Scribd
Upload
44 views4 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the design and analysis of tension members in steel structures, including the calculation of design values for axial tension forces and effective areas. It outlines the considerations for members subjected to combined tension and bending, as well as the importance of slenderness ratios. Several design examples illustrate the application of these principles in determining the strength and adequacy of various steel configurations under tensile loads.

Uploaded by

dcthegreat1430
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views4 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the design and analysis of tension members in steel structures, including the calculation of design values for axial tension forces and effective areas. It outlines the considerations for members subjected to combined tension and bending, as well as the importance of slenderness ratios. Several design examples illustrate the application of these principles in determining the strength and adequacy of various steel configurations under tensile loads.

Uploaded by

dcthegreat1430
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Chapter 2. Tension members.

2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Design value of axial tension force.
2.3 Effective area.
2.4 Members subjected to combined tension and bending.
2.5 Slenderness ratio.
Reference: EBCS-3. Design of steel structures.

2.1 – Introduction.
Axially loaded tension members are used mainly as members of the roof truss, truss for bridges and as tie to take
horizontal forces on industrial buildings.

2.2 – Design value of axial tension force.


The design value of the axial force is N t , Sd ≤ Nt , Rd
Af y
1. The design plastic resistance of the gross section is N pl , Rd =
γ M1
0.9 Aeff fu
2. The design ultimate resistance of the net section at the bolt hole is N u , Rd =
γM2

Where: A – gross section area (area without reduction).


Aeff – effective area.
fy – stress at the yield point of the steel.
fu – ultimate tensile stress.

2.3 – Effective area.


The effective area is taken as Net Area. The net area of cross-section or element section shall be taken as it gross
area less appropriate deductions for all holes and openings. When calculating net section properties, the deduction of
a single hole shall be the gross cross sectional area of the hole in the plane of its axis. Provided that the fastener
holes are not staggered, the total area to be deducted for fastener holes shall be the maximum sum of the sectional
areas of the holes in any cross-section perpendicular to the member axis.
When the fastener holes are staggered, the total area to be deducted for fastener holes shall be the greater of:
1. The deduction for non-staggered holes.
2. The sum of the sectional area of all holes in any diagonal or zigzag line extending progressively across the
member or part of member, less s2t/4p for each gauge space in the chain of holes. See Fig. 4.

Therefore the net width dn can be computed by using the following formula which is known as “the chain
formula”.
as 2
d n = total width − nd +
4p
where: n – number of holes in the chain of holes
a – number of diagonal space p in the chain
s – is the pitch, the spacing of the centers of two consecutive holes in the chain measured parallel to the
member axis
p – is the spacing between the centers of the holes measured perpendicular to the ember axis
d – diameter of holes.
Finally the net area should be the net width x thickness of the plate: d x t.
Note: The diameter for holes is given in Table 6.1 of the EBCS-3.

Example Nr 1.
Calculate the net critical area for the bolt distribution shown below.

Solution:
Chain (1) dn = 15 – 2 x 1 = 13 cm.
2 x32
Chain (2) s = 3; p = 3 d n = 15 − 4 x1 + = 12.5 cm
4 x3
2 x32 2 x 42
Chain (3) s = 4; p = 3 d n = 15 − 5 x1 + + = 14.17 cm
4 x3 4 x3
Chain (4) dn = 15 – 3x1 =12 cm

Therefore the Net Critical Area = 12 x 0.5 = 6 cm2.

Design example Nr = 2.
Calculate the maximum design load for the plate of the example Nr 1. Steel grade Fe = 360.
Solution:
1. The design plastic resistance of the gross section.

Gross area A = 15 x 0.5 = 7.5 cm2


Yield strength fy = 23.5 kN/cm2 (Table 3.1, EBCS-3).
Partial safety factor γM1 = 1.1 (Section 4.1.1, EBCS-3).
7.5 x 23.5
N pl , Rd = = 160.2 kN
1.1
2. The design ultimate resistance of the section at the bolt holes.

Effective area Aeff = 6 cm2.


Ultimate resistance fu = 36.0 kN/cm2 (Table 3.1 EBCS-3)
Partial safety factor γM2 = 1.25
0.9 x6 x36
N u , Rd = = 155.52 kN
1.25

Therefore, the design force is 155.52 kN.


2.4 Members subjected to combined tension and bending.

To check members under simultaneous action of tension and bending moment the following criterion may be
used:

N Sd M y , Sd M z , Sd
+ + ≤1
N pl , Rd M pl , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd

2.5 Slenderness ratio.


Even if the tension members are not under the action of reversal stress, to avoid damages during the transportation
and erecting of the members, its slenderness ratio is limited to 350.

Example Nr 3.
Determine the design strength of two angles 100 x 100 x 10 in grade Fe 430 used as a welded bracing member.

Solution:

Because there is not holes (welded connection), only design plastic resistance must be checked.
The partial safety factor for the section γM1 = 1.1.
The design plastic resistance is:

Af y 2 x1920 x 275
N pl , Rd = = = 960000 N = 960 kN .
γ M1 1.1

Example Nr = 4.

Determine the design strength for the two angles of the example Nr 3 if now are used as a bolted bracing member
with single row of 16.5 mm holes at each leg of the angle.

The partial safety factor is γM2 = 1.25


The effective area is the net area. Anet = 3840 – 4 x 16.5 x 10 = 3180 mm2
0.9 Aeff fu 0.9 x3180 x 430
N u , Rd = = = 984528 N = 484.528 kN > 960 kN
γM2 1.25
Therefore, the design strength of the bolted bracing member is controlled by the yield strength of the full section.
Thus, Npl,Rd = 960 kN.
Example Nr 5.
Check the section used as a main tie of the roof truss shown in the Figure below. The section is formed with 2
unequal leg angle 100 x 75 x8 mm. Steel grade Fe 430 is used. The joint was made with 7 bolts diameter 20 mm as
shown. The acting tensile force is 630 kN.

Steel Grade Fe 430 fy = 275 Mpa = 27.5 kN/cm2


fu = 430 Mpa = 43.0 kN/cm2
Gross area for one angle 100 x 75 x 8 = 13.49 cm2
dhole = d + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22 mm (Table 6.1, EBCS-3)

Solution:
1). Plastic resistance of the gross section:

2 x13.40 x 27.5
N pl , Rd = = 670 kN
1.1
2). Ultimate resistance of the net section at the bolt holes.
Calculation of the Aeff. S = 3.5 cm and p = 4.1 cm.

Calculation of Nu, Rd.

0.9 x 20.88 x 43
N u , Rd = = 646.44 kN
1.25
Checking for the maximum slenderness ratio.

Slenderness ratio = Leff / kmin; minimum radius of gyration kmin = 1.62 mm.

Slenderness ratio = 300 / 1.62 = 185 < 350 OK.

Answer:
The design tension resistance capacity of the cross-section is 646.44 kN, therefore, because 646.44 kN > 630 kN, the
section 1-1 used for design is adequate.

You might also like