CHM111

General Chemistry

Chapter 8
Gases

Assist. Prof. Dr. Jude CALEB

2024-2025 Fall
 Gases
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐹(𝑁)
𝑃 𝑃𝑎 =
𝐴 (𝑚2 )

1 𝑃𝑎 = 1𝑁ൗ 2
𝑚

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.3 kPa = 101,300 Pa = 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

Where, Pa=Pascal, N=Newton m=meter, atm=atmosphere, mm Hg= millimetre

mercury, kPa= kilopascal.

2
 Measurement of Pressure

A barometer is used to messure pressure of the atmosphere.

3
Example… Converting units of pressure (convertion to atm)
❖ Convert 500 torr to atm

Solution…
1𝑎𝑡𝑚
? 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 500 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 × = 0.658 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
❖ Convert 600 mm Hg to atm

Solution…
1𝑎𝑡𝑚
? 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 600 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 × = 0.789 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

❖ Convert 150 kPa to atm

Solution…
1𝑎𝑡𝑚
? 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 × = 1.481 𝑎𝑡𝑚
101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎

4
Example… Converting units of pressure

❖ The pressure of a gas in a flask is measured to be 797.7 mmHg using a mercury-filled

manometer. What is this pressure in pascals and atmospheres?
Solution…
➢ Converting to Pascals
1.01325 × 105 𝑃𝑎
? 𝑃𝑎 = 797.7 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × = 1.064 × 105 𝑃𝑎
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

➢ Converting to Atm

1𝑎𝑡𝑚
? 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 797.7 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × = 1.050 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Exercise…
A gas in a container had a measured pressure of 57 kPa. Calculate the
pressure in units of atm and mmHg.

5
 Boyle’s Law
➢ At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed amount of
gas is inversely proportional to the gas pressure

6
 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Example… Using Boyle’s Law to calculate gas volume when
Pressure Changes
❖ At a constant temperature of 21 ℃, a gas cylinder of 50.0 L contains oxygen at 15.7 atm. What
volume of oxygen can you get from the cylinder if the atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atm.

Solution…
𝑃1 = 15.7 atm 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 50.0 𝐿
𝑃1 𝑉1 15.7 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 50.0 𝐿
𝑃2 = 1.00 atm 𝑉2 = = = 785 L
𝑃2 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 = ?
❖ A volume of air occupying 12.0 L at 98.9 kPa is compressed to a pressure of 119.0 kPa.
The temperature remains constant. What is the new volume?

𝑃1 = 98.9 kPa
Solution…
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 12.0 𝐿 𝑃1 𝑉1 98.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 12.0 𝐿
𝑉2 = = = 9.97 L
𝑃2 = 119.0 kPa 𝑃2 119.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑉2 = ? 7
 Exercise…
A volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, equal to 20.0 L was collected at
23℃ and 1.00 atm pressure. What would be the volume of carbon
dioxide collected at 23℃ and 0.830 atm?

Pressure-Volume Data for 1.000 g O2 at 273 K

P (atm) V (L) PV
0.2500 2.801 0.7002
0.5000 1.400 0.7000
Increasing pressure

Increasing volume
0.7500 0.9333 0.7000
1.000 0.6998 0.6998
2.000 0.3495 0.6990
3.000 0.2328 0.6984
4.000 0.1744 0.6976
5.000 0.1394 0.6970

PV is not precisely constant. All gases obey Boyle’s law at low to moderate pressures
but deviates at high pressure. The extend of deviation depends on the gas.
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 Charles’s Law
➢ At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is
directly proportional to the Kelvin (absolute temperature).

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 𝑉
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
𝑉2 𝑉1
=
𝑇2 𝑇1

Example… Using Charle’s Law to calculate gas volume when

Temperature Changes.
❖ Earlier we found that the total volume of oxygen that can be obtained from a particular tank
at 1.00 atm and 21℃ is 785 L. What would be this volume of oxygen if the temperature had
been 28 ℃.
Solution…
𝑇1 = 21 + 273 𝐾 = 294 𝐾 𝑉2 𝑉1
=
𝑇2 𝑇1
𝑇2 = 28 + 273 𝐾 = 301 𝐾
𝑉1 = 785 𝐿 𝑉1 𝑇2 785 𝐿 × 301 𝐾
𝑉2 = = = 804 L
𝑉2 = ? 𝑇1 294 𝐾

Exercise…
If you expect a chemical reaction to produce 4.38 L of oxygen, O2, at 19℃
and 101 kPa, what will be the volume at 25℃ and 101 kPa?
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 Avogadro’s Law
At a fixed temperature and pressure, the volume
of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of
gas.
𝑉 ∝𝑛 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑛 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑐= (molar volume) =
𝑛
𝑛1 𝑛2
1 mol gas = 22.414 L (at 0℃ (273K), 1 atm = 22.711 L (at STP)
STP (standard temperature and pressure)
Example… Using Avogadro’s Law to calculate gas volume when
moles Changes.
A 200 mL balloon contains 0.25 mol of Helium gas. What is the final volume of the balloon if
0.75 mol of Helium gas is added.

𝑛1 = 0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Solution…
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑛2 200 𝑚𝐿 × 0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛2 = 0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑉2 = = = 600 mL
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛1 0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑉1 = 200 𝑚𝐿
𝑉2 = ? 11
Combining the Gas Laws (Ideal Gas Equation)
1
➢ Boyle’s law describes the effect of pressure, 𝑉 ∝
𝑃
➢ Charles law describes the effect of temperature, 𝑉∝𝑇

➢ Avogadro’s law describes the effect of the amount of gas, 𝑉∝𝑛

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Where P= pressure, V= volume, n= moles, R= gas constant, T= temperature

When P= atm

𝑃𝑉 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅= = = 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 𝐾 −1
𝑛𝑇 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾

When P=kPa

𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
𝑅= = = 8.3145 J. 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 𝐾 −1 12
𝑛𝑇 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾
 Example… Ideal Gas Equation
❖ 0.500 mol of Neon gas is placed inside a 250mL rigid container at 27℃. Calculate the
pressure inside the container.
Solution…
𝑛𝑅𝑇
n= 0.500 mol 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑃=
𝑉
V= 250 mL= 0.25 L
0.500 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 × 300𝐾
T= 27℃ (27+273)K= 300 K 𝑃=
P= ? 0.25𝐿
R= 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 P= 49.236 atm

❖ A 400 mL rigid container holds a sample of Helium gas at 300K. The pressure inside the
container is 5.0 atm. How many grams of Helium gas are in the container?

Solution…
P= 5.0 atm 𝑃𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛=
V= 400 mL= 0.400 L 𝑅𝑇
T= 300 K 5.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.400𝐿
𝑛= = 0.0812 mol
n= ? −1 −1
0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 × 300𝐾
R= 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1
4.0026𝑔 𝐻𝑒
? 𝑔𝐻𝑒 = 0.0812 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒 × = 0.3252 g
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒 13
Example… Calculating volume with ideal Gas Equation
❖ What is the volume occupied by 13.7 g Cl2(g) at 45 ℃ and 745 mmHg?

Solution…
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑙2
? 𝑛𝐶𝑙2 = 13.7𝑔𝐶𝑙2 × = 0.193 mol
2 × 35.45𝑔𝐶𝑙2
T= 45 ℃ (45+273)K = 318K
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
? 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑃 = 745 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × = 0.980 atm
760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

R= 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1

𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.193 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 × 318𝐾 = 5.14 L
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇, V= 𝑃 =
0.980 𝑎𝑡𝑚

Exercise…
❖ What is the volume occupied by 20.2 g NH3(g) at -25°C and 752
mmHg?

❖ At what temperature will a 13.7g Cl2(g) sample exert a pressure

of 0.993atm when confined in a 7.50 mL container?.
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Example… Deriving empirical gas laws from Ideal Gas Equation
Prove the following statement: the pressure of a given amount of gas at a fixed
volume is proportional to the absolute temperature.

Solution…
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑛𝑅𝑇
Solving for P, 𝑃=
𝑉
𝑛𝑅
P = ( 𝑉 ) 𝑇 (Everything in parenthesis is kept constant)

P = constant × T
𝑃∝𝑇 (Expresing this as a proportion)

Exercise…
Show that the moles of gas are proportional to the pressure for constant volume
and temperature.

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 Combined Gas Equation
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑅= ≡ =
𝑛𝑇 𝑛1 𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑇2

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑛1 𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑇2
This equation is often applied when one or more of the variables are kept constant.
Example… Combined Gas Equation
A 400mL sample of Neon gas has a pressure of 2atm at a temperature of 300K. Calculate the
new pressure if the temperature increased to 900 K and the volume decreased to 200mL.
Solution…
𝑉1 = 400𝑚𝐿 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
= ≡ = (n is kept constant)
𝑉2 = 200𝑚𝐿 𝑛1 𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇1 = 300𝐾
𝑇2 = 900𝐾 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 2𝑎𝑡𝑚 ×400𝑚𝐿×900𝐾
𝑃2 = = = 12 atm
𝑇1 𝑉2 300𝐾×200𝑚𝐿
𝑃1 = 2atm
𝑃2 =?
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Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
Molar Mass Determination

𝑚 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑀𝑟 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)

𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑟

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉 =
𝑀𝑟

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Example… using ideal gas equation for calculating molar mass
A glass vessel weighs 40.1305 g when clean, dry , and evacuated; it weighs 138.2410 g when
filled with water at 25.0 °C (density of water = 0.9970 g/mL) and 40.2959 g when filled with
propylene gas at 740.3 mmHg and 24.0 °C. What is the molar mass of propylene?

Solution…
Mass of water to fill vessel = 138.2410g – 40.1305g = 98.1105g

1 𝑚𝐿 𝐻2 0
Volume of water (volume of vessel) = 98.1105𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 × =98.41 mL = 0.09841L
0.9970 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Mass of gas = 40.2959g - 40.1305g = 0.1654 g

T = 24.0 °C + 273.15 = 297.2 K

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃 = 740.3 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔= 0.9741 atm

𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑚𝑅𝑇 0.1654 𝑔 × 0.08206 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝐿𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 × 297.2𝐾

𝑃𝑉 = , 𝑀𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑟 𝑃𝑉 0.9741 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.0984 𝐿
= 42.08 g mol-1 18
Example… using ideal gas equation for calculating molar mass
A 200.0-mL flask at 99℃ and a pressure of 733 mmHg is filled with the
vapor of a volatile (easily vaporized) liquid. The mass of the substance in
the flask is 0.970 g. What is the molecular mass of the liquid?
Solution…
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃 = 733 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × = 0.964 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

T = 99℃+273.2 = 372.2 K
V=200.0 mL=0.2000 L

m = 0.970 g
𝑚𝑅𝑇 0.970 𝑔 × 0.08206 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝐿𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 × 372.2 𝐾
𝑀𝑟 = = = 154 g mol-1
𝑃𝑉 0.964 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.2000𝐿

Exercise…
❖ A1.27 g sample of an oxide of nitrogen, believed to be either NO or N2O,
occupies a volume of 1.07 L at 25 ℃ and 737 mmHg. Which oxide is it?

❖ A sample of a gaseous substance at 25℃ and 0.862 atm has a density of

2.26 g/L. What is the molecular mass of the substance?
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 Gas Densities

𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 , 𝑔 𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 𝑀𝑟 (𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) 𝑛

𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = × 𝑀𝑟
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐿 𝑉(𝐿) 𝑉

𝑛 𝑃
From the ideal gas equation, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇, =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
𝑚 𝑀𝑟 𝑃
𝑑= =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
Example… using ideal gas equation for calculating gas density

What is the density of oxygen gas (O2) at 298 K and 0.987 atm?
Solution…
P = 0.987 atm
𝑀𝑟 𝑃 32𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × 0.987𝑎𝑡𝑚
T = 298 K 𝑑= =
𝑅𝑇 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 × 298𝐾
𝑀𝑟
= 15.999 × 2 = 1.29 g/L
≈ 32 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
R= 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1
20
❑ Gas densities depend strongly on pressure and temperature, increasing as
the gas pressure increases and decreasing as the temperature increases.
Densities of liquids and solids also depend somewhat on temperature, but
they depend far less on pressure.
𝑝
𝑑(𝑔) ∝
𝑇
❑ The density of a gas is directly proportional to its molar mass. No simple
relationship exists between density and molar mass for liquids and solids.
𝑑(𝑔) ∝ 𝑀𝑟

Exercise…
❖ Calculate the density of helium, He, in grams per litre at 21℃ and 752
mmHg. The density of air under these conditions is 1.188 g/L. What is the
difference in mass between 1 litre of air and 1 litre of helium? (This mass
difference is equivalent to the buoyant, or lifting, force of helium per litre.)

❖ The density of a sample of gas is 1.00 g/L at 745 mmHg and 109℃. What is
the molar mass of the gas.
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Postulate of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
➢ According to this theory, a gas consists of molecules in constant random motion.
➢ The word kinetic describes something in motion.
1
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) × 𝑣 2 (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
2
Postulates of the Kinetic Theory

Postulates are basic statements from which all conclusions or predictions of a theory
are deduced.

Gases are composed of molecules whose size is negligible compared with the
average distance between them. Most of the volume occupied by a gas is
empty space. This means that you can usually ignore the volume occupied by
the molecules.

Molecules move randomly in straight lines in all directions and at various

speeds. This means that properties of a gas that depend on the motion of
molecules, such as pressure, will be the same in all directions.
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 The forces of attraction or repulsion between two molecules (intermolecular
forces) in a gas are very weak or negligible, except when they collide. < This
means that a molecule will continue moving in a straight line with undiminished
speed until it collides with another gas molecule or with the walls of the
container.

When molecules collide with one another, the collisions are elastic. In an elastic
collision, the total kinetic energy remains constant; no kinetic energy is lost.

The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute

temperature. This postulate establishes what we mean by temperature from a
molecular point of view: the higher the temperature, the greater the molecular
kinetic energy.

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