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Mathematics and Visualization
Topological
Methods in Data
Analysis and
Visualization IV
Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
Mathematics and Visualization
Series Editors
Hans-Christian Hege
David Hoffman
Christopher R. Johnson
Konrad Polthier
Martin Rumpf
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4562
Hamish Carr • Christoph Garth • Tino Weinkauf
Editors
Topological Methods
in Data Analysis
and Visualization IV
Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
123
Editors
Hamish Carr Christoph Garth
University of Leeds Department of Computer Science
Leeds, United Kingdom Technical University of Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern, Germany
Tino Weinkauf
School of Computer Science
and Communication
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Stockholm, Sweden
Cover illustration from Morse-Smale Analysis of Ion Diffusion in Ab Initio Battery Materials Simula-
tions by A. Gyulassy, A. Knoll, K. Chun Lau, B. Wang, P.-T. Bremer, M. E. Papka, L. A. Curtiss and
V. Pascucci. By courtesy of the authors.
Since Helman and Hesselink’s landmark paper on vector topology in 1989, topolog-
ical analysis has formed an increasingly important part of scientific visualization.
This is not only because it opens up novel forms of understanding but also because
as our data has increased past terascale, machine analysis necessarily substitutes
for laborious human inspection of visualizations. More and more, one can argue
that data analysis precedes rather than succeeds visualization and that topological
analysis is one of the key approaches given its strong mathematical underpinnings,
precise answers and verifiable outcomes.
From its early starts in vector field topology, topological visualization has
expanded to embrace analysis of scalar fields in the form of contour trees,
Reeb graphs and Morse-Smale complexes, analysis of abstract graphs and high-
dimensional data and, most recently, analysis of multivariate fields through Jacobi
sets, Reeb spaces and the joint contour net, linking with the mathematical field of
fibre topology in the process.
Topological visualization is, however, not concerned only with the topological
computation per se. One of the strongest features of the community is its focus on
the full range of theoretical understanding, algorithmic advances and application
work, all of which are represented in this volume.
Starting in 2005, biennial workshops have been held on topological visualization
in Budmerice (2005), Grimma (2007), Snowbird (2009), Zürich (2011), Davis
(2013) and Annweiler (2015), where informal discussions supplement formal
presentations and knit the community together. Notably, these workshops have
consistently resulted in quality publications under the Springer imprint which form
a significant part of the working knowledge in the area.
In the most recent workshop (2015), at Kurhaus Trifels in Annweiler, Germany,
bivariate analysis, Reeb spaces and fibre topology increased in importance, anchored
by keynotes from Professor Osamu Saeki (Kyushu), one of the leaders in fibre topol-
ogy, and Professor Kathrin Padberg-Gehle (Lüneburg), who works on computational
methods for nonlinear dynamical systems.
Of the 23 papers presented at TopoInVis 2015, 20 passed a second-round review
process for this volume. In addition, Professor Saeki contributed a survey of the
v
vi Preface
relevant fibre topology to this volume for the benefit of the community, which we
expect to shape approaches to data visualization in future years, and a further paper
was contributed directly to this volume.
We have grouped this paper in Part I with the two most closely related papers.
Of these, one deals with multi-modal analysis in a particular application domain
(atmospheric impacts of volcanic eruptions). The other deals with joint contour nets
(a quantized approximation of fibre topology) and their relation to analysis based on
Pareto set analysis.
We have then collected papers relating to high-dimensional data in Part II. Here,
the first paper applies scalar field topology to optimization problems, based on the
common description of optimization as a search landscape. In contrast, the second
paper discusses algorithms for computing and visualizing merge trees (one of the
principal forms of scalar analysis) in high-dimensional data. These are grouped with
a paper that considers the relative quality of different measures applied to reduce the
dimensionality of the data.
Part III then collects papers that use scalar topology in relatively low-dimensional
spaces (i.e. three-dimensional space). Here, the first paper compares similarity
between scalar fields, using histograms as summaries of geometric information
to supplement the underlying topological analysis. The second paper is more
applied in nature, as it addresses a practical domain problem—how to track
diffusion of ions into a battery material, using Morse-Smale analysis, to identify the
potential diffusion channels. Lastly, the third paper addresses the inverse problem
of (re-)constructing a scalar field from a known Morse-Smale complex.
Where Part III deals with scalar fields, Part IV considers vector and tensor
fields. Here, while the broad strokes of the analysis are well-understood, actual
computation of topological invariants has a number of practical problems. At the
heart of these is the tension between formal mathematical expression of continuous
models and practical numerical computation. The papers in this part therefore
primarily address issues of discontinuity and degeneracy in the analysis process.
Of these, the first paper deals with issues at the boundary of flow fields through
computation of escape maps, while the second computes similarity measures
between nearby integral curves to detect regions of shared behaviour. A third paper
extends existing ideas for decomposition of vector fields, in order to underpin
a future generation of algorithmic approaches, while a fourth paper extends
existing mathematical analysis of tensor fields as a preliminary to developing new
techniques.
Part V then considers a theme common to many of the newest approaches—
indirect detection of topological features to avoid the numerical problems of early
methods. Here, the goal is to detect coherent structures in a variety of contexts and
use them as the basis of the visualization. The best known techniques for this use
finite time Lyapunov exponents (FTLEs), and three of these papers extend these
techniques, while the fourth considers related computations.
In the first paper on FTLEs, they are used to detect regions of topological change
as a scalar field, which is then subjected to a second round of topological analysis
to detect ridge features. The second paper builds on the observation that not all
Preface vii
ix
x Contents
Osamu Saeki
1 Introduction
O. Saeki ()
Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
visualization community in general, we will try to cover issues which might not be
so popular. Special attention is paid to Morse functions on manifolds with boundary,
since in many situations, data sets are given on a bounded domain in Euclidean
spaces which have boundary. We also describe the deformation of Morse functions,
from the view point of the simplification of the Reeb graph.
In Sect. 3, we review the singularity theory for generic multi-fields, which are
called stable maps in singularity theory. We will see that Morse theory can be
extended naturally to some dimension pairs, but not to all cases, at least theoretically.
In Sect. 4, the theory of singular fibers of differentiable maps is explained.
Mathematically, a fiber is a map around a given pre-image and it contains the
information of nearby pre-images. This is why it is important for grasping the
topological transitions of pre-images, which is essential in visualization.
In Sect. 5, we explain the concept of Reeb space of a given multi-field. This is
the straightforward generalization of Reeb graph for a scalar field. We will see that
several structure theorems are already known in singularity theory. In fact, once
you have a classification of singular fibers, a structure theorem then follows. Some
topological transitions of Reeb spaces are also presented with the simplification of
Reeb spaces in mind.
In Sect. 6, we will give several open problems related to singularity theory
and visualization of singular fibers. We will also explain how the visualization
techniques can be useful in singularity theory itself. We will give several examples
of ongoing projects in this direction as well. We end this paper by summarizing
the impact of such singularity theoretical results and techniques on computational
topology and visualization.
Throughout this paper, all manifolds and maps between them are differentiable
of class C1 unless otherwise indicated. A manifold is closed if it is compact and
has no boundary. The symbol Dk denotes the unit disk in Rk .
2 Morse Functions
@f @f @f
. p/ D . p/ D D . p/ D 0:
@x1 @x2 @xn
Theory of Singular Fibers and Reeb Spaces for Visualization 5
N R
Fig. 1 Example of level sets: one can observe a topological change of level sets as the value in R
passes through a critical value
By the implicit function theorem, we see easily that for a regular value r, the
pre-image f 1 .r/ is a smooth submanifold of dimension n 1 of N, as long as it
is non-empty (for example, see [26]). Based on this observation, we introduce the
following notion.
Definition 2.6 For a real number r 2 R, the set
f 1 .r/ D fp 2 N j f .p/ D rg
Fig. 2 Example of local level set changes for dimension 3: the top half corresponds to the case of
a critical point of index 1 or 2, while the bottom half corresponds to the case of index 0 or 3
for " 2 R with j"j sufficiently small. The other parts which sit outside of a
neighborhood of p do not change topologically in a sense similar to that in
Theorem 2.7. Examples for the case n D 3 are depicted in Fig. 2.
Definition 2.8 For a real number r 2 R, we call the set
Nr D fp 2 N j f .p/ rg
a sub-level set of f .
Note that if r is a regular value, then the corresponding sub-level set is a smooth
manifold whose boundary is the level set.
Suppose that a Morse function f is given. Starting from a real number r0 strictly
less than the minimum of f , let us consider the topological transition of the sub-
level sets Nr . Then, according to Theorem 2.7, its topological transition occurs near
a real number r only if r is a critical value of f . Furthermore, if p is a critical point
with value r, then by using the Morse Lemma, we can show that NrC" , with " >
0 sufficiently small, is obtained by attaching a -handle to Nr" , where is the
index of the critical point p. A -handle is an n-dimensional disk of the form D
Dn attached to @Nr" along @D Dn . In this way, we get a so-called handle
decomposition of the manifold N [24].
On the other hand, if we look at the transitions of the homotopy types of the
sub-level sets, then we get a decomposition of N as a CW complex [25].
For more details about handles, the reader is referred also to [12, Chap. 6]. An
application of handle decompositions for morphing 3D shapes has been explored in
[35].
Let us now define the Reeb graph of a Morse function.
Definition 2.9 Let f W N ! R be a Morse function on a closed manifold. Then,
each level set of f has finitely many connected components. Contracting each such
component to a point, we get a space Rf . More precisely, two points x; x0 2 N are
equivalent if they lie in the same component of a level set. This is an equivalence
relation, and the quotient space of N with respect to this equivalence relation is
8 O. Saeki
N R
qf f¯
Rf
Fig. 3 Reeb graph of the height function f on the torus: the original function is decomposed into
the composition of the quotient map qf and the function fN defined on the Reeb graph. The vertices
of Rf are the qf -images of the critical points of f
such that the differential dfp W Tp N ! R vanishes. We call such a point p a (usual)
critical point of f . Note that such a point p may lie in the interior as well as the
boundary of N in general. The other is a critical point of the restricted function
f@ D f j@N W @N ! R. Such a point is called a boundary critical point of f . Note that
a critical point of the second type necessarily lies on the boundary @N. Note also
that a usual critical point on @N is a boundary critical point, while the converse is
not true in general.
The following lemma is well-known.
Theorem 2.10 (Morse Lemma along Boundary) Let f W N ! R be a smooth
function defined on a manifold with boundary. If p 2 @N is not a usual critical point
of f , but is a non-degenerate critical point of f@ , then there exist local coordinates
.x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn / of N around p such that
(1) fxn 0g corresponds to N, and fxn D 0g corresponds to @N,
(2) f is locally expressed as
Fig. 4 Boundary critical points of functions defined on surfaces with boundary: the top half
represents x21 C x2 , while the bottom half represents x21 C x2
10 O. Saeki
outward a
Fig. 6 Birth-death of a usual critical point near the boundary: in the middle figures, the encircled
dots are usual critical points and are, at the same time, boundary critical points. The two functions
on the left have only a boundary critical point, while the two on the right have both a boundary
critical point and a usual critical point in the interior
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5)
Fig. 7 Possible transitions of Reeb graphs for generic 1-parameter deformations of Morse
functions on closed manifolds near a given parameter: these are local descriptions, and the part
lying outside of these graphs does not change during the deformation
to another Morse function whose Reeb graph is locally of the form as in the left hand
side of (2). However, for the resulting graph, the transition (4) from the right to left
cannot be applied. This is because after the birth of a pair of critical points, they
are so involved with each other that their values cannot be interchanged to make a
crossing of critical values.
We can also prove that the transition of Fig. 7 (1) is always possible. More
precisely, if the Reeb graph of a Morse function contains one of the two graphs
in the figure as a subgraph, then we can deform the given Morse function by passing
through a birth-death exactly once so that the resulting Morse function has the Reeb
graph obtained from the original one by replacing the subgraph with the other graph
in the figure. This gives a theoretical justification for simplification of a Reeb graph
for visualization purposes that uses the topological transition described in Fig. 7 (1).
The above theorem can be proved by using a result on local structures of Reeb
spaces of generic maps into the plane [19]. (For the definition of a Reeb space, refer
to Sect. 5.1.)
14 O. Saeki
3 Stable Maps
Although theorems like the Morse Lemma do not exist in general for multi-
fields, for some specific dimension pairs .n; m/, we do have such theorems. In the
following, if we say that a map is stable, then it means that it is C1 stable.
In the function case, the following is known.
Theorem 3.2 Let N be a closed n-dimensional manifold, n 1. Then a smooth
function f W N ! R is stable if and only if it is a Morse function. In particular, the
dimension pair .n; 1/ is always in the nice range.
The above theorem means that the notion of a stable map generalizes the notion
of a Morse function in a reasonable sense.
Let us introduce the following notion.
Definition 3.3 Let fi W Ni ! Rm , i D 0; 1, be smooth maps with dim N0 D
dim N1 D n. For singular points pi 2 Ni of fi , i D 0; 1, we define that they have
the same singularity type if for some open neighborhoods Ui of pi and Vi of fi .pi /
and diffeomorphisms W U0 ! U1 and W V0 ! V1 with .p0 / D p1 and
.f0 .p0 // D f1 .p1 / such that the following diagram is commutative:
Note that the Morse Lemma claims that a non-degenerate critical point of a
function has the same singularity type as the critical point of a quadratic function
˙x21 ˙ x22 ˙ ˙ x2n .
Let us now consider the case m D 2. Let f W N ! R2 be a smooth map of a
closed n-dimensional manifold, n 2.
16 O. Saeki
with respect to appropriate local coordinates around p and f .p/. In other words, p has
the same singularity type as the above polynomial map. Similarly, a point p 2 S.f /
is a cusp point if it has the same singularity type as the map
We denote by F.f / the set of fold points of f , and by C.f / the set of cusp points. It
is easy to verify that F.f / is a smooth 1-dimensional submanifold of N, while C.f /
is a discrete set of points.
For the case of n D 2, see Fig. 8. See also [9].
Then the following characterization of stable maps is known.
Theorem 3.5 (Whitney [38]) A smooth map f W N ! R2 is stable if and only if
the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) Every singular point is either a fold point or a cusp point.
(2) The restriction f jF.f / W F.f / ! R2 is an immersion (i.e. a non-singular curve)
with normal crossings: i.e. for every point q 2 R2 , the pre-image .f jF.f / /1 .q/
consists of at most two points, and if it consists of two points, then the images
of the differentials at the two points are linearly independent in Tq R2 .
(3) f .F.f // \ f .C.f // D ;.
(4) The restriction f jC.f / is injective.
S( f )
fold cusp
Fig. 8 Fold and cusp points for the case n D 2: these are the singularities that can appear for
stable maps of surfaces into R2
Theory of Singular Fibers and Reeb Spaces for Visualization 17
We denote by F.f / the set of fold points of f , by C.f / the set of cusp points, and by
ST.f / the set of swallowtail points. It is easy to verify that F.f / and C.f / are smooth
2- and 1-dimensional submanifolds of N, respectively, while ST.f / is a discrete set
of points.
Theorem 3.7 A smooth map f W N ! R3 of a closed n-dimensional manifold N,
n 3, is stable if and only if the following conditions are satisfied.
(i) Every singular point is either a fold point, a cusp point, or a swallowtail point.
(ii) The singular point set S.f / is a smooth 2-dimensional submanifold of N under
the above condition. Then, for every r 2 f .S.f //, f 1 .r/ \ S.f / consists of
at most three points and the map f jS.f / around f 1 .r/ \ S.f / is equivalent to
one of the six maps whose images are as described in Fig. 9: .1/, .2/ and .4/
correspond to 1, 2 or 3 fold sheets, respectively, .3/ corresponds to a cusp
point, .5/ represents a transverse crossing of a cuspidal edge as in .3/ and a
fold sheet, and .6/ corresponds to a swallowtail point.
4 Singular Fibers
4.1 Concept
In fact, in singularity theory, we use the terminology “fiber” in such a way that it
contains more information than just the pre-image as follows [29].
Definition 4.2 Let fi W Ni ! Rm be smooth maps of n-dimensional manifolds,
i D 0; 1. For ri 2 Rm , we say that the fibers over r0 and r1 of f0 and f1 ,
respectively, are equivalent if for some open neighborhoods Ui of ri in Rm , there
exist diffeomorphisms ˚ W .f0 /1 .U0 / ! .f1 /1 .U1 / and ' W U0 ! U1 with
'.r0 / D r1 which make the following diagram commutative:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Fig. 10 List of equivalence classes of singular fibers for Morse functions on closed surfaces. For
each horizontal arrow, the left hand side depicts the neighborhood of the pre-image of a critical
value, and the arrow represents the map as a height function. Thus, for example, the function
in (1) has exactly one local extremal point as a critical point, but the corresponding pre-image
may not be connected and may have several circle components consisting of regular points whose
neighborhoods are diffeomorphic to a cylinder. The component of the neighborhood containing a
critical point is diffeomorphic to a disk for (1), a 2-sphere with three disks removed for (2), and a
Möbius band with a disk removed for (3). In particular, singular fibers of type (3) never occur if
the domain surface is orientable
L
’ÉGLISE était tendue de noir, et, sur le portail, un grand écusson
coiffé d’une couronne annonçait aux passants qu’on enterrait un
gentilhomme.
La cérémonie venait de finir, les assistants s’en allaient
lentement, défilant devant le cercueil et devant le neveu du comte
de Vaudrec, qui serrait les mains et rendait les saluts.
Quand Georges Du Roy et sa femme furent sortis, ils se mirent à
marcher côte à côte, pour rentrer chez eux. Ils se taisaient,
préoccupés.
Enfin, Georges prononça, comme se parlant à lui-même:
—Vraiment, c’est bien étonnant!
Madeleine demanda:
—Quoi donc, mon ami?
—Que Vaudrec ne nous ait rien laissé!
Elle rougit brusquement, comme si un voile rose se fût étendu
tout à coup sur sa peau blanche, en montant de la gorge au visage,
et elle dit:
—Pourquoi nous aurait-il laissé quelque chose? Il n’y avait
aucune raison pour ça.
Puis, après quelques instants de silence, elle reprit:
—Il existe peut-être un testament chez un notaire. Nous ne
saurions rien encore.
Il réfléchit, puis murmura:
—Oui, c’est probable, car, enfin, c’était notre meilleur ami, à tous
les deux. Il dînait deux fois par semaine à la maison, il venait à tout
moment. Il était chez lui chez nous, tout à fait chez lui. Il t’aimait
comme un père, et il n’avait pas de famille, pas d’enfants, pas de
frères ni de sœurs, rien qu’un neveu, un neveu éloigné. Oui, il doit y
avoir un testament. Je ne tiendrais pas à grand’chose, un souvenir,
pour prouver qu’il a pensé à nous, qu’il nous aimait, qu’il
reconnaissait l’affection que nous avions pour lui. Il nous devait bien
une marque d’amitié.
Elle dit, d’un air pensif et indifférent:
—C’est possible, en effet, qu’il y ait un testament.
Comme ils rentraient chez eux, le domestique présenta une lettre
à Madeleine. Elle l’ouvrit, puis la tendit à son mari.
Étude de Me Lamaneur
Notaire,
17, rue des Vosges.
Madame,
Le notaire ajouta:
—C’est tout. Cette pièce est datée du mois d’août dernier et a
remplacé un document de même nature, fait il y a deux ans, au nom
de Mme Claire-Madeleine Forestier. J’ai ce premier testament qui
pourrait prouver, en cas de contestation de la part de la famille, que
la volonté de M. le comte de Vaudrec n’a point varié.
Madeleine, très pâle, regardait ses pieds. Georges, nerveux,
roulait entre ses doigts le bout de sa moustache. Le notaire reprit,
après un moment de silence:
—Il est bien entendu, monsieur, que madame ne peut accepter
ce legs sans votre consentement.
Du Roy se leva, et d’un ton sec:
—Je demande le temps de réfléchir.
Le notaire, qui souriait, s’inclina, et d’une voix aimable:
—Je comprends le scrupule qui vous fait hésiter, monsieur. Je
dois ajouter que le neveu de M. de Vaudrec, qui a pris connaissance,
ce matin même, des dernières intentions de son oncle, se déclare
prêt à les respecter si on lui abandonne une somme de cent mille
francs. A mon avis, le testament est inattaquable, mais un procès
ferait du bruit qu’il vous conviendra peut-être d’éviter. Le monde a
souvent des jugements malveillants. Dans tous les cas, pourrez-vous
me faire connaître votre réponse sur tous les points avant samedi?
Georges s’inclina:
—Oui, monsieur.
Puis il salua avec cérémonie, fit passer sa femme demeurée
muette, et il sortit d’un air tellement roide que le notaire ne souriait
plus.
Dès qu’ils furent rentrés chez eux, Du Roy ferma brusquement la
porte, et jetant son chapeau sur le lit:
—Tu as été la maîtresse de Vaudrec?
Madeleine, qui enlevait son voile, se retourna d’une secousse:
—Moi? Oh!
—Oui, toi. On ne laisse pas toute sa fortune à une femme, sans
que...
Elle était devenue tremblante et ne parvenait point à ôter les
épingles qui retenaient le tissu transparent.
Après un moment de réflexion, elle balbutia, d’une voix agitée:
—Voyons... voyons... tu es fou... tu es... tu es... Est-ce que toi-
même... tout à l’heure... tu n’espérais pas... qu’il te laisserait
quelque chose?
Georges restait debout, près d’elle, suivant toutes ses émotions,
comme un magistrat qui cherche à surprendre les moindres
défaillances d’un prévenu. Il prononça, en insistant sur chaque mot:
—Oui... il pouvait me laisser quelque chose, à moi... à moi, ton
mari... à moi, son ami... entends-tu... mais pas à toi... à toi, son
amie... à toi, ma femme. La distinction est capitale, essentielle, au
point de vue des convenances... et de l’opinion publique.
Madeleine, à son tour, le regardait fixement, dans la transparence
des yeux, d’une façon profonde et singulière, comme pour y lire
quelque chose, comme pour y découvrir cet inconnu de l’être qu’on
ne pénètre jamais et qu’on peut à peine entrevoir en des secondes
rapides, en ces moments de non-garde, ou d’abandon, ou
d’inattention, qui sont comme des portes laissées entr’ouvertes sur
les mystérieux dedans de l’esprit. Et elle articula lentement:
—Il me semble pourtant que si... qu’on eût trouvé au moins aussi
étrange un legs de cette importance, de lui... à toi.
Il demanda brusquement:
—Pourquoi ça?
Elle dit:
—Parce que...
Elle hésita, puis reprit:
—Parce que tu es mon mari... que tu ne le connais en somme
que depuis peu... parce que je suis son amie depuis très
longtemps... moi... parce que son premier testament, fait du vivant
de Forestier, était déjà en ma faveur.
Georges s’était mis à marcher à grands pas. Il déclara:
—Tu ne peux pas accepter ça.
Elle répondit, avec indifférence:
—Parfaitement: alors, ce n’est pas la peine d’attendre à samedi;
nous pouvons faire prévenir tout de suite M. Lamaneur.
Il s’arrêta en face d’elle; et ils demeurèrent de nouveau quelques
instants les yeux dans les yeux, s’efforçant d’aller jusqu’à
l’impénétrable secret de leurs cœurs, de se sonder jusqu’au vif de la
pensée. Ils tâchaient de se voir à nu la conscience en une
interrogation ardente et muette: lutte intime de deux êtres qui,
vivant côte à côte, s’ignorent toujours, se soupçonnent, se flairent,
se guettent, mais ne se connaissent pas jusqu’au fond vaseux de
l’âme.
Et, brusquement, il lui murmura dans le visage, à voix basse:
—Allons, avoue que tu étais la maîtresse de Vaudrec.
Elle haussa les épaules:
—Tu es stupide... Vaudrec avait beaucoup d’affection pour moi,
beaucoup... mais rien de plus... jamais.
Il frappa du pied:
—Tu mens. Ce n’est pas possible.
Elle répondit tranquillement:
—C’est comme ça, pourtant.
Il se remit à marcher, puis, s’arrêtant encore:
—Explique-moi, alors, pourquoi il te laisse toute sa fortune, à
toi...
Elle le fit avec un air nonchalant et désintéressé:
—C’est tout simple. Comme tu le disais tantôt, il n’avait que nous
d’amis, ou plutôt que moi; car il m’a connue enfant. Ma mère était
dame de compagnie chez des parents à lui. Il venait sans cesse ici,
et, comme il n’avait pas d’héritiers naturels, il a pensé à moi. Qu’il
ait eu un peu d’amour pour moi, c’est possible. Mais quelle est la
femme qui n’a jamais été aimée ainsi? Que cette tendresse cachée,
secrète, ait mis mon nom sous sa plume quand il a pensé à prendre
des dispositions dernières, pourquoi pas? Il m’apportait des fleurs,
chaque lundi. Tu ne t’en étonnais nullement et il ne t’en donnait
point, à toi, n’est-ce pas? Aujourd’hui, il me donne sa fortune par la
même raison et parce qu’il n’a personne à qui l’offrir. Il serait, au
contraire, extrêmement surprenant qu’il te l’eût laissée. Pourquoi?
Que lui es-tu?
Elle parlait avec tant de naturel et de tranquillité que Georges
hésitait.
Il reprit:
—C’est égal, nous ne pouvons accepter cet héritage dans ces
conditions. Ce serait d’un effet déplorable. Tout le monde croirait la
chose, tout le monde en jaserait et rirait de moi. Les confrères sont
déjà trop disposés à me jalouser et à m’attaquer. Je dois avoir plus
que personne le souci de mon honneur et le soin de ma réputation.
Il m’est impossible d’admettre et de permettre que ma femme
accepte un legs de cette nature d’un homme que la rumeur publique
lui a déjà prêté pour amant. Forestier aurait peut-être toléré cela, lui,
mais moi, non.
Elle murmura avec douceur:
—Eh bien! mon ami, n’acceptons pas, ce sera un million de moins
dans notre poche, voilà tout.
Il marchait toujours, et il se mit à penser tout haut, parlant pour
sa femme sans s’adresser à elle.
—Eh bien! oui... un million... tant pis... Il n’a pas compris en
testant quelle faute de tact, quel oubli des convenances il
commettait. Il n’a pas vu dans quelle position fausse, ridicule, il allait
me mettre... Tout est affaire de nuances dans la vie... Il fallait qu’il
m’en laissât la moitié, ça arrangeait tout.
Il s’assit, croisa ses jambes et se mit à rouler le bout de ses
moustaches, comme il faisait aux heures d’ennui, d’inquiétude et de
réflexion difficile.
Madeleine prit une tapisserie à laquelle elle travaillait de temps
en temps, et elle dit en choisissant ses laines:
—Moi, je n’ai qu’à me taire. C’est à toi de réfléchir.
Il fut longtemps sans répondre, puis il prononça, en hésitant:
—Le monde ne comprendra jamais et que Vaudrec ait fait de toi
son unique héritière et que j’aie admis cela, moi. Recevoir cette
fortune de cette façon, ce serait avouer... avouer de ta part une
liaison coupable, et de la mienne une complaisance infâme...
Comprends-tu comment on interpréterait notre acceptation? Il
faudrait trouver un biais, un moyen adroit de pallier la chose. Il
faudrait laisser entendre, par exemple, qu’il a partagé entre nous
cette fortune, en donnant la moitié au mari, la moitié à la femme.
Elle demanda:
—Je ne vois pas comment cela pourrait se faire, puisque le
testament est formel.
Il répondit:
—Oh! c’est bien simple. Tu pourrais me laisser la moitié de
l’héritage par donation entre vifs. Nous n’avons pas d’enfants, c’est
donc possible. De cette façon, on fermerait la bouche à la malignité
publique.
Elle répliqua, un peu impatiente:
—Je ne vois pas non plus comment on fermerait la bouche à la
malignité publique, puisque l’acte est là, signé par Vaudrec.
Il reprit avec colère:
—Avons-nous besoin de le montrer et de l’afficher sur les murs?
Tu es stupide à la fin. Nous dirons que le comte de Vaudrec nous a
laissé sa fortune par moitié... Voilà... Or tu ne peux accepter ce legs
sans mon autorisation. Je te la donne, à la seule condition d’un
partage qui m’empêchera de devenir la risée du monde.
Elle le regarda encore d’un regard perçant.
—Comme tu voudras. Je suis prête.
Alors il se leva et se remit à marcher. Il paraissait hésiter de
nouveau et il évitait maintenant l’œil pénétrant de sa femme. Il
disait:
—Non... décidément non... peut-être vaut-il mieux y renoncer
tout à fait... c’est plus digne... plus correct... plus honorable...
Pourtant, de cette façon, on n’aurait rien à supposer, absolument
rien. Les gens les plus scrupuleux ne pourraient que s’incliner.
Il s’arrêta devant Madeleine:
—Eh bien, si tu veux, ma chérie, je vais retourner tout seul chez
maître Lamaneur pour le consulter et lui expliquer la chose. Je lui
dirai mon scrupule, et j’ajouterai que nous nous sommes arrêtés à
l’idée d’un partage, par convenance, pour qu’on ne puisse pas
jaboter. Du moment que j’accepte la moitié de cet héritage, il est
bien évident que personne n’a plus le droit de sourire. C’est dire
hautement: «Ma femme accepte parce que j’accepte, moi, son mari,
qui suis juge de ce qu’elle peut faire sans se compromettre.
Autrement ça aurait fait scandale.»
Madeleine murmura simplement:
—Comme tu voudras.
Il recommença à parler avec abondance:
—Oui, c’est clair comme le jour avec cet arrangement de la
séparation par moitié. Nous héritons d’un ami qui n’a pas voulu
établir de différence entre nous, qui n’a pas voulu faire de
distinction, qui n’a pas voulu avoir l’air de dire: «Je préfère l’un ou
l’autre après ma mort comme je l’ai préféré pendant ma vie.» Il
aimait mieux la femme, bien entendu, mais en laissant sa fortune à
l’un comme à l’autre il a voulu exprimer nettement que sa
préférence était toute platonique. Et sois certaine que, s’il y avait
songé, c’est ce qu’il aurait fait. Il n’a pas réfléchi, il n’a pas prévu les
conséquences. Comme tu le disais fort bien tout à l’heure, c’est à toi
qu’il offrait des fleurs chaque semaine, c’est à toi qu’il a voulu laisser
son dernier souvenir sans se rendre compte...
Elle l’arrêta avec une nuance d’irritation:
—C’est entendu. J’ai compris. Tu n’as pas besoin de tant
d’explications. Va tout de suite chez le notaire.
Il balbutia, rougissant:
—Tu as raison, j’y vais.
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