BIOLOGYChapter 7: Diversity in Living Organisms

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Diversity in Living Organisms

• The variety in living organisms existing on the Earth is called biodiversity.
• Taxonomy is a biological science which deals with the identification, nomenclature and
classification of organisms.
• The system of sorting living organisms into various groups based on their characteristic
similarities and differences is called classification.
• The principles of classification help us in tracing the evolutionary relationships of the species
around us.
• Organisms with ancient body designs are referred to as primitive or lower organisms, while
organisms which have acquired their body designs relatively recently are called advanced or
higher organisms.
• A species is a group of organisms of a particular kind whose members can interbreed among
themselves to produce fertile young ones.
• Diversity is the presence of different organisms in the same ecosystem or geographical
location. Diversity gives a chance for a more balanced ecosystem.
• Evolution is the slow process by which the organisms change according to their needs to
survive the environment around them. Evolution leads to the formation of new organisms and
more diversity in the ecosystem.
• Charles Darwin was an English biologist and a naturalist. He travelled on HMS Beagle to
Galapagos Island in South America. Using his observation, he proposed the theory of evolution
in his book On the Origin of Species.

Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
• Carolus Linnaeus is a Swedish botanist and physician who is also called ‘Father of taxonomy‘.

• He introduced the Binomial nomenclature and laid the ground rules which paved way for
modern taxonomy.
Binomial Nomenclature
• The binomial nomenclature system was suggested by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus.
• According to binomial nomenclature, every organism is given a scientific name for identity.
The scientific name includes two terms. The first term is the name of the genus, and the
second term is the name of the species.

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Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with the classification of organisms.
Hierarchy of Classification

Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

• A kingdom is the highest level of classification which consists of a number of phyla or divisions
(in case of plants) with similar characteristics.

• Phylum/Division is a level of classification which consists of a number of classes with similar

characteristics.

• A class is the level of classification which consists of a number of orders with similar
characteristics.

• An order is the level of classification which consists of a number of families with similar
characteristics.

• A family is the level of classification which consists of a number of Genus with similar
characteristics.

• Genus is the level of classification which consists of a number of species with similar
characteristics.

• Species is the level of classification which consists of a number of organisms with similar
characteristics and can interbreed to give rise to a fertile offspring.

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Five Kingdom Classification

• 5 Kingdom classification is the most accepted system of classification given by

R.H.Whittaker.

• This classification solved most of the issues in taxonomy related to the placement
of bacteria and fungi.

• The 5 kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

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Kingdom Monera

• All the prokaryotic organisms are placed in this Kingdom.

• Bacteria and their ancient cousin, archaebacteria are the organisms that makeup Kingdom
Monera.

• These are prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic/heterotrophic organisms.

• Bacteria have a cell wall made up of polysaccharides.

Archea

• The category in the kingdom Monera which consists of the organisms surviving in extremely
hot conditions.

• They are considered to be the most ancient living organism present on the planet.

Eubacteria

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• Eubacteria is phylum of Monera consists of all the bacteria that survive in a normal
environment.

• All the major helpful and pathogenic bacteria we know today fall under this category.

Gram +ve/-ve bacteria

• Some bacteria have a very thick cell wall which makes them take up Gram stain and appear
violet.

• There are other bacteria which have a thin cell wall and on Gram staining appear pink.

• Usually, gram +ve bacteria are pathogenic in nature.

Kingdom Protista

• Protista Kingdom Protista is made up of all the eukaryotic unicellular organism except yeast.

• Protozoans are the unicellular eukaryotic organisms that come under the Kingdom Protista.

• Examples include paramecium, amoeba, Plasmodium, euglena, leishmania etc.

• Fungi like Protists This kingdom includes unicellular fungi like yeast and moulds.

• Plant-like Protists Kingdom Protista includes some unicellular algae which are photosynthetic.

Kingdom Fungi

• The organisms of Kingdom Fungi are mostly saprophytic.

• It is the only Kingdom which has the multicellular and unicellular organisms.

• Majority of them have a cell wall made up of chitin.

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KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Monera • Organisms have a prokaryotic cell structure. Bacteria,
• The cell lacks a distinct nucleus. Cyanobacteria,
Mycoplasma

Protista • Contain a well-defined nucleus. Chlamydomons

• Nuclear materials are organised in the form Euglena, Amoeba
of a linear, double-stranded and helical DNA
along with proteins.

Fungi • Possess a true nucleus and a definite cell Mucor, Rhizopus,

wall, which is composed of chitin. Puccinia

Plantae • Cell is bound by a cell wall, which is made of Algae, mosses, ferns
cellulose.
• Contains a true nucleus and membrane-
bound cell organelles.

Animalia • Lack cell wall and plastid. Earthworm, Sycon,

beetle

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

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Cryptogamae

• Cryptogams literally mean ‘plants with hidden reproductive parts’

• Cryptogams are plants that produce spores to reproduce instead of seeds. So

these plants do not have flowers or fruits.

• Cryptogams are further classified as thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes.

Phanerogamae

• Phanerogams are plants that produce seeds for reproduction.

• Some of them do not produce flowers, while the others produce flowers.

• Phanerogams are further classified as gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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Thallophyta

• Thallophyta is the first division of plant kingdom.

• It consists of red, green and brown algae.

• They don’t have a lot of differentiated structure.

Bryophyta

• Bryophyta is the 2nd division of plant kingdom.

• These are the first plants to have differentiated roots and shoots.

Pteridophyta

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• Pteridophyta is the 3rd division of plant kingdom.

• These plants have proper differentiation of roots, stem and leaves.

Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperm stands for naked seed.

• They are the first phanerogams since they produce seeds, which is not enclosed in
a fruit.

Angiosperms

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• Angiosperm is the last division of plant kingdom and has what scientist assume,
the most evolved organisms on the planet.

• They bear flowers and fruits, inside which the seeds are found.

Cotyledons

• Cotyledons are structures present in seeds for nutrition during germination when
leaves are not yet developed.

• Angiosperms either have two cotyledons making them dicots or only one, making
them monocot.

Dicots and Monocots

• Angiosperms, the highly evolved plants on the planet Earth, are further classified
based on the number of cotyledons their seeds have.

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• When seeds have two cotyledons, they are called dicots.

• Dicots have tap root system and reticulate venation. Examples: Mango, Pea,
Beans, etc.

• If seeds have only one cotyledon, they become monocots.

• Monocots show fibrous root system and parallel venation.

• Examples: all grains like wheat, maize, rice etc.

SUBKINGDOM– CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
DIVISION
Subkingdom • Plants have an irregularly shaped, Nostoc,
Cryptogamae Division undifferentiated body called Oscillatoria,
Thallophyta/Algae thallus. Chlamydomon
• Predominantly aquatic. as

Subkingdom • Plant body is either in the form of Riccia, Funaria,

Cryptogamae Division an undifferentiated thallus or in Anthoceros
Bryophyta the form of leafy erect structures.
• No specialised tissue for the
conduction
of water and other substances
from one part of the plant body to
another.

Subkingdom • Plant body is differentiated into Psilotum,

Cryptogamae Division stem, leaves and roots. Nephrolepis,
Pteridophyta • Have specialised tissue for the Equisetum
conduction of water and other
substances from one part of the
plant body to another.

Subkingdom • Bear naked seeds. Gingko, Pinus,

Phanerogamae Division • Usually perennial, evergreen and Gnetum
Gymnospermae woody.

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Subkingdom • Plant body produces seeds which Maize, bean,

Phanerogamae Division are enclosed within the fruits. wheat
Angiospermae • Based on the number of
cotyledons,
angiosperms are divided into two
classes—monocots and dicots.

Classification of Kingdom Animalia

Classification of Phylum Invertebrata

PHYLUM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Porifera • Simplest multicellular animals with Sycon, bath
perforated bodies.
• The body consists of a tube.
Coelenterata • Have a two-layered body wall, which encloses Hydra, jellyfish
a single cavity in which digestion takes place.
• There are finger-like projections called
tentacles present near the mouth for
catching food.
Platyhelminthes • Small, soft, flattened and unsegmented Liver fluke,
worms.
tapeworm

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• Do not have a body cavity or a coelom.

Annelida • The body is cylindrical and divided into ring- Earthworm,

like segments. leech
• Have a true body cavity called coelom,
present between the body wall and the
digestive tube, which is filled with coelomic
fluid.
Nemathelminth • The body is long, cylindrical and Hookworm,
es unsegmented without a body cavity. Ascaris
• The nervous system is well-developed and
consists of simple nerves.
Arthropoda • Have jointed limbs, one pair each on some or Crayfish, crab
on all body segments.
• Have an exoskeleton made of chitin but lack
cilia.
Mollusca • Have a soft, unsegmented body without Snail, slug
appendages but with a hard and calcareous
shell to protect the soft body.
Echinodermata • The body may be spherical, cylindrical or star- Starfish, brittle
shaped, hard, unsegmented or non- star
metameric.
• Possess a spiny exoskeleton.
Urochordata • Triploblastic animals with a coelom which Balanoglossus,
show bilateral symmetry. Amphioxus
• The body has three distinct parts—proboscis,
collar and trunk.

Classification of Phylum Vertebrata

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Pisces • Organisms belonging to Class Pisces are Shark, dogfish
fish.
• They are cold-blooded or poikilothermic
animals.

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Amphibia • The body is divisible into a head and trunk. Frog, toad
Neck is absent.
• Have a three-chambered heart with two
auricles and one ventricle.
• They are cold-blooded animals.

Reptilia • The body is divisible into head, neck, Lizard, snake

abdomen and tail.
• Most of them have a three-chambered
heart.
Ventricle of the heart is partially divided.

Aves • All birds belong to Class Aves. Pigeon, sparrow

• Warm-blooded or homeothermic animals.
• Heart is four-chambered.
Mammali • Warm-blooded animals. Cat, dog
a
• Have a four-chambered heart with two
auricles and two ventricles.

Differences between Vertebrates and Invertebrates

VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES
1. Have an internal skeleton 1. No internal skeleton

2. Backbone present 2. Backbone absent

3. Tail usually present 3. Tail absent (anus at the tip of

the back end of the body)
4. Heart on the ventral side of 4. Heart, when present, on the
the body dorsal
side of the body

5. Nerve (spinal) cord dorsal and 5. Nerve cord ventral and solid
hollow

6. Have two pairs of limbs 6. Have three or more pairs of

limbs if present
7. Haemoglobin in red blood 7. Haemoglobin, if present,

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cells dissolved
8. Examples: Fish, frog, lizard, 8. Examples: Leech, earthworm,
bird Sycon

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Important Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Mammals are:
(a) warm-blooded
(b) cold-blooded
(c) both
(d) none of them
2. Reptiles are:
(a) warm-blooded
(b) cold-blooded
(c) both
(d) none of them
3. The book ‘Systema Naturae’ was written by:
(a) Carolus Linnaeus
(b) Whittaker
(c) Haeckel
(d) None of them
4. How many research papers of Carolus Linnaeus were published on classification?
(a) 12
(b) 13
(c) 14
(d) 16
5. Which among the following produce seeds?
(a) Thallophyta
(b) Bryophyta
(c) Pteridophyta
(d) Gymnosperms
6. Who proposed the nomenclature system of living organisms first of all?
(a) Robert Hooke

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(b) Carolus Linnaeus

(c) Leeuwenhoek
(d) Schleiden
7. Who is considered the father of taxonomy?
(a) Carolus Linnaeus
(b) Robert Hooke
(c) Leeuwenhoek
(d) Schleiden
8. Which one is a true fish?
(a) Jellyfish
(b) Starfish
(c) Dogfish
(d) Silverfish
9. Which among the following have an open circulatory system?
(i) Arthropoda
(ii) Mollusca
(iii) Annelida
(iv) Coelenterata
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
10. Gymnosperms are kept under:
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophyta
(c) Tracheophyta
(d) None of them
11. Which among the following have scales?
(i) Amphibians
(ii) Pisces

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(iii) Reptiles
(iv) Mammals
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (ii)
12. The amphibian animal is:
(a) Fish
(b) Frog
(c) Lizard
(d) Bat
13. Identify a member of Porifera:
(a) Spongilla
(b) Euglena
(c) Penicillium
(d) Hydra
14. Two chambered heart occurs in:
(a) crocodiles
(b) fish
(c) aves
(d) amphibians
➢ Very Short Question:
1. Who wrote the book “The Origin of Species”?
2. Who proposed the classification of organisms into 5 kingdom?
3. Define species.
4. Give example of the organism belonging to Monera and Protista Kingdom.
5. Name the appendages used for movement by organism belonging to Protista kingdom.
6. What is lichen?
7. What is symbiotic relationship?
8. What is saprophytic nutrition?

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9. Give simple dassificatian of plant kingdom.

10. Name the plant amphibian.
➢ Short Questions:
1. Give the characteristics of Monera.
2. Give the characteristics of Protista.
3. Give the difference between thallophyte and bryophyte.
4. What are hermaphrodites? Give two examples.
5. Give the difference between monocots and dicots.
6. Give the difference between two types of symmetry that animals show.
7. Differentiate between vertebrates and invertebrates.
8. Name the phylum of the following animals:
(a) Tapeworm (b) Starfish
(c) Jellyfish (d) Octopus
➢ Long Questions:
1. What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Monera or
Protista?
2. Explain the three basic features for grouping all organisms into five major kingdoms.
3. Differentiate between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. Give example of each group.
➢ Assertion Reason Questions:
1. For two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below:
a. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
b. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
c. Assertion is true but Reason is false.
d. Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Assertion: Nucleus can be A basic characteristic of animal classification.
Reason: Nucleated cells have capacity to participate making multicellular organism
because they can take up specialised function.

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2. For two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below:
a. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
b. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
c. Assertion is true but Reason is false.
d. Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Assertion: Nucleus can be A basic characteristic of animal classification.
Reason: Nucleus is the only organelle present in the cell which shows animal characters.
➢ Case Study Questions:
1. Biologists, such as Ernst Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1969) and Carl Woese (1977)
have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms.
The classification Whittaker proposed has five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae
and Animalia, and is widely used. These groups are formed on the basis of their cell
structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organisation.
The modification Woese introduced by dividing the Monera into Archaebacteria (or
Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria) is also in use. Further classification is done by
naming the sub-groups at various levels as given in the following scheme:
Kingdom
↓
Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants)
↓
Class
↓
Order
↓
Family
↓
Genus

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↓
Species
Thus, by separating organisms on the basis of a hierarchy of characteristics into smaller
and smaller groups, we arrive at the basic unit of classification, which is a ‘species’. A
species includes all organisms that are similar enough to breed and perpetuate.
(i) Who proposed Five Kingdoms?
(a) Ernst Haeckel (1894)
(b) Robert Whittaker (1969)
(c) Carl Woese (1977)
(d) None of above
(ii) Which of the following kingdom is a part of five kingdom system?
(a) Monera
(b) Protista
(c) Animalia
(d) All of the above
(iii) Kingdom Monera divided into
(a) Archaebacteria
(b) Eubacteria
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of above
(iv) A groups of five kingdom are formed on the basis of
(a) Cell structure,
(b) Mode and source of nutrition
(c) Body organisation.
(d) All of the above
(5) What is species?
2. The first level of classification among plants depends on whether the plant body has
well differentiated, distinct parts. The next level of classification is based on whether the
differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other
substances. Further classification looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds
are enclosed within fruits.
THALLOPHYTA

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Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in this group. The plants in this
group are commonly called algae. These plantsare predominantly aquatic. Examples are
Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Ulva and Chara.
BRYOPHYTA
These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom. The plant body is commonly
differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures. There is no specialised tissue for the
conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.
Examples are moss (Funaria) and Marchantia.
PTERIDOPHYTA
In this group, the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has
specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the
plant body to another. Some examples are Marsilea, ferns. The reproductive organs of
plants in all these three groups are very inconspicuous, and they are therefore called
‘cryptogams’, or ‘those with hidden reproductive organs’. On the other hand, plants with
well differentiated reproductive parts that ultimately make seeds are calledphanerogams.
This group is further classified, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits,
giving us two groups – gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Gymnosperms are the plants which bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen
and woody. Examples are pines and deodar. Angiosperms are the plants which seeds are
enclosed inside an ovary.
(i) Plants that do not have well-differentiated body is known as _________.
(a) Bryophytes
(b) Pteridophytes
(c) Thallophytes
(d) Angiosperms
(ii) The plants which bear naked seeds:
(a) Angiosperms
(b) Gymnosperms
(c) Thallophytes
(d) Pteridophytes
(iii) Phanerogams are further classified into:
(a) Angiosperms
(b) Gymnosperms
(c) Thallophytes

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(d) Both a & b

(iv) Which of the following is the distinguishing feature of Bryophytes:
(a) Plant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures
(b) No specialised tissue for the conduction of water and food
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of above
(v) Explain the three important aspect on which classification of Plantae?
✓ Answer Key-
➢ Multiple Choice Answers:
1. (a) warm-blooded
2. (b) cold-blooded
3. (a) Carolus Linnaeus
4. (c) 14
5. (d) Gymnosperms
6. (b) Carolus Linnaeus
7. (a) Carolus Linnaeus
8. (c) Dogfish
9. (a) (i) and (ii)
10. (c) Tracheophyta
11. (c) (ii) and (iii)
12. (b) Frog
13. (a) Spongilla
14. (b) fish
➢ Very Short Answers:
1. Answer: Charles Darwin in 1859.
2. Answer: Robert Whittaker (1959).
3. Answer: All organisms that are similar to breed and perpetuate.
4. Answer: Monera, Anabaena, blue-green algae Protista—Eugleno, Paramecium, Amoeba
5. Answer:
Paramecium – Cilia

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Euglena – Flagella
Amoeba – Pseudopodia
6. Answer: The symbiotic association of fungi and blue-green algae, is called lichen.
7. Answer: It is a relationship between two organisms in which both of them are benefitted,
e.g., fungi gets food from blue-green algae and in return blue-green gets shelter [lichens].
8. Answer: The organisms using dead and decaying organic matter as food are said to show
saprophytic nutrition.
9. Answer:

10.Answer: Bryophyta e.g., Funaria (Moss).

➢ Short Answer:
1. Answer:
(a) Organisms are unicellular, do not have a defined nucleus.
(b) Organisms may have cell wall or may not have cell wall.
(c) Mode of nutrition is either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
2. Answer:
(a) Organisms are unicellular and eukaryotic.
(b) Use appendages for locomotion like cilia, flagella, etc.
(c) Nutrition is either autotrophic or heterotrophic.

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(d) E.g., algae, protozoa.

3. Answer:

Thallophyte Bryophyte

Body is thallus like not differentiated into Plant Body is differentiated into stem and

-root, stem. Example: Spirogyra. leaf like structures. Example: Moss.

4. Answer: When an organism has both the sexes, i.e., it can produce both sperms and eggs
are called hermaphrodites. Example: Sponges, earthworms.
5. Answer:

Monocots Dicots

1. Seeds with one cotyledon. Seeds with two cotyledons.

2. Leaves have parallel venation. Leaves have reticulate venation.

3. Root system—fibrous. Root system—tap root.

6. Answer: Symmetry—Bilateral and Radial

Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry

Any organism that has same design on Any organisms with a body design such that

left and right halves of the body. it can be divided into two equal halves from

Example: Earthworm, spider, cockroach. any radius. Example: Starfish sea urchin.

7. Answer:

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Vertebrates Invertebrates

1. Notochord is present. Notochord is absent.

2. True internal skeleton present. No true internal skeleton present.

8. Answer:
(a) Tapeworm – Flatyhelminthes
(b) Starfish – Echinodermatai
(c) Jellyfish – Coelenterata
(d) Octopus – Mollusca
➢ Long Answer:
1. Answer: Criterion for classification of organisms belonging to kingdom Monera:
(i) These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them
show multicellular body designs.
(ii) Some of them have cell walls while some do not have.
The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by synthesizing their
own food (autotrophic) or getting it from the environment (heterotrophic).
(iv) This group includes bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria and mycoplasma.
Criterion for classification of organisms belonging to kingdom Protista:
(i) This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
(ii) Some of these organisms use appendages, such as hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella
for moving around.
(iii) Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
(iv) This group includes unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans.
2. Answer:
The three basic features for grouping the organisms into five kingdoms are
(i) Cell structure: On the basis of this the two groups are prokaryotes and the
eukaryotes which are distinguished on the basis of absence or presence of well defined
nuclear membrane.
(ii) Thallus organization: The organisms are grouped as unicellular or multicellular

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organisms on the basis of their being composed of a single cell or of many cells
respectively.
(iii) Mode of nutrition: The organisms are grouped as autotrophs or heterotrophs on
the basis of their ability to synthesise their own food or being dependent on other
organisms for their food.
3. Answer:
Bryophyta:
• They are called the ‘amphibians of the plant kingdom’.
• They lack vascular tissues.
• Body is not well-differentiated into true root, stem or leaves.
• The dominant phase or the main plant body is gametophyte (haploid).
• Sporophyte depends upon gametophyte for its support and nutrition.
• Spores are formed in capsule of sporophyte.
• Examples: Liverworts, Mosses
Pteridophyta:
• They are the first land plants.
• They have vascular tissues xylem and phloem.
• Body is well-differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.
• The dominant phase or the main plant body is sporophyte (diploid).
• Sporophyte and gametophyte are independent structures in them.
• Spores are produced inside the sporangia borne on leaves or cones.
• Examples: Ferns, Horsetail, Marsilea
➢ Assertion Reason Answer:
1. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
2. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
➢ Case Study Answers:
1.
(i) (b) Robert Whittaker (1969)

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(ii) (d) All of the above

(iii) (c) Both a & b
(iv) (d) All of the above
(v) By separating organisms on the basis of a hierarchy of characteristics into smaller and
smaller groups, we arrive at the basic unit of classification, which is a ‘species’. A species
includes all organisms that are similar enough to breed and perpetuate.
2.
(i) (c) Thallophytes
(ii) (b) Gymnosperms
(iii) (d) Both a & b
(iv) (c) Both a & b
(v) The first level of classification among plants depends on
• Whether the plant body has well differentiated, distinct parts
• Whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of water
The ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits

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