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Data Collection (Chapter 1)

Summarizing Data in Tables and Graphs (Chapter 2)
 STATISTICS
INFORMED DECISIONS USING DATA
Fifth Edition

Chapter 3
Numerically
Summarizing
Data

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the arithmetic mean of a variable from raw data
2. Determine the median of a variable from raw data
3. Explain what it means for a statistic to be resistant
4. Determine the mode of a variable from raw data

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (1 of 9)

The arithmetic mean of a variable is computed by adding all

the values of the variable in the data set and dividing by the
number of observations.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (2 of 9)

The population arithmetic mean, μ (pronounced “mew”), is

computed using all the individuals in a population.
The population mean is a parameter.

The sample mean is a statistic.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (4 of 9)

If x1, x2, …, xN are the N observations of a variable from a

population, then the population mean, µ, is

5 1
18 1
23 2
26 1
36 1
43 1

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (6 of 9)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample Mean

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
(a) Compute the population mean of this data. = (23+36+23+18+5+26+43)/ 7

(b) Then take a simple random sample of n = 3 employees.

Compute the sample mean. Obtain a second simple random
sample of n = 3 employees. Again, compute the sample
mean.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (7 of 9)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample Mean

(a)

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (8 of 9)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample Mean

(b) Obtain a simple random sample of size n = 3 from the population of
seven employees. Use this simple random sample to determine a
sample mean. Find a second simple random sample and determine the
sample mean.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (9 of 9)

IN CLASS ACTIVITY
Population Mean versus Sample Mean
Treat the students in the class as a population. All the students in the
class should determine their pulse rates.
a) Compute the population mean pulse rate.
b) Obtain a simple random sample of n = 4 students and compute the
sample mean. Does the sample mean equal the population mean?
c) Obtain a second simple random sample of n = 4 students and
compute the sample mean. Does the sample mean equal the
population mean?
d) Are the sample means the same? Why?

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of 5)

The median of a variable is the value that lies in the middle

of the data when arranged in ascending order.
We use M to represent the median.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of 5)

Steps in Finding the Median of a Data Set

Step 1 Arrange the data in ascending order.
Step 2 Determine the number of observations, n.
Step 3 Determine the observation in the middle of the data set.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (3 of 5)

Steps in Finding the Median of a Data Set

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (4 of 5)

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Odd

Number of Observations
The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Determine the median of this data.
nếu N: lẻ => median là số thứ: (n+1)/2
Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43 , 59

Step 2: There are n = 7 observations. n=8 => chẵn

nếu N chẵn=> median sẽ bằng trung bình
cộng của số thứ n/2 và [(n/2)+1]
st 4: 23; st5: 26 => median = (23+26)/2 =
24.5

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (5 of 5)

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Even

Number of Observations
Suppose the start-up company hires a new employee. The travel
time of the new employee is 70 minutes. Determine the median of
the “new” data set.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43, 70
Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43, 70
Step 2: There are n = 8 observations.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (1 of 6)

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Even

Number of Observations
The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Suppose a new employee is hired who has a 130-minute commute.
How does this impact the value of the mean and median?
Mean before new hire: 24.9 minutes
Median before new hire: 23 minutes
Mean after new hire: 38 minutes
Median after new hire: 24.5 minutes

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (2 of 6)

A numerical summary of data is said to be resistant if

extreme values (very large or small) relative to the data do
not affect its value substantially.

Vd: 23,23,26,30,30,30,45,45,45,45,50
frequency
23 2 n=11 lẻ=> median là số thứ n+1/2 = 6
26 1 M=30
30 3
45 4
50 1

= 11

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (3 of 6)

Relation Between the Mean, Median, and Distribution Shape

Distribution Shape Mean versus Median
Skewed left Mean substantially smaller than median
Symmetric Mean roughly equal to median
Skewed right Mean substantially larger than median

=24.5 =23

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (4 of 6)

EXAMPLE Describing the Shape of the Distribution

The following data represent the asking price of homes for sale in
Lincoln, NE.
79,995 128,950 149,900 189,900
99,899 130,950 151,350 203,950
105,200 131,800 154,900 217,500
111,000 132,300 159,900 260,000
120,000 134,950 163,300 284,900
121,700 135,500 165,000 299,900
125,950 138,500 174,850 309,900
126,900 147,500 180,000 349,900

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (5 of 6)

• Find the mean and median.

• Use the mean and median to identify the shape of the

distribution.

• Verify your result by drawing a histogram of the data.

The mean asking price is $168,320 and the median asking

price is $148,700. Therefore, we would conjecture that the
distribution is skewed right.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (6 of 6)

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of 7)

The mode of a variable is the most frequent observation of

the variable that occurs in the data set.
A set of data can have no mode, one mode, or more than
one mode.
If no observation occurs more than once, we say the data
have no mode.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of 7)

EXAMPLE Finding the Mode of a Data Set

The data on the next slide represent the Vice Presidents of the
United States and their state of birth. Find the mode.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (3 of 7)

Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth

President President President
John Adams Massachusetts Schuyler New York Henry Wallace Iowa
Colfax
Thomas Virginia Henry Wilson New Harry Truman Missouri
Jefferson Hampshire
Aaron Burr New Jersey William New York Alben Barkley Kentucky
Wheeler
George Clinton New York Chester Arthur Vermont Richard Nixon California

Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Thomas Ohio Lyndon Texas

Hendricks Johnson
Daniel New York Levi Morton Vermont Hubert South Dakota
Tompkins Humphrey
John Calhoun South Carolina Adlai Kentucky Spiro Agnew Maryland
Stevenson
Martin Van New York Garrett Hobart New Jersey Gerald Ford Nebraska
Buren

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (4 of 7)

Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth

President President President
Richard Kentucky Theodore New York Nelson Maine
Johnson Roosevelt Rockefeller
John Tyler Virginia Charles Ohio Walter Minnesota
Fairbanks Mondale
George Dallas Pennsylvania James New York George Bush Massachusetts
Sherman
Millard New York Thomas Indiana Dan Quayle Indiana
Fillmore Marshall
William King North Carolina Calvin Vermont Al Gore Washington
Coolidge D.C.
John Kentucky Charles Ohio Richard Nebraska
Breckinridge Dawes Cheney
Hannibal Maine Charles Curtis Kansas Joe Biden Pennsylvania
Hamlin
Andrew North Carolina John Garner Texas
Johnson

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (5 of 7)

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (6 of 7)

có 3 mode

The mode
is New York

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (7 of 7)

sắp xếp dl
n=?
lẻ: M là số thứ (n+1)/2
chẵn:
TB của số thứ n/2 và n/2 + 1

fre lớn nhất

no mode
1 mode
>1

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the range of a variable from raw data
2. Determine the standard deviation of a variable from raw
data
3. Determine the variance of a variable from raw data
4. Use the Empirical Rule to describe data that are bell
shaped
5. Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to describe any data set

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (1 of 4)
To order food at a McDonald’s restaurant, one must choose
from multiple lines, while at Wendy’s Restaurant, one enters
a single line. The following data represent the wait time (in
minutes) in line for a simple random sample of 30 customers
at each restaurant during the lunch hour. For each sample,
answer the following:
(a) What was the mean wait time?
(b) Draw a histogram of each restaurant’s wait time.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (2 of 4)
Wait Time at Wendy’s
1.50 0.79 1.01 1.66 0.94 0.67
2.53 1.20 1.46 0.89 0.95 0.90
1.88 2.94 1.40 1.33 1.20 0.84
3.99 1.90 1.00 1.54 0.99 0.35
0.90 1.23 0.92 1.09 1.72 2.00
Wait Time at McDonald’s
3.50 0.00 0.38 0.43 1.82 3.04
0.00 0.26 0.14 0.60 2.33 2.54
1.97 0.71 2.22 4.54 0.80 0.50
0.00 0.28 0.44 1.38 0.92 1.17
3.08 2.75 0.36 3.10 2.19 0.23
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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (3 of 4)
(a) The mean wait time in each line is 1.39 minutes.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (4 of 4)
(b)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.1 Determine the Range of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of
2)

The range, R, of a variable is the difference between the

largest data value and the smallest data values. That is,
Range = R = Largest Data Value − Smallest Data Value

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.1 Determine the Range of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of
2)

EXAMPLE Finding the Range of a Set of Data

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Find the range.
Range = 43 − 5
= 38 minutes

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (1 of 16)

The population standard deviation of a variable is the

square root of the sum of squared deviations about the
population mean divided by the number of observations in
the population, N. That is, it is the square root of the mean of
the squared deviations about the population mean.
The population standard deviation is symbolically
represented by σ (lowercase Greek sigma).

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (2 of 16)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (3 of 16)

A formula that is equivalent to the one on the previous slide,

called the computational formula, for determining the
population standard deviation is

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (4 of 16)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Standard Deviation

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population standard deviation of this data.
mean= 24.85
std=căn {[(23-24.85)^2 + (36-24.85)^2.... + (43-24.85)^2]/7}

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (5 of 16)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (6 of 16)

Using the computational formula, yields the same result.

xi (xi )2
23 529
36 1296
23 529
18 324
5 25
26 676
43 1849
Σxi = 174 Σ(xi)2 = 5228

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (7 of 16)

The sample standard deviation, s, of a variable is the

square root of the sum of squared deviations about the
sample mean divided by n − 1, where n is the sample size.

n=7

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (8 of 16)

A formula that is equivalent to the one on the previous slide,

called the computational formula, for determining the sample
standard deviation is

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (9 of 16)

We call n − 1 the degrees of freedom because the first n − 1

observations have freedom to be whatever value they wish,
but the nth value has no freedom. It must be whatever value
forces the sum of the deviations about the mean to equal
zero.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (10 of 16)

EXAMPLE Computing a Sample Standard Deviation

Here are the results of a random sample taken from the travel
times (in minutes) to work for all seven employees of a start-up
web development company:
5, 26, 36
Find the sample standard deviation.
mean sample = (5+26+36)/3= 22.33
std = căn {[(5-22.33)^2 + (26-22.33)^2 + (36-22.33)^2]/(3-1)}
= 15.83

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (11 of 16)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (12 of 16)

Using the computational formula, yields the same result.

xi (xi )2

5 25
26 676
36 1296

Σxi = 67 Σ(xi)2 = 1997

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (13 of 16)

IN CLASS ACTIVITY
The Sample Standard Deviation
Using the pulse rate data of your class, do the following:
a) Obtain a simple random sample of n = 5 students and
compute the sample standard deviation.
b) Obtain a second simple random sample of n = 5 students and
compute the sample standard deviation.
c) Are the sample standard deviations the same? Why?

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (14 of 16)

EXAMPLE Comparing Standard Deviations

Determine the standard deviation waiting time for Wendy’s and
McDonald’s. Which is larger? Why?

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (15 of 16)

Wait Time at Wendy’s

1.50 0.79 1.01 1.66 0.94 0.67
2.53 1.20 1.46 0.89 0.95 0.90
1.88 2.94 1.40 1.33 1.20 0.84
3.99 1.90 1.00 1.54 0.99 0.35
0.90 1.23 0.92 1.09 1.72 2.00
Wait Time at McDonald’s
3.50 0.00 0.38 0.43 1.82 3.04
0.00 0.26 0.14 0.60 2.33 2.54
1.97 0.71 2.22 4.54 0.80 0.50
0.00 0.28 0.44 1.38 0.92 1.17
3.08 2.75 0.36 3.10 2.19 0.23
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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (16 of 16)

EXAMPLE Comparing Standard Deviations

Sample standard deviation for Wendy’s: 0.726 minutes
Sample standard deviation for McDonald’s: 1.244 minutes
phân tán
Recall from earlier that the data is more dispersed for
McDonald’s resulting in a larger standard deviation.
std Mc> std Wendy => độ phân tán thời gian chờ đợi của MC > Wen => MC chờ lâu hơn Wen

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.3 Determine the Variance of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of 3)

The variance of a variable is the square of the standard

deviation. The population variance is σ2 and the sample
variance is s2.

variance = bình phương của std

phương sai

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.3 Determine the Variance of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of 3)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Variance

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population and sample variance of this data.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.3 Determine the Variance of a Variable from Raw Data (3 of 3)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Variance

Recall that the population standard deviation (from slide #49) is
σ = 11.36 so the population variance is σ2 = 129.05 minutes
and that the sample standard deviation (from slide #55) is
s = 15.82, so the sample variance is s2 = 250.27 minutes

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (1 of 7)

The Empirical Rule

If a distribution is roughly bell shaped, then
• Approximately 68% of the data will lie within 1 standard
deviation of the mean. That is, approximately 68% of the data lie
between μ − 1σ and μ + 1σ.
• Approximately 95% of the data will lie within 2 standard
deviations of the mean. That is, approximately 95% of the data
lie between μ − 2σ and μ + 2σ.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (2 of 7)

The Empirical Rule

If a distribution is roughly bell shaped, then
• Approximately 99.7% of the data will lie within 3 standard
deviations of the mean. That is, approximately 99.7% of the
data lie between μ − 3σ and μ + 3σ.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (3 of 7)

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3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (4 of 7)

EXAMPLE Using the Empirical Rule

The following data represent the serum HDL (high-density
lipoprotein) cholesterol of the 54 female patients of a family doctor.

41 60 48 43 38 35 37 44 44
44 64 75 77 58 82 39 85 55
62 54 69 69 70 65 72 74 74
54 59 60 60 61 62 63 64 64
67 53 54 55 56 56 56 57 58
74 45 47 47 48 48 50 52 52
 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (5 of 7)
a) Compute the population mean and standard deviation.
b) Draw a histogram to verify the data is bell-shaped.
c) Determine the percentage of all patients that have serum HDL
within 3 standard deviations of the mean according to the
Empirical Rule.
d) Determine the percentage of all patients that have serum HDL
between 34 and 69.1 according to the Empirical Rule.
e) Determine the actual percentage of patients that have serum
HDL between 34 and 69.1.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (6 of 7)
(a) Using a TI-83 plus graphing calculator, we find

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (7 of 7)

22 33.8 45.6 57.4 69.2 81 92.8

Serum HDL Cholesterol Level

(c) According to the Empirical Rule, 99.7% of the all patients that
have serum HDL within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
(d) 13.5% + 34% + 34% = 81.5% of all patients will have a serum
HDL between 34.0 and 69.1 according to the Empirical Rule.
(e) 45 out of the 54 or 83.3% of the patients have a serum HDL
between 34.0 and 69.1.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.5 Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to Describe Any Set of Data (1 of 2)

Note: We can also use Chebyshev’s Inequality based on

sample data.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.5 Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to Describe Any Set of Data (2 of 2)

EXAMPLE Using Chebyshev’s Theorem

Using the data from the previous example, use Chebyshev’s
Theorem to
a) determine the percentage of patients that have serum HDL
within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
Learning Objectives

1. Approximate the mean of a variable from grouped data

2. Compute the weighted mean
3. Approximate the standard deviation of a variable from
grouped data

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (1 of 4)

We have discussed how to compute descriptive statistics

from raw data, but often the only available data have already
been summarized in frequency distributions (grouped data).

Although we cannot find exact values of the mean or

standard deviation without raw data, we can approximate
these measures using the techniques discussed in this
section.

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (2 of 4)

Approximate the Mean of a Variable from a Frequency

Distribution

midpoint = (đầu khoảng t1+ đầu khoảng t2)/2

b1: tính midpoint của khoảng

b2: mean
= (midpoint1*fre1 + ...+ midpn*fren)/
tổng fre
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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (3 of 4)

EXAMPLE Approximating the Mean from a Relative

Frequency Distribution
The National Survey of Student Engagement is a survey that
(among other things) asked first year students at liberal arts
colleges how much time they spend preparing for class each week.
The results from the 2007 survey are summarized below.
Approximate the mean number of hours spent preparing for class
each week. 13.5
3.5
3 8.5 33.5

Hours 0 1−5 6−10 11−15 16−20 21−25 26−30 31−35

Frequency 0 130 250 230 180 100 60 50
mean = (3.5*130+ 8.5*250 + 13.5*230+...+33.5*50)/ (130+250+...+50)

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (4 of 4)
midpoint
Time Frequency xi xi fi
0 0 0 0
1–5 130 (6+1)/2 = 3 .5 390
x=å
x i fi
6 – 10 250 8 .5 2000
11 – 15 230 13 .5 2990 åf i

16 – 20 180 18 .5 3240 = 14,250

21 – 25 100 23 2300 1000
= 14.25
26 – 30 60 28 1680
=3-14.25 =-11.25
31 – 35 50 33 1650
åf i = 1000 å x f = 14,250
i i

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.2 Compute the Weighted Mean (1 of 2)

When data values have difference importance, or weight,

associated with them, we compute the weighted mean

The weighted mean, xw , of a variable is found by multiplying

each value of the variable by its corresponding weight,
adding these products, and dividing this sum by the sum of
the weights. It can be expressed using the formula

where wi is the weight of the i th observation

xi is the value of the i th observation
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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.2 Compute the Weighted Mean (2 of 2)

EXAMPLE Computed a Weighted Mean

Bob goes to the “Buy the Weigh” Nut store and creates his own
bridge mix. He combines 1 pound of raisins, 2 pounds of chocolate
covered peanuts, and 1.5 pounds of cashews. The raisins cost
$1.25 per pound, the chocolate covered peanuts cost $3.25 per
pound, and the cashews cost $5.40 per pound. What is the cost
per pound of this mix?

1p R; 2p c; 1.5p ca

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (1 of 4)

Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from a

Frequency Distribution

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (2 of 4)

An algebraically equivalent formula for the population

standard deviation is

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (3 of 4)

EXAMPLE Approximating the Standard Deviation from a

Relative Frequency Distribution
The National Survey of Student Engagement is a survey that
(among other things) asked first year students at liberal arts
colleges how much time they spend preparing for class each
week. The results from the 2007 survey are summarized below.
Approximate the standard deviation number of hours spent
preparing for class each week.
Hours 0 1−5 6−10 11−15 16−20 21−25 26−30 31−35
Frequency 0 130 250 230 180 100 60 50

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (4 of 4)
midpoint (mid- (mid-mean)^2 * frequency
mean)
mean =
13.25
-9.75 số đã sửa
(1+6)/2=
cách 5 -4.75

0.25

5.25

10.25
15.25

20.25

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