India ka climate monsoon type hai, jo Arabic word mausim se aaya hai, jiska matlab hai season.

Monsoon ka matlab hota hai wind direction ka seasonal reversal.

Weather vs Climate

●​ Weather: Kisi bhi jagah ka ek specific time ka atmospheric condition.

●​ Climate: Lambe samay (30+ years) tak kisi area ka overall weather pattern.

India ke Climate ki Specialties

1.​ Temperature Variations​

○​ Summer: Rajasthan desert me 50°C tak pahuch sakta hai, jabki Jammu-Kashmir
ke Pahalgam me sirf 20°C rehta hai.
○​ Winter: Drass me -45°C tak gir sakta hai, jabki Thiruvananthapuram me 22°C
rehta hai.
○​ Day-Night Difference:
■​ Thar Desert me din me 50°C aur raat me 15°C tak gir jata hai.
■​ Kerala ya Andaman me day-night temperature ka zyada farak nahi hota.
2.​ Precipitation (Barish ya Snowfall)​

○​Himalayas ke upper areas me snowfall, baki India me rainfall hota hai.

○​Sabse zyada barish: Meghalaya (400 cm se upar).
○​Sabse kam barish: Ladakh & Western Rajasthan (10 cm se kam).
○​Barish ka Time:
■​ Most of India: June - September.
■​ Tamil Nadu Coast: October - November.
3.​ Regional Differences​

○​ Coastal Areas: Kam temperature contrast (day-night, season-wise).

○​ Interior Areas: Zyada temperature variations.
○​ Rainfall Pattern: Northern plains me east se west jaate hue barish kam hoti hai.

Impact on People

In variations ki wajah se logon ki life me bhi farak aata hai—unke kapde, khaane ka tareeka,
aur ghar banane ke style sab climate ke hisaab se badal jate hain.

Climatic Controls (Climate ko control karne wale factors)

Kisi bhi jagah ka climate 6 major factors par depend karta hai:
 1.​ Latitude (Akshansh) – Equator ke paas zyada heat milti hai, poles ki taraf jaate jaate
temperature girta hai.
2.​ Altitude (Unchai) – Jitna upar jaoge, utna atmosphere less dense hoga aur temperature
kam hoga. Isiliye pahaadon par garmi me bhi thand hoti hai.
3.​ Pressure & Wind System – Kisi area ka pressure aur hawaon ka system latitude aur
altitude par depend karta hai, jo temperature aur barish ko affect karta hai.
4.​ Distance from the Sea (Continentality) – Samundar ke paas wale areas ka climate
moderate rehta hai. Jo jagah samundar se door hoti hain, wahan summers bahut garm
aur winters bahut thandi hoti hain.
5.​ Ocean Currents (Mahasagari Dharaayen) – Samundar ke warm ya cold currents aur
onshore winds coastal areas ke climate ko garam ya thanda banate hain.
6.​ Relief Features (Bhaugolik Banawat) –
○​ Pahaad thandi/garmi hawaon ko rok sakte hain.
○​ Agar pahaad rain-bearing winds ke raste me ho, to wahan barish hoti hai.
○​ Leeward side (pahaad ke doosri taraf) dry rehti hai.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate

1.​ Latitude (Akshansh)​

○​ Tropic of Cancer India ke beech se guzarta hai (Rann of Kutch se Mizoram tak).
○​ Is wajah se India me tropical aur subtropical dono type ka climate dekhne ko
milta hai.
2.​ Altitude (Unchai)​

○​ Himalayas (~6000m height): Ye Central Asia ki thandi hawaon ko rokta hai,

is wajah se India me mild winters hote hain.
○​ Coastal Areas (~30m height): Yahan temperature moderate rehta hai.
3.​ Pressure & Winds (Daab aur Hawaayein)​

○​ North-easterly Winds: Ye dry hote hain, kyunki ye land se aate hain, is wajah se
barish nahi hoti.
○​ Coriolis Force: Earth ki rotation ki wajah se hawa right (north hemisphere me)
aur left (south hemisphere me) mudti hai.
○​ Winter me: Himalayas ke north me high pressure hota hai, aur cold dry winds
south me low pressure ki taraf behne lagti hain.
○​ Summer me:
■​ Northwest India me low pressure develop hota hai.
■​ Southern Indian Ocean se hawa chalegi, Equator cross karegi, aur
Southwest Monsoon ban jayega, jo puri India me barish laata hai.
4.​ Jet Streams (Tez hawaon ki patli belt)​

○​ Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (27°-30° N)

■​ Winter me: Ye Himalayas ke south me bahut tez gati se chalti hai.
 ■​ Western Cyclonic Disturbances (jo North & Northwest India me thandi
hawa aur barish late hain) isi ke wajah se aate hain.
■​ Summer me: Ye jet stream Himalayas ke north shift ho jati hai.
○​ Subtropical Easterly Jet Stream (14°N)
■​ Summer me Peninsular India par Easterly Jet Stream chalti hai.
5.​ Western Cyclonic Disturbances & Tropical Cyclones​

○​ Western Cyclonic Disturbances:

■​ Winter me North & Northwest India ko affect karti hai.
■​ Ye Mediterranean region se aati hain aur thandi barish laati hain.
○​ Tropical Cyclones:
■​ Monsoon aur October-November me aate hain.
■​ Ye Eastern Coastal Areas (Odisha, Andhra Pradesh) ko affect karte hain
aur kabhi-kabhi disasters ka kaaran bante hain.

The Indian Monsoon

1.​ Monsoon Winds ka Asar​

○​ Arabs ne sabse pehle seasonal wind reversal notice kiya aur isey ‘Monsoon’
naam diya.
○​ 20°N - 20°S ke beech tropical regions me monsoon experience hota hai.
2.​ Monsoon Mechanism ke Important Factors​

○​ Land aur Water ka Different Heating & Cooling

■​ India me landmass garam hota hai → Low Pressure.
■​ Samundar comparatively thande rehte hain → High Pressure.
○​ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) ka Shift
■​ Summer me ITCZ north shift hota hai (Ganga Plains ke upar).
■​ Is wajah se monsoon trough form hota hai.
○​ Madagascar ke East me High Pressure (20°S, Indian Ocean)
■​ Iska position aur intensity Indian monsoon ko affect karta hai.
○​ Tibetan Plateau ka Extreme Heating (Summer me)
■​ Strong vertical air currents form hote hain.
■​ 9 km height par low-pressure zone develop hota hai.
○​ Jet Streams ka Movement
■​ Westerly Jet Stream north shift hota hai (Himalayas ke upar).
■​ Tropical Easterly Jet Stream Indian Peninsula ke upar chalne lagti
hai.
3.​ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)​

○​ Low Pressure Belt (Equatorial latitudes me hoti hai).

○​ Northeast aur Southeast Trade Winds yahan converge karte hain.
○​ Sun ke movement ke saath ITCZ bhi North ya South shift hota hai.
 4.​ Southern Oscillation (SO) aur Monsoon​

○​ Normal Condition:
■​ Pacific Ocean ka tropical eastern region → High Pressure
■​ Indian Ocean ka eastern region → Low Pressure
○​ Certain Years me Pressure Reverse ho jata hai → Southern Oscillation (SO)
■​ Pacific Ocean ka eastern part (Tahiti, 18°S) → Low Pressure
■​ Indian Ocean ka eastern part (Darwin, 12°30'S) → High Pressure
○​ SO Negative hone ka Matlab → Weak aur Late Monsoon.
5.​ El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Effect​

○​ El Niño:
■​ Pacific Ocean me Peru Coast ke paas warm ocean current develop
hota hai.
■​ Cold Peruvian current temporarily replace hota hai.
■​ Christmas time pe develop hone ki wajah se iska naam ‘El Niño’
rakha gaya (Spanish: The Child).
○​ Effect on Monsoon:
■​ Sea Surface Temperature badh jaati hai.
■​ Trade Winds weak ho jaati hain.
■​ India me Monsoon weak pad sakta hai.

Onset aur Withdrawal of Monsoon

1.​ Monsoon ki Nature​

○​ Trades winds ke opposite, Monsoon pulsating (ruk ruk kar chalne wala)
hota hai.
○​ Different atmospheric conditions se effect hota hai.
○​ Duration: 100-120 days (Early June – Mid September).
2.​ Onset (Aagman) of Monsoon​

○​ Monsoon ka Arrival
■​ Southern tip (Kerala) me 1st week of June tak pahuchta hai.
■​ 2 Branches me divide hota hai:
1.​ Arabian Sea Branch → Mumbai tak 10th June ko pahuchta
hai.
2.​ Bay of Bengal Branch → Assam tak 1st week of June me
pahuchta hai.
○​ Further Movement
■​ Ganga plains me winds westward deflect ho jaati hain.
■​ Mid-June tak Saurashtra-Kuchchh aur central India tak pahuch jata
hai.
■​ Northwest Ganga plains me dono branches merge hoti hain.
 ■​ Delhi me monsoon 29th June tak aata hai (tentative date).
■​ July ke first week tak western UP, Punjab, Haryana, eastern
Rajasthan tak pahuchta hai.
■​ Mid-July tak Himachal Pradesh aur poore India me monsoon pahuch
jata hai.
3.​ Withdrawal (Pratyahaar) of Monsoon​

○​ Gradual process hota hai.

○​ Northwest India se September ke early weeks me withdrawal shuru hota
hai.
○​ Mid-October tak northern half of peninsula se completely withdraw ho jata
hai.
○​ Southern half se withdrawal fast hota hai.
○​ December ke start tak poore India se monsoon withdraw ho jata hai.
4.​ Islands me Monsoon Movement​

○​ Pehle monsoon showers yahan aate hain (April last week – May first week).
○​ Withdrawal yahan sabse last me hota hai (December first week – January
first week).
○​ Tab tak baaki country me Winter Monsoon aa chuka hota hai.

Seasons in India

1.​ Cold Weather Season (Winter) – Mid-November to February​

○​ December-January sabse cold months hote hain (North India).

○​ South se north jaane par temperature decrease hota hai (Chennai: 24°–25°C,
Northern plains: 10°–15°C).
○​ Nights cold hoti hain, days warm hote hain.
○​ North me frost aur Himalayas me snowfall common hai.
○​ Northeast trade winds prevail karti hain (land to sea → dry season).
○​ Tamil Nadu me inhi winds se thodi rainfall hoti hai.
○​ Western disturbances (Mediterranean se aane wale low-pressure systems)
winter rains aur snowfall cause karte hain → ‘Mahawat’ rainfall, jo Rabi crops
ke liye important hoti hai.
○​ Peninsular India me koi noticeable winter season nahi hota (moderating
effect of sea).
2.​ Hot Weather Season (Summer) – March to May​

○​ Sun ka apparent northward movement ki wajah se heat belt shift hoti hai.
○​ Temperature: March – 38°C (Deccan Plateau), April – 42°C (Gujarat, MP),
May – 45°C (Northwest India).
○​ Peninsular India me oceans ki wajah se temperature lower rehta hai.
 ○​ May ke end tak Thar Desert se Patna tak ek low-pressure zone develop hota
hai.
○​ Loo – hot, dry winds (North aur NW India me), jo din bhar chalti hain aur kabhi
kabhi shaam tak rehti hain.
○​ May me dust storms common hote hain, jo temporary relief dete hain
(temperature drop + light rain).
○​ West Bengal me thunderstorms ko ‘Kaal Baisakhi’ kehte hain.
○​ Kerala aur Karnataka me pre-monsoon showers (‘Mango Showers’) hote
hain, jo aam jaldi pakne me madad karte hain.
3.​ Advancing Monsoon (Rainy Season) – June to September​

○​ June ke shuru me low-pressure conditions aur intensify hoti hain.

○​ South-east trade winds (Southern Hemisphere) cross karke South-west
monsoon banati hain.
○​ Yeh winds oceans se aati hain, to moisture bahut hota hai (speed: ~30
km/h).
○​ Western Ghats ki windward side me >250 cm heavy rainfall hoti hai.
○​ Mawsynram (Khasi Hills) → World’s highest average rainfall area.
○​ Ganga plains me east to west rainfall decrease hoti hai.
○​ Rajasthan, Gujarat me scanty (kam) rainfall hoti hai.
○​ Monsoon breaks – Wet & dry spells hoti hain. Rainless periods monsoon trough
ki movement par depend karte hain.
○​ Tropical depressions (Bay of Bengal me bante hain) monsoon rainfall
control karte hain.
○​ Irregularity: Monsoon unpredictable hota hai → kahi floods, kahi droughts
cause karta hai.
4.​ Retreating/Post Monsoon (Transition Season) – October-November​

○​ Sun ka southward movement hone se monsoon trough weaken hota hai.

○​ October ke start tak Northern Plains se monsoon withdraw ho jata hai.
○​ Clear skies, temperature rise, aur high humidity ‘October Heat’ cause karti
hai.
○​ Mid-October tak temperature girna start hota hai.
○​ Low-pressure conditions Bay of Bengal shift ho jati hain → Cyclonic
depressions form hote hain.
○​ Cyclones mostly Odisha, West Bengal, Bangladesh, aur Coromandel Coast
ko affect karte hain (Heavy rain, destruction).
○​ Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri deltas cyclone-prone areas hain.

Distribution of Rainfall (Baarish ka Vitaran)

●​ Western coast aur Northeast India me 400 cm+ rainfall hoti hai.
●​ Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab me 60 cm se kam rainfall hoti hai.
●​ Deccan Plateau aur Sahyadri ke east side me bhi kam baarish hoti hai.
 ●​ Leh (Jammu & Kashmir) bhi ek low rainfall zone hai.
●​ Baaki desh me moderate rainfall hoti hai.
●​ Snowfall sirf Himalayan region me dekhi jaati hai.
●​ Monsoon unpredictable hota hai – kabhi zyada baarish se floods hote hain, toh kabhi
kam baarish se droughts.

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond (Monsoon: Ek Jodne Wala Tatva)

●​ Himalayas India ko cold winds se bachata hai, is wajah se north India me temperature
zyada rehta hai.
●​ Peninsular India me samundar ke effect se moderate temperature rehta hai.
●​ Monsoon poore desh ko ek saath jodta hai – agriculture, festivals aur daily life
monsoon pe depend karti hai.
●​ Monsoon winds paani laati hain jo kheti ke liye zaroori hota hai.
●​ Rivers bhi ek river valley system banati hain, jo agriculture aur life ko support karti
hai.
●​ Har saal log monsoon ka besabri se intezaar karte hain, kyunki yeh unki zindagi ka
ek important part hai.