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OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

Hannah Arendt: A Very Short Introduction

 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

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Very Short Introductions available now:

ABOLITIONISM Richard S. Newman AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL

THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS HISTORY
Charles L. Cohen Jennifer Ratner-­Rosenhagen
ACCOUNTING Christopher Nobes THE AMERICAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM
ADOLESCENCE Peter K. Smith Charles L. Zelden
THEODOR W. ADORNO AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY
Andrew Bowie G. Edward White
ADVERTISING Winston Fletcher AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY
AERIAL WARFARE Frank Ledwidge Joseph T. Glatthaar
AESTHETICS Bence Nanay AMERICAN NAVAL HISTORY
AFRICAN AMERICAN RELIGION Craig L. Symonds
Eddie S. Glaude Jr AMERICAN POETRY David Caplan
AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY
Richard Rathbone Donald Critchlow
AFRICAN POLITICS Ian Taylor AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES
AFRICAN RELIGIONS AND ELECTIONS L. Sandy Maisel
Jacob K. Olupona AMERICAN POLITICS
AGEING Nancy A. Pachana Richard M. Valelly
AGNOSTICISM Robin Le Poidevin THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY
AGRICULTURE Paul Brassley and Charles O. Jones
Richard Soffe THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
ALEXANDER THE GREAT Robert J. Allison
Hugh Bowden AMERICAN SLAVERY
ALGEBRA Peter M. Higgins Heather Andrea Williams
AMERICAN BUSINESS HISTORY THE AMERICAN SOUTH
Walter A. Friedman Charles Reagan Wilson
AMERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY THE AMERICAN WEST Stephen Aron
Eric Avila AMERICAN WOMEN’S HISTORY
AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS Susan Ware
Andrew Preston AMPHIBIANS T. S. Kemp
AMERICAN HISTORY ANAESTHESIA Aidan O’Donnell
Paul S. Boyer ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
AMERICAN IMMIGRATION Michael Beaney
David A. Gerber ANARCHISM Alex Prichard
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

ANCIENT ASSYRIA Karen Radner AUTOBIOGRAPHY Laura Marcus

ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw THE AVANT GARDE David Cottington
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART AND THE AZTECS Davíd Carrasco
ARCHITECTURE Christina Riggs BABYLONIA Trevor Bryce
ANCIENT GREECE Paul Cartledge BACTERIA Sebastian G. B. Amyes
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST BANKING John Goddard and
Amanda H. Podany John O. S. Wilson
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas BARTHES Jonathan Culler
ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom THE BEATS David Sterritt
ANGELS David Albert Jones BEAUTY Roger Scruton
ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair Mark Evan Bonds
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS
Tristram D. Wyatt Michelle Baddeley
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM BESTSELLERS John Sutherland
Peter Holland THE BIBLE John Riches
ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
THE ANTARCTIC Klaus Dodds Eric H. Cline
ANTHROPOCENE Erle C. Ellis BIG DATA Dawn E. Holmes
ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller BIOCHEMISTRY Mark Lorch
ANXIETY Daniel Freeman and BIOGEOGRAPHY Mark V. Lomolino
Jason Freeman BIOGRAPHY Hermione Lee
THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS BIOMETRICS Michael Fairhurst
Paul Foster ELIZABETH BISHOP
APPLIED MATHEMATICS Jonathan F. S. Post
Alain Goriely BLACK HOLES Katherine Blundell
THOMAS AQUINAS Fergus Kerr BLASPHEMY Yvonne Sherwood
ARBITRATION Thomas Schultz and BLOOD Chris Cooper
Thomas Grant THE BLUES Elijah Wald
ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn THE BODY Chris Shilling
ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne NIELS BOHR J. L. Heilbron
THE ARCTIC Klaus Dodds and THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER
Jamie Woodward Brian Cummings
HANNAH ARENDT Dana Villa THE BOOK OF MORMON
ARISTOCRACY William Doyle Terryl Givens
ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes BORDERS Alexander C. Diener and
ART HISTORY Dana Arnold Joshua Hagen
ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BRANDING Robert Jones
Margaret A. Boden THE BRICS Andrew F. Cooper
ASIAN AMERICAN HISTORY THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION
Madeline Y. Hsu Martin Loughlin
ASTROBIOLOGY David C. Catling THE BRITISH EMPIRE Ashley Jackson
ASTROPHYSICS James Binney BRITISH POLITICS Tony Wright
ATHEISM Julian Baggini BUDDHA Michael Carrithers
THE ATMOSPHERE Paul I. Palmer BUDDHISM Damien Keown
AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown
JANE AUSTEN Tom Keymer BYZANTIUM Peter Sarris
AUSTRALIA Kenneth Morgan CALVINISM Jon Balserak
AUTISM Uta Frith ALBERT CAMUS Oliver Gloag
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

CANADA Donald Wright COMPETITION AND ANTITRUST

CANCER Nicholas James LAW Ariel Ezrachi
CAPITALISM James Fulcher COMPLEXITY John H. Holland
CATHOLICISM Gerald O’Collins THE COMPUTER Darrel Ince
CAUSATION Stephen Mumford and COMPUTER SCIENCE
Rani Lill Anjum Subrata Dasgupta
THE CELL Terence Allen and CONCENTRATION CAMPS
Graham Cowling Dan Stone
THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CONFUCIANISM Daniel K. Gardner
CHAOS Leonard Smith THE CONQUISTADORS
GEOFFREY CHAUCER David Wallace Matthew Restall and
CHEMISTRY Peter Atkins Felipe Fernández-Armesto
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY Usha Goswami CONSCIENCE Paul Strohm
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore
Kimberley Reynolds CONTEMPORARY ART
CHINESE LITERATURE Sabina Knight Julian Stallabrass
CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham CONTEMPORARY FICTION
CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson Robert Eaglestone
CHRISTIAN ETHICS D. Stephen Long CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY
CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead Simon Critchley
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS COPERNICUS Owen Gingerich
Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzman CORAL REEFS Charles Sheppard
CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy CORPORATE SOCIAL
CITY PLANNING Carl Abbott RESPONSIBILITY Jeremy Moon
CIVIL ENGINEERING CORRUPTION Leslie Holmes
David Muir Wood COSMOLOGY Peter Coles
CLASSICAL LITERATURE William Allan COUNTRY MUSIC Richard Carlin
CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY CREATIVITY Vlad Glăveanu
Helen Morales CRIME FICTION Richard Bradford
CLASSICS Mary Beard and CRIMINAL JUSTICE Julian V. Roberts
John Henderson CRIMINOLOGY Tim Newburn
CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard CRITICAL THEORY
CLIMATE Mark Maslin Stephen Eric Bronner
CLIMATE CHANGE Mark Maslin THE CRUSADES Christopher Tyerman
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and
Susan Llewelyn and Sean Murphy
Katie Aafjes-van Doorn CRYSTALLOGRAPHY A. M. Glazer
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
THERAPY Freda McManus Richard Curt Kraus
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE DADA AND SURREALISM
Richard Passingham David Hopkins
THE COLD WAR Robert J. McMahon DANTE Peter Hainsworth and
COLONIAL AMERICA Alan Taylor David Robey
COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN DARWIN Jonathan Howard
LITERATURE Rolena Adorno THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
COMBINATORICS Robin Wilson Timothy H. Lim
COMEDY Matthew Bevis DECADENCE David Weir
COMMUNISM Leslie Holmes DECOLONIZATION Dane Kennedy
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE DEMENTIA Kathleen Taylor
Ben Hutchinson DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

DEMOGRAPHY Sarah Harper ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

DEPRESSION Jan Scott and Robin Attfield
Mary Jane Tacchi ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
DERRIDA Simon Glendinning Elizabeth Fisher
DESCARTES Tom Sorell ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS
DESERTS Nick Middleton Andrew Dobson
DESIGN John Heskett ENZYMES Paul Engel
DEVELOPMENT Ian Goldin EPICUREANISM Catherine Wilson
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY Rodolfo Saracci
Lewis Wolpert ETHICS Simon Blackburn
THE DEVIL Darren Oldridge ETHNOMUSICOLOGY Timothy Rice
DIASPORA Kevin Kenny THE ETRUSCANS Christopher Smith
CHARLES DICKENS Jenny Hartley EUGENICS Philippa Levine
DICTIONARIES Lynda Mugglestone THE EUROPEAN UNION
DINOSAURS David Norman Simon Usherwood and John Pinder
DIPLOMATIC HISTORY EUROPEAN UNION LAW
Joseph M. Siracusa Anthony Arnull
DOCUMENTARY FILM EVANGELICALISM John Stackhouse
Patricia Aufderheide EVIL Luke Russell
DREAMING J. Allan Hobson EVOLUTION Brian and
DRUGS Les Iversen Deborah Charlesworth
DRUIDS Barry Cunliffe EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn
DYNASTY Jeroen Duindam EXPLORATION Stewart A. Weaver
DYSLEXIA Margaret J. Snowling EXTINCTION Paul B. Wignall
EARLY MUSIC Thomas Forrest Kelly THE EYE Michael Land
THE EARTH Martin Redfern FAIRY TALE Marina Warner
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE Tim Lenton FAMILY LAW Jonathan Herring
ECOLOGY Jaboury Ghazoul MICHAEL FARADAY Frank A. J. L. James
ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta FASCISM Kevin Passmore
EDUCATION Gary Thomas FASHION Rebecca Arnold
EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch FEDERALISM Mark J. Rozell and
EIGHTEENTH‑CENTURY BRITAIN Clyde Wilcox
Paul Langford FEMINISM Margaret Walters
THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball FILM Michael Wood
EMOTION Dylan Evans FILM MUSIC Kathryn Kalinak
EMPIRE Stephen Howe FILM NOIR James Naremore
EMPLOYMENT LAW David Cabrelli FIRE Andrew C. Scott
ENERGY SYSTEMS Nick Jenkins THE FIRST WORLD WAR
ENGELS Terrell Carver Michael Howard
ENGINEERING David Blockley FLUID MECHANICS Eric Lauga
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOLK MUSIC Mark Slobin
Simon Horobin FOOD John Krebs
ENGLISH LITERATURE FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Jonathan Bate David Canter
THE ENLIGHTENMENT FORENSIC SCIENCE Jim Fraser
John Robertson FORESTS Jaboury Ghazoul
ENTREPRENEURSHIP Paul Westhead FOSSILS Keith Thomson
and Mike Wright FOUCAULT Gary Gutting
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS THE FOUNDING FATHERS
Stephen Smith R. B. Bernstein
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

FRACTALS Kenneth Falconer THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

FREE SPEECH Nigel Warburton Cheryl A. Wall
FREE WILL Thomas Pink THE HEBREW BIBLE AS
FREEMASONRY Andreas Önnerfors LITERATURE Tod Linafelt
FRENCH LITERATURE John D. Lyons HEGEL Peter Singer
FRENCH PHILOSOPHY HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood
Stephen Gaukroger and Knox Peden THE HELLENISTIC AGE
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Peter Thonemann
William Doyle HEREDITY John Waller
FREUD Anthony Storr HERMENEUTICS Jens Zimmermann
FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven HERODOTUS Jennifer T. Roberts
FUNGI Nicholas P. Money HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson
THE FUTURE Jennifer M. Gidley HINDUISM Kim Knott
GALAXIES John Gribbin HISTORY John H. Arnold
GALILEO Stillman Drake THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
GAME THEORY Ken Binmore Michael Hoskin
GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
GARDEN HISTORY Gordon Campbell William H. Brock
GENES Jonathan Slack THE HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD
GENIUS Andrew Robinson James Marten
GENOMICS John Archibald THE HISTORY OF CINEMA
GEOGRAPHY John Matthews and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith
David Herbert THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING
GEOLOGY Jan Zalasiewicz Doron Swade
GEOMETRY Maciej Dunajski THE HISTORY OF LIFE
GEOPHYSICS William Lowrie Michael Benton
GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS
GERMAN LITERATURE Nicholas Boyle Jacqueline Stedall
GERMAN PHILOSOPHY THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Andrew Bowie William Bynum
THE GHETTO Bryan Cheyette THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS
GLACIATION David J. A. Evans J. L. Heilbron
GLOBAL CATASTROPHES Bill McGuire THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL
GLOBAL ECONOMIC HISTORY THOUGHT Richard Whatmore
Robert C. Allen THE HISTORY OF TIME
GLOBAL ISLAM Nile Green Leofranc Holford‑Strevens
GLOBALIZATION Manfred B. Steger HIV AND AIDS Alan Whiteside
GOD John Bowker HOBBES Richard Tuck
GÖDEL’S THEOREM A. W. Moore HOLLYWOOD Peter Decherney
GOETHE Ritchie Robertson THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
THE GOTHIC Nick Groom Joachim Whaley
GOVERNANCE Mark Bevir HOME Michael Allen Fox
GRAVITY Timothy Clifton HOMER Barbara Graziosi
THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND HORMONES Martin Luck
THE NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway HORROR Darryl Jones
HABEAS CORPUS Amanda Tyler HUMAN ANATOMY
HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson Leslie Klenerman
THE HABSBURG EMPIRE HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood
Martyn Rady HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
HAPPINESS Daniel M. Haybron Jamie A. Davies
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

HUMAN RESOURCE KEYNES Robert Skidelsky

MANAGEMENT Adrian Wilkinson KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner
HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham KNOWLEDGE Jennifer Nagel
HUMANISM Stephen Law THE KORAN Michael Cook
HUME James A. Harris KOREA Michael J. Seth
HUMOUR Noël Carroll LAKES Warwick F. Vincent
THE ICE AGE Jamie Woodward LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITY Florian Coulmas Ian H. Thompson
IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden LANDSCAPES AND
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM GEOMORPHOLOGY
Paul Klenerman Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles
INDIAN CINEMA Ashish Rajadhyaksha LANGUAGES Stephen R. Anderson
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton LATE ANTIQUITY Gillian Clark
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LAW Raymond Wacks
Robert C. Allen THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
INFECTIOUS DISEASE Marta L. Wayne Peter Atkins
and Benjamin M. Bolker LEADERSHIP Keith Grint
INFINITY Ian Stewart LEARNING Mark Haselgrove
INFORMATION Luciano Floridi LEIBNIZ Maria Rosa Antognazza
INNOVATION Mark Dodgson and C. S. LEWIS James Como
David Gann LIBERALISM Michael Freeden
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LIGHT Ian Walmsley
Siva Vaidhyanathan LINCOLN Allen C. Guelzo
INTELLIGENCE Ian J. Deary LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews
INTERNATIONAL LAW Vaughan Lowe LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION LOCKE John Dunn
Khalid Koser LOGIC Graham Priest
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LOVE Ronald de Sousa
Christian Reus-Smit MARTIN LUTHER Scott H. Hendrix
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner
Christopher S. Browning MADNESS Andrew Scull
INSECTS Simon Leather MAGIC Owen Davies
IRAN Ali M. Ansari MAGNA CARTA Nicholas Vincent
ISLAM Malise Ruthven MAGNETISM Stephen Blundell
ISLAMIC HISTORY Adam Silverstein MALTHUS Donald Winch
ISLAMIC LAW Mashood A. Baderin MAMMALS T. S. Kemp
ISOTOPES Rob Ellam MANAGEMENT John Hendry
ITALIAN LITERATURE NELSON MANDELA Elleke Boehmer
Peter Hainsworth and David Robey MAO Delia Davin
HENRY JAMES Susan L. Mizruchi MARINE BIOLOGY Philip V. Mladenov
JESUS Richard Bauckham MARKETING
JEWISH HISTORY David N. Myers Kenneth Le Meunier-FitzHugh
JEWISH LITERATURE Ilan Stavans THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips
JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves MARTYRDOM Jolyon Mitchell
JAMES JOYCE Colin MacCabe MARX Peter Singer
JUDAISM Norman Solomon MATERIALS Christopher Hall
JUNG Anthony Stevens MATHEMATICAL FINANCE
KABBALAH Joseph Dan Mark H. A. Davis
KAFKA Ritchie Robertson MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers
KANT Roger Scruton MATTER Geoff Cottrell
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

THE MAYA Matthew Restall and MOLECULES Philip Ball

Amara Solari MONASTICISM Stephen J. Davis
THE MEANING OF LIFE THE MONGOLS Morris Rossabi
Terry Eagleton MONTAIGNE William M. Hamlin
MEASUREMENT David Hand MOONS David A. Rothery
MEDICAL ETHICS Michael Dunn and MORMONISM
Tony Hope Richard Lyman Bushman
MEDICAL LAW Charles Foster MOUNTAINS Martin F. Price
MEDIEVAL BRITAIN John Gillingham MUHAMMAD Jonathan A. C. Brown
and Ralph A. Griffiths MULTICULTURALISM Ali Rattansi
MEDIEVAL LITERATURE MULTILINGUALISM John C. Maher
Elaine Treharne MUSIC Nicholas Cook
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY MUSIC AND TECHNOLOGY
John Marenbon Mark Katz
MEMORY Jonathan K. Foster MYTH Robert A. Segal
METAPHYSICS Stephen Mumford NAPOLEON David Bell
METHODISM William J. Abraham THE NAPOLEONIC WARS
THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION Mike Rapport
Alan Knight NATIONALISM Steven Grosby
MICROBIOLOGY Nicholas P. Money NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE
MICROECONOMICS Avinash Dixit Sean Teuton
MICROSCOPY Terence Allen NAVIGATION Jim Bennett
THE MIDDLE AGES Miri Rubin NAZI GERMANY Jane Caplan
MILITARY JUSTICE Eugene R. Fidell NEGOTIATION Carrie Menkel-Meadow
MILITARY STRATEGY NEOLIBERALISM Manfred B. Steger
Antulio J. Echevarria II and Ravi K. Roy
JOHN STUART MILL Gregory Claeys NETWORKS Guido Caldarelli and
MINERALS David Vaughan Michele Catanzaro
MIRACLES Yujin Nagasawa THE NEW TESTAMENT
MODERN ARCHITECTURE Luke Timothy Johnson
Adam Sharr THE NEW TESTAMENT AS
MODERN ART David Cottington LITERATURE Kyle Keefer
MODERN BRAZIL Anthony W. Pereira NEWTON Robert Iliffe
MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner
MODERN DRAMA NINETEENTH‑CENTURY BRITAIN
Kirsten E. Shepherd-Barr Christopher Harvie and
MODERN FRANCE H. C. G. Matthew
Vanessa R. Schwartz THE NORMAN CONQUEST
MODERN INDIA Craig Jeffrey George Garnett
MODERN IRELAND Senia Pašeta NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
MODERN ITALY Anna Cento Bull Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green
MODERN JAPAN NORTHERN IRELAND
Christopher Goto-Jones Marc Mulholland
MODERN LATIN AMERICAN NOTHING Frank Close
LITERATURE NUCLEAR PHYSICS Frank Close
Roberto González Echevarría NUCLEAR POWER Maxwell Irvine
MODERN WAR Richard English NUCLEAR WEAPONS
MODERNISM Christopher Butler Joseph M. Siracusa
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Aysha Divan NUMBER THEORY Robin Wilson
and Janice A. Royds NUMBERS Peter M. Higgins
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

NUTRITION David A. Bender PLANETARY SYSTEMS

OBJECTIVITY Stephen Gaukroger Raymond T. Pierrehumbert
OCEANS Dorrik Stow PLANETS David A. Rothery
THE OLD TESTAMENT PLANTS Timothy Walker
Michael D. Coogan PLATE TECTONICS Peter Molnar
THE ORCHESTRA D. Kern Holoman PLATO Julia Annas
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY POETRY Bernard O’Donoghue
Graham Patrick POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY David Miller
ORGANIZATIONS Mary Jo Hatch POLITICS Kenneth Minogue
ORGANIZED CRIME POLYGAMY Sarah M. S. Pearsall
Georgios A. Antonopoulos and POPULISM Cas Mudde and
Georgios Papanicolaou Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser
ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY POSTCOLONIALISM Robert Young
A. Edward Siecienski POSTMODERNISM Christopher Butler
OVID Llewelyn Morgan POSTSTRUCTURALISM
PAGANISM Owen Davies Catherine Belsey
PAKISTAN Pippa Virdee POVERTY Philip N. Jefferson
THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI PREHISTORY Chris Gosden
CONFLICT Martin Bunton PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY
PANDEMICS Christian W. McMillen Catherine Osborne
PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close PRIVACY Raymond Wacks
PAUL E. P. Sanders PROBABILITY John Haigh
IVAN PAVLOV Daniel P. Todes PROGRESSIVISM Walter Nugent
PEACE Oliver P. Richmond PROHIBITION W. J. Rorabaugh
PENTECOSTALISM William K. Kay PROJECTS Andrew Davies
PERCEPTION Brian Rogers PROTESTANTISM Mark A. Noll
THE PERIODIC TABLE Eric R. Scerri PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns
PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD PSYCHOANALYSIS Daniel Pick
Timothy Williamson PSYCHOLOGY Gillian Butler and
PHILOSOPHY Edward Craig Freda McManus
PHILOSOPHY IN THE ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC
WORLD Peter Adamson Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis
PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY PSYCHOPATHY Essi Viding
Samir Okasha PSYCHOTHERAPY Tom Burns and
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Eva Burns-Lundgren
Raymond Wacks PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PHILOSOPHY OF MIND Stella Z. Theodoulou and Ravi K. Roy
Barbara Gail Montero PUBLIC HEALTH Virginia Berridge
PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICS PURITANISM Francis J. Bremer
David Wallace THE QUAKERS Pink Dandelion
PHILOSOPHY OF QUANTUM THEORY
SCIENCE Samir Okasha John Polkinghorne
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION RACISM Ali Rattansi
Tim Bayne RADIOACTIVITY Claudio Tuniz
PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards RASTAFARI Ennis B. Edmonds
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY READING Belinda Jack
Peter Atkins THE REAGAN REVOLUTION Gil Troy
PHYSICS Sidney Perkowitz REALITY Jan Westerhoff
PILGRIMAGE Ian Reader RECONSTRUCTION Allen C. Guelzo
PLAGUE Paul Slack THE REFORMATION Peter Marshall
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 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

REFUGEES Gil Loescher SHAKESPEARE’S SONNETS AND

RELATIVITY Russell Stannard POEMS Jonathan F. S. Post
RELIGION Thomas A. Tweed SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES
RELIGION IN AMERICA Timothy Beal Stanley Wells
THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
RENAISSANCE ART Christopher Wixson
Geraldine A. Johnson MARY SHELLEY Charlotte Gordon
RENEWABLE ENERGY Nick Jelley THE SHORT STORY Andrew Kahn
REPTILES T. S. Kemp SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt
REVOLUTIONS Jack A. Goldstone SILENT FILM Donna Kornhaber
RHETORIC Richard Toye THE SILK ROAD James A. Millward
RISK Baruch Fischhoff and John Kadvany SLANG Jonathon Green
RITUAL Barry Stephenson SLEEP Steven W. Lockley and
RIVERS Nick Middleton Russell G. Foster
ROBOTICS Alan Winfield SMELL Matthew Cobb
ROCKS Jan Zalasiewicz ADAM SMITH Christopher J. Berry
ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
THE ROMAN EMPIRE ANTHROPOLOGY
Christopher Kelly John Monaghan and Peter Just
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Richard J. Crisp
David M. Gwynn SOCIAL WORK Sally Holland and
ROMANTICISM Michael Ferber Jonathan Scourfield
ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler SOCIALISM Michael Newman
RUSSELL A. C. Grayling SOCIOLINGUISTICS John Edwards
THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce
Richard Connolly SOCRATES C. C. W. Taylor
RUSSIAN HISTORY Geoffrey Hosking SOFT MATTER Tom McLeish
RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly SOUND Mike Goldsmith
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION SOUTHEAST ASIA James R. Rush
S. A. Smith THE SOVIET UNION Stephen Lovell
SAINTS Simon Yarrow THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
SAMURAI Michael Wert Helen Graham
SAVANNAS Peter A. Furley SPANISH LITERATURE Jo Labanyi
SCEPTICISM Duncan Pritchard THE SPARTANS Andrew Bayliss
SCHIZOPHRENIA Chris Frith and SPINOZA Roger Scruton
Eve Johnstone SPIRITUALITY Philip Sheldrake
SCHOPENHAUER SPORT Mike Cronin
Christopher Janaway STARS Andrew King
SCIENCE AND RELIGION STATISTICS David J. Hand
Thomas Dixon and Adam R. Shapiro STEM CELLS Jonathan Slack
SCIENCE FICTION David Seed STOICISM Brad Inwood
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Lawrence M. Principe David Blockley
SCOTLAND Rab Houston STUART BRITAIN John Morrill
SECULARISM Andrew Copson THE SUN Philip Judge
SEXUAL SELECTION Marlene Zuk and SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Leigh W. Simmons Stephen Blundell
SEXUALITY Véronique Mottier SUPERSTITION Stuart Vyse
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Stanley Wells SYMMETRY Ian Stewart
SHAKESPEARE’S COMEDIES SYNAESTHESIA Julia Simner
Bart van Es SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Jamie A. Davies
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

SYSTEMS BIOLOGY Eberhard O. Voit THE U.S. SUPREME COURT

TAXATION Stephen Smith Linda Greenhouse
TEETH Peter S. Ungar UTILITARIANISM
TELESCOPES Geoff Cottrell Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and
TERRORISM Charles Townshend Peter Singer
THEATRE Marvin Carlson UTOPIANISM Lyman Tower Sargent
THEOLOGY David F. Ford VETERINARY SCIENCE James Yeates
THINKING AND REASONING THE VIKINGS Julian D. Richards
Jonathan St B. T. Evans VIOLENCE Philip Dwyer
THOUGHT Tim Bayne THE VIRGIN MARY
TIBETAN BUDDHISM Mary Joan Winn Leith
Matthew T. Kapstein THE VIRTUES Craig A. Boyd and
TIDES David George Bowers and Kevin Timpe
Emyr Martyn Roberts VIRUSES Dorothy H. Crawford
TIME Jenann Ismael VOLCANOES Michael J. Branney and
TOCQUEVILLE Harvey C. Mansfield Jan Zalasiewicz
LEO TOLSTOY Liza Knapp VOLTAIRE Nicholas Cronk
TOPOLOGY Richard Earl WAR AND RELIGION Jolyon Mitchell
TRAGEDY Adrian Poole and Joshua Rey
TRANSLATION Matthew Reynolds WAR AND TECHNOLOGY Alex Roland
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES WATER John Finney
Michael S. Neiberg WAVES Mike Goldsmith
TRIGONOMETRY Glen Van Brummelen WEATHER Storm Dunlop
THE TROJAN WAR Eric H. Cline THE WELFARE STATE David Garland
TRUST Katherine Hawley WITCHCRAFT Malcolm Gaskill
THE TUDORS John Guy WITTGENSTEIN A. C. Grayling
TWENTIETH‑CENTURY BRITAIN WORK Stephen Fineman
Kenneth O. Morgan WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman
TYPOGRAPHY Paul Luna WORLD MYTHOLOGY
THE UNITED NATIONS David Leeming
Jussi M. Hanhimäki THE WORLD TRADE
UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES ORGANIZATION Amrita Narlikar
David Palfreyman and Paul Temple WORLD WAR II Gerhard L. Weinberg
THE U.S. CIVIL WAR Louis P. Masur WRITING AND SCRIPT
THE U.S. CONGRESS Donald A. Ritchie Andrew Robinson
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION ZIONISM Michael Stanislawski
David J. Bodenhamer ÉMILE ZOLA Brian Nelson

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Dana Villa

HANNAH
ARENDT
A Very Short Introduction
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,

United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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© Dana Villa 2023
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First Edition published in 2023
Impression: 1
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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

Contents

Acknowledgments xvii

List of illustrations xix

List of abbreviations xxi

1 A life in dark times 1

2 The nature and roots of totalitarianism 16

3 Political freedom, the public realm, and the vita activa 48

4 Revolution, constitution, and the “social question” 74

5 Judging, thinking, and willing 98

Further reading 125

Index 127
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank George Kateb for encouraging my interest in

Hannah Arendt many years ago. I would also like to thank Katy
Arnold for reading chapter drafts and offering suggestions.
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 26/09/22, SPi

List of illustrations

1 Hannah Arendt with her 6 Production of radiators on the

mother at the age of 8 assembly line at Ford Motor
(1914) 2 Company in Detroit,
VTR / Alamy Stock Photo c.1920s 60
Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via
2 Hannah Arendt in 1933 7 Getty Images
IanDagnall Computing / Alamy
Stock Photo 7 Howard Chandler Christy,
Scene at the Signing of the
3 Hannah Arendt in 1963 14 Constitution of the United
Reportage/archival States (1940) 76
US Capitol
4 Slave laborers in the
Buchenwald concentration 8 War crimes trial of Adolf
camp, April 16, 1945 20 Eichmann, Jerusalem,
Private H. Miller (Army) National Israel, 1961 99
Archives 535561 US Capitol

5 Wartime refugees, Gare de

Lyon, Paris, 1914 33
Everett Collection Historical / Alamy
Stock Photo
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chagrin and sorrow by which her heart was consumed. Then
Clemence kissed the flowers, and let her tears fall on them, and
threw them to her lover, and her father appeared, and Lautrec
gathered up the flowers, and hastily withdrew. In obedience to the
injunctions of his mistress, he departed from Toulouse for the French
king’s court; but before he had proceeded far on his journey, he
heard that the English were marching against the city; and he
returned when the inhabitants were flying before the enemy, and
abandoning the ramparts, and leaving them defenceless: and only
one old man resisted and valiantly maintained his ground. Then
Lautrec fled to his assistance, and discovered him to be Alphonso,
the father of Clemence: and at the moment when a fatal stroke was
aimed at the old man, he rushed forward and received the mortal
wound himself, and died in Alphonso’s arms, and gave him the
flowers he received from Clemence, and conjured him to deliver
them to his daughter, and to console her under the distress his fate
would bring upon her. And Alphonso relented, and in great sorrow
carried the flowers to Clemence, and related the untimely death of
Lautrec; and her afflictions were too heavy for her to bear, and she
fell a victim to despair and anguish, and followed her lover to the
grave. But in remembrance of their sad story, she bequeathed her
whole property to the city of Toulouse for the celebration of annual
games, at which, prizes of golden flowers, like those she had given
to Lautrec, were to be distributed to the skilful troubadours who
should compose the best poem, upon the occasion. This is the
history of the gallant Lautrec and the fair Clemence, in the poetical
romance.
But according to Pierre Caseneuve, the author of an “Inquiry into
the Origin of the Floral Games at Toulouse,” there is strong reason to
doubt whether such a person as Clemence ever existed. Among the
archives of the Hôtel de Ville are several chronicles of the floral
games, the oldest of which states, that in the year 1324, seven of
the principal inhabitants of Toulouse, desirous to promote the fame
and prosperity of the city, resolved to establish an annual festival
there, for the cultivation of the Provençal poetry, a spirit of piety, and
suavity of manners. They therefore proposed that all persons skilled
in Provençal poetry, should be invited to assemble at Toulouse every
year in the beginning of May, to recite their compositions, and that a
violet of gold should be given to him whose verses the judges should
determine the most worthy; and a circular letter in the Provençal
poetry was dispersed over the province of Languedoc, inviting
competitors to assemble in the beginning of May the following year,
to celebrate this festival.
The poetical compositions were not to be confined to the lays of
lovers reciting their passion, and the fame of their mistresses; but
the honour of God, and glorifying his name, was to be their first
object. It was wished that poetry should conduce to the happiness
of mankind, and by furnishing them a source of innocent and
laudable amusement, make time pass pleasantly, repress the unjust
sallies of anger, and dissipate the dark vapours of sadness. For these
reasons it was termed, by the institutors, the “Gay Science.”
In consequence of this invitation, a large concourse of
competitors resorted to Toulouse; and in May, 1325, the first festival
of the floral games was celebrated. Verses were recited by the
candidates before a numerous assembly. The seven persons with
whom the meeting originated, presided under the title of the
chancellor of the “Gay Science,” and his six assessors, and there also
sat with them, the capitouls or chief magistrates of the town as
judges; and there was a great assemblage of knights, of gentlemen,
and of ladies. The prize was given to the candidate whose verses
were determined by the majority of the judges to be the most
worthy.
The “floral games” of Toulouse continued to be celebrated in like
manner, at the sole expense of the institutors, till the magistrates
seeing the advantage they were of to the town, by the vast
concourse of people brought thither, and considering that their
continuance must be precarious while they depended upon the
ability and disposition of a few individuals for their support, resolved
to convert the institution into a public concern; and, with the
concurrence of the principal inhabitants, it was determined that the
expense should in future be defrayed by the city, that to the original
prize two others should be added, a silver eglantine, and a silver
marigold; and that occasional ones might be distributed at the
option of the judges to very young poets, as stimulants to them to
aim at obtaining the principal prizes.
After about thirty years it was judged expedient to appoint a
committee, who should draw up such a code of statutes as might
include every possible case that could occur, and these statutes were
laid before the judges for their approbation.
Among these decrees the principal were, that no prize could be
given to a heretic, a schismatic, or an excommunicated person; that
whoever was a candidate for any of the prizes, should take a solemn
oath that the poetry was his own composition, without the least
assistance from any other person; that no woman should be
admitted to the competition, unless her talents in composing verses
were so celebrated as to leave no doubt of her being capable of
writing the poetry offered:—that no one who gained a prize was
allowed to be a candidate again till after a lapse of three years,
though he was expected in the intervening years to compose verses
for the games, and recite them; and that if any or all the prizes
remained undisposed of, from no verses being produced that were
judged worthy of them, the prizes were to remain over to the next
year, then to be given away in addition to the regular prizes of the
year.
Under these and other regulations the “floral games” became
celebrated throughout Europe; and within fifty years from their first
institution they were the resort of all persons of distinction. In 1388,
the reigning king of Arragon sent ambassadors to Charles the Sixth
of France, with great pomp and solemnity, requesting that some of
the poets of the “floral games” at Toulouse might be permitted to
come to the court, and assist in establishing similar games there;
promising that, when they had fulfilled their mission, they should
receive rewards equal to their merits, and consistent with his royal
munificence.
This account of the institution of the “floral games” is from the
oldest registers relative to them; wherein there is no mention made
of the lady Clemence Isaure till 1513, nearly two hundred years after
their institution; and it is well known that the statue of the lady
Clemence in the consistory, was not put up till the year 1557. In that
year it had been proposed in the college of the Gay Science to erect
a monument to her memory in the church of La Dorade, where she
was reputed to have been buried; but this idea was afterwards
changed for putting up her statue in the room where the “floral
games” were held. From that time the statue was always crowned
with flowers at the time of the celebration of the games, and a Latin
oration pronounced in honour of her. A satirical sonnet in the
Provençal language upon the idea of erecting either a monument or
a statue to a lady who never had any existence in the world, is
preserved in Pierre Caseneuve’s “Inquiry into the Origin of the Floral
Games.”
But by whomsoever the “floral games” of Toulouse were
instituted, it is remarkable, that the festival was constantly observed
for more than four centuries and a half without interruption. It did
not cease to be celebrated till the revolution. It was not, however,
continued entirely according to the original institution, since for a
considerable time the use of the Provençal language, in the poetry
for the prizes, had been abandoned, and the French substituted for
it. At what period this change took place does not seem to be well
ascertained. The number of prizes, too, was increased to five, the
principal of which was still the golden violet; but instead of one
eglantine, and one marigold of silver, two of each were given. The
violet was appropriated to the best ode; the others were for a piece
in heroic poetry, for one in pastoral poetry, for a satirical piece, and
for a sonnet, a madrigal, a song, or some other minor effusion.
Three of the deputies to the parliament had for some time
presided at these games, instead of the chancellor of the Gay
Science with his six assessors; and with them were associated the
capitouls, or chief magistrates of the town. All the other magistrates,
and the whole body of the parliament, attended in their robes of
office, with the principal gentlemen of the town, and a brilliant
assemblage of ladies in full dress. These were ranged round the
room in seats raised like an amphitheatre, and the students of the
university sat on benches in the centre. The room was ornamented
with festoons of flowers and laurel, and the statue of Clemence
Isaure was crowned with them. After the oration in honour of her
was pronounced, the judges, having previously consulted together in
private, and assigned the prizes to the pieces which they thought
most worthy of them, stood up, and, naming the poem to which one
was given, pronounced with an audible voice, “Let the author come
forward.” The author then presented himself; when his name was
declared, it was followed by a grand flourish of music. The same
ceremony was repeated as each piece was announced. The whole
concluded with each author publicly reading his poem.
Many of these prize poems are to be found in different
collections. Several prizes were in latter times adjudged to females,
without any strict investigation having been previously made into the
possibility of the pieces to which they were decreed being female
compositions. It was owing to having gained a silver eglantine at
one of these festivals that the celebrated Fabre d’Eglantine assumed
the latter part of his name. He was a Languedocian by birth, a native
of Limoux, a small town about four leagues from Toulouse.[152]

Without such encouragements to be poetical, as were annually

offered by the conductors of the “floral games” at Toulouse, our kind
feelings have been cultivated, and our literature is enriched by a
race of poets, whom we may venture to array against the united
armies of continental bards. It may be doubted whether a May prize
of Toulouse was ever awarded for sweeter verses, than Matt. Prior’s
on Chloe’s May flowers.
 The Garland.
The pride of every grove I chose
The violet sweet and lily fair,
The dappled pink, and blushing rose,
To deck my charming Chloe’s hair.
At morn the nymph vouchsaf’d to place
Upon her brow the various wreath;
The flowers less blooming than her face,
The scent less fragrant than her breath.
The flowers she wore along the day,
And every nymph and shepherd said,
That in her hair they looked more gay
Than glowing in their native bed.
Undrest at evening, when she found
Their odour lost, their colours past,
She changed her look, and on the ground
Her garland and her eye she cast.
The eye dropt sense distinct and clear,
As any muse’s tongue could speak,
When from its lid a pearly tear
Ran trickling down her beauteous cheek.
Dissembling what I knew too well,
“My love, my life,” said I, “explain
This change of humour; pr’ythee tell:
That falling tear—what does it mean?”
She sighed; she smil’d; and, to the flowers
Pointing, the lovely moralist said,
“See, friend, in some few fleeting hours
See yonder, what a change is made!
“Ah, me! the blooming pride of May,
And that of beauty are but one,
At morn both flourish bright and gay;
Both fade at evening, pale and gone.
“At dawn poor Stella danc’d and sung;
The amorous youth around her bowed,
At night her fatal knell was rung;
I saw and kissed her in her shroud.
“Such as she is, who died to-day;
Such I alas! may be to-morrow;
 Such I, alas! may be to-morrow;
Go, Damon, bid thy muse display
The justice of thy Chloe’s sorrow.”
Prior.
A beautiful ode by another of our poets graces the loveliness of
the season, and finally “points a moral” of sovereign virtue to all who
need the application, and will take it to heart.
 Spring.
Lo! where the rosy bosom’d hours,
Fair Venus’ train appear,
Disclose the long expected flowers,
And wake the purple year!
The attic warbler pours her throat,
Responsive to the cuckoo’s note,
The untaught harmony of spring:
While whispering pleasure as they fly,
Cool zephyrs through the clear blue sky
Their gathered fragrance fling.
Where’er the oak’s thick branches stretch
A broader, browner shade;
Where’er the rude and moss-grown beech
O’er-canopies the glade,
Beside some water’s rushy brink
With me the muse shall sit, and think
(At ease reclined in rustic state)
How vain the ardour of the crowd,
How low how little are the proud,
How indigent the great!
Still is the toiling hand of care;
The panting herds repose:
Yet hark, how through the peopled air
The busy murmur glows!
The insect youth are on the wing,
Eager to taste the honied spring,
And float amid the liquid noon:
Some lightly o’er the current skim,
Some slow, their gayly-gilded trim
Quick-glancing to the sun.
To Contemplation’s sober eye
Such is the race of man:
And they that creep and they that fly,
Shall end where they began.
Alike the busy and the gay
But flutter through life’s little day
In fortune’s varying colours drest.
Brushed by the hand of rough mischance;
Or chill’d by age, their airy dance
They leave in dust to rest.
 Methinks I hear in accents low
The sportive kind reply;
“Poor moralist! and what art thou?
A solitary fly!
Thy joys no glittering female meets,
No hive hast thou of hoarded sweets,
No painted plumage to display:
On hasty wings thy youth is flown;
Thy sun is set, thy spring is gone—
We frolic while ’tis May.”
Gay.
Then, too, a bard of the preceding centuries introduces “the
Shepherd’s Holiday,” the day we now memorialize, with nymphs
singing his own sweet verses in “floral games.”
Nymph 1.
Thus, thus begin, the yearly rites
Are due to Pan on these bright nights,
His morn now riseth, and invites
To sports, to dances, and delights:
All envious, and profane away,
This is the shepherd’s holiday.
Nymph 2.
Strew, strew, the glad and smiling ground,
With every flower, yet not confound
The primrose drop, the spring’s own spouse,
Bright daisies, and the lips-of-cows,
The garden-star, the queen of May,
The rose, to crown the holiday.
Nymph 3.
Drop drop your violets, change your hues,
Now red, now pale, as lovers use,
And in your death go out as well
As when you lived unto the smell:
That from your odour all may say,
This is the shepherd’s holiday.
Jonson.
 It is to be observed as a remarkable fact, that among the poets,
the warmest advocates and admirers of the popular sports and
pastimes in village retreats, uniformly invigorate and give keeping to
their pictures, by sparkling lights and harmonizing shadows of moral
truth.
But hark! the bagpipe summons on the green,
The jocund bagpipe, that awaketh sport;
The blithsome lasses, as the morning sheen,
Around the flower-crown’d Maypole quick resort;
The gods of pleasure here have fix’d their court.
Quick on the wing the flying moment seize,
Nor build up ample schemes, for life is short,
Short as the whisper of the passing breeze.

Gathering of May Dew.

This engraving represents certain lads and lasses of “auld
Reekie,” who are early gatherers of “May-dew,” in the act of dancing
to the piper’s “skirl.” From a slight sketch accompanying the
communication, Mr. George Cruikshank’s pencil depicts the “action,”
which it should be observed takes place on a hill.
 May-dew Dancers at Arthur’s-seat,
Edinburgh.
—————Strathspeys and reels,
Put life and metal in their heels.
Burns.
To the Editor of the Every-Day Book.
Edinburgh, April 20, 1826.
My Dear Sir,—Allow me, without preface, to acquaint you with a
custom of gathering the May-dew here on the first of May.
About four o’clock in the morning there is an unusual stir; a great
opening of area gates, and ringing of bells, and a “gathering” of folk
of all clans, arrayed in all the colours of the rainbow; and a hurrying
of gay throngs of both sexes through the King’s-park to Arthur’s-
seat.
In the course of half an hour the entire hill is a moving mass of
all sorts and sizes. At the summit may be seen a company of bakers,
and other craftsmen, dressed in kilts, dancing round a Maypole. On
the more level part “next door,” is usually an itinerant vender of
whiskey, or mountain (not May) dew, your approach to whom is
always indicated by a number of “bodies” carelessly lying across
your path, not dead, but drunk. In another place you may descry
two parties of Irishmen, who, not content with gathering the
superficial dew, have gone “deeper and deeper yet,” and fired by a
liberal desire to communicate the fruits of their industry, actively pelt
each other with clods.
These proceedings commence with the daybreak. The strong
lights thrown upon the various groups by the rising sun, give a
singularly picturesque effect to a scene, wherein the ever-varying
and unceasing sounds of the bagpipes, and tabours and fifes, et hoc
genus omne, almost stun the ear. About six o’clock, the appearance
of the gentry, toiling and pechin up the ascent, becomes the signal
for serving men and women to march to the right-about; for they
well know that they must have the house clean, and every thing in
order earlier than usual on May-morning.
About eight o’clock the “fun” is all over; and by nine or ten, were
it not for the drunkards who are staggering towards the “gude
town,” no one would know that any thing particular had taken place.
Such, my dear sir, is the gathering of May-dew. I subjoin a sketch
of a group of dancers, and
I am, &c.
P. P., Jun.

It is noticed in the “Morning Post” of the second of May, 1791,

that the day before, “being the first of May, according to annual and
superstitious custom, a number of persons went into the fields and
bathed their faces with the dew on the grass, under the idea that it
would render them beautiful.”
 May-dew was held of singular virtue in former times. Pepys on a
certain day in May makes this entry in his diary:—
“My wife away, down with Jane and W. Hewer to Woolwich, in
order to a little ayre, and to lie there to night, and so to gather May-
dew to-morrow morning, which Mrs. Turner hath taught her is the
only thing in the world to wash her face with; and” Pepys adds, “I
am contented with it.” His “reasons for contentment” seem to appear
in the same line; for he says, “I (went) by water to Fox-hall, and
there walked in Spring-garden;” and there he notices “a great deal
of company, and the weather and garden pleasant: and it is very
pleasant and cheap going thither, for a man may go to spend what
he will, or nothing—all as one: but to hear the nightingale and other
birds; and here a fiddler, and there a harp; and here a jew’s-trump,
and here laughing, and there fine people walking, is mighty
diverting,” says Mr. Pepys, while his wife is gone to lie at Woolwich,
“in order to a little ayre, and to gather May-dew.”

Gerard’s Hall Maypole.

Basing Lane.
Whence this lane derived its name of Basing, Stow cannot tell. It
runs out of Bread-street, and was called the Bakehouse, but,
“whether meant for the king’s bakehouse, or bakers dwelling there,
and baking bread to serve the market in Bread-street, where the
bread was sold, I know not,” says Stow; “but sure I am, I have not
read of Basing or of Gerard, the gyant, to have any thing there to
doe.”
It seems that this Maypole was fabled to have been “the justing
staff of Gerard, a gyant.” Stow’s particulars concerning it, and his
account of Gerard’s-hall, which at this time is an inn for Bath and
West of England coaches and other conveyances, are very
interesting. He says, “On the south side of this (Basing) lane is one
great house, of old time builded upon arched vaults, and with arched
gates of stone, brought from Cane in Normandie; the same is now a
common ostrey for receit of travelers, commonly and corruptly called
Gerard’s-hall, of a gyant said to have dwelled there. In the high
roofed hall of this house, sometime stood a large Firre-Pole, which
reached to the roofe thereof, and was said to be one of the staves
that Gerard the gyant used in the warres, to runne withall. There
stood also a ladder of the same length, which (as they said) served
to ascend to the top of the staffe. Of later yeeres this hall is altered
in building, and divers roomes are made in it. Notwithstanding, the
pole is removed to one corner of the hall, and the ladder hanged
broken upon a wall in the yard. The hosteler of that house said to
mee, the pole lacked half a foote of forty in length. I measured the
compasse thereof, and found it fifteene inches. Reason of the pole
could the master of the hostery give me none, but bade mee reade
the Chronicles, for there he heard of it. Which answer,” says Stow,
“seemed to me insufficient: for he meant the description of Britaine,
for the most part drawne out of John Leyland, his commentaries
(borrowed of myselfe) and placed before Reynes Wolfe’s Chronicle,
as the labours of another.” It seems that this chronicle has “a
chapter of gyants or monstrous men—of a man with his mouth
sixteene foote wide, and so to Gerard the gyant and his staffe,”
which Stow speaks of as “these fables,” and then he derives the
house called Gerard’s-hall, from the owner thereof, “John Gisors,
maior of London, in the yeere 1245,” and says, “The pole in the hall
might bee used of old time (as then the custome was in every
parish) to bee set up in the summer, a Maypole, before the principall
house in the parish or streete, and to stand in the hall before the
scrine, decked with hollie and ivie at the feast of Christmas. The
ladder served for the decking of the Maypole, and reached to the
roof of the hall.”
To this is added, that “every mans house of old time was decked
with holly and ivie in the winter, especially at Christmas;” whereof,
gentle reader, be pleased to take notice, and do “as they did in the
old time.”

We think we remember something about milkmaids and their

garlands in our boyish days; but even this lingering piece of
professional rejoicing is gone; and instead of intellectual pleasures at
courts, manly games among the gentry, the vernal appearance every
where of boughs and flowers, and the harmonious accompaniment
of ladies’ looks, all the idea that a Londoner now has of May-day, is
the dreary gambols and tinsel-fluttering squalidness of the poor
chimney-sweepers! What a personification of the times;—paper-
gilded dirt, slavery, and melancholy, bustling for another penny!
Something like celebrations of May-day still loiter in more remote
parts of the country, such as Cornwall, Devonshire, and
Westmoreland; and it is observable, that most of the cleverest men
of the time come from such quarters, or have otherwise chanced
upon some kind of insulation from its more sophisticated common-
places.—Should the subject come before the consideration of any
persons who have not had occasion to look at it with reference to
the general character of the age, they will do a great good, and
perhaps help eventually to alter it, by fanning the little sparks that
are left them of a brighter period. Our business is to do what we
can, to remind the others of what they may do, to pay honours to
the season ourselves, and to wait for that alteration in the times,
which the necessity of things must produce, and which we must
endeavour to influence as genially as possible in its approach.[153]

From Mr. Leslie’s pencil, there is a picture of May-day, “in the old
time”—the “golden days of good queen Bess”—whereon a lady,
whose muse delights in agreeable subjects, has written the following
descriptive lines:—
 On May Day.
By Leslie.
Beautiful and radiant May,
Is not this thy festal day?
Is not this spring revelry
Held in honour, queen, of thee?
’Tis a fair: the booths are gay,
With green boughs and quaint display
Glasses, where the maiden’s eye
May her own sweet face espy;
Ribands for her braided hair,
Beads to grace her bosom fair;
From yon stand the juggler plays
With the rustic crowd’s amaze;
There the morris-dancers stand,
Glad bells ringing on each hand;
Here the Maypole rears its crest,
With the rose and hawthorn drest;
And beside are painted bands
Of strange beasts from other lands.
In the midst, like the young queen,
Flower-crowned, of the rural green,
Is a bright-cheeked girl, her eye
Blue, like April’s morning sky,
With a blush, like what the rose
To her moonlight minstrel shows;
Laughing at her love the while,—
Yet such softness in the smile,
As the sweet coquette would hide
Woman’s love by woman’s pride.
Farewell, cities! who could bear
All their smoke and all their care,
All their pomp, when wooed away
By the azure hours of May?
Give me woodbine, scented bowers
Blue wreaths of the violet flowers,
Clear sky, fresh air, sweet birds, and trees,
Sights and sounds, and scenes like these!
L. E. L.
Northampton May Garland.
 Northampton May Garland.
To the Editor of the Every-Day Book.
Northampton, April, 1826.
Sir,—Having received much information from your Every-Day
Book, I shall be very happy to afford any that I may be able to
glean; but my means are extremely limited. I however mention a
custom at Northampton on the first of May, with some hope that I
am not troubling you with a “twice-told tale.”
 The girls from the neighbouring villages of Kingsthorpe, &c. on
the morning of May-day, come into the town with May garlands,
which they exhibit from house to house, (to show, as the inhabitants
say, what flowers are in season,) and usually receive a trifle from
each house. The garland is composed of two hoops crossing each
other vertically, and covered with flowers and streamers of various
coloured ribands; these are affixed to a staff about five feet long by
which it is carried, and in each of the apertures between the hoops
is placed a smartly dressed doll.
The accompanying sketch will convey some idea of the garland.
There are numerous streamers attached to it, of all the colours of
the rainbow. Should you think this notice worth inserting, I shall feel
obliged by your substituting any signature you please for my name,
which, agreeable to your request to correspondents who
communicate accounts of customs, &c., I subjoin.
I am, &c.
B. S. G. S.
The last Chimney Sweeper.
 The last Chimney Sweeper.
A large brush made of a number of small whalebone sticks, fastened into a round
ball of wood, and extending in most cases to a diameter of two feet, is thrust up
the chimney by means of hollow cylinders or tubes, fitting into one another like
the joints of a fishing rod, with a long cord running through them; it is worked
up and down, as each fresh joint is added, until it reaches the chimney pot; it is
then shortened joint by joint, and on each joint being removed, is in like manner
worked up and down in its descent; and thus you have your chimney swept
perfectly clean by this machine, which is called a Scandiscope.
 Some wooden tubes, a brush, and rope,
Are all you need employ;
Pray order, maids, the Scandiscope,
And not the climbing boy.

Copy of a printed hand-bill, distributed before May-day, 1826.

No May Day Sweeps.

CAUTION.
The inhabitants of this parish are most respectfully informed, that the United
Society of Master Chimney Sweepers intend giving their apprentices a dinner, at the
Eyre Arms [619, 620] St John’s Wood, on the first of May, instead of suffering
them to collect money as heretofore; the public are therefore cautioned against
encouraging in any way such collections, as they are too frequently obtained by
persons of the worst descriptions, or for the sinister purposes of their
employers.
N. B. The procession will start from the Bedford Arms, Charlotte-street, Bedford-
square, at eleven o’clock.

On Monday, the first of May, 1826, (pursuant to the above

notice,) the first anniversary dinner of the “United Society of Master
Chimney Sweepers,” took place at the Eyre tavern, St. John’s-wood,
Marylebone.
About eleven o’clock, two hundred of their apprentices proceeded
in great regularity through the principal streets and squares at the
west end of the town, accompanied by an excellent band of music.
The clean and wholesome appearance of the lads, certainly,
reflected much credit on their masters, and attracted crowds of
persons to the above tavern, where the boys were regaled with a
substantial repast of roast beef and plum-pudding; after which the
masters themselves sat down to a very excellent dinner provided for
the occasion.
On the cloth being removed, and the usual routine of loyal toasts
drank, the chairman addressed his brother tradesmen,
congratulating them on the formation of a society that was
calculated to do such essential service to the trade in general. It
would be the means of promoting the welfare of their apprentices,—
which was a feeling he was convinced every one of them had at
heart,—who, instead of being permitted to loiter and dance about
the streets on the first of May, dressed up in tawdry apparel, and
soliciting money, should in future be regaled with substantial fare on
each forthcoming day of the anniversary of the society, in order to
put an end to the degrading practice which had for such a length of
time stigmatized the trade. (Applause.)
“Success to the United Society of Chimney Sweepers,” having
been drank with thunders of applause,
Mr. Bennett, of Welbeck-street, addressed the company on the
subject of cleansing chimnies with the machine, the introduction of
which he was confident would never answer the intended purposes.
He urged the absolute necessity of employing climbing boys in their
trade; and instanced several cases in which the machines were
rendered perfectly useless: most of the chimnies in the great houses
at the west end of the town were constructed in such a manner that
it was utterly impossible to clear them of soot, unless a human being
was sent up for that purpose. He admitted that some houses had
chimnies which were built perpendicular; but even in those were
frequently to be met with what the trade called “cores,” which were
large pieces of mortar that projected out from the brick-work, and
that collected vast quantities of soot on their surface, so that no
machine could get over the difficulty. When the subject of the
climbing boys was before the house of lords, he (Mr. Bennett) was
sent for by the earl of Hardwicke, who was desirous of personally
ascertaining whether the practice of allowing boys to ascend
chimnies could be dispensed with entirely. He (Mr. Bennett) had
attended at his lordship’s residence with the machine, which was
tried in most of the chimnies in the house, but the experiment failed;
one of his apprentices having been ultimately obliged to ascend for
the purpose of extricating the machine from impediments which
were only to be surmounted by the activity of climbing boys. The
result was, that his lordship subsequently expressed his opinion that
the machines could never answer the purposes for which they were
originally intended, and therefore had his chimnies swept by the old
method. Mr. Bennett concluded by making some observations on the
harsh manner in which the trade had been aspersed. He said it had
been insinuated that their apprentices, in consequence of being
permitted to ascend chimnies, were often rendered objects for the
remainder of their lives. There were, he admitted, a few solitary
instances of accidents happening in their trade as well as in every
other. He now only wished that their opponents might have an
opportunity of witnessing the healthy and cheerful state in which
their apprentices were.
A master chimney-sweeper, with great vehemence of action and
manner, said, “I am convinced, Mr. Chairman, that it is a thing
impossible to do away with our climbing boys. For instance, look at
the duke of York’s fifty-one new chimnies. Let me ask any one of you
in company, is it possible a machine could be poked up any one of
them? I say, no; and for this reason—that most of them run in a
horizontal line, and then abruptly turn up, so that you see a machine
would be of no more use than if you were to thrust up an old
broomstick; and I mean to stick to it, that our opponents may as
well try to put down chimney-sweepers in the old way, as the
Equitable Loan Bank Company endeavoured to cut up the business
of the pawnbrokers. (Applause.) When I look round the table, (said
the speaker,) and see such respectable gentlemen on my right and
on my left, and in front of me, who dares to say that the United
Society of Master Chimney Sweepers are not as respectable a body
of tradesmen as any in London? and although, if I may be excused
the expression, there is not a gentleman now present that has not
made his way in the ‘profession,’ by climbing up chimnies. (There
was a universal nod of assent at this allusion.) Therefore, continued
the speaker, the more praise is due to us, and I now conclude by
wishing every success to our new society.” The above animated
address was received with the loudest plaudits.
Several other master chimney-sweepers addressed the company,
after which the ladies were introduced into the room, and dancing
commenced, which was kept up to a late hour.[154]
 On the first of May, 1807, the slave trade in the West Indies was
proscribed by the British parliament, and we see by the proceedings
at the Eyre tavern, St. John’s-wood, that on the first of May, 1826,
an effort was made to continue the more cruel black slavery of white
infants. Some remarks reported to have been made by these
gentlemen in behalf of their “black art,” require a word or two.
We are told that after the usual routine of loyal toasts, the
chairman congratulated his “brother tradesmen” on the formation of
a society that was calculated to do “essential service to the trade in
general.” There can be no doubt that “the king” was the first name
on their list of toasts, yet it happens that his majesty is at the head
of an association for abolishing their “trade.” The first names on the
roll of “The Society for suspending Climbing Boys by the use of the
Scandiscope,” are those of the “patron,” and the president, vice-
presidents, committee, and treasurer. These are chiefly prelates,
peers, and members of the house of commons; but the “patron” of
the society is “the king,” in opposition to whom, in the capacity of
“patron,” Mr. Bennett, the master-sweep, of Welbeck-street, urges
the “absolute necessity” of employing climbing boys. One of his
reasons is, that in some chimnies the bricklayers have “cores” of
mortar whereon the soot accumulates so that no machine can get
over the difficulty; but this only shows the “absolute necessity” of
causing the “cores” to be removed from chimnies already so
deformed, and of making surveyors of future houses responsible for
the expenses of alteration, if they suffer them to be so improperly
constructed. Mr. Bennett says, that lord Hardwicke was convinced
“the machines could never answer the purposes for which they were
originally intended, and therefore had his chimnies swept by the old
method.” If his lordship did express that opinion, it is in opposition to
the opinion of the king, as “patron,” the late bishop of Durham, the
present bishop of Oxford, the duke of Bedford, the lords Grosvenor,
Morley, Harrowby, Gwydir, Auckland, and other distinguished
individuals, who as president and vice-presidents of the society, had
better opportunities of determining correctly, than Mr. Bennett
probably afforded to earl Hardwicke.
 Another “master chimney-sweeper” is reported to have said,
“look at the duke of York’s fifty-one new chimnies:—most of them
run in a horizontal line, and then abruptly turn up, so that, you see,
a machine would be of no more use than if you were to thrust up an
old broomstick:” and then he asks, “who dares to say that the
United Society of Master Chimney Sweepers are not as respectable a
body of tradesmen as any in London?” and triumphantly adds, that
“there is not a gentleman now present that has not made his way in
the profession by climbing up chimnies.” To this “there was a
universal nod of assent.” But a universal admission by all “the
gentlemen present” that they had climbed to respectability by
climbing up chimnies, is of very little weight with those who observe
and know that willing slaves become the greatest and most effective
oppressors; and as to the duke of York’s new chimnies, it is not
credible his royal highness can be informed that the present
construction of his chimnies necessarily dooms unborn infants to the
certain fate of having the flesh torn from their joints before they can
sweep such chimnies. The scandalous default of a surveyor has
subjected the duke of York to the odium of being quoted as an
authority in opposition to a society for abolishing a cruel and useless
trade, wherein servitude is misery, and independence cannot be
attained but by the continual infliction of blows and torture on
helpless children. Yet as an act of parliament abated the frequency
of conflagrations, by empowering district surveyors to cause the
erection of party walls, so a few clauses added to the building act
would authorize the surveyors to enforce the building of future
chimnies without “cores,” and of a form to be swept by the
“Scandiscope.” Master chimney-sweepers would have no reason to
complain of such enactment, inasmuch as they would continue to
find employment, till the old chimnies and the prejudices in favour of
cruelty to children, disappeared by effluxion of time.

The engraving at the head of this article is altered from a

lithographic print representing a “Scandiscope.” Perhaps the machine
may be better understood from the annexed diagram. It simply
consists of a whalebone brush, and wooden cylinders strung on
rope, and put into action by the method described beneath the
larger engraving.

Mr. George Smart obtained two gold medals from the Society of
Arts for this invention. The names of the machine chimney-sweepers
in different parts of London may be obtained from Mr. Wilt, secretary
of the “Society for superseding Climbing Boys,” No. 125, Leadenhall-
street; the treasurer of the institution is W. Tooke, esq., F. R. S. Any
person may become a member, and acquaint himself with the easy
methods by which the machine is adopted to almost any chimney. As
the climbing chimney-sweepers are combining to oppose it, all
humane individuals will feel it a duty to inquire whether they should
continue willing instruments in the hands of the “profession” for the
extension of the present cruel practice.

The late Mrs. Montagu gave an annual dinner to the poor

climbing boys which ceased with her death.
 And is all pity for the poor sweeps fled,
Since Montagu is numbered with the dead?
She who did once the many sorrows weep,
That met the wanderings of the woe-worn sweep!
Who, once a year, bade all his griefs depart,
On May’s sweet morn would doubly cheer his heart!
Washed was his little form, his shirt was clean,
On that one day his real face was seen,
His shoeless feet, now boasted pumps—and new.
The brush and shovel gaily held to view!
The table spread, his every sense was charmed,
And every savoury smell his bosom warmed;
His light heart joyed to see such goodly cheer,
And much he longed to taste the mantling beer:
His hunger o’er—the scene was little heaven—
If riches thus can bless, what blessings might be given!
But, she is gone! none left to soothe their grief,
Or, once a year, bestow their meed of beef!
Now forth he’s dragged to join the beggar’s dance;
With heavy heart, he makes a slow advance,
Loudly to clamour for that tyrant’s good,
Who gives with scanty hand his daily food!
It is the interest of the “United Society of Master Chimney
Sweepers” to appear liberal to the wretched beings who are the
creatures of their mercy; of the variation and degrees of that mercy,
there is evidence before the committee of the house of commons.
Sympathy for the oppressed in the breast of their oppressors is
reasonably to be suspected. On the minutes of the “Society for
superseding Climbing Boys,” there are cases that make humanity
shudder; against their recurrence there is no security but the general
adoption of machines in chimnies—instead of children.

Mr. Montgomery’s “Chimney Sweeper’s Friend, and Climbing

Boys’ Album,” is a volume of affecting appeal, dedicated to the king,
“in honour of his majesty’s condescending and exemplary concern
for the effectual deliverance of the meanest, the poorest, and
weakest of British born subjects, from unnatural, unnecessary, and
unjustifiable personal slavery and moral degradation.” It contains a
variety of beautiful compositions in prose and verse: one of them
is—
The Chimney Sweeper.
Communicated by Mr. Charles Lamb,
from a very rare and curious little work,
Mr. Blake’s “Songs of Innocence.”
When my mother died I was very young,
And my father sold me, while yet my tongue
Could scarcely cry, “Weep! weep! weep!”
So your chimnies I sweep, and in soot I sleep.
There’s little Tom Toddy, who cried when his head,
That was curl’d like a lamb’s back, was shaved, so I said,
“Hush, Tom, never mind it for when your head’s bare,
You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair.”
And so he was quiet, and that very night
As Tom was a sleeping, he had such a sight,
That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, and Jack,
Were all of them locked up in coffins so black.
And by came an angel, who had a bright key,
And he opened the coffins, and set them all free;
Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing, they run,
And wash in a river, and shine in the sun,
Then naked and white, all their bags left behind,
They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind;
And the angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy
He’d have God for his father, and never want joy.
And so Tom awoke, and we rose in the dark,
And got with our bags and our brushes to work;
Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm,
So if all do their duty they need not fear harm.

Dining with Duke Humphrey,

May Day Honours to Him.
In old St. Paul’s cathedral “within a proper chappel purposely
made for him,” and in a proper tomb, sir John Beauchamp, constable
of Dover, and warden of the cinque ports, was buried in the year
1358. “This deceased nobleman,” says Stow, “by ignorant people
hath been erroneously mistermed and said to be duke Humfrey, the
good duke of Gloucester, who lyeth honourably buried at Saint
Albans in Hartfordshire, twenty miles from London; in idle and
frivolous opinion of whom, some men, of late times, have made a
solemne meeting at his tombe upon Saint Andrewe’s day in the
morning (before Christmasse) and concluded on a breakfast or
dinner, as assuring themselves to be servants, and to hold diversity
of offices under the good duke Humfrey.”
Stow’s continuator says, “Likewise, on May-day, tankard bearers,
watermen, and some other of like quality beside, would use to come
to the same tombe early in the morning, and, according as the other,
deliver serviceable presentation at the same monument, by strewing
herbes, and sprinkling faire water on it, as in the duty of servants,
and according to their degrees and charges in office: but (as Master
Stow hath discreetly advised such as are so merrily disposed, or
simply profess themselves to serve duke Humfrey in Pauls) if
punishment of losing their dinners daily, there, be not sufficient for
them, they should be sent to St. Albans, to answer there for their
disobedience, and long absence from their so highly well deserving
lord and master, as in their merry disposition they please so to call
him.”
There can be no doubt that this mock solemnity on May-day, and
the feast of St. Andrew, on pretence of attending a festival in Paul’s,
on the invitation of a dead nobleman in another place, gave rise to
the saying concerning “dining with duke Humfrey.” It is still used
respecting persons who inquire “where shall I dine?” or who have
lost, or are afraid of “losing their dinners.”

Printers’ May Festival.

The following particulars of a very curious celebration is
remarkable, as being a description of the old mode of festivous
enjoyment, “according to order,” and the wearing of garlands by the
stewards, with “whifflers” in the procession.[155] It is extracted from
Randle Holme’s “Storehouse of Armory, 1688.”
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