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Membrane Transport (1)-1

Membrane transport is a selective process that maintains homeostasis and facilitates cell communication by allowing nutrients in and waste out. It is classified into passive transport, which requires no energy and moves molecules down a concentration gradient, and active transport, which requires energy to move molecules against a gradient. Bulk membrane transport includes endocytosis and exocytosis for larger molecules that cannot pass through the membrane directly.

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3 views

Membrane Transport (1)-1

Membrane transport is a selective process that maintains homeostasis and facilitates cell communication by allowing nutrients in and waste out. It is classified into passive transport, which requires no energy and moves molecules down a concentration gradient, and active transport, which requires energy to move molecules against a gradient. Bulk membrane transport includes endocytosis and exocytosis for larger molecules that cannot pass through the membrane directly.

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s82659832
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Membrane Transport …….

Introduction

• A highly selective filter process that permits the nutrients and


removes waste products from the cell.
• Maintain homeostasis.
• Play an important role in cell to cell communication.
• Detects chemical messengers arriving at the cell surface.
Types

Classified into two types


 Passive transport
 Active transport
Passive transport
• movement of molecules
• Across a semi permeable membrane
• Down a concentration gradient.
• From an area of higher to lower concentration.
• No energy required.
Passive/Active Transport
Simple diffusion

• Transport across a membrane without the assistance of


membrane proteins.
• Occurs with small neutral molecules (e.g oxygen )
• Continues untill equilibrium is achieved.
Facilitated diffusion

• Transports large and polar molecules.


• Transport proteins are involved in the movement of molecules.
• E.g channel and carrier proteins.
Carrier proteins
 Moves large uncharged molecules (e.g glucose)
 Proteins change shape to allow molecules for transport.
 Acts like a gate or door.
 Also called as permeases or transporters.
Facilitated Transport

Solute
Carrier protein
Channel proteins

• Move small charged molecules (e.g ions)


• Charged particles need help in crossing the hydrophobic core.
• Particles transported have the opposite charge to that of the
protein.
• Acts like a tunnel.
Channel proteins
Direction of transport

Uniport
 Movement of a single molecule in one direction
 E.g all channel proteins
symport
Movement of two molecules in the same direction.
Na/ glucose symporter
Antiport
Movement of two molecules in opposite directions.
e.g Na/K pump
Direction of transport
Active transport/ion pumping

• Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient.


• From low to high concentration.
• Requires energy in the form of ATP.
• Requires a transport proetin (pump).
• ATP induces a conformational change in the transporter pump
to allow specific molecules to enter/exit cell against
concentration gradient.
Pumps

• Pumps often function same as the carrier proteins except that


they move molecules against the concentration gradient and
thus require energy.
• 3 pumps
 Coupled transporters
 Light driven pumps
 ATP driven pupms
 P-type pumps
 F-type pumps
 ABC transporters
Na-K pump

 Active transport
 antiport
 Pump oscillates between two conformational states
 3 Na into the cell.
 2k out of the cell.
Example- Na-K Pump
Bulk membrane transport

• Transport of molecules too large or too polar to pass through


the membrane.
• Involves the folding of the membrane to form a vesicle.
Types
Endocytosis (Entry into the cell)
 phagocytosis
 pinocytosis
 Receptor mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis (exiting the cell)
Phagocytosis

• Cellular eating
• Cells ingest other cells or large particles.
• Found in simpler forms of life for feeding (amoebas)
• Used in higher order organisms as a defensive mechanism
against invasion by foreign particles.
.
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

• Cellular drinking
• Ingestion of dissolved material
• Cell folds inwards (invaginates) to take in fluid containing the
desired substance.
Receptor medaited endocytosis

• Intake of molecules that bind specifically to a receptor on the


surface of the cell.
• Receptor proteins are usually clustered in regions of the
membrane called coated pits which contain coat proteins that
help them form vesicles for endocytosis.
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis

• Movement of the materials from the cell to the cell surface


within membrane bound vesicles
• Secretion ,release of the waste, toxins and signalling
molecules.
• Restoring the cell membrane

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