Male and female reproductive system

Ass.Prof. Dr. Saif Ali Ahmed Ghabisha

Male genital organs
 Components of male reproductive system
I- Primary Sex Organ:
 Testis.
II- Reproductive Tract:
 Epididymis.
 Vas Deferens.
 Spermatic cord.
III- Accessory Sex Glands:
 Seminal vesicles.
 Prostate gland.
 Bulbourethral glands.
IV- External Genitalia:
 Penis
 Wall of the Scrotum

Urinary bladder
Superficial inguinal
ring (end of inguinal
canal) Testicular artery
Spermatic cord Ductus (vas)
deferens
Penis
Autonomic
Middle septum nerve fibers
of scrotum
Pampiniform
Cremaster muscle venous plexus
External spermatic Epididymis
fascia Tunica vaginalis
(from peritoneum)
Superficial fascia Tunica albuginea
Scrotum containing dartos of testis
muscle Internal spermatic
fascia
Skin
 Testes
• Paired almond-shape gonads that
suspended in the scrotum by the
spermatic cord.
• Its volume is about 20-25 ml.
• 4 - 5 cm long
• Weigh (10.5 – 14 g.).
• Functions:
 Spermatogenesis.
 Hormone production:
 (Androgens--testosterone)
 Testis or Testicle (singular),
Testes (plural).
 Coverings Of The Testis
• Tunica Vaginalis:

• Peritoneal covering, formed of

parietal and visceral layers.

• It surrounds testis &

epididymis.

• It allows free movement of

testis within the scrotum.

• Tunica albugenia

• It is a whitish fibrous capsule.

TV
 Internal Structure of The Testis
Spermatic cord

Blood vessels
and nerves

Ductus (vas)
deferens
Head of epididymis Testis
Efferent ductule Seminiferous
tubule
Rete testis Lobule
Straight tubule Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis Cavity of
Tail of epididymis tunica vaginalis
 Blood supply of testis
Testicular artery:
It arises from the abdominal aorta at
the level of L 3.

auxilliary blood supply

• a. iliaca interna
 a. umbilicalis
 a. ductus deferentis
• a. iliaca externa
 a. epigastrica inf.
 a . cremasterica
mutual anastomosis
 Venous drainage
Venous drainage :
(Pampiniform plexus of veins.
About dozen of veins which forms a
network in the spermatic cord.
They become larger, converge as it
approached the inguinal canal to form
the Testicular vein.
Right Vein drains into IVC.
Left Vein drains into left renal vein.
(clinical importance!)
 Testicular lymphatics
Testicular Lymphatics:
• Follow arteries, veins
• End in Lumbar (par aortic) nodes.
Scrotum, Penis and Prepuce:
Terminate in Superficial inguinal
nodes
 Epididymis
• A Single coiled tubule
• 6 Meters long.
• Located on the superior and posterior
margins of the testis.
H
V D
• It is divided into 3 parts:
Head, Body and Tail.

• The Head receives (rete testis) efferent

ductules from the testis.
• The Tail is continuous with Vas Deferens. B
Functions:
1. Secretes/absorbs the nourishing fluid.
2. Recycles damaged spermatozoa.
3. Stores spermatozoa Up to 2 weeks to
allow for maturation. T
 Male Genital Organs
• Vas Deferens:

• Begins in the tail of the epididymis, at

the inferior pole of the testis.

• Is the primary component of the

spermatic cord

• Crosses over the external iliac vessels

and enters the pelvis

• Ends by joining the duct of the seminal

gland to form the ejaculatory duct

• The Vas Deferens crosses superior to

the ureter near the posterolateral angle
of the bladder.
 Vas deferens
Vas Deferens enlarges to form the
ampulla of the ductus deferens before its
termination
 Seminal vesicles
• Each seminal gland is an elongated
structure 5 cm long that lies between
the bladder and the rectum.

• Function: They secrete a thick alkaline

fluid with fructose and a coagulating
agent that mixes with the sperms as
they pass into the ejaculatory ducts
and urethra.
 Seminal vesicles
• Inferiorly, each seminal vesicle
narrows and joins the vas
deferens of the same side to form
the ejaculatory duct.
 Ejaculatory Ducts
• The ejaculatory ducts are slender
tubes that arise by the union of the
ducts of a seminal glands with the
ductus deferentes

• The two ejaculatory ducts are each

less than 1 in. (2.5 cm) long.
 Ejaculatory Ducts
• The ejaculatory ducts pierce the
posterior surface of the prostate
and open into the prostatic part of
the urethra, close to the margins of
the prostatic utricle; their function is
to drain the seminal fluid into the
prostatic urethra.
 Prostate
• The prostate is a fibromuscular
glandular organ that surrounds the
prostatic urethra.

• The prostate (approximately 3 cm long,

4 cm wide, and 2 cm in AP depth) is the
largest accessory gland of the male
reproductive system

• The prostate is surrounded by a fibrous

capsule.
 Prostate
• The prostate has

A base closely related to the neck

of the bladder

An apex that is in contact with

fascia on the superior aspect of
the urethral sphincter and deep
perineal muscles
 Relations
• Superiorly: The base of the prostate is
continuous with the neck of the
bladder
• Inferiorly: The apex of the prostate
lies on the upper surface of the
urogenital diaphragm
• Anteriorly: The prostate is related to
the symphysis pubis. The prostate is
connected to the posterior aspect of
the pubic bones by the fascial
puboprostatic ligaments.
• Posteriorly: The prostate is closely
related to the anterior surface of the
rectal ampulla
 Structure of the prostate
• The prostate is incompletely divided into
five lobes

1.Anterior lobe lies in front of the urethra

and is devoid of glandular tissue

2.Median, or middle, lobe is the wedge of

gland situated between the urethra and
the ejaculatory ducts.

3. Posterior lobe is situated behind the

urethra and below the ejaculatory ducts
and also contains glandular tissue.
 Structure of the prostate
4.Right and left lateral lobes lie
on either side of the urethra and
are separated from one another
by a shallow vertical groove on
the posterior surface of the
prostate. The lateral lobes contain
many glands
 Prostatic part of the urethra in men
• The prostatic part of the
urethra is 3-4 cm long and
is surrounded by the
prostate.
• Following are the structures
seen in prostatic part of
urethra
• 1. Urethral crest
• 2. Urethral sinus
• 3. Prostatic utricle
• 4. Seminal colliculus
Prostatic part of the urethra in men
 Blood Supply
• Arteries
Branches of the inferior vesical.
• Veins
The veins form the prostatic venous
plexus, which lies outside the
capsule of the prostate.
The prostatic venous plexus is
continuous superiorly with the
vesical venous plexus and
communicates posteriorly with the
internal vertebral venous plexus.
Lymph Drainage
Internal iliac nodes
 Bulbourethral glands
• Pair of glands at base of
prostate.
• They are homologous
to Bartholin's glands in females.
•Secretions:
•Alkaline pH.
•Lubricant for glans of penis.
Female genital organs
 The ovaries
• It is an almond-shaped organ.

• It is attached to the back of

the broad ligament by a
peritoneal fold (mesovarium).

• Its medial end is attached to

uterus by ligament of ovary.

• Its lateral end is related to the BROAD

LIGAMENT
fimbriae of the uterine tube.

Female pelvic organs

(Posterior view)
 The ovaries
• Measuring 4×2 cm

• Usually lies in ovarian fossa

against the lateral wall of the
pelvis

• Bounded by the external iliac

vessels above and internal iliac
vessels behind
 Anatomical relations
• The ovary is bounded

– medially by the Fallopian

tube,

– laterally by the lateral

pelvic wall.

– superiorly and anteriorly it

is surrounded by the small
intestine

– inferiorly by the ovarian

fossa where the ureter and
the internal iliac vessels
pass.
 Blood supply and venous lymphatic drainage
• Arterial supply:
– Ovarian artery: Arises from the aorta at the level of
L2 and passes through the infundibulopelvic
ligament.
– Ovarian branch from the uterine artery; which
anastomose with the ovarian vesels at the broad
ligament.
• Venous drainage:
– The ovarian veins accompany the arterial supply,
and join with the pampiniform plexus of veins and
the uterine vein.
• Lymphatic drainage:
– to the para-aortic LNs via the ovarian vessels.
• Nerve supply
– insensitive except to squeezing on P.V
examination.
– sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves (T10 and
T11) through the preaortic plexus that accompany
the ovarian vessel.
 THE UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBES
• It is 10 cm long.

• It is enclosed in the broad

2
ligament of uterus.
1 3
It is divided into: 4
• Intramural part: opening into the
uterine wall.
X

• Isthmus: narrowest part.

• Ampulla: widest part (site of

fertilization).

• Infundibulum: funnel-shaped end,

has finger-like processes
(fimbriae), related to ovary
 Vagina
• Musculomembranous tube 7 to9 cm
long.

• Extends from the cervix of the uterus

to the vestibule

• The superior end of the vagina

surrounds the cervix
 vaginal fornix
• Recess around the cervix, has
anterior, posterior, and lateral
parts.

• The posterior vaginal fornix is the

deepest part and is closely related
to the rectouterine pouch.
 Arterial supply of the vagina
• Uterine arteries

• Vaginal arteries

• Venous drainage

• vaginal venous plexuses

• Lymphatic Drainage

• Superior part: Internal and external

iliac lymph nodes

• Middle part: Internal iliac lymph nodes

• External orifice: Superficial inguinal

lymph nodes.
 Uterus
• Location and Description

• The uterus is a hollow, pear-

shaped organ with thick
muscular walls.

• In the young nulliparous adult, it

measures 3 in. (8 cm) long, 2 in.
(5 cm) wide, and 1 in. (2.5 cm)
thick.

• It is divided into the fundus,

body, and cervix
Uterus
 Relations
• Anteriorly: Uterovesical pouch
and the superior surface of the
bladder

• Posteriorly: Rectouterine pouch

(pouch of Douglas)

• Laterally: Broad ligament and the

uterine artery and vein
 Positions of the Uterus

• Anteversion of the uterus: long

axis of the uterus is bent forward
on the long axis of the vagina

• Anteflexion of the uterus: long

axis of the body of the uterus is
bent forward at the level of the
internal os with the long axis of
the cervix.
 Ligaments of the uterus
• Ligament of the ovary

• Round ligament of the uterus

• Broad ligament of the uterus

 Supports of the Uterus
• Transverse Cervical (Cardinal)
Ligaments

• Sacrocervical Ligaments

• Pubocervical Ligaments
 Blood supply
• Arterial Supply of the Uterus:
uterine arteries, with potential
collateral supply from the ovarian
arteries.
 Pelvic Viscera in the Female
• Ureters

• In females, the ureter passes

medial to the origin of the uterine
artery and continues to the level
of the ischial spine, where it is
crossed superiorly by the uterine
artery
 Lymphatic drainage of the uterus
• Superior uterine body pass along the ovarian vessels to the
lumbar (caval/aortic) lymph nodes

• Uterine cervix :Internal iliac lymph nodes

Innervation of the vagina and uterus
• Sympathetic innervation originates in
the inferior thoracic spinal cord
segments and passes through
lumbar splanchnic nerves.

• Parasympathetic innervation
originates in the S2 to S4 spinal cord
segments and passes through the
pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Uterine change during pregnancy
Uterine change during pregnancy
 Female external genitalia (vulva)
• Mons pubis : a collection of fat
overlying the pubes.

• Labia majora.

• Labia minora.

• Clitoris.

• Vestibule of vagina: The interval

between the two labia minora.

• Vagina & urethra open into the

vestibule through urethral orifice
anteriorly and vaginal orifice
posteriorly.
Vulva
 Types of hymen

Bi-perforate
Virgin

imperforate

Deflorated Cribriform