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Chapter 2 (additional) Molar density and concentration

The document covers fundamental concepts in materials and energy balances, including molar weight, density, flow rates, and concentration measurements. It provides examples and calculations related to molecular weight, mass fractions, and pressure measurements. Additionally, it discusses temperature and pressure definitions, including absolute and gauge pressure, along with relevant examples for practical applications.

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Alemayehu CEromo AD
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18 views

Chapter 2 (additional) Molar density and concentration

The document covers fundamental concepts in materials and energy balances, including molar weight, density, flow rates, and concentration measurements. It provides examples and calculations related to molecular weight, mass fractions, and pressure measurements. Additionally, it discusses temperature and pressure definitions, including absolute and gauge pressure, along with relevant examples for practical applications.

Uploaded by

Alemayehu CEromo AD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AE 205 Materials and Energy Balances

Asst. Prof. Dr. Tippabust Eksangsri

Molar, Density, and


Concentration
Molar (n)
Molecular Weight (MW)
• The atomic weight of an element is the mass of an
atom based on the scale that assigned a mass of
exactly 12 to the carbon isotope 12C.
• The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of
the weights of atoms of which the compound
composed.
• In SI, MW is presented in a unit of g/gmol.
• In British system, MW is presented in a unit of
lbm/lbmol.
Example 1: Calculation of Molecular Weight

Recently, a superconductivity material in a form


of YBa2Cu16O24 was invented. What is the
molecular weight of the superconductor?

Given: The Periodical Table in the next slide


Periodical Table of Elements
Example 2:
Use molecular weight to convert moles to mass

How many pounds of NaOH are in 7.5 gmol of NaOH?

Given: MW of NaOH = 40.0 g/gmol


Density ()
Density of solution
Specific gravity (sp. gr.)
Example 3: Calculation of solution density

If you add 50 g of sugar to 500 mL of water, how do you


calculate the density of the sugar solution?

Given: Density of water = 1 g/mL


Flow Rate
Concentration
1. Mass (or weight) fraction & Mole fraction

n n

x i
1 and y
i 1
i
1
i 1
Example 4: Calculation of the mass fraction

The microstructure of nanosized particles has proved to be important in


nanotechnology in developing economic magnetic performance of nano-
composites. In a ternary alloy such as Nd4.5Fe77B18.5 ,the average grain size is
about 30 nm. By replacing 0.2 atoms of Fe with atoms of Cu, the grain size can
be reduce to 17 nm.

(a) What is the molecular formula of the alloy after adding Cu to replace Fe?

(b) What is the mass fraction of each atomic species

Given information; Neodymium (Nd) has a MW of 144.24


Iron (Fe) has a MW of 55.85
Boron (B) has a MW of 10.81
Copper (Cu) has a MW of 63.55
Example 5:
Conversion between mass fraction and mole fraction

An industrial-strength drain cleaner contains 5.00 kg water


and 5.00 kg of NaOH. What are the mass fraction and mole
fraction of each component in the cleaner?
Example 6: Changing basis for calculation

A medium grade bituminous coal analyzes as follows:


Component % by mole
S 2
N 1
O 6
Ash 11
Water 3
Residuum (C & H) 77
Total 100

The mole ratio of C and H in the residuum is 9. Calculate the mass fraction of
each component of the coal with ash and moisture-free basis.
Concentration
2. ppm & ppb:
The unit of ppm (parts per million) and ppb (parts per billion) are
used to express concentrations of trace species. The definition
may refer to mass ratio (for liquid and solid) or mole ratio (for
gas).

For liquid & solid;


1g solute 1g solute
1 ppm  6 1 ppb  9
10 g solution 10 g solution
For gas;
1gmol solute 1gmol solute
1 ppm  6 1 ppb 
10 gmol solution 109 gmol solution
Example 6: Use of ppm

The current OSHA 8-hour limit for HCN in air is 10.0 ppm.
A lethal dose of HCN in air is 300 mg/kg air at room
temperature.

5.1) How many mg HCN / kg air is 10.0 ppm?


5.2) What fraction of the lethal dose is 10.0 ppm?

* OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Agency


Concentration
3. Other ways to express concentration

- Mass per unit volume; kg/m3, lb/ft3, g/L


- Mole per unit volume; gmol/cm3, gmol/L, lbmol/ft3
- Molarity
- Molality
- Normality
- etc.
Example 7: Calculation of concentration and flow rate

In the production of a drug having MW = 192, the exit


stream from the reactor flows at a rate of 10.5 L/min. The
drug concentration is 41.2% (in water), and the specific
gravity of the solution is 1.024.

Calculate the concentration of the drug (in kg/L) in the exit


stream, and the flow rate of the drug in kg mol/min.
AE 205 Materials and Energy Balances
Asst. Prof. Dr. Tippabust Eksangsri

Temperature and Pressure


Temperature ?

The zeroth law of Thermodynamics


Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Freezing point (ice point) : a mixture of ice and water in


equilibrium with saturated air at 1 atm

Boiling point (steam point) : a mixture of liquid water and


water vapor in equilibrium at 1 atm
Temperature Scales

212 672 Boiling point of water at 760 mm Hg 373 100

180 100
scales scales

32 492 Freezing point of water at 760 mm Hg 273 0

0 460 255 -18

-40 420 °F = °C 233 -40

[°F] [R] Absolute zero [K] [°C]


Thermodynamics Temperature Scales
• S.I. System;
Kelvin scale (K)
T (K) = T (C) + 273.15
T (K) = T (°C)

• British System;
Rankin scale (R)
T (R) = T (F) + 459.67
 T (R) =T (°F)

• Conversion factors;
T (°F) = 1.8 T (°C) + 32
Relative and Absolute Temperature

1. Relative temperature; based on relative scales and


expressed in degree Fahrenheit [°F] and degree
Celsius [°C]

2. Absolute temperature; based on absolute


temperature scales and expressed in Rankine [R]
and Kelvin [K].
Example 8: Conversion of temperature unit

The heat capacity of sulfuric acid has the unit of


J/(gmol)(°C), and is given by the relation as shown below

Heat capacity = 139.1 + (1.56 x 10-1) T

Where T is expressed in [°C]. Modify the formula so that


the resulting expression has the associated units of
Btu/(lbmol)(R), with T expressed in [R].
Pressure

Pressure (P)
Pressure is a force exerted by fluid per unit
area

Or P = F/A

SI;
Unit of pressure is Pascal (1 Pa =N/m2)
English;
Unit of pressure is psi, (1 psi = 1lbf/in2)
“Pressure in a fluid does not change in horizontal direction”

P1 Assuming fluid density () is constant

x Fz  ma z  0
z W When,

Fz  P2 x  P1 x
P2
m  x z 
az  g
P2 x  P1 x  gxz  0
 P2  P1  P  gz Pgage
If fluid density () is a function of elevation, =fn(z)

P1 From

x P2 x  P1 x  gxz  0
z W Divide by xz,
then taking the limit z --> 0

P2
dP
  g
1 dz
dz
2
2
dW= xdz
 P   gdz
1
Definition of pressure

Absolute pressure (Pa)


actual pressure at a given position

Gauge pressure (Pgage)


pressure read from measuring device

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)


local atmospheric pressure

Pabs = Pgage + Patm


The Manometer  measure Pg

Assume;
Pgas  Constant at any point

Pgas  Pgas 1
GAS
h and

Pgas 1  Pliq 2
1 2

therefore

Pgas  Pliq 2  liq gh


Atmospheric pressure (Barometric pressure) =
weight of air above the location per unit surface area

The Barometer Patm  PB

W 1 ghA1
PB    gh
A1 A1
W 2 ghA 2
PB    gh
A1 A2 A3 W
h

A2 A2
B B B

W 3 ghA 3
PB    gh
A3 A3
Standard atmosphere at 1 atm
• Pressure of 760 mm. height of mercury column
(Hg = 13,595 kg/m3)
• Temperature of 0 C
• Gravitational acceleration of 9.807 m/s2

Standard atmospheric pressure:

1 atm = 760 torr


= 1.013x105 Pa
= 1.013 bars
= 14.696 psi
Example 9: Calculation of pressure

Small animals such as mice can live at reduce air pressure


down to 20 kPa absolute. In a test, a mercury manometer
attached to a tank reads 64.5 cm. Hg and the barometer
reads 100 kPa. Will the mice survive?
Differential pressure measurement

• For a certain type of liquid (with constant density),


the pressure is the same at any point lied on the
same height.

• For gas at a constant temperature, its density can be


considered constant. The gas pressure at every
points in the same container is equal.
Example 10: Calculation of pressure difference

A differential manometer is used to determine the pressure


difference across the orifice plate. The flow rate was to be
calibrated with the observed pressure drop. Calculate the
pressure drop (P1  P2) in Pascals for the manometer
reading in the following figure.
Example 11: Calculation of gas pressure

Air flows through a duct under a draft of 4.0 cm H2O. The


barometer indicated the atmospheric pressure of 730 mm
Hg. What is the absolute pressure of the air in the unit of
inches of mercury?

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