COVER PAGE

TITLE OF THE PROJECT: PROPOSED PLANNING,

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
HEALTHCARE BLOCK AT SPRING VALLEY.

PRESENTER NAME: MUTHENGI KELLY MUGAMBI

INDEX NUMBER: 3041011016

SUPERVISOR: MR EZEKIEL

SUBMITTED TO KNEC FOR THE AWARD OF: DIPLOMA

IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

DATE: 15THSEP 2023

i
 DECLARATION.
I MUTHENGI KELLY MUGAMBI hereby declare that the project entitled
DISPENSARY BLOCK under my guidance of Mr Ezekiel is submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY.

This is the record of bona-fide work carried out by myself and results in these projects
have not been submitted to any college or university for the award of any other diploma in
building technology.

NAME: SIGNATURE:

MUTHENGI KELLY MUGAMBI

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

I am pleased to give my sincere thanks to the contributors who allegedly backed me up to

the success of this project. I take this opportunity to thank my teachers and friends for helping to
develop and have the skills of coming up with this project.

iii
SYMBOLS
Bw-Average web width of a Flanged beam D-
Effective depth of tensional reinforcement d’-
effective depth of compression reinforcement hf-
thickness of flange

M-design ultimate resistance movement

X-depth of neutral axis

Ac – net cross section of concrete

Asc-area of vertical reinforcement

B-Width of the column

Lex-effective length in x direction

Sv-shear deflection

F-force

E-Young’s modulus

P-load

Fyy-characterist strength of links

V-design shear stress

GF and FF-ground floor and first floor

N-design ultimate axial load

GK- dead weight

QK-Imposed load

I-moment of inertia

L-effective length SYMBOLS

As-Area of tensile reinforcement

B-Width of effective of a section of compression zone

1
 ABSTRACT.
Due to high and rapid growth of enrolment of student by the school which has been
attributed by mass campaign of the government encouraging youth to join schools which equip
students with skills in line with current market needs and more so leading to self-employment.

A dispensary block within the school would it in most and more advantageous to the students
of the institution by easing the way of accessing quality affordable health care. It will also boost
and increase enrolment.

Due to the school being located far away from public hospital, this is more convenient and much
More economical to build a health care facility within the school considering high population of
the student and supporting staff.
Hot Spring girls lacks a dispensary within its locality that can serve and accommodate
its enormous population there it would be more economical to come with an idea of establishing
health care facility within it premises considering in the future the school can offer courses
related to medicine.

Planning of the dispensary block will be done using Revit software keeping in view
building by laws and local county council land laws, rules and regulations for construction of the
residential buildings. The design will be carried out in accordance with British standards 8110
_plain and reinforce concrete, design Load for the structure will be assumed according BS 4490
all the design of different components i.e. slabs, beams, columns and footings will be designed
using limit state method.

2
Contents
DECLARATION................................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iii
SYMBOLS ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 4
HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. .................................................................................................. 4
SOIL INVESTIGATION ................................................................................................................................. 5
STRUCTURE DETAILS OF R. C. C FRAMED STRUCTURE .............................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 6
STRUCTURAL DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 6
FOOTING.................................................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 10
CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 10
DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE AS PER BS 8110 ............................................................................... 16
BEAM DESIGN AS PER BS 8110 ................................................................................................................ 17
DEFLECTION CHECK AS PER CL 3.4.6 ....................................................................................................... 24
MEASUREMENT WORK ........................................................................................................................... 26
TITLE: BILL SHEET ..................................................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................ 88
SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT.............................................................................................. 88
FINDINGS OF THE PROJECT. .................................................................................................................... 88
CONCLUSION OF THE PROJECT. .............................................................................................................. 88
RECCOMEDATION OF THE PROJECTS. ..................................................................................................... 88
REFERENCES. ........................................................................................................................................... 89
REFRENCES. ............................................................................................................................................. 91

3
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.

The construction industry began back in ancient times when human beings began to build
their own shelter, such as huts, out of the natural resources they had available around them Since
then the construction industry has evolved more this type of modernists economy, but the basis
are still the same. Overtime, human beings have refined themselves in construction processes and
practices and started building more affordable and permanent structures.

In general there are three sectors of the construction namely building, infrastructure and
industries. Building construction is usually a process of adding structure to real property of
building. The majority of the health care buildings are construction jobs are small renovation,
such as addiction of a room or renovation of a bathroom. Although building construction projects
consists of common elements such as design, financial, estimating and legal consideration.
Project varying in sizes may reach undesirable ends results, such as structural collapse, costs and
overrun and litigation, for this reasons those with experience make detailed plans and maintain
careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

Residential construction practices, technologies and resources must conform to local

building authority regulations and codes of practices. Material readily available in the area
generally dictates the construction materials used (e. g bricks versus stones and timber).

Cost of construction on a per square meter basic for houses can vary dramatically based
on site conditions, local regulations, economics of sale(customs designed homes are often more
expensive to build) and the availability of skilled trades people

4
SOIL INVESTIGATION
The soil bearing capacity is found as 20 KN/M2. The depth of foundation is taken to 1.5
m, the rectangular footing is to be designed.

STRUCTURE DETAILS OF R. C. C FRAMED STRUCTURE

A residential building in a typical Kenyan town is usually to be a R. C. C FRAMED
structure.

ADVANTAGES OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE OVER STEEL

STRUCTURES

(I) Foundation cost is lesser due to wall thickness.

(II) Floor are work will be more due to reduced wall thickness.
(III) The building completion can be achieved with considerable speed in short
time.
(IV) Interior partition work can be carried out independent of doors and floors
above or below thus permitting their removal to suit varying requirement or
changes in the tenancy.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

The structure is a system of two or more parts to support a load. The method by which
framed support, lateral, horizontal, depends on how the structure is laid down and designed to
bear loads.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

 Slope deflection
 Moment distribution
 Limit state method
 Stiffness method

OBJECTIVE

The first and foremost objective of the project is planning of a Health-care

building of three floors with necessary provisions. Planning of the Health-care building is done
taking consideration of the buildings by laws as set by local governing bodies.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
A structure refers to a system of two or more connected parts used to support a
load. It is an assemblage of two or more basic components connected to each other so that they
serve the user and carry the loads developing due to the self and super imposed loads safely
without causing any serviceability failure. Once a preliminary design of a structure is fixed, the
structure then must be analysed to make some that it has required strength and rigidity. To
analysed a structure correctly, certain idealization are to be made as to how the members and
displacement of the joints are formed using the theory of structural analysis.

The whole structural system and its loading might be complex in nature so to
make the analysis simpler, we use certain simplifying analysis assumptions related to quality of
materials member geometry, nature of applied loads, their distribution, the type of connection at
the joints and the supports conditions.

SLABS.

SLABS are elements forming the floor and the roofs of the building and carrying
distributed loads primary for flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multi storey car
packing. Slab is simply supported over one or more supports and is classified according to the
manner of supports.

TYPES OF SLABS.

1. One way slab.

Slabs which are supported on all four edges and ratio of longer span to the shorter
span is greater than two (ly/lx). One way slab bends in one direction. The one way slabs
is supported by parallel walls or beams while transferring the loads to the two supporting
walls or beams because of its geometry.

2. Two way slabs.

Loads are carried along the both directions when slabs are supported on all four edges
and ratio of longer span to the shorter span is less than two. The loads are transferred in
both the direction to the supporting edges and hence the main reinforcement has to be
designed in both directions to resist two way bending.
3. Flat slab.
It’s a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops supported by the generally without
beams by columns with or without framed column heads. These are generally used where
headroom is limited in places like underground garages.

6
FOOTING
Foundation is an important part of the structure which transfers the load of the super
structure to the foundation soil. The foundations distribute the load over the large area so that
pressure on the soil does not exceed its allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of
the structure within the permissible limits. It increases the stability of the structure.
Types of Footing:
i. Isolated Footing
Footings which are provided under each column independently are called isolated
footings. It may be square, rectangular, and circular. Isolated footings are by far the most
widely used footing. The following project demonstrates the design of isolated footing in
the following chapters.

ii. Combined Footing

It supports two or more columns. These footing are provided when the isolated
footing of the adjacent column overlaps each other and when exterior column is close to
the boundary or property line.
iii. Strap Footing
It is a kind of combined footing consisting of two isolated footings connected by a
strap or a lever.

iv. Raft or Mat Footing

In some situation like when the column load are heavy or the safe bearing
capacity of soil is very low, the required footing area becomes very large and the footing
of adjacent column may overlap for such situation all the column a common footing is
provided. A raft or mat footing is a solid reinforcement concrete slab covering the entire
area beneath the structure and supporting the column.

Design Requirements for Footings (BS 8110)

1. Minimum Thickness at The Edge
In reinforced and plain concrete footing, minimum thickness at the edges shall be
taken:
For footing on soil = 150mm
For footing on the pile = 300mm
2. Moment and Forces

7
 The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the
section a vertical plane which extends completely across the footing, and computing of
the forces acting over the entire area of the footing one side of the said plane.
3. Shear
For one way or the beam action, the critical section for shear shall be assumed as
a vertical section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal
to the effective depth for footing on soil and a distance equal to half the effective depth in
case of footing on pile.
For two-way action of the footing, the critical section for shear shall be at a
distance of d/2 from the periphery of the column perpendicular to the plane of the slab
where‘d’ is the effective depth of the section.
4. Tensile Reinforcement
Tensile reinforcement is provided to resist bending moment the bending moment.
In one-way reinforced footing, the reinforcement extending across the full footing.
In two-way reinforced footing square, the reinforcement extending in each
direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing.
In two reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction is
placed uniformly across the width of the footing. For reinforcement in short direction a
central band equal to the width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the
footing and portion of the reinforcement determined in accordance to the below equation:
Reinforcement in Central Band / Total Reinforcement in Short Direction = 2/β+1

5. Minimum Reinforcement
The minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be as per the requirement of solid
slab minimum diameter of bar to be used is 10 mm.

6. Nominal Cover to Reinforcement

For footing minimum cover shall be 50 mm.

i. Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending

ii. Bond between steel and concrete is perfect with in elastic limit of steel
iii. The steel and concrete behaves as linear elastic material
iv. All tensile stresses are taken by reinforcement and none by concrete
v. The stresses in steel and concrete are related by a factor known as “modular ratio
vi. The stress strain relationships of steel and concrete is a Straight line under working load
Limitations of working stress method :

8
i. The assumptions of linear elastic behaviour and control of stresses within specially
defined permissible stresses are unrealistic due to several reasons viz., creep, shrinkage
and other long term effects, stress concentration and other secondary effects
ii. Different types of load acting simultaneously have different degrees of uncertainties. This
cannot be taken into account in the working stress method
iii. The actual factor of safety is not known in this method of design. The partial safety
factors in the limit state method is more realistic than the concept of permissible stresses
in the working stress method to have factor of safety in the de

9
CHAPTER THREE

CALCULATIONS
Max panel size

Short panel (lx) =3700

Longer panel (ly) =4200

Span depth ratio is a ly/lx=42/37=1.1<2

• Slab to be design as a two way continuous slab as per BS 8110

Basic span or effective depth ratio=26

Assume modification factor of 1.5

Minimum is depth of slab d=3700/26x1.5=94.87

Taking 20 mm cover Y 12 bars overall depth cover +diameter /2

94.87+20+6=120.87mm

Load

Dead load

Self-weight of slab =0.15+24+=3.6KN/M2

0.025+20=0.5KN/M2

Light portion=0.1x2.4x20/3=1.6

Dead load

3.6.0.5+0.5 +1.6=62KN/M2

Yx=6.2KN/M2

QK=4.0KN/2

Design Load n=1.4GK+1.6QK

N =1507KN/M2

Therefore the output is 15.08kn/m2

Ultimate moment

Panel A
Ly/lx=42/37=1.13<2

10
Two way spanning and continuous slab

Shorter span (lx)

Msx=Bsxnlx2

Msy=Bsy=nlx2

Slab support

Case 1 Two side discontinuous

Wx=0.058x 15.05x3.7^2=11.56kn/m2

(ii) Not mid span

Msx=0.042x15.08x37^2=8.67kn/m2

Longer span (ly)

Msy=0.245x15.08x3.7^2=9.27kn/m2

Not mid span

Msy=0.034x15.08x3.7^2=7.02kn/m2

Case 2 one shorter side discontinuous

Shorter span (lx) is not supported

Msx=0.044x15.08x3.7^2=9.08kn/m2

Msy=0.033x15.08x3.7^2=6.81kn/m2

LONGER SPAN

(i) Not supported

Mxy=_0.37 x15. 08x3.7^2=_7.64kn/m2 (ii) not mid span

Msy=0.028x15.08x3.7=5.79kn/m2

Case3 panel c

One long edge discontinuous

• Short span not

support
11
Msx=0.037x15.08x3.7^2=7.43kn/m2

Longer span by not support

Msy=_0.037x15.08x3.7^2=_7.64kn/m2

Not mid span

Msy=0.028x15.08x3.7^2=5.78kn/m2

Case 4 panel d

Ly/lx=3.7/1.8=2.085

Shorter span not supported

Msx=_0.093x15.08x1.8^2=_4.54kn/m

Not mid span

Msx=0.070x15.08x1.8^2=2.20kn/m

Longer span

Msy=0.45x15.08x1.8^2=2.20kn/m

Not mid span

Msy =0.034x15.08x1.8^2=1.66kn/m Consider the panel with maximum movement

Msx=-11.56knm

Two adjustment edge discontinuous

Ly/lx=4.2/3.7=1.15 as per BS 8110 table 3.14

BM coefficients

Bx (-) 0.056 support

Bx (+) 0.042midspan

By (-) 0.0450 support

2By (+) 0.034midspan

12
Durability and resistance of normal cover from mild continuous of exposure is 2o mm, table 3.3
of BS 8110

Maximum fire resistance of slab will be 20 mm cover of concrete grade 30 to be used.

Clause 3:3:4 and table 3.4 of BS 8110

N/B The width of reinforcement concrete should be greater or equal to be given in table 2.2of BS
8110

Positive moment of mild span

Msx= (+) msx=Bsx. Nlx=0.042v

15.08x3.7^2=8.61knm

Msy (+) Msy =Bsy. Nlx^2=0.034

95.08x3.7=7.02kn/m

BS 8110 CLAUSE 3:4:4

Negative moment at support

Ms, c (+) msx=0.05x15.08x3.7^2=11.58kn/m

Msy (-) Msy =-0.045x15.08x3.7^2=9.29kn/m

Moment coefficient (k?)

K=M/bd^2fcm k short span (+)

Msx/bd^2fcm =8.67x10^6/1000x124^2x30=0.0188<0.15

K large span (-)

Msx/bd^2fcu=7.02x10^6/1000x124^2x30=0.0152<0.156

K short span (-ve)

Msx/bd^2fcu =11.56x10^6/1000x124^2x3=0.025<0.156

K large span (-)

Msx/bd^2fcu=9.29x10^6/1000x124^2x30=0.020<0.156

From the lever arm to cover an equation

La<0.95d

0.95x124=117.8mm

Check 2=d (0.5+√0.5-k/0.9)

13
 124(0.5+√0.25-0.018/0.9) =121.33>117

Adopt z =0.95d

• 117

Reinforcement

Msx (+)

Not mild span

As require msx/0.95fyz=8.67x10^6/095x460x1178=168.42 Provide

Y8_ 275 coca (183 mm)

Msx =msx/0.9fyz=11.56x10^6/0.95x12.8x460=224.58mm

Output provide Y 8_200 c/c (252mm2) as per BS 8110

Msy (+ve) at midspan

As=Msy/0.95fyz=7.02x10^6/0.45x117.8x460=136.38mm2

Provide Y8 300 c/c 168mm2

Check for shear

) design shear force v=wl/2 =15.08x37/2=27.898kn

Design shear <0.8(fcu) =4.36N/mm2

Deflection check

Fs (services stress) =2EfyAs/3xAs as provided

2x216x224.56/3x252=237.27mm2

Span effective depth modification factor

0.55-477+fs/120(0.9+m/bd^2) <20

0.55+477-273.27/120 (0.9+11.56x10^6/100x124^2)=1.557<20

Permissible deflection =span/ effective depth

26x15.77=41.002

Actual=span /effective depth 3700/124=29.84

29.84<41.002 0/c
14
Minimum area of reinforcement

0.13%
0.13/100x1000x150=195mm2

Provide Y8 250c/c

15
Column design as per BS 8110 CLAUSE 38. 16, table3.14

DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE AS PER BS 8110

FCU=30KN/M2

FU=4KN/MM2

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS _Tble3. 4

Fire is resistance 2 hours _table 3.5

Clause 33

Minimum normal cover is 30 mm

Diameter if lines 8mm

Diameter of main bars 25 (assumed)

D=h1=h=cover=diameter _1/2bars

=500-40-25/2=4395

Say 440

Reinforcement’s calculator

M=0.35fxAc+0.7As(y)

=0.35fcbh+0.7Ascfy

=23130x10^3=0.75 Asc400

Asc=4y16 804mm2

Column and column base line as per BS 8110 CLAUSE 3.12.7.2

A single link is provided since each vertical bars is restrained by a corner minimum size
25/4aggregate size

Use 8mm diameter bars

Minimum spacing =12x25=300mm

Durability

Minimum cover moderate exposure is 30mm (nominal cover)

16
Use cover against bonding soil bearing capacity 20kn/m2

75mm size

Ultimate shear as per clause 3.4.5.4

Minimum ve=0.3(30/25) ^y3=0.36Nlmm2 8Y@400 B2

Face

284.18x10^3/35000x535=0.152N/mm2 therefore it’s okay

BEAM DESIGN AS PER BS 8110

FCU=30N/MM2

FY=460N/MM2

FYS=200N/MM2

F concrete=24KN/M3

F stone =22kn/m3

Normal cover for moderate condition

Minimum cover 25mm

Normal cover to beam 1 hour resistance

Normal cover to beam 1 hr. resistance

Effective depth d=h-c-diameter1-diameter2

C=effective cover=25mm d1=diameter of
lines=8mm d2=main cover diameter, d=455mm
b=200 d=500-25-8-25/2=454.5 455mm

Loading as per BS 8110

Dead load

From load inclusive finishes = 3.0x0.2x22=13.2kn/m

Own weight o/w=0.5x0.2x24=24kn I therefore go is 15.6kn/m

Imposed load

Loadings from solid slab

17
1/2x6x3x0.15x24x1/6=54kn/m

Live load=1/2x6x3x3x1/6=4.5kn/m

Spacing3-4

Dressing loading 1.4gk+1.6qk

N=1.4x15.6x+1.6x9.9=37.18

Spacing 1-2, 2-3

No of ribs in 4.2m span =4.2/0.5+1=9.4

Each beam bars are loaded if 0.35kn/m

Total load bearing of edge by rib w1 =635kn

635x11.11=70.45kn

Reactions at end points

Span 35.24x11.1=391.2kn/m

Perimeter length distribution load

391.12/4.2=93.14KN/M

TOTAL LOADING VDL= (93. 1x37.68)=130.82kn/m

Since loading between 1 and 3doesnot differ consider span 2-u

ULTIMATE MOMENT

Beam stimulus and the K

KAB =3/4x1/4.2=0.1786

KBC=1/4.2=0.2381

KCD=3/4X1/8=0417

DISTRIBUTION FACTORS

18
Joint B

DfBa=KAB/KAB+KBC=0.1786/0.1788+0.23=0.4286

Dfbc=1-0.4286=0.5714

Joint c

Dfcd=kcb/kcb+kcd=0.2381/0.2381x0.417

Dfcd=1-0.34=0.66

Fixed moments

Mfab=+wl2/12 =-130.82x4.2^2/12=192.31kn/m

Mfba=+wl2/12=192.32kn/m

Mfcbc=_wl2/12=130.82x4.2^2/12=192.31kn/m

MFcB=+wl2/12=+192.31kn/m

MFcD=-wl2/12=-31.74x1.8^2/12=-8.57kn/m

MFDC=+wl2/12 =+8.57kn/m
F. C. M-192.31 192.31-192.31 192.31-8.57 8.57

Initial moment o 288.47-192.31

96.155
192.31-12.55

B2 1 +46.155 179.455

-40.23-54.94-61.01-118.44

30.31-27.47

CD 13.08 17.43 9.34 18.13

B21 4.67 8.71

Co - 2.00-2.67 - 2.95-5.75

Bcl - 1.48 1.335

Co 0.63-0.85 0.45 0.88

Frictional moment o 288.96 258.96 1118.04

19
Span AB =0=4.22 RA-B1B2X4. 2^2/2+ 259.18=0
RA=213.03KN

€mb=0=4.21 RB1-130.82X4.2^2/2-259.16=0

RB1=336.43KN

Span BC

€MC =4.2XRB2-259.16-130.82X4.2^/2+118.04

RB2=308.30KN

€MB=4.2RC1+258.18-130.82X4.2^2/2-188.04

RC1=214.12KN

SPAN CD

€MD=18RC2-118.04-31.74X1.8^2/2=0

RC2=94.14KN

€MC=0=18.04-31.74x1.8^2/2+118.04

RD=0=18.04-31.74X1.8^2/2+118.04

RD=37.01KN

SUMMARY

RA=213.02KN

RB=RB1+RB2=33043...3083=644.77KN

RC=RC1+RC2=241.12+94.14=335.26KN

RD=-37.91KN

MID SPAN MOMENTS

Span AB distribution A=RA/LO =213.02/308.2=1.63N

Mmax=Rax=-wx^2/2=1213.02/30.87=1213.02x1.63-130.82x163^2/2=173.43KN

Mmax =RD2 XX=WX^2/2 – 259.16=308.8X2.36-130.82X2.38^2/2259.16=104.12KN/M

SPAN CD
Distance from RC2=RC2/2=94.14/31.78=2.97N

Bmax compressive (hanging) 259.156kn/m

Mmax =259.150kn (hanging)

Mmax coefficient K=m/FCUbd^2

20
Effective depth =d-h-c-p1-0/2

Assume a 500x200mm beam and 20 mm diameter cover is 25m

D=diameter lines 8mm

D=main bars 25mm

D=500-8-26! 2=454.5 455

K=M/FCUBD2^ 259.156X10^6/30X200X455^2=0140

0.140<0.156

Check d (0.5+√0.25-19/0.9

455(0.5+√0.25-0.140/0.9)

=448.06-0.95d

As required=M/0.95fyz

259.156x10^6/0.95x460x488.08=1323.56
Provide 3Y25 (1473mm2)

Check minimum 100As/Actually>0.2

100x1323.56/500x200=1.32>0.2 ok

Minimum reinforcement 1.32>0.2. Okay

0.15/100x200x555=196.5mm

21
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT AS PER BS 8110

CLAUSE 3.4.5

CLAUSE 3.4.5.4

TABLE 3.8

TABLE 3

Vmax=336.43KN

Vs.=V/bad=336.43x10^3 /200x555=3.03

3.03<0.8fcu=3.03<4.38 OK

VC=.63(30/25) ^1/3=0.669N/MM

Provide shear

Minimum lines ASV/SV=6X0.4/.95FCU

200X0.4/.95X250=0.38

Therefore minimum shear lines R8@275mm 2

Extent

Vn= (Asv/Svx0.95fcuxb) d

= (0.34x0.95x250x1200x0.669)555=199...11Kn DEFLECTION CHECK AS PER BS 8110

Basic C/D=26

M/bd^2=259.46x10^6/200x555^2=421

Fs=2xfyxAsrequired/3 as required

=2x400x1323.56/3x1808=252.42N/MM2

Fs permissible =0.87 FY

=0.87x460=400N/Mm 2: ok in deflection

Modifications factors

F F (M/bd2)

2.50 1.04

252.42 xs

300 0.73

22
250-300/250-252.4=1.04-0. 93/1.04-x

X=1.035

Modification factor x=1.035

Allowable c/d=26×1.035=26.91

C/d=4200/455=9.23

9.23<26.9

ANCHORAGE AND BOND

Ultimate tensile or compressive stress

Fs=0.87 FY
=0.87x460=400.2N/mm2

C=ls/l.fbv

Fbn=B√fcu=0.5√Fcu=2.74N/MM

L=0.87X160X25/4X2.74=912.9. Anchorage 925 mm

Check for cracking

Bottom bars (fs) =252.42n/mm2

Allowable shear spacing =68000/252.42=269.39

269.39<300mm

S=200-3x25-25x2=75

Side cover 25<269.39/2. Therefore its okay in cracks STAIRCASE DESIGN AS PER BS 8110
FCU=30N/MM2

FU=460N/MM2

Fyr=250N/Mm2

Durability and fire resistance as floor slab

Effective depth (d) =h-c-diameter 1-diameter 2/2

=175.20X6-16/2=141

REINFORCEMENT

23
First interior support =m/fcubd^2

=18.6x10^6/30x100x141^2=0.032

Z=d (0.5+w (-k/0.9)

=141(0.5+√0.25-0.0312/0.9) =155.9

Say 0.95d

0.95x14=134mm
As=M/0.95fyz=18.6x10^6/0.95x460x124=318mm2

Provide Y12 @300C/C (318MM2)

Near mid span end span

=M/Fcubd^2

=15.2x10^6/30x10^5x141^2=0.021

As=M/0.9fyz

As=15.2x10^6/0.95x460x134=259.6mm2

Provide Y6@ 175C/C (287MM2)

Distribution=0.316bd

=0.3/100x100x141=183.3mm2

Provide Y8 @ 250 c/c (201mm2)

SHEAR CHECK AS PER TABLE 3.8

V=0.6X51.2X10^3/0.22N/M2<vc

DEFLECTION CHECK AS PER CL 3.4.6

Basic span effective depth

M/bd^2=18.6x10^6/10^3x191^2=0.936

Fs=2xFyXAs required /3x95 provided

=2x460x318/3x377=257.67N/mm2

Modification factor to services stress

258.67N/MM2

0.55+471Fs/120(0.9+m/bd^2) <2.0

1.54<20 OK

Allowable span effective depth ratio

24
 =26x1.54=40.1
Actual deflection depth ratio

=3300/41=23.9

23.4<40.1 OK

39 DESIGN OF RAMP
SLAB

Overall depth = 270mm

CALCULATION OF LOAD:

Self-weight = 0.27x25

= 6.75KN/m2

Floor finishes = 0.6KN/m2

Live load = 3KN/m2

40

Total load = 10KN/m2

Ultimate load = 1.5x10

= 15KN/m2

CALCULATION OF BENDING MOMENT:

Mu = Wleft

/8

= 15x5.22

/8

= 50.7 KNm

Shear force = wl/2

25
 MEASUREMENT WORK
1. TAKING OFF OF SUBSTRUCTURE WORK.
2. ABSTRACTING FOR SUBSTRUCTURE
WORK.
3. BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR SUBSTRUCTURE WORKS

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
TITLE: ABSTRACT SHEET.

34
ADD DDT PAG
E

35
Item 2
Demolition of concrete
culvert average diameter
150mm

Item 2
Excavate any cast away
concrete slab
No
Cutting down of trees average girth 1200mm
(6)

Cm 459.9
Excavate to reduced level starting from striped level average depth not exceeding 3
150mm 1641.27-
459.93=1181.24 (1182)

Excavate to reduced level exceeding 1.50m not exceeding 3.0m deep (1182) 3

Excavate to reduced level exceeding 3.0m but not exceeding 4.5m deep 70.52 4
251.65-70. 52 =81.13
(82)

ADD DDT PAGE

36
CM 39.46 8
Excavate trenches to
receive foundation
starting from reduced
level depth not exceeding
1.50m deep
51.20 – 39.46 =19.74
(20)

Item 8
Allow for necessary
plunking and strutting
Item 8
Dewatering to Excavation
free from general water

SM
Backfilling
Plain concrete 1:4:8 in
50mm thick blinding to
column bases
(45)

V. R. C 1:2:4 20MM 10
aggregates to strip
foundations
(36)

SM 11
Swan timber formwork to
sides of column
(38)

SM (34) 12
200mm thick natural
quarry stone wall laid in
cement sand

mortar in1:3 and hoop iron

applied alternate courses

37
SM
150 mm thick natural
quarry stone wall laid and
bedded in cement sand
mortar 1:3and hoop at
alternate courses (35)

CM 35.31 13
Backfill 11.16
Auto Backfilling 2.23
57.20-423.94=366.74 340.68
(367 34.56=423. 94

CM 13
Add
Remove from site
35.31
11.16
2.23
340.68
34.56 =423. 94
(424)

Cm 14
Approved hard-core quarry
stone laid and compacted
average 200 mm
(251)

SM 14
25mm thick quarry dust
murram blinding (826)

SM 15
Vibrated reinforced
concrete 1:2:4 in 150
mm thick slab (657)
Sm 15
B. R. C mesh A 142 (657)

38
Sm 15
500 gauge polythene
D. P. M
(657)

LM 16
Sawn timber form work
to edges of slab (172)

SM 16
15mm thick 1:2 cement
sand rendered to plinth(35)

SM 16
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of bituminous
felt (35)

LM
500 gauge polythene damp
proof course (158)

Walling 80.29 22
SM 7.88=468.48
200mm thick stone wall 22.68
bedded and laid in1:3 3.15
cement sand mortar 3.78
2465.29 18.90 12.60
41.22 22.65 54.35
408.58=2038.03 19.80
5.04
6.30

39
 37.80
1.89
42.60
14.88
113.40
0.46
18.60

ADD DDT PAGE

Thick natural stones wall
and laid in 1:3 cement sand
mortar 250.56 (251)

No 27
45mm thick semisolid
flush door leaf overall size
(200x2050) with plywood
facing both sides and
hardwood around (37)

No 35
Ditto but 1720x2050
(6)
No 42
20 mm thick panel door
with 8 panel (1)
50 mm thick semisolid 48
door leaf panel with
4panels on top glazing size
100x300 top and bottom
glazed panel are
600x400mm
100x1000mstile and
100x1000m mullion
(1)

No 54
50 mm thick semisolid

40
panel door with 2 panels 1
top glazing size 800x300
and 800x600 panel (10)

No 61
Ditto but with two fixed
glass and top glazed size
400x400 100mm steel and
100x10mm mullion
(2)

No 73
Ditto but with 4 panels too
glazed 2000x300mm 2
marble and 1 side
fixed glass size
300x2100mm (1)

LM
Arch door top 45 semisolid
panel door leaf with side
hung fixed 300x2000 (7)

LM 34
150x60 mm windows free
with two 197.95-
37.80=235.75
(236)

LM 89
150x50mm steel frame
with two labour
15.00
6.50
12.00
63.00
5.40=101.90
(102)

41
LM
100x50 mm soft wood
frame with 2 labour
6.00
6.30
54.00=66.38
(67)

LM 6
Rectangular door
openings 3 no at
30.00,31.20 (142)

LM 6
Ditto but arch door
openings 29.70 30)

400x25mm hardwood and

softwood architraves with
1 labour

190.55
36.60
5.80
6.10
32.00 14.60
14.60
6.30
11.60
61.00
5.20=389.75 (390)

No 91
25mm diameter rubber
door stopper
31.00
6.00 1.00
1.00

42
10. 00
2.00 1.00
2.00
10.00
1.00=71.00

No 91
3 leaves lock complete
with
aluminium handle furniture
(71)

LM
Pair of 100mm steel butt
hinges
35.50
9.00
1.50
15.00
3.00 1.50
3.00
15.00
1.50=106.50

No
Barrel bolts 150mm long
(71)
SM 6
No
Approved quality latch
(71)

No
450mm long hydraulic arm
(31)
No
Arch door opening
with 3 number labour
(3)

CM 90
VRC 1:2:4-20mm
aggregates in lintel

43
2.07 0.67
0.07 0.08
0.48 0.26
0.46 1.12
0.51 0.10
0.14
0.84
0.05=6.73 (7)

SM
Sawn timber form work to
sides of lintel
54.22
7.68 1.02
1.56 4.98
3.24 6.72
0.51 1.32
1.92
12.00
0.66=95.85 (96)

No 93
Metal casement window
overall size 3000x1500mm
high comprising 24 no side
hung parallel to size

400x400,20 no fixed size

1400x1400mm
8.00(8)

44
No 99
Metal casement overall
size 600x400mm with
temporary hung size
600x400mm
32.00 (32)

No 103
Metal casement overall
size
1500x1500 with 4 no fixed
glass size
600x600mm
42.00(42)

Ditto butt 112

600x400mm with no side
hung 310x 200mm 2 fixed
glass
300x200mm

No.
Metal casement overall
size 2700x100 with 24000
side hung panel size
300x200mm 2 no. fixed
1500x7700mm
4.10(4)

Ditto but 4500 x1500mm

with 24 no side hung and 2
no fixed 2glass
2100x750mm 1.00 (1)

GLAZING
SM
4mm thick clear glass

45
to metal casement
windows with putty
62.00
60.40
0.24
17.74
5.13=142.31

SM
4 mm thick of screeding
glass fixed to metal
casement window with
putty
7.68 (8)

NO.
Burglar proofing grill size
3000x1500mm is a high
comprising of 12mm
diameter mild steel bars
welded horizontally and
vertically C/c(8)

Ditto but 1500 x1500mm

(42)
Ditto but 600 x400 mm (1)

Ditto but
2700x1500mm (4)
Ditto but
4500x1500mm
SM. 96
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of glass paints to timber
surfaces
8.84(9)

LM.
25x6mm I section
aluminium curtain rail

46
with hooks overlaps and
end strips
25.20
65.70
0.70
11.00
4.55=106.55(107)

PCC 1:2:4 window all in

175m wide and 30 mm
thick once weathered and
together with 1:3 cement
concrete sand water
proofing mortar
24.80 22.40
67.20
0.70
12.40
4.80=132.30

LM.
50x25mm bolted into
lintel
11.20 24.80
67.20
0.70
4.60=108.50 (109)

LM
150x25mm roof
timber top baffled to
batten 24.80
67.20
0.70
11.20
4.60=103.50(104)

Ditto but 25x75m front

nailed at top (104)

47
SM. 128
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of glass paint to timber
surfaces
25.64
8.84
4.03
0.61=39.12 (40)

CONCRETE WORKS 129

Lintel
0.20 1.32
1.44 3.78
0.05
0.60
0.24=6.79(7)

Soft Sawn timber form 129

work to sides and soffit of
lintels

14.40
2.54 0.38
5.70
3.53
19.20
34.65=80.40(81)

SM 131
Sawn timber formwork to
landing
10.66 (11)

SM 133
Ditto but soffit of stair
21.31(22)
SM
Ditto but edges of string
5.33 (6)

48
SM
Ditto to edges of risers
(130-
200mm)girth 86.40
(87)

SM
VRC1:2:4-
20MMaggrragates in
landings (13)

VRC 1 :2:4 20MM

aggregates in sites
17.16 (18)

KG
12mm diameter is a high
tensile bars to BS 4461
772.69 (773)

KG
Ditto but 10mm mild
steel bars to BS 4490
127.60 (128)

SM
75x50mm mild steel bar
handrail 3.52 (4)
SM
50x150mm mild steel
bottom rail to standard and
balusters 3.52(4)

SUM 141
900 x25x25mm mild
steel build into slab
welded to handrail and
bottom rail (32)

SUM 141
20x20x500mm mild steel
balusters welded to hard
rail and bottom rail (96)

49
SM 142
15 mm thick cement
sand in1:3 plaster to
soffit and landing
10.56 (11)

SM 142
Ditto to soffit to stair case
21.12 (22)
SM 142
Ditto to soffit of edges of
string 5.28 (6)
SM
300mm thick plaster
terrazzo paving on thick
plaster 10.56
(11)

SM
15mm thick 1:3 cement
sand plaster
10.56(11)

SM
300mm thick terrazzo
paving on 25mm thick 1:3
cement sand mortar screed
and
14.08(15)

SME.
E. O ditto for Carbo
radium slip (64)
SM 144
30 mm thick terrazzo
paving on 150 mm
Thick plaster to risers10.
80 (11)
SM 144
15mm thick cement sand
mortar to risers
10.80 (11)

50
SM 150
ROOFING COVERING
Gauge 28 pre-painted
galvanized iron sheets with
and including the
J bolts (55)

LM
300mm diameters half
rounded ridge cap 64.00
(64)

SUM 150
Extra over ditto for closed
ends and ale good (6)

LM 150
Ditto to filling along slope
ends 52.36 (53)
Extra over ditto along 150
edges (128)
LM
ROOF CONSTRUCTION
50x150mm cypress
rafters 742.65 (743)

LM
50x75mm ties and struts
made cypress timber
677.58 (678)

LM
150x50mm cypress timber
binders 61.30
(62)

SM
Extra over ditto splice
joints (6)
LM
30x40mm cypress timber
runners 122.60 (123)

51
NO. 85
45mm thick semi solid
panel door with glass
panel at the top
90x100mm and
100x10mm slice and
100x10mm mullion
(10)

LM 90
Ditto but with
transom at top 1.55
(6)

LM 86
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of glass and paints to
timber surfaces average
100mm girth
190.55
62.19
36.60
0.29 0.31
2.70 0.75
3.15
3.05=299.59 (300)

Ditto but extremely (300)

LM
Ditto to facing of clear
flame 197.55
21.16
2.83
4.32
23.84
13.86
5.10
3.67
9.81=282.24 (283)

52
LM 159
50x50 tie beam 42.14
(43)
Other members 159
LM
300mm diameter half
mended ridge board
(64)

SUM 159
Extra over ditto to splice
joints (6)
100x50mm Sawn 160
cypress timber wall
plate plugged into
lintel (122)

SUM 160
Extra over ditto for spice
joints
130x150mm concrete
gulf box to facial board by
holder clips
80.60(81)

LM
25x200 thick facial board
frame at the sides of roof
ends

133.40 (134)
LM
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of plastic emulsion paint
girth 200mm 133.40 (134)

SUM
E. O ditto for closed ends
(8)
Ditto for forming holes
diameter 100mm and
climate pipes

53
LM
100mm diameter PVC
water down pipes (36)
SM 163
300x300mm thick
ceramics tiles on 25 mm
thick cement sand
mortar
(1:3)screed
70.40
43.12
176.40=288.92

SM
10 mm thick terrazzo
paving on 200mm thick
1:3 cement sand screed
955.33
703.35=1698.68

13mm thick cement sand 80.29

1:3 plaster 3.05 3.15
1106.64 3.18
25343.05 18.90
368.27=4086.47

12.60
5.04
6.30
37.80 42.60
14.88
113.40
18.60
7.88=368.27

SM
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of plastic emulsion paints
(4087)

ADD DDT PAGE

54
SM 167
Plaster board ceiling on
50x50mm
Broadening
1498.56 (1499)

LM
75x50mm cover to ceiling
436.98(437)
LM
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of plastic emulsion paint
(1499)

LM
Prepare and apply 3 coats
of glass 200mm girth (437)

LM
25x100mm tile
skirting 191.80
(192)

SM
300x200 thick
ceramics wall tiles 232.20
(233)
LM
15mm thick terrazzo
paving skirting
1347.98(1348)

ADD DDT PAGE

SM
Suspended box ceiling on
50x50 mm Brad making

55
 TITLE: BILL SHEET

DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

Ant termite Shs Cts
treatment
E Prepare and 667 Sm 169 111033 00
apply ant
termite
treatment

Render
F 15mm thick 1:3 35 Sm 11213 392455 00
cement sand
mortar render to
plinth

G Prepare and 35 Sm 847 29645 00

apply 3 coats of
bituminous
felt paint to
render surfaces

H 200mm wide 158 Lm 107 16906 00

500 gauge
polythene
Carried to 550039 00
collection
From peg Bw1 60000 00

Bw2 993076 00
Bw3 838822 00
Bw4 6925916 00
Bw5 1488216 00
Bw6 350000 00

56
 TOTAL 10,856,089 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

Walling D2 She CT’s
element
A Window cell 133 Lm 300 39900 00
175mmx50mm
high once
weathered and
joined together
with cement
sand(1:3) mortar
proofing

Natural stone
walling
B 200 mm thick 2039 Sm 2699 5484910 00
natural stones wall
bedded and laid
and
laid in(1:3)
cement sand

C 150 mm 251 Sm 2600 675190 00

reinforced is a
hoop iron at
alternate courses

TOTAL 6200000 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

57
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT
Roofing Shs Cts
construction
GCI
A Roof covering 55 Sm 660 36300 00
as prepared
galvanized iron
sheets including
bolts

Accessories
fixing as
necessary to
roofing sheets

B 300 mm 64 Lm 395 25280 00

diameter half
round ridge cap

C E. O ditto for 6 Sum 395 2370 00

closed ends
D Ditto for 53 Lm 395 21725 00
falling along
slopes ends
E E. O ditto along 128 Lm 395 56560 00
ridges
TOTAL 136235 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

58
 The Shs Ct
following in 35
no. of trusses
spanning 1.07m
high hoisting
3cm
all in cypress
timber

A 150x150mm 743 1m 350 260050 00

12 fliers
B 50x75mm 678 1m 350 237300 00
ties and struts

C 150x150mm 62 1m 350 21700 00

cypress timber
binders

D 50x40mm 123 1m 350 15050 00

timber runners

E 150x50mm tie 43 1m 350 15050 00

beam
F Extra over for 24 Na 350 8400 00
splice joints

G 200x25mm 134 1m 200 26800 00

thick fascial
board
H Extra over 8 No 200 1600 00
ditto for
closed end
TOTAL 613950 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

59
 CARPENTRY Shs Cts
The following in
Sawn cypress

A 100x50mm 152 1m 250 30500 000

wall print
plugged
B 300mm 64 1m 300 19200 00
diameter
half ridge board

C Extra over ditto 12 No 300 3600 00

for splice joints

TOTAL 65100 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

RAIN WATER Shs Cts
DISPOSAL
A 150x150mm 81 1m 700 56700 00
concrete gutter
fixed by
holders clips

60
B Extra over 8 No 250 2000 00
ditto for
closed ends
C Pitts for 8 No 250 2000 00
pumping holes
diameter
100mm Item
10,000 10,000
00 down water
pipes

D 100mm 36 1m 600 21600 00

diameter PVC
ran water down
pipe

E Extra over 4 No 250 1000 00

Sawn new bend
average 400mm
long

F Extra shores 4 No 250 100 00

200mm long
Carried to 84300 00
collection
From page Bw8 136235 00

Bw9 613950 00
Bw10 55100 00
Bw11 54300 00
TOTAL 889589 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

61
 FINISHES Shs Cts
Floor finishes
prepare cement
sand screed 1:3
on floor to the
following
:

A 300x300mm 290 Sm 1630 417200 00

thick ceramic
B Ditto but 300 253 Sm 1090 253920 00
x200mm
C 100mm thick 1700 Sm 770 1309000 00
terrazzo paving

D Ditto but 1348 Sm 770 1037960 00

15mm thick
paving
E 25x100 tile 192 Sm 3000 57600 00
skirting
TOTAL
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION
3131230 000

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

PAINTING Shs Cts
AND
DECORATIONS
Prepare and apply
three coats of
plastic emulsion
paints

A To 200mm 2039 Sm 110 224290 00

thick wall
B Ditto to ceiling 1499 Sm 110 164890 00

62
C Ditto to fascial 134 Sm 110 14740 00
board
D Ditto to 1499 Sm 110 164890 00
suspended
ceiling box
E 70x150mm 251 Sm 110 27610 000
thick wall
TOTAL 596420 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

Ceiling finishes Shs Cts
and PLASTER

A 15mm thick two 4087 Lm 110 449570 00

coats cement
lime 1:4 plaster
trowelled
smooth and
comprising 3
finishing coats

B Comics 437 Lm 110 48070 00

C Suspended 1499 Lm 110 164890 00
ceiling box
Total carried to 662530 00
collection

63
 From page 3131230 00
Bw12
Bw13 596420 00
Bw14 662530 00
TOTAL 4390180 00
CARRIED TO
CORRECTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

Shs Cts
1 SUBSTRUCTURE Bw/6 10856069 00
2 WALLING Bw/7 6200000 00
3 ROOF Bw/11 889585 00
CONSTRUCTION
4 FINISHES Bw/13 4390180 00
TOTAL 22335824 00
CARRIED TO
COLLECTION

64
TITLE: ESTIMATION AND COST SHEET

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

1 Hiring cost of a loader
=3500/hrs.
Output=90% Cycle
time=12min Soln:
Efficiency – 90%
Capacity =3m^3
Therefore output
=90x3=270
Cycle time=12 is then how
about
60min=12x60/2.7=10.8m^3
10.8m^3=3500 how about

1m^3=1x3500/10.8=324.07 324 0.7

Allow for 25% profits and
overheads to
25of100x324.07=405.09 405 09
Unit rate for Excavation 405 09

65
ITRM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS
1 LOAD AND CART
AWAY
Tipping fee=sh200/cm^3
Capacity=10m3
Price of a hiring a
tipper=sh2000
L/hr.
Sol:
Capacity=10m3
Efficiency =90%
EFFECTIVE
output=90of 100x10 so
if 9m3is to shs2000/hr.
what about 1m3=Shs

222.22 222 22
Total cast away
1m3=
222.22+20=422 422 22
Allow for profits and
over heads
25of100x422.22=527
. 78 527 78
Total unit for cat away 1172 22

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

66
3 CONCRETE WORKS(1:2:4)
COLUMN Slab (1:2:4)m3
• Cement =shs800/bag
• Ballast=shs1200/tone
• Sand=Shs 1000/tone
• Density of cement
=1440kg/m3
• Density of Ballast =1700 KG
/m3
• Density of sand =1600kg/m3
• Skilled labour =Shs 222.22 150/hr.
• Unskilled labour=Shs 50/hr.
• Cost of hiring a mixer =Shs
100/hr.

1. Materials (1:2:4) Cement

=1140x800x1m3/1000=23040
Sand=1600x1000x2m3/1000=3200
Ballast
=1700x1200x4m3/1000=8160=34400
Total cost for7m3= so cost for
7m3=34400/7 =4919.29
Allow 25% for wastage and shrinkage
25of 100x49.14.29=Shs 6142.86

Total coat 6142 86

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

67
 (B) LABOUR
2 skilled at Shs 150/hr. =300
10 Unskilled at Shs 50/hr.=Shs 500
Total =Shs800 /hr.
Assume
Output=4m3/hr.
Efficiency =88%
88of 100x4=3.52m3/hr.
Shs800 =3.52m3 what about 1m3 and so
1x800/3.52=Shs 227.27m3
© PLANT
Cost of hiring a mixer =Shs 100/hr.
Capacity =0.30m3
Cycle =6 min
EFFECTIVE output
=80x0.3/100=0.264m3
0.264m3=6min what about 60min
=60x0.264m3/6=2.64m3/hr.
2.64m3/hr.=1000 what about 1m3=to
1x1000/2.64=Shs 378.78
TOTAL COST FOR LABOUR, PLANT
AND
MATERIALS
(6142.86+227.27+378.79)=SHS6748.78
Allow for 25%profits and overheads
125xsh6748.92/100=Shs 8436.15

Total cost 8436 15

HARDCORE FILLING (300MM THICK)
• Cost of hiring a roller=Shs 2000/hr
• Skilled labour =Shs 120/hr
• Unskilled labour =Shs 60/hr
• Cost of hard-core /tone =Shs
1200
• Density of concrete =1440kg/m3

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

68
 (A) PLANTS
Cost of hiring a roller =Shs 2000 /hr
Output of roller 20m3/hr
Efficiency =90%
EFFECTIVE output =90x20/200=18m3/hr
18m3/hr =2000/hr what about 1m3 =1m3
X2000/18m3 =shs111. 11 111 11

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

( B) MATERIALS
Cost of hard-core /tone
Shs 1200
Density =1440kg
Cost1m3
1x1440x1200 /1000 =Shs
1728/m3
Allow for 5 %wastage
5of100x1728 =Shs 86.40
Allow for 15
%compaction
15of 100x1728 =259.20
Total =2073.60
© LABOUR
Skilled labour =120/hr
Unskilled labour =Shs 60
/hr
Total =180 /hr
Output =10m3
Efficiency =88 %
Effective output
=88of100x10=8.8m3
Shs180=8.8m3 what about
1m3 so 1x180/8.8

69
 =Shs 22.50m3
Total cost for plant materials
and
Labour=111.11 +2073.60
+22.68 =2207.21 Allow
25%profits and overheads is
25 of100x2207. 21=Shs
551.80
UNIT RATE 1m3
=2759.01x0.30=sh827.70

Total 827 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

MURRAM BLINDING

70
 Cost of quarry blinding
sh100/tone Density of
quarry blinding 1000 tone
Skilled labour =shs120
/hr
Unskilled labour =Shs 60 /hr
Sol:
• Materials
Cost1m3
=1000x1000/1000x1=Shs
1000
Allow for 5 %wastage
=5x1000/100=Shs 50
Total=Shs 1050
(B) Labour
Skilled =Shs 100/hr
Unskilled labour =Shs
60 hr total 180
Output 2m3/hr
2m3=Shs 150
1m3=1x150/2=Shs 75
Total materials and labour
(1050+75)=Shs
1125
Allow for 25% profits and
overheads
25of100x1125=281.25
Total=Shs 1406. 25

Total 1406 25

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

DAMP PROOF

71
 MEMBRANE
Cost1m3 =Ksh
80/m3
Skilled labour
=shs120 /hr
Unskilled labour
=Shs 60 /hr Sol:
• Materials
Cost1m3 =Ksh 80
Allow for 5
%wastage
5x80/100=Shs 84
• Labour
Skilled labour =Shs
100
Unskilled labour
=Shs 50=150/hr
Assume 150m2hr so
what about 1mm2
equal to
1x150/150=sh1
Total cost for
materials and labour
sh(84+1.00)=Shs
85
Allow for 25%profits
and overheads
25of100x85=Shs
21.25

Total cost 106 25

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

72
 BRC MESH A142
Cost of BRC MESH =SHS
3500
Tying wire =Shs 120 /kg
Spacer block =Shs 5
Skilled labour =shs100
Unskilled labour =Shs 50
• Material
Consider 100m2
A roll =Shs 3500
Tying wire “10kg “=Shs
1200
Spacer blocks say 150
=Shs 750 =Shs 5450 If
100m2 =sh5450 what about
1m2
=1x5450/100=54.50
• Labour Skilled
sh100
Unskilled sh50
Total=150
Output40m2hr/ hr
150/40=3.73 Total labour and
materials Shs 58.25 Allow
for 25%profits and overheads
=25of100x58.25=sh14.56
Total =72.81

UNIT RATE FOR BRC 72 81

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

73
 WALLING
• 200mm thick stone walling
• Mortar mix ratio 1:3
• Cost of cement Shs
2000/m3
• Cost of sand Shs
1000/m3
• Skilled labour Shs 100/hr
• Unskilled labour Shs 50/ hr
• Cost of stone Shs 72per stone
Sol:
MATERIALS
Mortar 1:3=1m3 cement 3m3
Cement =Shs
2000/m3x1m3=shs2000
Sand =Shs 1000x3m3=Shs 3000
1:3=4 total for 4m3=23000
Cost for mortar
1m3=23000/4=Shs 5750
Allow for 25%shrinkage and wastage
25of100x5750=Shs
1437.50
Output for mixing
Assume 4 Unskilled @sh60/ hr
= 4x60=Shs 240/hr
Output of 2m3/hr
=240/2=120m3
Cost of mortar
m3(7187.50+120)=Shs7307.500

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

74
 BLOCKS of
390mmx200mmx2000mm
Assume joints are mortar =20mm
Area of new block +mortar
=(390+20)=410
(200+20)=220
No of blocks per
m3=1/0.410x0.220=11.09blocks
Allow for 10% wastage
10x11.09/100=1.109
Total blocks
perm3=11.09+1.109=sh12.199
Say Shs 13
Cost of blocks /m3
13x72=Shs 936/m3
Cost of mortar /m3 of a wall
(0.2x0.410x0.220)-
(0.20x0.39x0.20)x11.09=0.154964
0.154964x7307.50=Shs 1132.40
Total cost for materials =Shs
2068.40

Total 2068 40

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

75
 LABOUR
Skilled=Shs 100/hr
Unskilled =sh50/hr Assume 1
skilled and 2
skilled
Cost of labour
(100x1)+(50)=Shs 200 Output
3m2/hr output
efficiency 88%
88x3/100=2.64m2
2.64m2= to Shs 200 what about
1m2 so
1x200/2.64=Shs 75.76m2 Cost
of materials and labour
(2068.40+75.76)=sh2144.16
Allow 25%profits and overheads
to 25x2144.16/100=Shs
536.04
Total unit rate Shs 2680.20

Total 2690 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

FORMWORK TO COLUMN
150x25mm cypress timber sh60/m
75x50mm cypress timber sh70/m
50x50mm cypress timber Shs
40/m
Nails=Shs 80/kg
Mould=Shs 30/hr
Skilled labour=sh50/hr

76
 Unskilled labour =Shs 30/hr
Spacers I block= sh5
Consider 10m
Materials
Sole plde
60x4x0.8=Shs 192
Blocking spacer
70x8x0.075=Shs 142
Yoke
40x0.55x4=Shs 88
Cleat
50x25x40x0.2x4/50x50=Shs 16
Strut
√800^2+1600^2=1788.85
,√400^2+700^2=806.22
55x4x0.81=Shs 178. 20
Allow for 5 %wastage
5of 100 x178.34.60=Shs 86.73
(86.73+1734.60)=Shs 364.27
Spacer block
4x5x4=Shs 80
Mould oil
3L @Shs 30=Shs 90
Total =Shs 534.27
Labour
I Skilled @50/hr
1 Unskilled @30/hr
Total cost for materials and labour
=534.27+80=Shs 614.27
Allow for profits 4%
4x614.27/100=sh2457=sh638.84
1.7=638.84=638.84/1.7=Shs
375.79

Total 375 79

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

77
 FORM WORK TO
EDGES OF SLAB
Cost of 150x75=Shs
120
Skilled labour
=shs100
Unskilled labour
=Shs 50 Sol:
Materials
Cost of 150x75mm
=Shs 120
Allow 5% wastage
=5of100x120=Shs 6
total =Shs 126 Labour
Skilled Shs 100
Unskilled Shs 50
Total=Shs 150
Output
Assume
40m/hr=Shs 150
What about 1m so
150x1/40=Shs 3.75
Total cost for labour +
materials
=126+3.75=Shs
129.75
Allow for 25%profits
and overheads
25x129.75/100=Shs
32.44
Total formwork to
sides =162.19

Total 163 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

78
 RENDERED PLINTHS
Mortar mix (1:3)
Cement-Shs 800/kg
Sand- Shs 1000/tone
Labour 3 Skilled @Shs
100/hr
Density of cement
_1440kg/m3
Density of sand - sh1200kg/m3
Materials (1:3)=4m3
Cement
1m3x1140kg/m3x Shs
800/50kg=Shs 23040
Sand
1m3x1200kg/m3x
Shs1000=3600
Total=26640
If 4m3 =26640 what about
1m3=to
26640/4m3=6660m3
Allow 25%shrinkage and wastes
25of100x6660=Shs
8325
Labour
Assume that the 3 Skilled
@100/hr=Shs 300
Allow 30%for profits and over
heads
30of100x8625=112125/m3

Total 112125 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

79
 Prepare and apply p. E. p
Data :
6 brush @Shs 900
Turpentine =Shs 200/4L
Bituminous paint 4L
@SHS 1110
Assume 2 skilled labour is
Shs 100/hr
Materials : 6 brushes
900/6=Shs 150/brush
Turpentine – 50L
Bituminous 1110
/4sh277
Total=477.50
Labour
2 skilled @ Shs
100/hr=Shs 200
Total
material labour=677.50
Allow 25%profits and
overheads
25of100x677.50=846.36

Total 847

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

80
 Ant termite
treatment Data:
Assume Cost m3-
80/m3
Labour – Unskilled
Shs 50/hr
Materials
Cost/m3-Shs 80
Labour
Skilled labour-Shs
50
Total =Shs 130 Allow
for profits and over
heads
130x130/100=Shs
169

Total 169 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

Cost/M2 Assume
Shs 80/m2
Skilled – Shs 100/hr
Unskilled – Shs
50/hr
Materials
Cost 1m3-Shs
80m2
Allow 5%wastage
5x80/100=Shs 4.00
Labour
Skilled labour =Shs
100/hr
Unskilled labour
=Shs 50 /hr
Assume 150m/hr –

81
 150 why about
1m=1x150/150=Shs
1.00
Total=Shs 85.00 Allow
25%profits and
overheads
125of100x85=Shs
106.25

D.Ph./m2 106 25
Total 127 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

82
 Data:
Cost of white cement – ksh
120/50 kg
Cost of shipping – Shs
800/50kg
Density of chipping-
1440 kg/m3
Density of white cement
- 1440kg/m3 Colour
pigment cost
Assume 10kg/m3300/kg
Operator (labour) Shs
Cts A 1000 per kg Son:
Materials (1:3)
White cement
1xsh1200x1440/50=Shs
34560
Chippings
3x800x1440/Shs 59120
Colour pigment
10x300m3=sh3000
Total =96680
Cost for 4m3=
96689/4=sh24170 Allow for
25% shrinkage
25of100x24170=Shs
6042.50
Total cost for materials
=29152.50

Total 29152 50

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

83
 Labour 12 a
Shs1000 per day
Cost /hr
=1000/8hr/day=sh125/hr
Total cost for material
+labour =Shs 2930700 Allow
for 30%profits and overheads
30x29307.50/100=Shs
8792.25
Total =Shs 38099.75
Thickness
Assume variable
Say 20mm
38099.75x0.02=Shs
741.97

Total 742 003

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

Floor screeds
Mortar ration (1:3)
Cost of cement Shs
80/ 50kg
Cost of sand Shs
1200 /tone
Density of sand
1600kg/m3
Density of cement
1440 kg/ m3
Skilled labour Shs
100/hr
Unskilled labour
Shs 50 /hr

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSHS CTS

84
 Soln:
Materials are (1:3)
Cement
1m3/4x1440/30xshs
800=Shs 5760
Sand
3/4x1600/1000x1200
tone=Shs 1440 Allow
20% bulking
20of100x1440=Shs
1728
Total cost of materials
=Shs 7488/m3 Allow
25% shrinkage and
waste
25of100x7488=Shs
1972
Total =Shs 9360
Labour
Skilled – Shs 150/hr
Unskilled – Shs 50/hr
Total=Shs 200
Output Assume
5m3_150/hr
1m3=1x150/5=sh30/m
Total labour and
material(30+9360)=Shs
9390
Allow say 30% profits
30 of 100 x9390=Shs
12207

Total 12207 00

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

85
 Painting Data:
Cost of primer – Shs
1200per4 L
Cost of undercoat Shs
1300 per 4L
Cost of finishes Shs
1400 per 4L
Skilled labour Shs
100/hr
Materials
Assume that the first coat
cover 10m3
1/10x1200/4=sh30/m3
Second under coat
15m2
1/15x1300/4=Shs
21.67m2
Final coat
Assume 20m2
1/20x1400/4x4=Shs
17.50
Total cost for materials
/m2=Shs 69.17

Total 69 17

ITEM DESCRIPTION KSH CTS

Labour
Assume Skilled @
Shs 100/hr
Output
10m3/hr
1m2x1000/100=Shs
10
Total cost for materials
+labour

86
(69.17+10)=Shs
79.17
Allow for 30%
profit and
overheads
30of
100x79.17=Shs
23.75
Total=Shs 102.92

Total 102 92

87
 CHAPTER FOUR

SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

Good site logistics practices is more than just in ensuring that delivery are done on time.
It also helps to ensure that design procurement and construction practices are optimal to facilitate
there efficiency delivery movement and installation of material and component.

A good solution site layout is vital to ensure the safety of working environment effective
and efficient operation. This has significant impacts on productivity. It involves identifying
sizing and positioning temporary and permanent facilities within boundaries of site.

FINDINGS OF THE PROJECT.

My findings of the proposed health care facility block show that the facility will boost hence
creating a conducive environment for learning. Health car block within the institute will ease the
student and the staff the mode and the way of accessing quality affordable health care with the
school and its environs. It will also help in earlier.

CONCLUSION OF THE PROJECT.

The propose of the project was to identify effective strategies for dealing with repetitive
construction and techniques of the building also the health care block will help solve health
problems. It can be concluded that that there are multiple design methods of improved
construction and techniques of buildings. Further explanation into these design techniques could
be useful in future.

RECCOMEDATION OF THE PROJECTS.

The analysis of the design of proposed dispensary for the HOT SPRINGS SCHOOL. I completed
the task described in the proposal in familiarizing myself with different construction techniques
together with models of performing evaluation. There are many program of designing structure
such as Revit software.

88
 REFERENCES.
Roy Chaudley Roger Green 2010(civil engineering) Theory 8th edition MacMillan APPENDIX

89
PLAN

90
REFRENCES.
1. Strength of materials by RS Kurri and N.Khurmi.
2. Building and construction handbook by Roy Chudley.
3. Surveying by A.Bannister.
4. B5 8110-1 1997.
5. Standard method of measurements. (5mm)

91
92