JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 2Marks)

FUNCTIONS
1. Find the domain of the following real valued functions
1 1 1
iii) f (x ) =
2
i) f ( x ) = ii) f(x)= x − 1 +
6 x − x2 − 5 x 2 − 3x + 2 x −x

1 3+ x + 3− x
iv) f ( x ) = x+2+
log 10 (1 − x ) v) f (x ) = (Mar-2007)
x

vi) f ( x ) = 4 x − x2 (May-10)

vii) f (x) = log(x − 4x + 3) (Mar-08, 10, May-07)

2

viii) f ( x ) = x 2 − 25 (Mar-12)

ix) f ( x ) = log (x − [x ])

1
(x) f ( x ) = (March-2014)
(x − 1)(x + 3)
2

1 1 1 1
= =
Sol: i) f (x ) = 2 = 5 x + x − x 2 − 5 (5 x − 5) + x − x 2 ( ) 5 (x − 1) − x (x −1)
6x − x − 5

1 1
= ∵ ⇔ f ( x) ≠ 0
(x − 1)(5 − x ) , f ( x)

f (x) define when (x −1)(5 − x) ≠ 0, x ≠ 1,5

Domain of f is R-{1,5}

2 1 1
ii) f(x)= x − 1 + 2 f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) ≥ 0
f ( x)
⇔ f ( x) > 0
x − 3x + 2
⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 1) ≥ 0 and ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) > 0

∵ If ( x − α )( x − β ) > 0, (α < β ) then x ∈ (−∞, α ) ∪ (β , ∞ )

(−∞ , −1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) and ( −∞ ,1) ∪ (2, ∞ )

∴ Domain of ‘f’ is ( −∞ , − 1] ∪ (2, ∞ )
1 1
f (x ) = ∈R ∵ ⇔ f (x) > 0
iii) x −x f (x)

⇒ x −x >0⇒ x > x

⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0 ) ∴ Domain of ‘f’ is (−∞, 0 )

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
1 1
iv) f (x ) = x + 2 + log ∈R
∵ f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) ≥ 0 ∵ log f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) > 0& f ( x) ≠ 1
10 (1 − x )

⇒ x ≥ −2 and 1 − x > 0 , ⇒ x-1<0 and x ≠ 0

Domain of ‘f’ is [−2,1) − {0}

3+ x + 3− x 1
v) f (x ) = ∵ f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) ≥ 0 ∵ ⇔ f ( x) ≠ 0
x f ( x)
3 + x ≥ 0, 3 − x ≥ 0, x ≠ 0 ; x ≥ −3; x ≤ 3; x ≠ 0

⇒ x ∈ [−3, 3]− {0}(or) [−3, 0 )∪ (0,3]

Domain of ‘f’ is [−3, 3]− {0}(or) [−3, 0 )∪ (0,3]

vi) 4x − x 2 ∈ R ∵ f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) ≥ 0

(
⇒ 4 x − x2 ≥ 0 )
⇒ (x 2
− 4 x )≤ 0 , x (x − 4 ) ≤ 0

∵ If ( x − α )( x − β ) ≤ 0, (α < β ) th en x ∈ [α , β ]
⇒ x ∈ [0, 4] ∴ Domain of ‘f’ is [0, 4 ]

vii) f (x ) = log( x 2 − 4 x + 3) ∵ log f ( x ) ⇔ f ( x ) > 0

x 2 − 4 x + 3 > 0 ; x( x − 3) − 1 ( x − 3) > 0

(x − 3)(x − 1) > 0 ; ∵ If ( x − α )( x − β ) > 0, (α < β ) then x ∈ (−∞, α ) ∪ (β , ∞ )

x ∈ (−∞,1) ∪ (3, ∞ ) ∴ Domain of ‘f’is R − [1,3]

viii) f (x ) = x 2 − 25 ∵ f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) ≥ 0

(x − 5)(x + 5) ≥ 0
∵ If ( x − α )( x − β )≥ 0 , (α < β ) th en x ∈ ( − ∞ ,α ] ∪ [ β , ∞ )

⇒ ( −∞ , −5]∪ [5, ∞ ) ∴ Domain of f= ( −∞ , −5]∪ [5, ∞ )

ix) f (x ) = log (x − [x ])∈ R ∵ log f ( x ) ⇔ f ( x ) > 0

⇔ x − [x ] > 0, x > [x ]
⇔ x is a non-integer
∴ domain of f = R − Z

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
1 1 1
x) f (x ) = = ∵ ⇔ f ( x) ≠ 0
(x − 1)(x + 3) (x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 3 )
2
f ( x)

f(x) define when (x − 1)(x +1)(x + 3 ) ≠ 0 , x ≠ −3, − 1, 1

Domain of f is R − {−3, − 1, 1}

2. If f = {(1, 2), (2, −3), (3, −1)}then find i) 2 f ii) 2+ f iii) f 2 iv) f (Mar-08,12)
Sol: i) 2 f = {(1, 4 ), (2, −6 ), (3, −2 )} ii) 2 + f = {(1, 4), (2, −1), (3,1)}

iii) f 2 = {(1,4), (2,9), (3,1)} iv) {( )} ∵Domainof

f = 1, 2 {
f = x ∈Df / f (x) ≥ 0}
3 If f = {(4, 5 ), (5, 6 ), (6, −4 )} and g = {(4, −4 ), (6,5 ), (8, 5 )} then find
i) f + g ii) f − g iii) 2 f + 4 g iv) f + 4 v) fg
f
vi) vii) f viii) f ix) f 2 x) f 3
g

Sol: i ) f + g = {(4, 5 − 4 ), (6, −4 + 5)}= {(4,1), (6,1)}

∵ Dom ain of f + g (or ) Dom ain of f − g ( or ) dom ain of fg is dom a in of f ∩ dom ain of g

ii) f − g = {(4,5, +4 ), (6, −4, −5 )}= {(4,9 ), (6, −9 )}

iii) 2 f = {(4,10 ), (5,12 ), (6, −8)}

4 g = {(4, −16), (6, 20), (8, 20 )}

2 f + 4g = {(4,10 − 16), (6, −8 + 20)} ⇒ 2 f + 4g = {(4, −6), (6,12)}

iv) f + 4 = {(4, 5 + 4 ), (5, 6 + 4 ), (6, −4 + 4 )}= {(4, 9 ), (5,10 ), (6, 0 )}

v) fg = {(4, −20 ), (6, −20 )}

⎛ f ⎧ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎫ f
vi) Domain of g = ⎨⎜ 4, 4 {
⎟ , ⎜ 6, ⎟ ⎬ ∵ Dom ain of g = x ∈ D f ∩ D g / g ( x ) ≠ 0 }
⎩⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎭

vii) f = {(4, 5 ), (5, 6 ), (6, 4 )}

viii) {( )( )}
f = 4, 5 , 5, 6 ∵ Domain of {
f = x ∈ D f / f (x) ≥ 0 }
ix) f 2 = {(4, 25 ), (5,36 ), (6,16 )}
x) f 3 = {(4,125 ), (5, 216 ), (6, −64 )}

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4. If f , g are real valued, functions defined by f ( x ) = 2 x − 1; g ( x ) = x2 then

f
i ) (3 f − 2 g )( x ) ii ) fg ( x ) iii ) (x ) iv ) ( f + g + 2)( x ) (Mar-09)
g

Sol: i ) 3 f (x ) = 3 (2 x − 1) = 6 x − 3 & 2 g (x ) = 2 x 2

(3 f − 2 g ) x = 3 f (x ) − 2 g (x ) = 6 x − 3 − 2x2
ii) ( fg ) x = f (x ).g (x ) = (2 x − 1) x 2 = 2 x3 − x 2

f f (x ) 2 x −1
iii (x ) = =
g g (x ) x2

iv) ( f + g + 2 )(x ) = f (x ) + g (x ) + 2 ∵( f + k )( x) = f ( x) + k where k ∈ R

= 2x −1 + x2 + 2 ⇒ = x2 + 2 x + 1
5. If f : R → R, g : R → R defined by f (x) = 3x − 1 , g ( x ) = x2 + 1 then find
i ) fof ( x 2 + 1 ) ii ) fog (2) (iii) gof (2a − 3)

Sol:
2
( 2
)
(i) fof (x + 1)= f 3 (x + 1)−1 = f (3 x + 2 )= 3 (3 x + 2 )−1 = 9 x + 5
2 2 2

(ii) fog (2 ) = f (22 + 1)= f (5 ) = 3 (5 ) − 1 = 14

2
(iii) gof (2a − 3 ) = g (3 (2 a − 3) − 1) = g (6a − 10 ) = (6a − 10 ) + 1 = 36a 2 − 120a + 101

6 Find the range of the following real number functions

x2 − 4
i) log 4 − x2 ii)
x−2

Sol: i) y = f ( x ) = log 4 − x
2
∵ Range of log f ( x ) is R

f (x )∈ R ⇒ 4 − x 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ±2

4 − x2 = e y , e y > 0∀y ∈ R ⇒ Range of ‘f’ is R

x2 − 4
ii)
x−2
x2 − 4
Let y = f (x ) = ∈R
x−2
Domain of ‘f’ is R − {2}, Then y=x+2; x ≠ 2 ⇒ y ≠ 4 ∴ The range of f is R − {4}
7 If f ( x ) = 2; g ( x ) = x 2 ; h ( x ) = 2 x , for all x ∈ R , then find ( fo (goh )( x ))

Sol: ( fo (goh )(x )) = ⎡⎣ fog (h (x ))⎤⎦ = fog (2 x ) = f (g (2 x )) = f (4 x )= 2 2

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
8 Find the inverse of the following functions
i)If a, b ∈ R ; f : R → R defined by f (x ) = ax + b (a ≠ 0 ) (Mar - 2013)

ii) f : R → (o, ∞ ) defined by f (x ) = 5 x (Mar-06,11)

iii) f : (o, ∞ ) → R defined by f (x ) = log 2 x

sol: i) a, b ∈ R ; f : R → R defined by f (x ) = ax + b (a ≠ 0 )

Let y = f (x ) = ax + b ⇒ x = f −1 ( y ) ——(i)
y−b
And y=ax+b ⇒ x = ——(ii)
a
−1 y −b −1 x−b
From (i) and (ii) we get f ( y ) = and f (x ) =
a a
ii) Given that f : R → (o, ∞ ) defined by f (x ) = 5 x

y = f (x ) = 5x
−1
f ( x) = y ⇒ x = f ( y ) -------(i)
And y= 5 x ⇒ log 5y = x ——(ii)
From eq (i) and (ii) we get f −1 ( y ) = log5y ⇒ f −1 (x ) = log5x

iii) Given that f : (0, ∞ ) → R and f (x ) = log 2 x = y

x = f −1 ( y ) ——(i) and y = log 2 x ⇒ x = 2 y ——(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii) we get f −1 ( y ) = 2 y ; f −1 ( x ) = 2 x

⎧ π π π π⎫
9. If A = ⎨0, , , , ⎬ and f : A → B is a surjection defined by f (x ) = cos x ,then find B.
⎩ 6 4 3 2⎭
(Mar-11,Jun-11)
⎧ π π π π⎫
Sol: A= ⎨0, , , , ⎬
⎩ 6 4 3 2⎭
f : A → B is a surjective defined by f (x ) = cos x

⎧ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎫
B = f ( A ) = ⎨ f (0 ), f ⎜ ⎟ , f ⎜ ⎟ , f ⎜ ⎟ , f ⎜ ⎟ ⎬
⎩ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭

⎧ π π π π⎫ ⎪⎧ 3 1 1 ⎪⎫
= ⎨cos 0, cos , cos , cos , cos ⎬ = ⎨1, 2 , , , 0⎬
⎩ 6 4 3 2⎭ ⎪⎩ 2 2 ⎪⎭

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
10. If A = {−2, −1, 0,1, 2} and f : A → B is a surjection defined by f ( x ) = x2 + x + 1 then
find ‘B’ (May-2010)
2 2 2
Sol: f (−2 ) = (−2 ) + (−2 ) + 1 = 3 , f (−1) = (−1) + (−1 ) +1 =1 , f (0 ) = (0 ) + (0 ) + 1 = 1
2 2
f (1) = (1) + (1 ) +1 = 3 and f (2 ) = (2 ) + (2 ) + 1 = 7

f ( A) = {3,1,1,3, 7}i.e, B = {1, 3, 7}

x +1
11 If f (x ) = , then find i) ( fofof )(x ) ii) ( fofofof )( x )
x −1
Sol: i) ( fofof )(x ) = ( fof )( f ( x ))

⎛ x +1 ⎞
⎜ +1
⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ x +1⎞⎞ f ⎜ x −1 ⎟ ⎛ 2x ⎞
= ( fof )⎜ ⎟=f⎜f ⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ x + 1 ⎟⎟ = f ⎜ ⎟ = f (x )
⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎠ −1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎝ x −1 ⎠

⎛ ⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ x + 1 + x −1 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ +1
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎞ = f⎜
⎜
f⎜ x − 1 ⎟ ⎟⎟ = f ⎜⎜ f ⎜ x − 1 ⎟ ⎟⎟
ii) ( fofofof )( x ) = f ⎜ f ⎜ f ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ x +1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎠ ⎠ ⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ − 1 ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ x + 1 − x + 1 ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎠

x +1 x + 1 + x +1
+1
⎛ ⎛ 2x ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ = x −1 = x −1 2x
= f⎜f ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = f ( f (x )) = f ⎜ ⎟ x + 1 x + 1 − x +1 = =x
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎝ x −1 ⎠ −1 2
x −1 x −1
12 Find the domain and range of the following real valued functions
x
i) f (x ) = ii) f (x ) = 9 − x 2 iii) f (x ) = x + 1 + x
1 + x2
x 1
sol: i) given that f (x ) = ⇔ f ( x) ≠ 0
1 + x2 ∈ R f ( x)

x ∈ R is defined by ∀x ∈ R since x 2 + 1 ≠ 0
Domain of ‘f’is R

x 1 ± 1 − 4 y2
Let y = f (x ) = 2
=x y−x+ y =0 ⇒ x = is real number
1+ x2 2y

1 − 4 y 2 ≥ 0 ; y ≠ 0 ⇒ (1 + 2 y )(1 − 2 y ) ≥ 0; y ≠ 0 ⇒ (2 y − 1)(2 y + 1) ≤ 0
∵ If α , β are roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and if ax 2 + bx + c ≤ 0, a > 0 then x ∈ [α , β ]

⎡ −1 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 ⎤
y ∈ ⎢ , ⎥ Range of f = ⎢ , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
ii) Given that f (x ) = 9 − x 2 ∈ R

f ( x) ⇔ f ( x) ≥ 0

⇒ 9 − x2 ≥ 0
if (α − x )(x − β ) ≥ 0, (α < β )then x ∈ [α , β ]

∴ x ∈ [−3, 3] is the domain

y =f (x); x = 9 − y 2 ∈ R
-3 ≤ x ≤ 3
⇒ 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 9

⇒ − 9 ≤ − x2 ≤ 0
⇒ 0 ≤ 9 − x2 ≤ 9
⇒ 0 ≤ 9 − x2 ≤ 3
∴Range of f = [0,3]

iii) Given that f ( x ) = x + 1 + x ,

∵ f (x) ⇔ x ∈ R

∴ Domain of ‘f’is R

x = x ; x≥ 0
1+ x =1 + x
For x=0, f(0)=1; x = 1, then f(1)=3; x = 2, then f(2)=5; x = -2, then f(-2)=3
x = -1, then f(-1)=1;The range of ‘f’ is [1, ∞)
3x + 3− x
13. If the function f : R → R defined by f (x ) = ,then show that
2
f (x + y ) + f (x − y ) = 2 f (x ) f ( y )
− (x + y ) − (x − y )
3x + 3− x 3x + y + 3 3x − y + 3
Sol: f (x ) = ⇒ f (x + y ) = --(1) and f (x − y ) = --(2)
2 2 2
3x.3 y + 3− x.3− y + 3x.3− y + 3− x.3 y
(1)+(2) =
2
1 x y 1 x y
= ⎡⎣3 .3 + 3 .3 + 3 .3 + 3 .3 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣3 (3 + 3 )+ 3 (3 + 3 )⎤⎦
−x − y x −y −x y −y −x −y y

2 2
⎡⎛ 3x + 3− x ⎞⎛ 3 y + 3− y ⎞ ⎤
= 2 ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 2 f (x ) f ( y )
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
14. If f : R → R , g : R → R defined by f ( x ) = 3 x − 2, g ( x ) = x 2 + 1 ,then find

( )
i) gof −1 (2 ) ii ) (gof )(x − 1) iii) ( fog )(2 ) (March-2013)

Sol: f ( x ) = 3 x − 2; g ( x ) = x 2 + 1

i) (gof )(2) , Let y = f ( x) = 3x − 2

−1

y = f ( x ) ⇒ x = f −1 ( y )
y+2 −1 x+2 2+ 2 4
then y = 3 x − 2 , x = ⇒ f (x ) = ⇒ f −1 (2) =
3
=
3
3 3
⎛ 4 ⎞ 16 25
(gof )(2) = g ( f
−1 −1
(2) ) = g ⎜ ⎟ = + 1 =
3
⎝ ⎠ 9 9
ii) gof ( x − 1) = g ( f ( x − 1))
2
= g (3 ( x − 1) − 2 )= g (3 x − 5 )= (3 x − 5 ) + 1 = 9 x 2 − 30 x + 26

iii) ( fog )(2 ) = f (g (2) ) = f ((2) 2 + 1) = f (5) = 3(5) − 2 = 13

15. Define the following functions and write an example for each
i) one-one( Injection) ii) onto (Surjection)
iii) Even and Odd iv) Bijection.
Sol: i) Let f : A → B is a function if different elements of A have different f-images in B, Then
f : A → B is one – one
Eg : A = {1, 2, 3}, B {p, q, r , s}, f = {(1, p), (2, r ), (3, s)} ∴ f : A → B is 1-1 function.
ii) Let f : A → B is a function, if every element of B having atleast one pre- image in A, then
f : A → B is said to be onto function. i.e f ( A) = B
Eg : A = {1, 2,3, 4}, B {p, q, r}, g = {(1, p ), (2, q ), (3, p ), (4, r )}

Eg : A = {1, 2,3, 4}, B {p, q, r}, g = {(1, p ), (2, q ), (3, p ), (4, r )}∴ g : A → B is an onto function

iii) Let A be nonempty subset of R , and f : A → R

if f (− x ) = f (x )∀x ∈ A then f is called Even function.

if f (− x ) = − f (x )∀x ∈ A then f is called odd function.

4
Eg : sin x, x 3 + x.......etc are the examples of odd function, cos x, x , x + 2........etc
are the examples of even function.
iv) Bijection:A function f : A → B is a bijection if
a)It is one-one; f (a ) = f (b ) ⇒ a = b∀a, b ∈ A
b)It is onto; ∀b ∈ B ∃ a ∈ A such that f (a ) = b

Eg : A = {1, 2, 3}, B {p, q, r}, h = {(1, r ), (2, p ), (3, q )}∴ h : A → B is a bijective function

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
16. If f : N → N is defined as f (x ) = 2 x + 3 , is ' f ' onto? Explain with reason. (May-08)

Sol: f : N → N defined by f (x ) = 2 x + 3

Range of f = f (N ) = {f (1), f (2 ), f (3)....}

f ( x) = 2 x + 3 = y ∈ N
⇒ 2x = y − 3
y −3
⇒x= ∉N
2
for some y ∈ N there exists no x ∈ N suchthat f (x ) = y
∴ f is not onto

1− x2
17. i) If f : R → R is defined by f (x ) = ,then show that f (tan θ ) = cos 2θ
1 + x2
1+ x ⎛ 2x ⎞
ii) If f : R − {± 1} → R is defined by f (x ) = log 1 − x ,then show that f ⎜ 2⎟
= 2 f (x)
⎝ 1+ x ⎠
1 − tan 2 θ
Sol: Put x = tan θ ⇒ f (tan θ ) = = cos 2θ
1 + tan 2 θ
2x 2
1+
1+ x ⎛ 2x ⎞ = log 1 + x2 (1 + x )
ii) f (x ) = log ⇒ f⎜ 2 ⎟ 2x = log 2
1− x ⎝ 1+ x ⎠ 1−
1 + x2
(1 − x )
2
1+ x 1+ x
= log = = 2 log = 2 f (x )
1− x 1− x

⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1⎛ ⎛ x⎞ ⎞
18. If f ( x ) = cos (log x ) , then show that f ⎜ x ⎟ f ⎜ y ⎟ − 2 ⎜ f ⎜ y ⎟ + f ( xy )⎟ = 0
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
Sol: f ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎜ log ⎟ = cos (log1 − log x ) = cos (− log x ) = cos log x
⎝x⎠ ⎝ x⎠

⎛1⎞ ⎛x⎞ ⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞
Similarly f ⎜ ⎟ = cos (log y ) and f ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎜ log ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = cos (log x − log y )
⎝ y⎠ ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ ⎝ y ⎠⎠
and f ( xy ) = cos (log ( xy ) ) = cos (log x + log y )

⎛x⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ + f ( xy ) = cos (log x − log y ) + cos (log x + log y )
⎝ y⎠
= 2cos(log x) cos(log y )

⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ⎛x⎞ ⎞
∴ f ⎜x⎟ f ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ f ⎜ ⎟ + f ( xy )⎟ = cos (log x )cos (log y ) − 1 ⎡⎣ 2 cos (log x )cos (log y )⎤⎦ =0
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ y⎠ 2⎝ ⎝ y⎠ ⎠ 2

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
1
19. If f ( x ) = , g ( x ) = x for all x ∈ (0, ∞ ) then find gof ( x )
x

⎛1⎞ 1 1
Sol: gof (x ) = g ( f (x )) = g ⎜ ⎟ = =
⎝x⎠ x x

1 ⎛1⎞
20. If f : R − {0} → R is defined by f ( x ) = x −
3
3 then showthat
f (x)+ f ⎜ ⎟ = 0
x ⎝ x⎠

1 ⎛1⎞ 1
3
Sol: Given that f ( x ) = x − 3 ⇒
f ⎜ ⎟ = 3 − x3
x ⎝x⎠ x
⎛1⎞ 1 1
∴ f (x )+ f ⎜ ⎟ = x3 − 3 + 3 − x3 = 0
x
⎝ ⎠ x x

x x
21. P.T. the real valued function f ( x ) = + + 1 is an even function on R − {0}
ex − 1 2
x x
Sol: Given that f ( x ) = x
+ +1
e −1 2
−x x
f (− x ) = −x
− +1
e −1 2

− xe x x xe x x xe x − x + x x x (e x − 1) x x
= x
− + 1 = x
− + 1 = x
− + 1 = x + x − +1
1− e 2 e −1 2 e −1 2 e −1 e −1 2
x x x x
= x+ − +1 = x + + 1 = f (x )
ex −1 2 e −1 2
f (− x ) = f (x ) hence f is even function

x2 − x + 1
22. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A → R is a function defined by f ( x ) = then find the
x +1
range of f .
12 − 1 +1 1 22 − 2 + 1 3 32 − 3 + 1 7
Sol: f (1) = = , f (2 ) = = = 1 , f (3) = =
1 +1 2 2 +1 3 3 +1 4
4 2 − 4 + 1 13 ⎧ 1 7 13 ⎫
and f (4 ) = = ∴ f ( A ) = ⎨ 2 ,1, 4 , 5 ⎬
4 +1 5 ⎩ ⎭

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
cos2 x + sin4 x
23. If f ( x ) = for all x ∈ R then show that f (2012) = 1
sin2 x + cos4 x
cos 2 x + sin 4 x
Sol: Given that f (x ) =
sin 2 x + cos 4 x
2 2
cos 2 x + (sin 2 x ) cos2 x + (1 − cos 2 x ) cos 2 x + 1 + cos 4 x − 2cos 2 x
= = =
1 − cos2 x + cos4 x 1 − cos2 x + cos 4 x 1 − cos 2 x + cos 4 x

1 − cos 2 x + cos 4 x
= =1
1 − cos 2 x + cos 4 x
f is a constant function
∴ f (2012 ) = 1

MATRICES
⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡3 8⎤
24 If A = ⎢ ⎥ B=⎢ ⎥ and 2X + A = B then find X . (March-95,11,13)
⎣ 3 4⎦ ⎣7 2⎦

⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡3 8 ⎤
Sol. Given that A = ⎢ ⎥ B=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣7 2 ⎦
2X + A = B ⇒ 2X = B − A
⎡ 3 8 ⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡2 6⎤
2X = ⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥ = ⎢4 − 2⎥
⎣ 7 2 ⎦ ⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 3 ⎤
∴ X = ⎢ 2 −1⎥
⎣ ⎦

⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡3 2 1⎤
25. If A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ ⎥ find 3B − 2 A . (Mar-12)
⎣3 2 1⎦ ⎣1 2 3⎦
⎡ 3 2 1⎤ ⎡1 2 3 ⎤ ⎡9 6 3⎤ ⎡ 2 4 6 ⎤ ⎡ 7 2 −3⎤
Sol. 3B − 2 A = 3 ⎢ ⎥ −2⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥= ⎢−3 2 7 ⎥
⎣1 2 3⎦ ⎣ 3 2 1⎦ ⎣ 3 6 9 ⎦ ⎣ 6 4 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡ x − 3 2 y − 8⎤ ⎡ 5 2 ⎤
26. If ⎢ =⎢ find x, y, z and a
⎣z+2 6 ⎦ ⎣ −2 a − 4 ⎥⎦
⎥

⎡ x − 3 2 y − 8⎤ ⎡ 5 2 ⎤
Sol. Given that ⎢ =⎢
⎣z + 2 6 ⎦ ⎣ −2 a − 4 ⎥⎦
⎥

x−3 = 5 ; 2y −8 = 2 ; z + 2 = −2 ; 6 = a − 4

⇒ x =8 ; ⇒ 2 y = 10 ; ⇒ z = −4 ; ⇒ a = 10
⇒ y = 10

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS

⎡ 1⎤
⎢ 1 2 − 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
27. Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of A If A = ⎢ 0 −1 2 ⎥ (Jun-10)
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢− 2 1⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
Sol: Trace of A: If A is a square matrix then the sum of elements in the
principal diagonal of A is called trace of A

∴ trace of A = 1 − 1 +1 =1

28. Define symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix.

(Mar-05,Jun-05, May-07)
Sol. Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if AT = A
Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if
AT = −A
⎡ −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 6 ⎥⎥ is symmetric matrix , find x .
29. If A = ⎢ 2 5 ( Mar 05)
⎢⎣ 3 x 7 ⎥⎦

⎡ −1 2 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
Sol. Given that A = ⎢ 2 5 6 ⎥ ∵ A is symmetric ⇒ AT = A
⎣⎢ 3 x 7 ⎥⎦

⎡−1 2 3 ⎤ ⎡−1 2 3⎤
∴ ⎢⎢ 2 5 x ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 2 5 6 ⎥⎥
⇒ x=6
⎢⎣ 3 6 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 x 7 ⎥⎦

⎡0 2 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
30. If A = ⎢ −2 0 −2⎥ is a skew-symmetric matrix, find the value of x .(May-11)
1)
⎢⎣ −1 x 0 ⎥⎦

⎡0 2 1⎤
A = ⎢⎢ −2 0 −2 ⎥⎥
Sol. Given that ∵ A is skew-symmetric ⇒ AT = − A
⎢⎣ −1 x 0 ⎥⎦

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⎡ 0 −2 −1⎤ ⎡0 2 1⎤
⇒ x = − (−2 )
⇒ ⎢ 2 0 x ⎥ = − ⎢⎢ −2 0 −2 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 −2 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 x 0 ⎥⎦ ⇒ x=2

⎡1 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
31. If A = ⎢2 3 4⎥ and det A= 45, then find x. (Mar-03,07, May-09)
⎢⎣5 −6 x⎥⎦

⎡1 0 0⎤ 1 0 0
Sol. Given that A = ⎢2 3 4⎥ ∵ det A = 45 ⇒ 2 3 4 = 45
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣5 −6 x⎥⎦ 5 −6 x

⇒ 1(3x + 24 ) = 45 ⇒ 3x + 24 = 45 ⇒ 3 x = 21 ⇒ x=7

⎡12 22 32 ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥
2 32 42 ⎥
32. Find determinant of ⎢ (Mar-10)
⎢ 32 42 52 ⎥⎦
⎣

⎡12 22 32 ⎤ 12 22 32 1 4 9
⎢ ⎥
A = ⎢22 32 42 ⎥ 22 32
42
=4 9 16
Sol. Let then det A =
⎢32 42 52 ⎥ 32 42 52 9 16 25
⎣ ⎦
= 1(225 − 256 ) − 4 (100 − 144 ) + 9 (64 − 81) = −8
33. If ω is a complex (non-real) cube root of unity then show that

1 ω ω2
ω ω2 1 = 0 (Mar-11, 2014)
ω2 1 ω

1 ω ω2
ω ω2 1
Sol. Consider
ω2 1 ω

R1 → R1 + R2 + R3

1+ ω + ω 2 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω 2 0 0 0
2 2
= ω ω 1 = ω ω 1 =0
∵ 1+ω +ω2 = 0
ω2 1 ω ω 2
1 ω

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS

⎡ −2 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −2 3 1 ⎤
34. If A = ⎢ 5 0 ⎥ and B = ⎢ ⎥ then find 2 A + BT and 3B − A .
T (Mar-10)
-10)
⎣ 4 0 2 ⎦
⎢⎣ −1 4 ⎥⎦

⎡ −2 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −2 3 1 ⎤
Sol. Given that A = 5 0 and B = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 0 2⎦

⎡ −4 2 ⎤ ⎡ −2 4 ⎤ ⎡ −6 6 ⎤
Now 2 A + B = ⎢10 0 ⎥ + ⎢ 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢13 0 ⎥
T
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 8 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 10 ⎥⎦

⎡ −6 12 ⎤ ⎡ −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ −4 11⎤
T ⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ − ⎢⎢ 5 0 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 4 0 ⎥⎥
and 3B − A = ⎢ 9
⎢⎣ 3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 2 ⎥⎦

⎡1 4 7⎤ ⎡−3 4 0 ⎤ T
35. If A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ ⎥ then show that (A + B) = AT + BT . (May-09)
⎣2 5 8⎦ ⎣ 4 −2 −1⎦
⎡1 4 7 ⎤ ⎡−3 4 0 ⎤
Sol. Given that A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣2 5 8 ⎦ ⎣ 4 −2 −1⎦
⎡1 4 7⎤ ⎡−3 4 0 ⎤ ⎡ −2 8 7 ⎤
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣2 5 8⎦ ⎣ 4 −2 −1⎦ ⎣ 6 3 7 ⎦

⎡−2 6⎤
= (A + B) = ⎢⎢ 8 3⎥⎥ →(1)
T

⎢⎣ 7 7⎥⎦

⎡1 2⎤ ⎡−3 4 ⎤ ⎡−2 6⎤
and A + B = ⎢⎢4 5⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢ 4 −2⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 8 3⎥⎥ → (2)
T T

⎢⎣7 8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 7⎥⎦

T T T
∴ From (1) & (2 ) ( A + B ) = A + B

⎡ cos α sin α ⎤
36. If A = ⎢ then show that AA1 = A1 A = I . ( Mar-07)
⎣ − sin α cos α ⎥⎦

⎡ cos α sin α ⎤ ⎡ cos α − sin α ⎤

Sol. Given that A = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ A1 = ⎢
⎣ − sin α cos α ⎦ ⎣ sin α cos α ⎥⎦

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS

1 ⎡ cos α sin α ⎤ ⎡cos α − sin α ⎤

Now AA = ⎢ ∵ cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 1
⎣ − sin α cos α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ sin α cos α ⎥⎦

⎡ cos2 α + sin 2 α − cos α sin α + sin α cos α ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤

=⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ − sin α cos α + cos α sin α sin 2 α + cos2 α ⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎥⎦

∴ A A1 = I , Similarly we can prove that A1 A = I

⎡cos α − sin α ⎤
37. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix ⎢ . (Mar-09,13)
⎣ sin α cos α ⎥⎦

⎡cos α − sin α ⎤ cosα − sin α

Sol. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ det A = = cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 1
⎣ sin α cos α ⎦ sinα cos α

⎡ cos α sin α ⎤ ⎡a b ⎤ ⎡ d −b⎤

Now Adj A = ⎢ A= ⎢ ⎥ ∵ Adj A = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ − sin α cos α ⎥⎦ ⎣c d ⎦ ⎣ −c a ⎦

Adj A 1 ⎡ cos α sin α ⎤ ⎡ cos α sin α ⎤

A−1 = = =⎢
det A 1 ⎢⎣ − sin α ⎥
cos α ⎦ ⎣ − sin α cos α ⎥⎦

⎡ 2 4⎤
38. If A = ⎢ ⎥ and A 2 = O then find the value of K. (Mar 05,2014, May-11)
1)
⎣ −1 k ⎦
⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎡0 0⎤
Sol. Given that A 2 = O ⇒⎢ ⎥.⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 k ⎦ ⎣ −1 k ⎦ ⎣0 0 ⎦
⎡ 4−4 8 + 4k ⎤ ⎡ 0 0 ⎤
⇒⎢ =
⎣ −2 − k −4 + k 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⇒ 8 + 4k = 0 ⇒ 4k = −8 ⇒ k = −2

⎡ i 0⎤ 2
39. If A = ⎢ ⎥ , find A ( Mar 08)
⎣0 i ⎦

2 ⎡i 0 ⎤ ⎡ i 0 ⎤ ⎡i 2 + 0 0 + 0 ⎤
Sol. Consider A = A. A = ⎢ o =⎢ ⎥
i ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ o i ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 + 0 0 + i 2 ⎦
⎣

⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
=⎢ ⎥ = −⎢ = − I ⎡⎣∵ i 2 = −1⎤⎦
⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎥⎦

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
40. Find the rank of each of the following matrices
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡1 4 −1⎤ ⎡1 2 1⎤
⎢1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢2 3 0 ⎥ ⎢−1 0 2 ⎥
i) ⎢ ⎥ ( Mar 08, June-10) ii) ⎢ ⎥ iii) ⎢ ⎥ (Mar-12)
⎢⎣1 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 −1⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 0 −1⎤
⎢3 4 1 2⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −4⎤
iv) ⎢ ⎥ v) ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 3 2 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 −1 3 ⎦

⎡1 1 1⎤ 1 1 1
Sol. Let A = ⎢⎢ 1 1 ⎥
1 ⎥ ⇒ det A = 1 1 1 = 1 (1 − 1 ) − 1 (1 −1 ) +1 (1 −1 ) =0
⎣⎢ 1 1 1 ⎦⎥ 1 1 1

⎡1 1⎤ 1 1
& Let B = ⎢ ⎥ be a submatrix of A, det B =
⎣1 1⎦ 1 1 ⇒ det B = 1 − 1 = 0

& all 2x2 sub matrix det is zero ∴ Rank ( A) = 1

⎡ 1 4 −1⎤ 1 4 −1
⎢ ⎥
ii) Let A = ⎢ 2 3 0 ⎥ ⇒ det A = 2 3 0
⎣⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥⎦ 0 1 2

⇒ det A= 1(6 − 0 ) − 4 (4 − 0) − 1(2 − 0 ) = −12 ≠ 0 ∴ Rank ( A) = 3

⎡1 2 1⎤ 1 2 1
⎢ ⎥
iii) Let A = −1 0 1 ⇒ det A = −1 0 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 −1⎦⎥ 0 1 −1

⇒ det A = 1(0 − 1) − 2 (1 − 0) + 1(−1 − 0 ) = −1 − 2 − 1 = −5 ≠ 0 ∴ Rank ( A) = 3

⎡ 1 2 0 −1⎤
Let A = ⎢⎢ 3 4 1 2 ⎥⎥
iv)
⎢⎣ −2 3 2 5 ⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 0⎤
Let B = ⎢⎢ 3 4 1 ⎥⎥
be a submatrix of A
⎢⎣ −2 3 2 ⎥⎦

1 2 0
det B = 3 4 1 ⇒ 1 (8 − 3 ) − 2 ( 6 + 2 ) + 0 ( 9 + 8 )
−2 3 2

⇒ 5 −16 = −11 ≠ 0 ∴ Rank ( A ) = 3

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
⎡ 1 0 −4 ⎤ ⎡1 0 ⎤
v) Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and Let B = ⎢ ⎥ be a submatrix of A
⎣ 2 −1 3 ⎦ ⎣2 −1⎦
1 0
det B = Rank ( A) = 2
2 − 1 ⇒ det B = −1 − 0 = −1 ≠ 0 ∴
41. Write the definitions of singular and non-singular matrices and give examples.
Sol. Sinlgular: A square matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if det A = 0
⎡8 4 ⎤
Eg: ⎢ ⎥ is a singular matrix
⎣4 2 ⎦
Non-Singular: A square matrix A is said to be a non-singular matrix it det A ≠ 0
⎡3 0 ⎤
Eg: ⎢ ⎥ is a non-singular matrix.
⎣6 4 ⎦

42 A certain book shop has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen Physics books, 10 dozen
economics books. their selling prices are Rs.80. Rs.60 and Rs.40 each respecively.
Using matrix algebra,find the total value of the books in the shop.
Sol. Number of books
Chemistry Physics Economics
A = [10 ×12 = 120 8 ×12 = 96 10 ×12 = 120] i,e A= [120 96 120]
⎡80 ⎤ ⎛ c h e m is tr y ⎞
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟
selling prices in Rupees B= ⎢ 6 0 ⎥ ⎜ P h y s ic s ⎟
⎜ E c o n o m ic s ⎟
⎣⎢ 4 0 ⎦⎥ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ 80 ⎤
total value of the books in the shop AB = [120 96 120 ] ⎢⎢ 60 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 40 ⎥⎦

= [9600 + 5760 + 4800]= 20160 ( in Rupees )

1
43. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by a ij = i − 3 j
2

⎡ a11 a12 ⎤
Sol. In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A = ⎢ a21 a22 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ a31 a32 ⎥⎦

1
Now, a ij = i − 3 j , i = 1,2,3 and j =1,2
2
1 1 5
a11 = 1 − (3 × 1) = 1 a12 = 1 − (3 × 2 ) =
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = 2 − (3 ×1) = a22 = 2 − (3 × 2 ) = 2
2 2 2

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
1 1 3
a31 = 3 − (3 × 1) = 0 a33 = 3 − (3 × 3 ) =
2 2 2

⎡ 1 5 / 2⎤
∴ A = ⎢⎢1 / 2 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 3 / 2 ⎥⎦

ADDITION OF VECTORS
44. (i) Find the unit vector in the direction of vector a = 2i + 3 j + k . (March-2014)
(ii) Let a = 2i + 4j - 5k, b = i + j + k and c = j + 2k. Find the unit vector in the opposite
direction of a + b + c (Mar-09,10,12)
Sol. (i) Given a = 2i + 3 j + k

a = 22 + 32 + 12 = 4 + 9 + 1 = 14

a 2i + 3 j + k
∵ T h e u n it v ec to r in th e d ire c tio n o f a = =
a 14
(ii) a + b + c = 3i + 6 j − 2 k

a
a + b + c = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7 ∵ The unit vector in the direction of a =
a

∴ the unit vector in the opposite direction of

(a + b + c ) 1
a +b +c = −
a +b + c
=−
7
(3i + 6 j − 2 k )
45. Show that the points whose position vectors are -2a + 3b + 5c, a + 2b + 3c, 7a - c are
colinear when a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors.
−2 3 5
1 2 3 ⎡⎣a b c ⎤⎦
Sol.. Consider
7 0 −1

⎡⎣−2 (−2 − 0)− 3 (−1 − 21) + 5 (0 −14)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣a b c ⎤⎦ = [4 + 66 − 70]⎡⎣a b c ⎤⎦ = 0

∴ Given vectors are collinear
46. If the position vectors of the points A, B and C are -2 i + j - k, -4i + 2j + 2k and
6i - 3j - 13k respectively and AB = λ AC, then find the value of λ (Mar-11)
Sol AB = OB − OA = (−4i + 2 j + 2k )− (−2i + j − k ) = −2i + j + 3k
AC = OC − OA = (6i − 3 j − 13k ) − (−2i + j − k ) = 8i − 4 j − 12k = −4 ⎡⎣ −2i + J + 3k ⎤⎦

1
AC= - 4(AB) ⇒ AB = − AC ∵ A, B, C are collinear points then AB= λ AC
4
−1
compare with AB = λ AC ⇒λ =
4
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� � � � � �
47. If the vectors − 3 i + 4 j + λ k and µ i + 8 j + 6 k are collinear vectors, then find
λ and µ . (March-2014, May-2010)
a1 b1 c1
Sol. ∵ a1 i + b1 j + c1 k and a2 i + b2 j + c2 k are collinear then = =
a2 b2 c2

−3i + 4 j + λ k and µi + 8 j + 6k are

a1 b1 c1 −3 4 λ
collinear ⇔ = = ⇒ = =
a2 b2 c2 µ 8 6
−3 1 λ
⇒ = =
µ 2 6
−3 1 1 λ
⇒ = ; = ⇒ µ = −6 ; λ = 3
µ 2 2 6
48. If a = 2i + 5 j + k and b = 4i + m j + nk are collinear vectors then find the values of m and n.
(Jun-11)
Sol a = 2i + 5 j + k and b = 4i + mj + nk are collinear.

2 5 1 ∵ a i + b j + c k and a i + b j + c k are collinear then a 1 = b1 = c1

⇒ = = 1 1 1 2 2 2
4 m n a 2 b2 c 2

2 5 2 1
⇒ = ; = ⇒ m = 10 ; n = 2
4 m 4 n

49. If OA = i + j + k, AB = 3i - 2j + k, BC = i + 2j-2k and CD = 2i + j + 3k, then find the vector OD.

( March-2013)
Sol. OD = OA + AB + BC + CD =(i+j+k)+(3i-2j+k)+(i+2j - 2k)+(2i+j+3k) = 7 i + 2 j + 3k

50. OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a and OC=c, then find the vector equation of the side BC.
(March-2009)
Sol: Let O be the origin
C B

c
OA = a , OC = c
O a
A

CB = OA = a the vector Eqn. of BC is vector equation of the line passing through c and parallel to a

⇒ r = c + ta ∵ The vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to the b is r =a + tb

51. Find the equation of the plane which passes through the points 2i + 4 j + 2k , 2i + 3 j + 5k
and parallel to the vector 3i − 2 j + k (Mar-12)
Sol Let a = 2i + 4 j + 2k , b = 2i + 3 j + 5k , c = 3i − 2 j + k

∵The vector equation of plane passing through a , b and parallel to c is r = (1 − s )a + sb + tc s, t ∈ R

⇒ r = (1 − s )(2 i + 4 j + 2k )+ s (2 i + 3 j + 5k )+ t (3i − 2 j + k )
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52. Find the vector equation of the line j oining the points 2i + j + 3k and -4i + 3j - k. (Mar-11)
Sol Let a = 2 i + j + 3k and b = −4 i + 3 j − k

∵ The vector equation of the line passing through the points a , b is r = (1 − t )a + tb , t∈R

r = (1 − t )(2i + j + 3k )+ t (−4 i + 3 j − k )= (2 i + j + 3 k ) + t (− 6 i + 2 j − 4 k )
53. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i + 3 j + k and
parallel to the vector 4i − 2 j + 3k . (June-10)
Sol. Let a = 2 i + 3 j + k and b = 4 i − 2 j + 3k

∵The vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to b is r = a + tb; t∈R

r = (2 i + 3 j + k )+ t (4 i − 2 j + 3k ) = (2 + 4t ) i + (3 − 2t ) j + (1 + 3t )k

54. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i − 2 j + 5k ,
−5 j − k and − 3i + 5 j .
Sol. Let a = i − 2 j + 5k , b = −5 j − k , c = −3i + 5 j

∵The vetor equation of the plane passing through the points a, b, c is r = (1 − s − t )a + sb + t c s, t ∈ R

(
⇒ r = (1 − s − t ) i − 2 j + 5 k) + s (−5 j − k )+ t (−3i + 5 j )
⇒ r = (i − 2 j + 5k )+ s (− i − 3 j − 6k ) +t (−4i + 7 j − 5k )
55. If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively of ∆ABC
then find the vector equations of the median through the vertex A. (Mar-04,13,May-08)
Sol.
A a

B b D ⎛⎜ b + c ⎞⎟ C c
⎝ 2 ⎠

Let OA = a , OB = b , OC = c

∵ The vector equation of the line passing through the points a , b is r = (1 − t )a + tb , t∈R

⎛b +c⎞
r = (1 − t )OA + t (OD ) = (1 − t )a + t ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
56. Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i + 5j + 2k, 2i - 3j - 5k and -5i - 2j + 3k equilateral?
Sol Let OA = 3i + 5 j + 2k , OB = 2 i − 3 j − 5k , OC = −5 i − 2 j + 3k

∵ r = x i + yj + zk th en r = x2 + y2 + z2

AB = OB − OA = − i − 8 j − 7k ⇒ AB = 1 + 64 + 49 = 114

BC = OC − OB = −7 i + j + 8k ⇒ BC = 49 + 1 + 64 = 114

CA = OA − OC = 8 i + 7 j − k ⇒ CA = 64 + 49 + 1 = 114
∴ given vectors form an equilateral triangle.

57. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 5, 0) and (2, 0, 1).
Sol. Let a = (0, 0, 0) = 0 , b = (0,5,0 ) = 5 j , c = ( 2, 0,1 ) = 2 i + k

∵ Equation of plane passing through a , b & c is r = (1 − s − t )a + sb + tc

⇒ r = (1 − s − t ) a + s (5 j )+ t (2 i + k )

r = s (5 j )+ t (2 i + k )
58. ABCDE is a pentagon. If the sum of the vecotrs AB, AE , BC , DC , ED and AC
is λ AC then find the value of λ .

Sol

AB + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC = λ AC
( )( )
⇒ AB + BC + AE + ED + DC + AC = λ AC

( )
⇒ AC + AD + DC + AC = λ AC

⇒ AC + AC + AC = λ AC
⇒ 3AC = λ AC
∴λ = 3

155
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
PRODUCT OF VECTORS
59. If a = i + 2j - 3k and b = 3 i - j + 2k then show that a + b and a - b are perpedicular to each other
(May-11)
Sol: a + b = 4i + j − k ; a − b = −2i + 3 j − 5k

⇒ (a + b )(
. a − b )= 4 (−2) + 1(3) + (−1)(−5)= - 8+3+5=0 ∵a is ⊥lr to b then a .b = 0

∴ (a + b )and (a − b ) are perpendicular to each other

60. If the vectors λ i − 3 j + 5k and 2λ i − λ j − k are pependicular to each other, find λ

Sol Let a = λ i − 3 j + 5k , b = 2λ i − λ j − k

(λi − 3 j + 5k ).(2λ i − λ j − k )= 0 ∵ a is perpendicular to b ⇒ a . b = 0

5
2λ 2 + 3λ − 5 = 0 ⇒ (2λ + 5)(λ −1) = 0 ⇒ λ = − (or )1
2

2p
61. If 4i + j + pk is parallel to the vector i + 2 j + 3k , find p. (Mar-11)
3
2P
Sol: Let given vectors be a = 4 i + j + Pk , b = i + 2 j + 3k are parallel
3
a1 b1 c1 4
2P P
⇒ a =b =c ⇒ = 3 = P ∴4= ⇒ P = 12
2 2 2 1 2 3 3

62. Find the angle between the vectors i + 2 j + 3k and 3i − j + 2k . (March-2010)

Sol: Let a = i + 2 j + 3 k , b = 3i − j + 2 k

cos θ =
a .b
=
( )(
i + 2 j + 3k . 3i − j + 2 k ) = 3− 2 + 6 = 7 1
=
a b 1+ 4 + 9 9 +1+ 4 14 14 14 2

π
∴θ =
3
63. Find the cartesian equation of the plane through the point A (2, −1, −4 ) and parallel
to the plane 4 x − 12 y − 3 z − 7 = 0
Sol. The normal to the plane 4x-12y-3z-7 is 4i-12j-3k
A = 2 i − j − 4k , P = xi + yj + zk be any point in the required plane.
then ( AP ). (4i − 12 j − 3k ) = 0 ⇒ ⎡⎣( x − 2 ) i + ( y + 1) j + ( z + 4 )k ⎤⎦ . (4 i − 12 j − 3k ) = 0

⇒ 4 (x − 2) − 12 ( y + 1) − 3 (z + 4 ) = 0
⇒ 4 x − 12 y − 3 z = 32

156
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
64. Find the angle between the planes r. (2i-j +2k) = 3 and r. (3i +6 j + k) = 4.
Sol The normal vectors to the planes are n1=2i - j+2k, n2=3i-6j+k
n1 .n2 2 (3) + (−1)(−6 ) + 2 (1)
∵ Let θ be an angle between the planes,cos θ = =
n1 n2 4 + 1 + 4 9 + 36 + 1

6−6+2 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
= = ∴θ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
3 46 3 46 ⎝ 3 46 ⎠
65. Find the area of the parallelopiped having 2i - 3j and 3i-k as adjecent sides.(May-12)
Sol: Let a = 2i - 3j , b = 3i-k
i j k
= 2 −3 0
a ×b ∵Vector area of parallelogram having edge to sides a and b is a × b
3 0 −1

= i (3 − 0) − j (−2 − 0 ) + k (0 + 9 )= 3i + 2 j + 9k

∴ Re quired Area = a × b = 9 + 4 + 81 = 94 sq units.

66. Let a = i + j + k and b = 2 i + 3 j + k find
i) The projection vector of b and a and its magnitude
ii) The vector components of b in the direction of a and perpendicular to a
Sol:. (i) Let a = i + j + k , b = 2i + 3 j + k

b .a 2 + 3 +1
∵ The projection vector of b on a = .a = 2 (i + j +k)
a
2
( 3)
6
=
3
(i + j + k )= 2 (i + j + k )
b .a 1 (2 ) + 1 (3 ) + 1 (1 ) 6
∵ Magnitude of projection vector = = =
a 1 + 1 +1 3 =2 3

∵ Vector components of b along a =

(b .a )a
(ii) 2
a

=
(2 + 3 + 1)(i + j + k )
2
= 2 (i + j + k )
( 1+ 1 +1 )
Vector component of b perpendicular to a

=b −
(b .a )a
2 = (2i + 3 j + k ) − (2i + 2 j + 2k ) = j − k
a

157
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
67. If a =2i+2j-3k , b = 3i - j + 2k, then find the angle between 2a + b and a + 2b
Sol: 2a + b = 2 (2 i + 2 j − 3k )+ (3i − 2 j + 2k ) = 7 i + 2 j − 4k

a + 2b = (2 i + 2 j − 3k )+ 2 (3i − 2 j + 2 k ) = 8i − 2 j + k

Suppose θ be anglebetween 2a + b & a + 2b

∴ Cosθ =
(2a + b ). (a + 2b ) ∵ cos θ =
a .b
2a + b a + 2b a .b

cos θ =
(7 i + 2 j − 4k ). (8i − 2 j + k ) (56 − 4 − 4 ) = 48 = 16
= 69 23
49 + 4 + 16 64 + 4 + 1 69 69

⎛ 16 ⎞
∴θ = cos−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 23 ⎠

68. If |a| = 2, |b| = 3 and |c| = 4 and each of a, b, c is perpendicular to the sum of the other two
vectors, then find the magnitude of a + b + c.
Sol: a = 2, b = 3, c = 4,

given a . (b + c )+ b . (c + a ) + c . (a + b )= 0

2 ⎡⎣ a .b + b .c + c .a ⎤⎦ = 0
2 2 2 2
∵ (a + b + c ) = a + b + c + 2 ⎡⎣ a .b + b .c + c .a ⎤⎦

2 2 2
a + b + c = 4 + 9 + 16 + 0 =29

∴ a+b+c = 29

69. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the vectors
a = 4i + 3 j − k , b = 2i − 6 j − 3k (May-09)
Sol:. a = 4 i + 3 j − k , b = 2 i − 6 j − 3k

i j k
a ×b = 4 3 −1
= i (−9 − 6 ) − j (−12 + 2 ) + k (−24 − 6 )
2 −6 −3

= −15i + 10 j − 30k = 5 (−3i + 2 j − 6k )

a × b = 5 9 + 4 + 36 = 5 49 = 5 (7 ) = 35

∵ unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is = ±

a×b
=±
(15i + 10j - 30k ) (−3i + 2 j − 6k )
a×b 35
=±
7

158
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
70. If a = 2i − j + k and b = i − 3 j − 5k then find a × b (March-2013)

i j k
a × b = 2 −1 1
Sol = 8i + 11 j − 5 k
1 −3 −5

a × b = 64 + 121 + 25 = 210
71. If a = 2i - 3j + 5k , b = -i + 4j + 2k then find a × b and unit vector perpendicular to both a and b.

i j k
a ×b = 2 −3 5 = i −6 − 20 − j 4 + 5 + k 8 − 3
Sol ( ) ( ) ( )= −26i − 9 j + 5k
−1 4 2

2 2
a ×b = (−26 ) + (−9 ) + 52 = 782

a×b 1
∵ The unit vector ⊥ as to both a & b is = ± =± (−26i − 9 j + 5k )
a×b 782
72. Let a =2i-j+k and b = 3i+4 j-k. If θ is the angle between a and b, then find sin θ
i j k
a × b = 2 −1 1
Sol:
3 4 −1

= i (1 − 4 ) − j (−2 − 3) + k (8 + 3) = − 3 i + 5 j + 11k

a = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6 b = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26

a × b = 9 + 25 + 121 = 155

a×b 155 155

∵ sin θ = = =
a b 6 26 156
2 2 2 2
73. For any vector a, show that a×i + a× j + a×k = 2 a
Sol: Let a = a1i + a2 j + a3k
a × i = (a1i + a2 j + a3k )× i = a1 (i × i ) + a2 ( j × i ) + a3 (k × i ) = −a2 k + a3 j

a × i = a22 + a32

Similarly a × j = a12 + a32 , a × k = a12 + a22

2 2 2
∴ a×i + a× j + a ×k = (a22 + a32 )+ (a12 + a32 )+ (a12 + a22 )
2
= 2 ⎡⎣ a12 + a22 + a32 ⎤⎦ = 2 a RHS

159
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
π 2
74. If p = 2, q = 3 and p, q = ( ) 6
, then find p × q
2 2 2
Sol: p × q = p q sin 2 θ
1
= 22.32 sin 2 30 0 = 4.9. = 9
4
75. ( )
Compute a × b + c + b × c + a + c × a + b ( ) ( )
Sol: a × (b + c )+ b × (c + a ) + c × (a × b )

= a ×b + a × c + b ×c + b × a + c × a + c ×b = a ×b + a × c + b ×c − a ×b − a ×c − b × c = 0
76. Find the area of the parallelogram having a = 2 j − k and b = −i + k as adjacent sides.

i j k

Sol: ∵Vector area of parallelagram having adjacent sides a and b isa × b = 0 2 −1

−1 0 1

= i (2 - 0) - j (0 - 1)+ k (0+2) = 2 i + j + 2k

∴ Re quired Area = a × b = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9 = 3 Sq.units

77. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 3i + j − 2k and i − 3 j + 4k
Sol:
i j k
d1 × d 2 = 3 1
−2 = i 4 − 6 − j 12 + 2 + k −9 − 1
( ) ( ) ( ) = −2i − 14 j − 10k
1 −3 4

∴ d1 × d 2 = 4 + 196 + 100 = 300 = 2 75

1⎡
∴ Area = 2 75 ⎤⎦
2⎣
1
= 75 Sq. units ∵ Area of parallelogram whose diagonals are d1 .d 2 is 2 d1 × d 2

78. If the vectors a = 2i - j + k, b = i + 2j - 3k and c = 3i + p j + 5k are coplanar, then find p.

Sol:
2 −1 1
⎡⎣ a b c ⎤⎦ = 1 2 −3 [i j k ] = 0 ∵ a , b , c are coplanar ⇔ ⎡⎣ a b c ⎤⎦ = 0
3 p 5

⇒ 2 (10 + 3 p ) + 1(5 + 9 ) + 1( p − 6) = 0
⇒ 20 + 6 p + 14 + p − 6 = 0
⇒ 7 p = − 28
⇒ p = −4
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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
79. ( ) ( ) ( )
Show that i × a × i + j × a × j + k × a × k = 2 a for any vector a
Sol. Let a = a1i + a2 j + a2 k
a .i = a1 , a . j = a2 , a .k = a3
Nowi × (a × i ) = (i.i )a − (i .a )i = a − a1i

Similar j × (a × j ) = a − a2 j and k × (a × k ) = a − a3 k
i × (a × i ) + j × (a × j ) + k × (a × k ) = 3a − (a1i + a2 j + a3k ) = 3a − a = 2a RHS

80. Prove that for any three vectors a, b, c, [ b + c c + a a + b] = 2 [a b c]

Sol: LHS
0 1 1
= 1 0 1 ⎡⎣ a b c ⎤⎦ = ⎡0 0 − 1 −1 0 −1 +1 1 − 0 ⎤ ⎡ a b c ⎤ = 2 ⎡ a b c ⎤ RHS
[b+c c+a a+b] ⎣ ( ) ( ) ( )⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 1 0

81. Compute ⎡⎣i − j j − k k −i ⎤⎦

1 −1 0

Sol [i − j j − k k − i]= 0 1 −1 [i j k ]
−1 0 1

= ⎡⎣1(1 − 0 ) +1 (0 −1) + 0 ⎤⎦ (1) ⎡⎣∵ [i j k ] = 1 ⎤⎦

= 1 −1 = 0

82. Let b=2i+j-k,c=i+3k.If a is a unit vector then find the maximum value of [a b c]
Sol. a =1

i j k
b × c = 2 1 −1 = i 3 − 0 − j 6 + 1 + k 0 − 1
( ) ( ) ( ) = 3i − 7 j − k
1 0 3

b × c = 9 + 49 + 1 = 59

∴ M a xim um valu e of [a b c ] = [a b c ] = a .(b × c )

= a . (b × c ) cos ⎡⎣ a , b × c ⎤⎦ = a b × c cos θ = 1. 59.1 = 59 ∵maximum valueof cosθ = 1

161
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
1 1
83. If e1 −e2 = sinλθ where e1 and e2 are unit vectors including an angle θ , show that λ = .
2 2
1
Sol:. e1 − e 2 = s i n λ θ
2
S.O.B.S
1 2 2
4
(e1 + e2 − 2e1e2 cos θ )= sin 2 λθ
1 1
⇒ [1 + 1 − 2 cos θ ] = sin 2 λθ ⇒ (2 (1 − cos θ )) = sin 2 λθ
4 4
1⎛ 2θ ⎞ 2
⇒ 2 ⎜ 2 sin 2 ⎟ = sin λθ
⎝ ⎠

1
∴λ=
2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO TRANSFORMATIONS

84. If cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ . Prove that cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ . (Mar-09,Jun-11)
1)
Sol: Given cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ

sin θ = 2 cos θ − cos θ = ( 2 − 1)cos θ

2
multiplying with ( 2 + 1)on both sides ⇒ ( 2 +1)sinθ = ⎡⎣⎢( 2 ) −1 ⎤⎦⎥ cosθ
2

2 sin θ + sin θ = cos θ ⇒ cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ

85. If 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ = 5 ,then find the value of 4 s in θ − 3 c o s θ . (Mar-12)
Ans: Let 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ = 5 ......... (1)
4 sin θ − 3 co s θ = a .......(2)
Squaring and adding on 1 and 2 both sides, get
2 2
(3sin θ + 4 cos θ ) + (4 sin θ − 3cos θ ) = 52 + a 2

25sin 2 θ + 25 cos 2 θ = 25 + a 2
( )
25 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 25 + a 2 ∵sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
25 = a 2 + 25 ⇒ a=0
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
86. Prove that cot .cot .cot .cot .cot =1 (March-2005)
20 20 20 20 20

π
∵ cot 45 0 = 1 ∵ 20 = 9
0
Sol: cot 90.cot 27 0.cot 450.cot 630.cot 810

cot 90.cot 270.cot(90 − 27) 0 .cot(90 − 9)0

(cot 9 0
)( )
tan 90 . cot 27 0 tan 27 0 ⇒ 1.1=1 ∵ cot A tan A = 1

162
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
87. Find the period of the following functions.
⎛ 4x + 9 ⎞
i) f (x ) = tan 5x ii) f ( x ) = cos ⎜ ⎟ (March-2005, May-10)
⎝ 5 ⎠
iii) f (x ) = sin x iv) f (x ) = cos4 x
πx πx
v) f ( x ) = 2 sin + 3 cos
4 3

vi) f ( x ) = tan (x + 4 x + 9 x + ... + n 2 x ) vii) f ( x ) = cos(3 x + 5) + 7

π
Sol: i) f (x ) = tan 5x . Period of Tanax is a

π π
period is =
5 5

⎛ 4x + 9 ⎞ ⎛ 4x 9 ⎞ 2π
ii) f ( x ) = cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎜ + ⎟. ∵ The period of cos (ax + b ) is
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 5⎠ a

2π 5π
period = =
4 2
5

iii) f (x ) = sin x
f(x+ π )= sin(x + π )
= − sin x = sin x = f(x) ∴ Period of f (x) = π

iv) f (x ) = cos4 x

f (x + π )= (cos(x + π ))4 = [− cos x ]4 = cos 4 x = f(x) ∴ Period of f (x) = π

πx πx
v) f ( x ) = 2 sin + 3 cos
4 3
2π 2π
πx π πx
The period of sin is = 8 , the period of cos is π = 6
4 4 3 3
period of f(x)=L.C.M. of (8, 6) = 24.
vi) Let f ( x ) = tan (x + 4 x + 9 x + ........... + n 2 x )

= tan (x + 22 x + 32 x + ......... + n 2 x )
= tan (12 + 22 + 32 + ......... + n 2 )x
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
⎛ n (n + 1)(2 n + 1) ⎞ ∵12 + 22 + 32 + ......... + n2 =
6
= tan ⎜ ⎟x
⎝ 6 ⎠

163
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
π
The period of tan ax is a

π 6π
f (x ) = =
The period of f (x ) is n (n + 1)( 2 n + 1) n ( n + 1)( 2 n + 1)
6
vii) f ( x ) = cos(3 x + 5) + 7
2π
The period of the function cos(ax + b) is a

2π 2π
∴ period = 3 = 3

0 0 0 0 1
88. Prove that cos12 + cos132 + cos 84 + cos156 = −
2
Sol: (cos12 0
) (
+ cos132 0 + cos 84 0 + cos1560 )
⎛C + D⎞ ⎛C −D⎞
∵ cos C + cos D = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ 2 ⎟
2 cos 720.cos 600 + 2 cos1200 cos 360 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

1 ⎛ 1⎞
2 cos 720. + 2 ⎜ − ⎟ cos 360
2 ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ 5 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 + 1 ⎞ 1
sin180 − cos 36 0 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2

0 0 0 0 1
89. Prove that cos100 cos 40 + sin 100 sin 40 = . (Mar-11)
2
Sol: cos100 0 cos 40 0 + sin 100 0 sin 40 0
1
= cos (100 − 40 ) = cos 60 = ∵ cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
2
90. Find the value of cos 42 + cos 78 + cos 162 (May-11)
Sol. cos 42 + cos 78 + cos 162
Cos (60-18) + Cos (60+18) + Cos (180-18) ∵ cos( A − B) + cos( A + B) = 2cos Acos B
= 2 Cos 60 . Cos 18 – Cos 18 = 0
91. Find the miximum and minimum values of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = 7 cos x – 24 sin x + 5
(ii) f (x ) = sin 2 x − cos 2 x

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(iii) cos ⎜ x + ⎟ + 2 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ − 3 (March-2009)
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
(iv) f(x) = 13 cos x + 3 3 sin x − 4
(v) f (x ) = 3sin x − 4 cos x (March-2014)
164
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
Sol. (i). f(x) = 7 cos x – 24 sin x + 5, where a = 7, b = -24, c = 5

∵ Maximum value = c + a 2 + b 2

= 5 + 7 2 + (−242 ) = 5 + 625 = 5 + 25 = 30

∵ M inim um value = c - a 2 + b 2
2
= 5 − 72 + (−24) = 5 − 625 = 5 − 25 = −20

(ii). f (x ) = sin 2 x − cos 2 x where a=1,b=-1,c=0

∵ Maximum value = c + a 2 + b 2 = 2

∵ M inim um value = c - a 2 + b 2 = − 2

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(iii). cos ⎜ x + ⎟ + 2 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ − 3 where b = 2 2 , a = 1, c = -3.
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2
∵ Maximum value = c + a 2 + b 2 = −3 + (2 2 ) + 1 2
=0

2
∵ M inim um value = c - a 2 + b 2 = −3 − (2 2 ) + 1 2
= −6

(iv). f(x) = 13 cos x + 3 3 sin x − 4 where b = 3 3 , a = 13, c = -4.

2
∵ Maximum value = c + a 2 + b 2 = −4 + (3 3 ) + (13) 2
= 10

2
∵ M inim um value = c - a 2 + b 2 = −4 − (3 3 ) + (13) 2
= −18

(v) f (x ) = 3sin x − 4 cos x

Where b = 3, a = −4, c = 0

∵ Maximum value = c + a 2 + b 2 = 0 + 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

∵ M inim um value = c - a 2 + b 2 = 0 − 16 + 9 = − 25 = −5
92 . Find the value of
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) sin 82 − sin 2 22 2
(ii) cos 112 − sin 2 52 2 2
(iii) sin 52 − sin 22
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
Sol: (i) sin 2 82 − sin 2 22 = sin(82.5+22.5) sin(82.5-22.5) ∵ sin2 A − sin2 B = sin( A + B )sin( A − B )
2 2
⎛ 3 +1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3+ 3
= sin 105. sin 60 = ⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟ 4 2
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

165
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
0 0
1 1 3 +1
ii) cos 2 112 − sin 2 52 ( )
= cos 1650 .cos 600 ( ) ∵ cos150 = sin 750 =
2 2 2 2

∵cos
∵ cos 2 A − sin2 B = cos( A + B)cos( A − B)

( ) ( )0 1
cos 1800 − 150 .cos 600 = - cos 15 . = −
(1 + 3 ). 1 = − (1 + 3 )
( )
2 2 2 2 4 2

0 0 0 0
1 sin ⎛ 52 1 + 22 1 ⎞ sin ⎛ 52 1 − 22 1 ⎞
0 0
2 1 2
iii) sin 52 − sin 22 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

∵ sin 2 A − sin2 B = sin( A + B )sin( A − B )

3 +1 1 33++11
= sin 750.sin 300 = . ==
2 2 2 24 22

1 3
93. Prove that − =4
sin10 cos100
0

⎛1 3 ⎞
2 ⎜ cos100 − sin100 ⎟
0 0
1 3 cos10 − 3 sin10 ⎝2 2 ⎠
Sol. L.H.S. = 0
− 0 = 0 0 = 1
sin10 cos10 sin 10 cos10
2
(2sin10 cos10 )
0 0

∵cos Acos B − sin Asin B = cos( A + B)

4 (cos 600.cos100 − sin 600.sin100 ) 4cos (600 +100 ) 4cos700 4 cos 70 0

= = = =4
sin 2 (10 0
) sin 200 sin 200 cos 70 0

2
94. If sec θ + tan θ = , find the value of sin θ and determine the quadrant in which θ lies.
3
Sol. We know that sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1
1 1 3
(sec θ − tan θ ) = = =
(sec θ + tan θ ) 2/3 2
2 3
⇒ (sec θ + tan θ ) + (sec θ − tan θ ) = +
3 2
4+9 13 13
2sec θ = ⇒ 2sec θ = ⇒ sec θ =
6 6 12
2 3 5
Again (sec θ + tan θ ) − (sec θ − tan θ ) = − =−
3 2 6
5 5 −5
2 tan θ = − = tan θ = − , sin θ =
6 12 13
Since secθ is positive and tan θ is a negative, ' θ ' lies always in IV-quadrant

166
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
4 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
95. Show that cos α + 2 cos α ⎜ 1 − ⎟= 4
⎝ sec α ⎠ 1− sin α
2

4 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
L.H.S = cos α + 2 cos α ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = cos α + 2 cos α (1 − cos α )
4 2 2
Sol. 2
⎝ sec α ⎠

(
= cos 4 α + 2 cos 2 α sin 2 α = cos 2 α cos 2 α + 2 sin 2 α )
2 ⎛ 2 2 2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
= cos α ⎜ cos α + sin α + sin α ⎟ = cos α ⎜1 + sin α ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

= (1 − sin 2 α )⎡⎣1 + sin 2 α ⎤⎦ = 1 − sin 4 α L.H.S=R.H.S

2
96. (tan θ + cot θ ) = sec 2 θ + cos ec 2 θ = sec 2 θ cosec2 θ

Sol: (tan θ + cot θ )

2
tan2θθ++cos
==sec cot2 θθ +
= 2sec ( ) ( )
= 1θ+ tan 2 θ + 1 + cot 2 θ = sec 2 θ + cos ec 2 θ

2 2 1 1 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
Again sec θ + cos ec θ = + = = 2 2
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ sec θ.cos ec θ
2sin θ 1 − cos θ + sin θ
97. If x = find the value of
1 + cos θ + sin θ 1 + sin θ

2sin θ 2sin θ (1 + sin θ − cos θ )

Sol. Given x = = 2
1 + cos θ + sin θ (1 + sin θ) − cos2 θ
2sin θ (1 + sin θ − cos θ ) 2sin θ (1 + sin θ − cos θ ) 2sin θ (1 + sin θ − cos θ )
= 2 2 = =
1 + sin θ + 2sin θ − cos θ sin 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2sin θ 2sin 2 θ + 2sin θ
1 − cos θ + sin θ
x=
1 + sin θ
2
tan 6100 + tan 7000 1 − p
98. i) If tan 20 = P then prove that
0 = 2
tan 5600 − tan 4700 1 + p
tan 6100 + tan 7000
Sol. i) L.H.S =
tan 5600 − tan 4700
0
tan (360 + 250 ) + tan (720 − 20 )
0
( )
tan 2500 + tan −200
=
tan (200 )− tan (110 )
0 0 0 0
tan (360 + 200 ) − tan (360 − 110 )

1 1
0
− tan 200 −p
0
cot 20 − tan 20 tan 20
0 p 1 − p2
0
= 1 = 1 ( tan 20 = p ) Then we get=
tan 200 + cot 200 tan 200 + p+ 1 + p2
tan 200 p

167
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
tan1600 − tan110 0 1 − λ 2
ii) If tan 200 = λ , then prove that =
1 + tan160 0 tan110 0 2λ
tan160 0 − tan110 0
Sol. L.H.S. =
1 + tan1600 tan110 0

tan (1800 − 200 )− tan (900 + 200 )

=
1 + tan (1800 − 20 0 )tan (900 + 200 )

1
−λ +
0 0 λ 1− λ2
− tan 20 + cot 20 = = = R.H .S
= 1 2 λ
1 + tan 200 cot 200 1 + λ.
λ

⎡ π⎤
99. i) Draw the graph of y = tan x in between ⎢0, ⎥
⎣ 4⎦
ii) Draw the graph of y = cos 2 x in [0, π] iii) Draw the graph of y = sin 2 x in (0, π )
π π
Ans. i) X 0
6 4
1
Y=tan x 0 1
3

x 0 π /4 π /2 3π / 4 π
ii) 2
y = cos x 1 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1

168
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
π π 3π
iii) X
4 2 4
Y=sin2x 1 0 -1

π
100. If θ is not multiple of prove that tan θ + 2 tan 2θ + 4 tan 4θ + 8 tan 8θ = cot θ
2
Sol, we know that tan A = cot A − 2cot 2 A − − − − − (1)
There fore tan θ + 2 tan 2θ + 4 tan 4θ + 8 tan 8θ
= cot θ − 2cot 2θ + 2cot 2θ − 4cot 4θ + 4cot 4θ − 8cot 8θ + 8cot 8θ = cot θ
101. prove that 4 (cos 660 + sin 840 ) = 3 + 15

Sol. (
L.H.S = 4 (cos660 + sin840 )= 4 cos 66 + sin (90 − 6 )
0 0
)= 4(cos66 + cos (6) )
0 0

⎡ ⎛ 66 + 6 ⎞ ⎛ 66 − 6 ⎞⎤ ⎛C + D⎞ ⎛C −D⎞
= 4 ⎢ 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟⎥ ∵ cos C + cos D = 2cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 8cos 360.cos 300

⎛ 5 +1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
= 8 ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ =
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
( 5 + 1)( 3 )= 15 + 3 ∴ L.H.S = R.H.S

3 +1
102. Prove that cos 200 cos 400 − sin 50.sin 250 =
4
Sol. L.H.S= cos 200 cos 400 − sin 50.sin 250
1
= ⎡ cos (20 + 40 ) + cos (20 − 40 ) − (cos (5 − 25 ) − cos (5 + 25 ))⎤⎦ ∵ 2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )
2⎣
∵ 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B )

1 1
= ⎡(cos 60 + cos 20 ) − (cos 20 − cos 30 )⎤⎦ = [cos 60 + cos 30]
2⎣ 2

1 ⎡1 3 ⎤ 1 ⎡1 + 3 ⎤ ⎛ 1 + 3 ⎞
⎢ + ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎜ ⎟
2 ⎣ 2 2 ⎦ = 2 ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ∴ L.H.S=R.H.S

169
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
π
103. If ABC are angle of a triangle and if non of them is equal to then prove that
2
Tan A + Tan B + Tan C = Tan A . Tan B . Tan C
Sol. A+B+C = π
tan A + tan B
tan ( A + B ) = tan (π − C ) ⇒ = − tan C
1 − tan A tan B
tanA+tanB= -Tan C + Tan A . Tan B . Tan C
⇒ Tan A + Tan B + Tan C = Tan A . Tan B . Tan C
1
104. If sin θ = − and θ does not lie in the third quadrant. Find the value of cosθ .(Mar-13)
3
1
Sol: Given that sin θ = − < 0
3
⇒ θ ∈ Q3 & Q4
⇒ θ ∉ Q3 ⇒ θ ∈ Q4 ⇒ cos θ > 0
2
⎛ 1⎞ 1 8
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ − ⎟ = 1 − =
⎝ 3⎠ 9 9

8 2 2
∴ cos θ = =
9 3
105. Find a cosine function whose period is 7. (March 2013)
Sol: Let the required function f (x ) = cos ax

2π 2π 2π
∵ =7⇒ a = ⇒a=±
a 7 7

2π
∴ f ( x ) = cos x
7
2
106. Find a sine function whose period is
3
Sol: Let f ( x ) = sin ax
2π 2
period ⇒ a = 3 ⇒ a = 3π ⇒ a = ±3π

∴ f ( x ) = sin( ± 3π ) x = ± sin(3π ) x

170
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
cos90 + sin 90
107. Prove that = cot 360 (Mar-11)
cos 90 − sin 90

cos 90 sin 90
+
0 0 1 + tan 90
cos 90 + sin 9 0 cos 90 cos 90 = ∵tan( A + B) =
tan A + tan B
Sol, L.H.S. = = cos9 sin 9 1 − tan 90
cos 90 − sin 90 0
− 0
1 − tan Atan B
cos9 cos 9

( )
= tan 450 + 90 = tan 540 = cot 360

5 π
108. If cos θ = − and < θ < π then find sin 2θ .
13 2
Sol: Since sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ

25 144 144 12
= 1− = ∴ sin θ = + = (θ ∈ Q2 )
169 169 169 13
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 120
∴ sin 2θ = 2sin θ .cos θ = 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ = −
13
⎝ ⎠⎝ 13 ⎠ 169
2 tan x
109. For what values of x in the first quadrant is positive?
1 − tan 2 x

2 tan x 2tan A
Sol: = tan 2 x > 0 ∵tan2A =
1 − tan 2 x 1 − tan2 A

π
⇒ 0 < 2x < (∵ x ∈ Q1 )
2
π
⇒0<x<
4
⎛ π⎞
x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
π θ
110. If 0 < θ < , show that 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos 4θ = 2 cos
8 2
A
Sol: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos 4θ = 2 + 2 + 2 (1 + cos 4θ ) ∵1 + cos A = 2cos2
2

= 2 + 2 + 2 cos 2θ
θ
= 2 + 2 (1 + cos 2θ ) = 2 (1 + cos θ ) = 2 cos
2

171
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
0
sin 2α 1
111. Prove that tan α = and hence deduce the values of tan150 and tan 22
1 + cos 2α 2
sin 2α 2 sin α cos α sin α
Sol: R.H.S = = = = tan α
1 + cos 2α 2 cos 2 α cos α
sin 2α
∴ tan α = , If put α = 150 then
1 + cos 2α

1
1 2
0 sin 30 0 = = = 2− 3
tan15 = 0 3 2+ 3
1 + cos 30 1+
2

1
0 2 = 1
1 sin 450 = = 2 −1
Put α = tan 22 = 1 2 +1
2 1 + cos 450 1 +
2

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
5
112. I f cosh x = , find the values of (i )cosh (2x ) and (ii )sinh (2x). (Mar-10,11,May-06,11)
1)
2
5
Sol. Given cosh x =
2

⇒ sinh 2 x = cosh 2 x − 1 ∵ co sh 2 x − sin h 2 x = 1

25 21
⇒ sinh 2 x = −1 ⇒ sinh 2 x =
4 4
21
⇒ sinh x = ±
2
2
⎛5⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞ 23
(i) = 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 1 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ −1 = ∵ cosh 2 x = 2cosh 2 x − 1
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 42 ⎠ 2

⎛ 21 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ±5 21
(ii) = 2 ⎜⎜ ± ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ∵sinh2 x = 2sinh x cosh x
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
3
113. If sinh x = ,find cosh 2 x and sinh 2 x . (Mar-12,2014, May-09)
4
3
Sol. Given sinh x =
4
9
⇒ cosh 2 x = 1 + sinh 2 x = 1 + 16 ∵ cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
172
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
25 5
⇒ cosh 2 x = ⇒ cosh x = (∵ cosh x ≥ 1)
16 4
⎛ 9 ⎞ 16 + 18 34 17
(i) = 1+ 2⎜ ⎟ = = =
⎝ 16 ⎠ 16 16 8 ∵ cosh 2 x = 1 + 2sinh 2 x

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 15
(ii) = 2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ∵sinh2 x = 2sinh x cosh x
⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 8
114. If cosh x = sec θ then prove that tanh 2 x / 2 = tan 2 θ / 2 ( Mar -2013)
Sol. Given Coshx = sec θ

⎛θ ⎞
2sin 2 ⎜ ⎟
sec θ − 1 1 − cos θ ⎝ 2 ⎠ = tan 2 θ / 2
2 ⎛ x⎞ cosh x −1 = =
We have Tanh ⎜ ⎟ = = secθ + 1 1 + cos θ ⎛θ ⎞
⎝ 2 ⎠ cosh x +1 2cos2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠

⎛ x ⎞ cosh x −1 ⎛θ ⎞ ⎛θ ⎞
∵Tanh 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − cosθ = 2sin2 ⎜ ⎟ 1 + cosθ = 2cos2 ⎜ ⎟ secθ = 1
⎝ 2 ⎠ cosh x + 1 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ cos θ

115. For x , y ∈ R Prove that (i )sinh (x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y

(ii )cosh (x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

Sol. (i) R.H.S = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y

⎛ e x − e − x ⎞⎛ e y + e− y ⎞ ⎛ e x + e − x ⎞⎛ e y − e− y ⎞ e x − e− x e x + e− x
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ∵sinh x = ,cosh x =
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2

e x + y + e x − y − e− x + y − e− x − y + e x + y − e x − y + e − x + y − e − x − y
=
4

2e x + y − 2e
−(x + y ) ⎛ e x + y − e −(x + y ) ⎞ ⎛ e x + y − e −(x + y ) ⎞
= = 2⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = sinh (x + y )= L.H.S
4
⎜ 4 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∴sinh (x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y .
(ii) R.H.S = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

⎛ e x + e− x ⎞⎛ e y + e − y ⎞ ⎛ e x − e − x ⎞⎛ e y − e− y ⎞ e x − e− x e x + e− x
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ∵sinh x = ,cosh x =
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
− (x + y ) −(x + y )
e x + y + e x − y + e− x+ y + e + e x+ y − e x− y − e− x+ y + e
=
4

2e x + y + 2e
−(x + y ) ⎛ e x + y + e −(x + y ) ⎞ ⎛ e x + y + e−(x + y ) ⎞
= = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = cosh (x + y ) = L.H .S
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
∴ cosh (x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y .
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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
116. Prove that
n
(i ) (cosh x − sinh x ) = cosh (nx ) − sinh (nx ) , for any n ∈ R (March-06,07)
n
(ii ) (cosh x + sinh x) = cosh (nx )+ sinh (nx ), for any n ∈ R

⎛ e x + e− x ⎞ ⎛ ex − e− x ⎞ e x − e− x e x + e− x
Sol. (i) cosh x − sinh x = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ ∵sinh x = ,cosh x =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2

e x + e− x − e x + e − x 2e− x
= =
2 2
−x
⇒ cosh x − sinh x = e
n n
L.H.S = (cosh x −sinh x) = (e−x ) = e−nx .

⎛ e nx + e − nx ⎞ ⎛ e nx − e − nx ⎞
R.H.S = cosh nx − sinh nx = ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

enx + e−nx − enx + e−nx 2e− nx

= = − nx
2 2 =e
∴ L.H .S = R.H .S
n
∴(cosh x − sinh x ) = cosh (nx )− sinh (nx )

⎛ e x + e− x ⎞ ⎛ e x − e− x ⎞
(ii) cosh x + sinh x = ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

e x + e − x − e x + e − x 2e x e x − e− x e x + e− x
= = ∵sinh x = ,cosh x =
2 2 2 2
⇒ cosh x + sinh x = e x
n n
L.H.S = (cosh x + sinh x) = (ex ) = enx

⎛ e nx + e − nx ⎞ ⎛ e nx − e − nx ⎞
=
R.H .S = cosh (nx ) + sinh (nx ) ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

enx + e−nx + enx − e−nx 2enx

= = = e nx
2 2
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
n
∴(cosh x + sinh x ) = cosh (nx )+ sinh (nx )

174
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
117. For any x ∈ R , prove that cosh 4 x − sinh 4 x = cosh (2 x ) .
Sol. L.H.S = cosh4 x − sinh4 x
2 2
= (cosh 2 x ) − (sinh 2 x ) ∵ a 2 − b2 = (a − b )(a + b )

∵ cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

= (cosh x − sinh x )(cosh x + sinh x )
2 2 2 2
and cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1

= 1.cosh 2x
= cosh 2 x = R.H .S
∴ cosh 4 x − sinh 4 x = cosh 2 x
⎛ −π π ⎞ ⎛ ⎛π ⎞⎞
118. If θ ∈⎜ , ⎟ and x = log ⎜ cot ⎜ +θ ⎟ ⎟ prove that sinh x = tan 2θ and cosh x = sec 2θ .
⎝ 4 4⎠ ⎝ ⎝4 ⎠⎠

⎛ ⎛π ⎞⎞
Sol. Given x = log ⎜ cot ⎜ + θ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 1 1
⇒ e x = cot ⎜ + θ ⎟ ⇒ e− x = tan ⎜ + θ ⎟ ∵e − x = x
and = tanθ
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ e cotθ

1⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎞ e x + e− x
(i) = ⎜ cot ⎜ + θ ⎟ + tan ⎜ + θ ⎟ ⎟ ∵ cosh x =
2⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠⎠ 2

1⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤
= 2cos ec 2 ⎜ + θ ⎟ ⎥ ∵ cot A + tan A = 2cos ec 2 A
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= cos ec ⎜ + 2θ ⎟ = sec 2θ ∵cos ec ⎜ + θ ⎟ = secθ
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

1 ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤ e x − e−x
(ii) = cot ⎜ + θ ⎟ − tan ⎜ + θ ⎟ ⎥ ∵ sinh x =
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 2

1⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤ ⎛π ⎞
= 2 cot 2 ⎜ + θ ⎟ ⎥ = cot ⎜ + 2θ ⎟ ∵ cot A − tan A = 2 cot 2 A
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛π ⎞
= − tan 2θ ∵cot ⎜ + θ ⎟ = − tanθ
⎝2 ⎠

175
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
⎛ ⎛ π θ ⎞⎞
119. If u = log e ⎜ tan ⎜ + ⎟ ⎟ and if cos θ > 0, then prove that coshu = secθ.
⎝ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎠

⎛ ⎛π θ ⎞⎞
Sol: Given u = loge ⎜ tan ⎜ + ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎠

⎛π θ ⎞ ⎛π θ ⎞ 1 1
⇒ eu = tan ⎜ + ⎟ ⇒ e −u = cot ⎜ + ⎟ ∵ e − u = u and = cot θ
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠ e tan θ

eu + e− u e x + e− x
cosh u = ∵cosh x =
2 2

1⎛ ⎛π θ ⎞ ⎛ π θ ⎞⎞
= ⎜ tan ⎜ + ⎟ + cot ⎜ + ⎟ ⎟
2⎝ ⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎠

1⎡ ⎛ π θ ⎞⎤
= ⎢ 2cos ec2 ⎜ + ⎟ ⎥ ∵ cot A + tan A = 2 cos ec 2 A
2⎣ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎦

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= cos ec ⎜ + θ ⎟ = sec θ ∵cos ec ⎜ + θ ⎟ = secθ
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

tanh x − tanh y
120. Prove that tanh (x − y ) = .
1 − tanh x tanh y

sinh x sinh y
−
tanh x − tanh y = cosh x cosh y sinh x
Sol. R.H.S = sinh x sinh y ∵ tanh x =
1 − tanh x tanh y 1 − . cosh x
cosh x cosh y

sinh x cosh y − cosh x sinh y ∵ sinh (x − y ) = sinh x cosh y − cosh x sinh y

=
cosh x cosh y − sinh x sinh y cosh ( x − y ) = cosh x cosh y − sinh x sinh y

sinh (x − y )
= = tanh (x − y ) = L.H.S
cosh ( x − y )

tanh x − tanh y
∴ tanh (x − y ) = .
1 − tanh x tanh y
cosh x sinh x
121. Prove that + = sinh x + cosh x, for x ≠ 0.
1 − tanh x 1 − coth x
cosh x sinh x
Sol: L.H.S = +
1 − tanh x 1 − coth x
cosh x sinh x
= + sinh x cosh x
sinh x cosh x ∵tanh x = coth x =
1− 1− cosh x sinh x
cosh x sinh x
176
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
= + = −
cosh x − sinh x sinh x − cosh x cosh x − sinh x cosh x − sinh x

=
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x
=
(cosh x − sinh x )(cosh x + sinh x ) ∵ a 2 − b2 = (a − b )(a + b )
cosh x − sinh x cosh x − sinh x
= cosh x + sinh x = R.H.S
−1 1 ⎛1 + x ⎞
122. Theorem: for x ∈ (-1,1), Prove that tanh x = log e ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠
Sol. Let x ∈ (−1,1) and y = tanh −1 x ⇒ x = tanh y

x + 1 (e − e )+ (e + e )
y −y y −y
x ey −e− y =
= using componendo and dividendo x − 1
1 ey +e−y (e y − e− y )− (e y + e− y )
a c a +b c+d
∵ = ⇒ = componendo and dividendo
b d a−b c−d

x +1 2e y
⇒ = 2y
x − 1 −2 e − y = − e
1+ x ⎛1+ x ⎞ 1 ⎛1 + x ⎞ −1 1 ⎛1 + x ⎞
⇒ e2 y = ⇒ 2 y = log e ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ y = log e ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ tanh x = log e ⎜ ⎟.
1− x ⎝ 1− x ⎠ 2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠ 2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠

−1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
123. Show that tanh ⎜ ⎟ = log e 3 (Mar-2005, 2007, May-2005,2007)
⎝ ⎠ 2
2

1 ⎛1 + x ⎞
Sol. ∵ tanh −1 x = log e ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝1− x ⎠
put x = 1/2

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛3⎞
⎜ 1+ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
⇒ tanh −1 ⎜ ⎟ = loge ⎜ 2 ⎟ = log e ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 1 log 3
⎝ 2⎠ 2 1 2 1
⎜ 1− ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2 e
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2⎠

124. (
If sinh x = 5 show that x = log e 5 + 26 . )
Sol. Given sinh x = 5 ⇒ x = sinh −1 (5 )

( )
= log e 5 + 5 + 1 ∵ sinh x = log e x + x + 1
2 −1 2
( )
(
= log e 5 + 25 + 1 )
⇒ x = log e ⎡⎣5 + 26 ⎤⎦ .

177
JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
125. In an equilateral triangle, find the value of r/R.
A B C 0
Sol: In an equilateral triangle ABC, A = B = C = 600 , = = = 30
2 2 2
A B C
4 R sin .sin .sin 1 1 1 1
r 2 2 2 0 0 0
= 4.sin 30 .sin 30 .sin 30 = 4. . . =
= 2 2 2 2
R R

126. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3,4,5,find the circum radius of the triangle .
Sol: Given sides of triangle are a=3,b=4,c=5

a + b + c 3 + 4 + 5 12
s= = = = 6 and ∆ = s (s − a )(s − b )(s − c )
2 2 2
= (6 )(3 )(2 )(1) = 62 = 6

abc 5
R= R=
4∆ 2
127. In ∆ABC ,show that ∑ (b + c )cos A = 2 s

Sol: L.H.S= ∑ (b + c )cos A

= (b + c )cos A + (c + a )cos B + (a + b )cos C
= b cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B + a cos C + b cos C
= (bcos A+acos B)+(ccos A+ acosC)+(ccos B+bcosC)
= c+b+a = 2s = R.H.S
128. If the sides of a triangle are 13,14,15,then find the circum diameter.
Sol: Given sides an be let a = 13, b = 14, c = 15
a + b + c 13 + 14 + 15 42
s= = = = 21
2 2 2

∆ 2 = s (s − a )(s − b )(s − c ) ⇒ ∆ 2 = 84 2 ⇒ ∆ = 84

⎛ abc ⎞ ⎛ 13.14.15 ⎞ 65
Circum diameter=2R= 2 ⎜ 4∆ ⎟ = 2 ⎜ 4 × 84 ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 4
129. In ∆ABC ,if (a + b + c )(b + c − a ) = 3bc . Find A. (March-2008)

Sol: Given that (a + b + c )(b + c − a ) = 3bc

2 s (2 s − 2a ) = 3bc

4s (s − a ) = 3bc

s (s − a ) 3
=
bc 4

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
A 3 A 3
cos2 = ⇒ cos = = cos 300
2 4 2 2
A
⇒ = 300 ⇒ A = 600
2
2 C2 B
130. In ∆ABC , find b cos + c cos (Mar-10,12)
2 2
2 2
C B ⎛ s (s − c ) ⎞ ⎛ s (s − B ) ⎞
Sol: b cos + c cos 2 = b ⎜⎜
2 ⎟ +c⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ ab ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ ac ⎟⎠

s 2 − sc s 2 − sb 2s 2 − s (c + b ) 2 s 2 − s (2 s − a ) 2s 2 − 2 s 2 + as as
= + = = = = =s
a a a a a a
A 5 C 2
131. If tan = and tan = ,determine the relation between a,b,c. (May-2005)
2 6 2 5
A 5 C 2
Sol: Given that tan = ; tan =
2 6 2 5
A C 5 2 1
tan .tan = . =
2 2 6 5 3

(s − b )(s − c ). (s − a )(s − b ). = 1 (s − b ) 1
=
s (s − a ) s (s − c ) 3⇒ s 3
3s − 3b = s ⇒ 2 s = 3b ⇒ a + b + c = 3b ⇒ a + c = 2b ∴ a,b,c are in A.P
A b+c
132. cot = , find angle B.
2 a
A b+c
Sol. Given that cot =
2 a

⎛ B+C ⎞ ⎛ B −C ⎞
2sin ⎜ ⎟ .cos ⎜ ⎟
A 2 R sin B + 2 R sin C 2 R (sin B + sin C ) = ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
cot = = A A
2 2 R sin A 2 R sin A 2sin .cos
2 2

A cos ⎛ A ⎞ .cos ⎛ B − C ⎞
cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 = ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ A ⎛ B −C ⎞ A B−C
A A A ⇒ cos 2 = cos ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⇒ 2
=
2
⇒ A+C = B
sin sin .cos ⎝ ⎠
2 2 2
∵ A + B + C = 1800 , 2 B = 1800 ; B = 900
A
133. In ∆ABC ,express ∑ r1 cot in terms of s. (May-06,11)
2
A ∆ s (s − a )
Sol: Given that ∑ r1 cot =∑ . = ∑ S = s + s + s = 3s
2 S −a ∆

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
c − b cos A cos B
134. Show that =
b − c cos A cos C
c − b cos A a cos B + b cos A − b cos A a cos B cos B
Sol: L.H.S = = = = =R.H.S
b − c cos A a cos C + c cos A − c cos A a cos C cos C
L.H.S=R.H.S

135. If a = 3 + 1cms , ∠B = 300 , ∠C = 450 ,then find c.

Sol: Given that a = 3 + 1 cms; B = 300 ; C = 450
0
∵ A + B + C = 1800 ⇒ A = 180 − (B + C )
( )
⇒ A = 1800 − 300 + 450 = 1050

( 3 + 1). 12
∵
a
=
c a.sin C
⇒ c = sin A =
( 3 + 1).sin 45 0
=
3 +1 = 2 cms
sin A sin C sin105 0
2 2
63
136. If a=26cms,b=30cms and cos C = ,then find c. (Mar-11)
65

63
Sol: Given that a = 26cms; b = 30cms and cos C =
65
since by cosine rule c 2 = b 2 + a 2 − 2ab cos C
2 2 63
= 26 + 30 − 2 (26 )(30 ). = =
65 676 + 900 − 1512 1576 − 1512
c 2 = 64 ⇒ c=8 cms

137. If a = 6, b = 5, c = 9 then find angle A. (May-10)

Sol: Given that a = 6, b = 5, c = 9
b 2 + c 2 − a 2 = 25 + 81 − 36 70 7 −1 ⎛ 7 ⎞
Since cos A = = = ⇒ A = cos ⎜ ⎟
2bc 2 (5 )(9 ) 90 9 ⎝9⎠
⎛B⎞
138. If a = 4, b = 5, c = 7 the find cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
a+b+c
Sol: Given that a = 4, b = 5, c = 7; s = =8
2

⎛B⎞ s (s − b ) 8 (8 − 5 ) 6
since cos ⎜ ⎟ = = =
⎝2⎠ ca 7×4 7

139. If the angles are in the ration 1:5:6,then find the ratio of its sides. (May-2007)
Sol: Given ratio by angles A : B : C = K : 5 K : 6 K
A+B+C= 1800
K + 5 K + 6 K = 1800 ⇒ 12 K = 180 0 ⇒ K = 150
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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
A = 150 ; B = 5 K = 750 ; C = 6 K = 900
Ratio of their sides a : b : c = sin A : sin B : sin C
a : b : c = sin150 : sin 750 : sin 900
3 −1 3 +1
a :b :c = : :1
2 2 2 2
a : b : c = 3 − 1: 3 + 1: 2 2

a 2 + b2 − c2 tan B
140. Prove that 2 2 2
= .
c +a −b tan C

a 2 + b 2 − c 2 2ab cos C b cos C 2 R sin B cos C sin B cos C

Sol: L.H.S = = = = = .
c 2 + a 2 − b 2 2ac cos B c cos B 2 R sin C.cos B cos B sin C
tan B
= tan B.cot C = =R.H.S
tan C

141. Prove that (b − a cos C )sin A = a cos A sin C (March-2006)

Sol: L.H.S = (b − a cos C )sin A
= (a cos C + c cos A − a cos C )sin A
= c cos A.sin A = (2 R sin C )cos A.sin A
= (2R sin A)cos A.sin C = a cos A.sin C = R.H.S

a b c
142. If = = ,then show that ∆ABC is equilateral. (March-2009)
cos A cos B cos C
a b c
Sol: Given that = =
cos A cos B cos C
2 R sin A 2 R sin B 2 R sin C
= = ⇒ tan A = tan B = tan C
cos A cos B cos C
⇒ A = B = C = 600 ∴ The given triangle is equilateral
1 1 1 1
143. In ∆ABC ,Prove that r + r + r = r
1 2 3

1 1 1
1 1 1 = + +
Sol: L.H.S = r + r + r ∆ ∆ ∆
1 2 3
s −a s −b s −c
s − a s − b s − c (s − a)+ (s − b)+ (s − c) 3s − (a + b + c ) 3s − (2 s ) s 1
= + + = = = = =
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ r
1 1 1 1
∴r +r +r =r
1 2 3

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
144. Show that r.r1 .r2 .r3 = ∆ 2
Sol: L.H.S = r.r1.r2 .r3

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ 2 .∆ 2 ∆ 2 .∆ 2
. . . =
= s (s − a ) (s − b ) (s − c ) s − a s − b s − c s = = ∆ 2 =R.H.S
( )( )( )( ) ∆2

145. In ∆ABC , ∆ = 6 sq. cm and S=1.5cm.,Find r..

Sol: Given that ∆ = 6 sq. units, s = 1.5cm
∆ 6 60
r= = = =4
S 1.5 15

146. If r.r2 = r1.r3 ,then find B.

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Sol: r.r2 = r1.r3 ⇒ . = .
s s −b s −a s −c
1 1
=
s (s − b ) (s − a )(s − c )

(s − a )(s − c ) = s (s − b )
Multiply both side s with respect to s(s-b)
2
Then we get ∆ 2 = (s (s − b ))
∆ B
= 1 ⇒ tan B = tan 450 ⇒ = 450 ⇒ B = 900
s (s − b ) 2 2

147. If A= 900 ,show that 2 (r + R ) = b + c

Sol: Given that A = 900
L.H.S = 2 (r + R ) = 2r + 2R
A
= 2 (s − a ) tan + 2 R.1 = 2 (s − a )tan 450 + 2 R sin 900 = 2s-2a+a
2
= a + b + c − a = b + c =R.H.S
∴ L.H.S=R.H.S

r2 3
148. Show that ∑ s − a s − c = r
( )( )
r2 ∆
Sol: L.H .S = ∑ =∑
(s − a )(s − c ) (s − a )(s − b )(s − c )
ss∆
∆ s s s s 1 3s s 3
=∑
s (s − a )(s − b )(s − c ) ∑ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ = ∆ ( ) ∆
= = + + 3s = = 3. = = R.H.S
∆ r

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JR MATHS-IA VSAQ SOLUTIONS
149. 2 2
Show that a sin 2C + c sin 2 A = 4∆
Sol: L.H.S= a 2 sin 2C + c 2 sin 2 A

⎡ ⎛ ac ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ ac ⎞ ⎤
= a 2 (2sin C cos C ) + c 2 (2sin A cos A ) = 2 ⎢⎜ 2R ⎟ (a cos C + c cos A )⎥ = 2 ⎢⎜ 2R ⎟ (b )⎥
⎣⎝2R ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝2R ⎠ ⎦

⎡ abc ⎤
=4 ⎢ = =R.H.S
⎣ 4 R ⎥⎦ 4∆
150. If a cos A = b cos B, proove that the traingle is either isosceles or right angled
Sol: Given that a cos A = b cos B
2R sin A cos A = 2 R sin B cos B
( 0
sin 2A = sin 2B ( or ) sin 2 A = sin 180 − 2 B )
⇒ 2 A = 2 B or 2 A = 1800 − 2 B
⇒ A = B or A + B = 900
⇒ A = B or C = 900 since A + B + C = 1800
⇒ the triangle is either isosceles or right angled.

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