Survey Tech.
Survey Tech.
Arch-3103
Fahmida Nusrat
Asstt. Professor,
Department of Architecture
Lecture: 01
Content
Definition of Surveying
Physical and Socio-economic Survey
Objects of Surveying
Uses of surveying
Definition of Surveying:
examine and record the area and features of (an area of land) so as
to construct a map, plan, or description.
Content
Definition of Surveying
Physical and Socio-economic Survey
Objects of Surveying
Uses of surveying
Phases of Surveying
Brief History of Surveying
The work of the surveyor
consists of 5 phases:
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and final point
locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements and
recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing calculations based
upon the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to produce a
map, plot, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the
proper locations in the field.
Brief History of Surveying
Content
Classifications/Divisions of Surveying
Primary Classifications
Secondary Classifications
Principles of Surveying
Classifications/Divisions of Surveying
In such surveying the line joining any two stations is considered to be straight
1. Plane surveying
This is because plane surveying is carried out over a small area, so the surface of
the earth is considered as a plane.
For most engineering projects such as canal, railway, highway, building, pipeline, etc
constructions, this type of surveying is used.
If the Earth was flat, the angles of a triangle would add up to 180 degrees.
2. Geodetic surveying
Type of Surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration.
The line joining any two points considered as a curved line.
Very refined methods and advanced instruments are used in this type of surveying. In
this method very high precision or accuracy is required.
2. Geodetic surveying
Difference Between Plane & Geodetic surveying
Geodetic survey reveals that the angles of the measures triangle exceed 180 degrees,
proving that the earth is curved. This is called the spherical excess.
03. Line Joining any two stations is considered The line joining any two station is considered as
to be straight; It will be a line. spherical. It will be an arc.
04. The angles of triangle are considered as The angles of triangle are considered as
plain angles spherical angles
05. Knowledge of plane trigonometry is Knowledge of spherical trigonometry is
required. required.
07. Carried out for a small area of ˂ 250 km² Carried out for a small area of ˃ 250 km²
08. Uses normal instruments like chain, Uses more precise instruments and modern
measuring tape, theodolite etc. technology like GPS
09. Used in general civil engineering survey Used for the precise location of a widely distant
projects on large scale such as bridges, area.
dam, highway etc.
Fundamental principles of Surveying
• According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first enclosed by main stations
(i.e.. Control stations) and main survey lines.
The area is then divided into a number of divisions by forming well conditioned triangles.
• According to the second principle the points are located by linear or angular
measurement or by both in surveying. If two control points are established first,
then a new station can be located by linear measurement. Let A & B are control
points, a new point C can be established.
• Following are the methods of locating point C from such reference points A & B.
• The distance AB can be measured accurately and the relative positions of the point
can be then plotted on the sheet to some scale.
• (a) Taking linear measurement from A and B for C.
• (b) Taking linear measurement of perpendicular from D to C.
• (c) Taking one linear measurement from B and one angular measurement as ∕ ABC