ 200
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑄𝑔 = = 46,3 𝑙 ⁄𝑠
86400

D= 0,30 m ;

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,0463
𝑣= = = 0,66 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,30)2

𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (0,66)2
𝐽= . = . = 2,22 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,3 19,62

Head loss;

ℎ𝑘 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐽. 𝐿 = 2,22 ∗ 10 = 22,2 𝑚

Operational pressure at the inlet of D reservoir;

1000-22,2-977=0,8 m

Future situation:

30.000 ∗ 200
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑄𝑔 = = 69,4 𝑙 ⁄𝑠
86400

D= 0,30 m ;

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,0694
𝑣= = = 0,98 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,30)2

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𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (0,98)2
𝐽= . = . = 4,9 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,3 19,62

Head loss;

ℎ𝑘 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐽. 𝐿 = 4,9 ∗ 10 = 49 𝑚

1000 − 49 = 951 < 977 𝑚

In this case, the water cannot be transmitted from the current transmission line to the
reservoir “D” by gravity. So pumping station is required. 2 m pressure needed at the
inlet of suction chamber of pumping station(water of pumping station at the level of
soil):

Piezometric head of point B:

1000 − 4,9 ∗ 8 = 960,8 𝑚

Piezometric head of pumping inlet :

= 960,8 − 4,9 ∗ 𝑥

Water elevation of pumping station:

= 960,8 − 4,9 ∗ 𝑥 − 2

Jz slope of soil:

977 − 940
𝐽𝑧 = = 18,5 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
2

940 + 18,5 ∗ 𝑥 = 960,80 − 4,9𝑥 − 2

𝑥 = 0,803 𝑘𝑚 = 803 𝑚

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Therefore, water elevation of the pumping station:

= 960,8 − 4,9 ∗ 0,803 − 2 = 954,86 𝑚

Head loss between pumping station and D reservoir:

= 4,9 𝑚⁄𝑘𝑚 ∗ 1,197 𝑘𝑚 = 5,87 𝑚

If the inlet pressure of the reservoir D is taken 1 m, piezometric head of pumping

station:

977 + 1 + 5,87 = 983,7 𝑚

Pumping head:

𝐻 = 983,7 − 954,86 = 29,01 𝑚

Power requirement of pump:

𝛾 ∗ Q ∗ HM 1000 ∗ 0,0694 ∗ 29,0

𝑁= = = 41,3 BB
75 ∗ Η 75 ∗ 0,65

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Question 5: Transmission line given below is used to supply water for a town with
20.000 population. The pipe diameter of the line is 300 mm. Maximum permissible
pressure in the pipeline in terms of pipe strength is 10 kg/cm2, f = 0,03 and maxqmax =
450 l/ca/day. Minumum operational pressure is 5 mwc in the transmission line.
Minumum and maximum pressures in the network are required to be 30 mwc and 80
mwc respectively. It is desired to use one type of pipe in this transmission line.
Accordingly:

a) Show neccessary apparatus by indicating their elevations.

b) Determine storage tank location which has 4 meters water depth. Make
necessary examinations regarding to location of storage tank. (Main pipe
diameter of network: Ø 350 mm)
c) Draw piezometric line of the transmission line.

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Solution:

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 40
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ 𝑁 ( )∗𝑁 ( ) ∗ 20.000
1,5 1,5
𝑄𝑡𝑟 = = = = 0,06944 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
86400 86400 86400

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,06944
𝑣= = = 0,982 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,30)2

𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (0,982)2
𝐽= . = . = 4,92 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,3 19,62

Between A and B points:

200-40 = 160 > 100 mwc so pressure reduction chamber is required..

Max elevation for pressure reduction chamber: 40+100 = 140 m.

Min elevation pressure reduction chamber: 200-100 = 100 m.

To provide gravity flow to go beyond point C pressure reduction chamber is located
at 140 m.

Distance of chamber from point B :

160 100
= ; x = 2500 m = 2,5 km.
4000 𝑥

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Piezometric head of Point C:

140 − 5 𝑘𝑚 ∗ 4,92 𝑚⁄𝑘𝑚 = 115,40 𝑚

Sinc it is necessary to use same pipe diameter, pumping station should be located to
the transmission line. Therefore location of pumping station should be determined.
Water will be trasmitted till the point that can reach via gravity, after this particular
point it will be elevated by pumping station: (pompa istasyonu su kotu=zemin kotu
kabul edilirse):

Piezometric head of point B:

140 − 0,00492 ∗ 2500 = 127,7 𝑚

Piezometric head of the inlet of pumping station:

= 127 − 0,00492 ∗ 𝑥

Water elevation of the pumping station:

= 127 − 0,00492 ∗ 𝑥 − 5 … . … . (1)

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Slope of soil:

120 − 40
𝐽𝑧 = = 0,032 𝑚/𝑚
2500

Water elevation of the pumping station:

= 40 + 0,032 ∗ 𝑥 … . … . (2)

(1) = (2) :
127,7 − 5 − 40
𝑥=
0,032 + 0,00492
𝑥 = 2240 𝑚.

Water elevation of the pumping station:

40 + 0,032 ∗ 2240 = 111,68 𝑚.

Pumping head:

𝐻𝑚 = 𝐻𝑏𝑔 + 𝛥ℎ𝑏 + (𝑃/𝛾)𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐻𝑚 = (120 − 111,68) + (0,00492 ∗ 260) + (5) = 14,6 𝑚.

Water elevation after pumping:

111,68 + 14,6 = 126,28 𝑚.

Location of the storage tank:

Storage tank elevation : (𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) + (𝑃/𝛾)𝑚𝑖𝑛−𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 + (𝐻)𝑠𝑢 + (𝛥ℎ)𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(𝛥ℎ)𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6 𝑚.

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30 + 30 + 4 + 6 = 70 𝑚.

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Distance of storage tank from the city:

120 − 30 70 − 30
=
1,8 𝑥

𝑥 = 0,8 𝑘𝑚 = 800 𝑚.

The head loss which is determined by calculation (𝛥ℎ)𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 > (𝛥ℎ)𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

If the condition met location of storage tank is OK.

(𝛥ℎ)𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ;

For the related calculation the design flowrate of the network should be considered.
Because transmission line exists till the storage tank. Between storage tank and city
network main pipe exists.

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ 𝑁 450 ∗ 20.000

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = = = 0,10417 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
86400 86400

4. 𝑄 4 ∗ 0,10417
𝑣= = = 1,08 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋. 𝐷2 𝜋 ∗ (0,35)2

𝑓 𝑣2 0,03 (1,08)2
𝐽= . = . = 5,09 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0,35 19,62

𝑚
(𝛥ℎ)𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 5,09 ∗ 0,8 𝑘𝑚 = 4,1 𝑚. < (𝛥ℎ)𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑚

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Question 6: A town with daily average water consumption 180 l/ca/day and population
of 8800 water conducting to the reservoir with a transmission line as shown in figure.
Along whole transmission line same font pipe diameter was used.

Determine the required pipe diameter and show appurtenances and calculate pressures
will brake by valves. Draw piezometric lines.

Not: Standard pipe diameters are 60,80,100,125,150,200 mm. Max velocity in

transmission line is 2 m/s maximum pressure which is allowed is 80 m. Pipe lengths
can be taken as horizontal distances.

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Solution:

180 ∗ 8800
𝑄𝑡𝑟 = = 18,33 𝑙 ⁄𝑠
86400

William-Hazen pipe chart has values for used cast iron pipe ; For 125 mm ;

𝑄 = 18,00 𝑙 ⁄𝑠 𝑉 = 1,47 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝐼 = 0,034068

𝑄 = 19,00 𝑙 ⁄𝑠 𝑉 = 1,55 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝐼 = 0,037634

𝑄 = 18,33 𝑙 ⁄𝑠 𝑉 = 1,50 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝐼 = 0,03526 bulunur.

Ø 125 mm is OK. These values may be calculated by using William-Hazen formula:

𝑉 = 0,85 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝑅0,63 ∗ 𝐼 0,54 (R= d/4)

Pressure reduction chamber elevation = 170+80 = 250 m.

Pressure head will be broken by pressure reduction chamber valve:

𝛥ℎ𝑣 = 320 − 1400 ∗ 0,03526 − 250 = 20,65 𝑚.

Valves are needed to arrange to break this pressure load. This value in drinking water
transmission lines are taken between 3 ≈ 4m. Water transmission lines must be
checked in terms of this value.

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