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This document provides an overview of first-order logic (FOL), covering its syntax, semantics, and logical inference with practical examples. It explains key components such as terms, predicates, logical connectives, quantifiers, and the concept of satisfiability. Additionally, it discusses applications of FOL in knowledge representation, database systems, and artificial intelligence.

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jarrinsonperea943
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3 views

Cisco

This document provides an overview of first-order logic (FOL), covering its syntax, semantics, and logical inference with practical examples. It explains key components such as terms, predicates, logical connectives, quantifiers, and the concept of satisfiability. Additionally, it discusses applications of FOL in knowledge representation, database systems, and artificial intelligence.

Uploaded by

jarrinsonperea943
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamental Concepts of

First-Order Logic with


Examples
This presentation will provide a comprehensive overview of fundamental
concepts in first-order logic. We'll explore its syntax, semantics, and
logical inference, illustrating key principles with practical examples.
Introduction to First-Order Logic
A Formal Language Reasoning about Objects and Relationships

First-order logic (FOL) is a formal language used to represent FOL allows us to express statements about objects in the
and reason about knowledge and information. world and the relationships between them.
Syntax: Terms, Predicates,
and Logical Connectives

1 Terms 2 Predicates
Represent objects in the Represent properties or
world (e.g., constants, relationships between
variables, functions). objects (e.g., "is_red,"
"greater_than").

3 Logical Connectives
Combine logical expressions (e.g., AND, OR, NOT, IMPLIES, IFF).
Semantics: Structures,
Interpretations, and
Satisfiability
Structures Interpretations
Define the domain of discourse Assign meanings to the
(the set of objects) and the symbols in a formula based on
interpretations of predicates the chosen structure.
and functions.

Satisfiability
A formula is satisfiable if it is true under at least one interpretation.
Quantifiers: Universal and
Existential

Universal Quantifier Existential Quantifier


Expresses that a property holds for Expresses that there exists at least
all objects in the domain (e.g., one object in the domain satisfying
"∀x, is_human(x)"). a property (e.g., "∃x,
is_prime(x)").
Logical Inference:
Deduction and Proof
Systems
Deduction
1
Deriving new conclusions from existing knowledge using
logical rules.

Proof Systems
2
Formal frameworks for constructing proofs and
demonstrating the validity of logical arguments.
Examples of First-Order
Logic Formulas
All cats are mammals.

1 ∀x, cat(x) → mammal(x)

There exists a prime number greater


than 10.
2
∃x, prime(x) ∧ greater_than(x, 10)

If it is raining, the ground is wet.

3 raining → wet(ground)
Applications and
Limitations of First-Order
Logic

1
Knowledge Representation
Capturing and reasoning about knowledge in various domains.

2
Database Systems
Querying and manipulating data using logical expressions.

3
Artificial Intelligence
Developing intelligent agents that can reason and solve problems.

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